diff --git a/.env.sample b/.env.sample
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91edae4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.env.sample
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Example Environment Configuration file
+#
+# This file can be used as a starting point for your own
+# custom .env files, and contains most of the possible settings
+# available in a default install.
+#
+# By default, all of the settings are commented out. If you want
+# to override the setting, you must un-comment it by removing the '#'
+# at the beginning of the line.
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ENVIRONMENT
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CI_ENVIRONMENT = development
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# APP
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+app.baseURL = 'https://localhost/PHP828APPS/ruc/ci4/'
+# If you have trouble with `.`, you could also use `_`.
+# app_baseURL = ''
+# app.forceGlobalSecureRequests = false
+# app.CSPEnabled = false
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# DATABASE
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+database.default.hostname = localhost
+database.default.database = ruc
+database.default.username = root
+database.default.password = 
+# database.default.DBDriver = MySQLi
+# database.default.DBPrefix =
+# database.default.port = 3306
+
+# database.tests.hostname = localhost
+# database.tests.database = ci4_test
+# database.tests.username = root
+# database.tests.password = root
+# database.tests.DBDriver = MySQLi
+# database.tests.DBPrefix =
+# database.tests.port = 3306
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# CONTENT SECURITY POLICY
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# contentsecuritypolicy.reportOnly = false
+# contentsecuritypolicy.defaultSrc = 'none'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.scriptSrc = 'self'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.styleSrc = 'self'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.imageSrc = 'self'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.baseURI = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.childSrc = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.connectSrc = 'self'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.fontSrc = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.formAction = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.frameAncestors = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.frameSrc = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.mediaSrc = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.objectSrc = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.pluginTypes = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.reportURI = null
+# contentsecuritypolicy.sandbox = false
+# contentsecuritypolicy.upgradeInsecureRequests = false
+# contentsecuritypolicy.styleNonceTag = '{csp-style-nonce}'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.scriptNonceTag = '{csp-script-nonce}'
+# contentsecuritypolicy.autoNonce = true
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# COOKIE
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# cookie.prefix = ''
+# cookie.expires = 0
+# cookie.path = '/'
+# cookie.domain = ''
+# cookie.secure = false
+# cookie.httponly = false
+# cookie.samesite = 'Lax'
+# cookie.raw = false
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ENCRYPTION
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# encryption.key =
+# encryption.driver = OpenSSL
+# encryption.blockSize = 16
+# encryption.digest = SHA512
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# HONEYPOT
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# honeypot.hidden = 'true'
+# honeypot.label = 'Fill This Field'
+# honeypot.name = 'honeypot'
+# honeypot.template = '<label>{label}</label><input type="text" name="{name}" value=""/>'
+# honeypot.container = '<div style="display:none">{template}</div>'
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# SECURITY
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# security.csrfProtection = 'cookie'
+# security.tokenRandomize = false
+# security.tokenName = 'csrf_token_name'
+# security.headerName = 'X-CSRF-TOKEN'
+# security.cookieName = 'csrf_cookie_name'
+# security.expires = 7200
+# security.regenerate = true
+# security.redirect = false
+# security.samesite = 'Lax'
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# SESSION
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# session.driver = 'CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\FileHandler'
+# session.cookieName = 'ci_session'
+# session.expiration = 7200
+# session.savePath = null
+# session.matchIP = false
+# session.timeToUpdate = 300
+# session.regenerateDestroy = false
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# LOGGER
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# logger.threshold = 4
+
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# CURLRequest
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# curlrequest.shareOptions = true
diff --git a/.htaccess b/.htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34427d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Disable directory browsing
+Options -Indexes
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Rewrite engine
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Turning on the rewrite engine is necessary for the following rules and features.
+# FollowSymLinks must be enabled for this to work.
+<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
+	Options +FollowSymlinks
+	RewriteEngine On
+
+	# If you installed CodeIgniter in a subfolder, you will need to
+	# change the following line to match the subfolder you need.
+	# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritebase
+	# RewriteBase /
+
+	# Redirect Trailing Slashes...
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} (.+)/$
+	RewriteRule ^ %1 [L,R=301]
+
+	# Rewrite "www.example.com -> example.com"
+	RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
+	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.+)$ [NC]
+	RewriteRule ^ http://%1%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
+
+	# Checks to see if the user is attempting to access a valid file,
+	# such as an image or css document, if this isn't true it sends the
+	# request to the front controller, index.php
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
+	RewriteRule ^([\s\S]*)$ public/$1 [L,NC,QSA]
+
+	# Ensure Authorization header is passed along
+	RewriteCond %{HTTP:Authorization} .
+	RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]
+</IfModule>
+
+<IfModule !mod_rewrite.c>
+	# If we don't have mod_rewrite installed, all 404's
+	# can be sent to index.php, and everything works as normal.
+	ErrorDocument 404 index.php
+</IfModule>
+
+# Disable server signature start
+	ServerSignature Off
+# Disable server signature end
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0119e5f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2014-2019 British Columbia Institute of Technology
+Copyright (c) 2019-2023 CodeIgniter Foundation
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..974decb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# nHance
+
+## Tech Stack
+**Please** read the dev guide
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/.htaccess b/app/.htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f24db0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/.htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<IfModule authz_core_module>
+    Require all denied
+</IfModule>
+<IfModule !authz_core_module>
+    Deny from all
+</IfModule>
diff --git a/app/Common.php b/app/Common.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95f55442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Common.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * The goal of this file is to allow developers a location
+ * where they can overwrite core procedural functions and
+ * replace them with their own. This file is loaded during
+ * the bootstrap process and is called during the framework's
+ * execution.
+ *
+ * This can be looked at as a `master helper` file that is
+ * loaded early on, and may also contain additional functions
+ * that you'd like to use throughout your entire application
+ *
+ * @see: https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/extending/common.html
+ */
diff --git a/app/Config/App.php b/app/Config/App.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..775b5ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/App.php
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class App extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Base Site URL
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * URL to your CodeIgniter root. Typically, this will be your base URL,
+     * WITH a trailing slash:
+     *
+     *    http://example.com/
+     */
+    public string $baseURL = 'http://localhost:8080/';
+
+    /**
+     * Allowed Hostnames in the Site URL other than the hostname in the baseURL.
+     * If you want to accept multiple Hostnames, set this.
+     *
+     * E.g. When your site URL ($baseURL) is 'http://example.com/', and your site
+     *      also accepts 'http://media.example.com/' and
+     *      'http://accounts.example.com/':
+     *          ['media.example.com', 'accounts.example.com']
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    public array $allowedHostnames = [];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Index File
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Typically this will be your index.php file, unless you've renamed it to
+     * something else. If you are using mod_rewrite to remove the page set this
+     * variable so that it is blank.
+     */
+    public string $indexPage = '';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * URI PROTOCOL
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This item determines which server global should be used to retrieve the
+     * URI string.  The default setting of 'REQUEST_URI' works for most servers.
+     * If your links do not seem to work, try one of the other delicious flavors:
+     *
+     * 'REQUEST_URI'    Uses $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']
+     * 'QUERY_STRING'   Uses $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']
+     * 'PATH_INFO'      Uses $_SERVER['PATH_INFO']
+     *
+     * WARNING: If you set this to 'PATH_INFO', URIs will always be URL-decoded!
+     */
+    public string $uriProtocol = 'REQUEST_URI';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Default Locale
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The Locale roughly represents the language and location that your visitor
+     * is viewing the site from. It affects the language strings and other
+     * strings (like currency markers, numbers, etc), that your program
+     * should run under for this request.
+     */
+    public string $defaultLocale = 'en';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Negotiate Locale
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If true, the current Request object will automatically determine the
+     * language to use based on the value of the Accept-Language header.
+     *
+     * If false, no automatic detection will be performed.
+     */
+    public bool $negotiateLocale = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Supported Locales
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If $negotiateLocale is true, this array lists the locales supported
+     * by the application in descending order of priority. If no match is
+     * found, the first locale will be used.
+     *
+     * IncomingRequest::setLocale() also uses this list.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    public array $supportedLocales = ['en'];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Application Timezone
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The default timezone that will be used in your application to display
+     * dates with the date helper, and can be retrieved through app_timezone()
+     *
+     * @see https://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php for list of timezones supported by PHP.
+     */
+    public string $appTimezone = 'UTC';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Default Character Set
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This determines which character set is used by default in various methods
+     * that require a character set to be provided.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/htmlspecialchars for a list of supported charsets.
+     */
+    public string $charset = 'UTF-8';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Force Global Secure Requests
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If true, this will force every request made to this application to be
+     * made via a secure connection (HTTPS). If the incoming request is not
+     * secure, the user will be redirected to a secure version of the page
+     * and the HTTP Strict Transport Security header will be set.
+     */
+    public bool $forceGlobalSecureRequests = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Reverse Proxy IPs
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If your server is behind a reverse proxy, you must whitelist the proxy
+     * IP addresses from which CodeIgniter should trust headers such as
+     * X-Forwarded-For or Client-IP in order to properly identify
+     * the visitor's IP address.
+     *
+     * You need to set a proxy IP address or IP address with subnets and
+     * the HTTP header for the client IP address.
+     *
+     * Here are some examples:
+     *     [
+     *         '10.0.1.200'     => 'X-Forwarded-For',
+     *         '192.168.5.0/24' => 'X-Real-IP',
+     *     ]
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $proxyIPs = [];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Content Security Policy
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Enables the Response's Content Secure Policy to restrict the sources that
+     * can be used for images, scripts, CSS files, audio, video, etc. If enabled,
+     * the Response object will populate default values for the policy from the
+     * `ContentSecurityPolicy.php` file. Controllers can always add to those
+     * restrictions at run time.
+     *
+     * For a better understanding of CSP, see these documents:
+     *
+     * @see http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
+     */
+    public bool $CSPEnabled = false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Autoload.php b/app/Config/Autoload.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e92791c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Autoload.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\AutoloadConfig;
+
+/**
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * AUTOLOADER CONFIGURATION
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * This file defines the namespaces and class maps so the Autoloader
+ * can find the files as needed.
+ *
+ * NOTE: If you use an identical key in $psr4 or $classmap, then
+ *       the values in this file will overwrite the framework's values.
+ *
+ * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
+ *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
+ *
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class Autoload extends AutoloadConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Namespaces
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * This maps the locations of any namespaces in your application to
+     * their location on the file system. These are used by the autoloader
+     * to locate files the first time they have been instantiated.
+     *
+     * The '/app' and '/system' directories are already mapped for you.
+     * you may change the name of the 'App' namespace if you wish,
+     * but this should be done prior to creating any namespaced classes,
+     * else you will need to modify all of those classes for this to work.
+     *
+     * Prototype:
+     *   $psr4 = [
+     *       'CodeIgniter' => SYSTEMPATH,
+     *       'App'         => APPPATH
+     *   ];
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<int, string>|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, string|list<string>>
+     */
+    public $psr4 = [
+        APP_NAMESPACE => APPPATH, // For custom app namespace
+        'Config'      => APPPATH . 'Config',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Class Map
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * The class map provides a map of class names and their exact
+     * location on the drive. Classes loaded in this manner will have
+     * slightly faster performance because they will not have to be
+     * searched for within one or more directories as they would if they
+     * were being autoloaded through a namespace.
+     *
+     * Prototype:
+     *   $classmap = [
+     *       'MyClass'   => '/path/to/class/file.php'
+     *   ];
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public $classmap = [];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Files
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * The files array provides a list of paths to __non-class__ files
+     * that will be autoloaded. This can be useful for bootstrap operations
+     * or for loading functions.
+     *
+     * Prototype:
+     *   $files = [
+     *       '/path/to/my/file.php',
+     *   ];
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    public $files = [];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Helpers
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Prototype:
+     *   $helpers = [
+     *       'form',
+     *   ];
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    public $helpers = ['uuid','session','utility'];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Boot/development.php b/app/Config/Boot/development.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa8099a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Boot/development.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | ERROR DISPLAY
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | In development, we want to show as many errors as possible to help
+ | make sure they don't make it to production. And save us hours of
+ | painful debugging.
+ |
+ | If you set 'display_errors' to '1', CI4's detailed error report will show.
+ */
+error_reporting(-1);
+ini_set('display_errors', '1');
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | DEBUG BACKTRACES
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | If true, this constant will tell the error screens to display debug
+ | backtraces along with the other error information. If you would
+ | prefer to not see this, set this value to false.
+ */
+defined('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE') || define('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE', true);
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | DEBUG MODE
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Debug mode is an experimental flag that can allow changes throughout
+ | the system. This will control whether Kint is loaded, and a few other
+ | items. It can always be used within your own application too.
+ */
+defined('CI_DEBUG') || define('CI_DEBUG', true);
diff --git a/app/Config/Boot/production.php b/app/Config/Boot/production.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73c7c60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Boot/production.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | ERROR DISPLAY
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Don't show ANY in production environments. Instead, let the system catch
+ | it and display a generic error message.
+ |
+ | If you set 'display_errors' to '1', CI4's detailed error report will show.
+ */
+ini_set('display_errors', '0');
+error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT & ~E_USER_NOTICE & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED);
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | DEBUG MODE
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Debug mode is an experimental flag that can allow changes throughout
+ | the system. It's not widely used currently, and may not survive
+ | release of the framework.
+ */
+defined('CI_DEBUG') || define('CI_DEBUG', false);
diff --git a/app/Config/Boot/testing.php b/app/Config/Boot/testing.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e84670e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Boot/testing.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+/*
+ * The environment testing is reserved for PHPUnit testing. It has special
+ * conditions built into the framework at various places to assist with that.
+ * You can’t use it for your development.
+ */
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | ERROR DISPLAY
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | In development, we want to show as many errors as possible to help
+ | make sure they don't make it to production. And save us hours of
+ | painful debugging.
+ */
+error_reporting(-1);
+ini_set('display_errors', '1');
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | DEBUG BACKTRACES
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | If true, this constant will tell the error screens to display debug
+ | backtraces along with the other error information. If you would
+ | prefer to not see this, set this value to false.
+ */
+defined('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE') || define('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE', true);
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | DEBUG MODE
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Debug mode is an experimental flag that can allow changes throughout
+ | the system. It's not widely used currently, and may not survive
+ | release of the framework.
+ */
+defined('CI_DEBUG') || define('CI_DEBUG', true);
diff --git a/app/Config/CURLRequest.php b/app/Config/CURLRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a3d4e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/CURLRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class CURLRequest extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CURLRequest Share Options
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Whether share options between requests or not.
+     *
+     * If true, all the options won't be reset between requests.
+     * It may cause an error request with unnecessary headers.
+     */
+    public bool $shareOptions = false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Cache.php b/app/Config/Cache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61cdd50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Cache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\DummyHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\FileHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\MemcachedHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\PredisHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\RedisHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\WincacheHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Cache extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Primary Handler
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The name of the preferred handler that should be used. If for some reason
+     * it is not available, the $backupHandler will be used in its place.
+     */
+    public string $handler = 'file';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Backup Handler
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The name of the handler that will be used in case the first one is
+     * unreachable. Often, 'file' is used here since the filesystem is
+     * always available, though that's not always practical for the app.
+     */
+    public string $backupHandler = 'dummy';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cache Directory Path
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The path to where cache files should be stored, if using a file-based
+     * system.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the driver-specific variant under $file
+     */
+    public string $storePath = WRITEPATH . 'cache/';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cache Include Query String
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Whether to take the URL query string into consideration when generating
+     * output cache files. Valid options are:
+     *
+     *    false = Disabled
+     *    true  = Enabled, take all query parameters into account.
+     *            Please be aware that this may result in numerous cache
+     *            files generated for the same page over and over again.
+     *    ['q'] = Enabled, but only take into account the specified list
+     *            of query parameters.
+     *
+     * @var bool|string[]
+     */
+    public $cacheQueryString = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Key Prefix
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This string is added to all cache item names to help avoid collisions
+     * if you run multiple applications with the same cache engine.
+     */
+    public string $prefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Default TTL
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The default number of seconds to save items when none is specified.
+     *
+     * WARNING: This is not used by framework handlers where 60 seconds is
+     * hard-coded, but may be useful to projects and modules. This will replace
+     * the hard-coded value in a future release.
+     */
+    public int $ttl = 60;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Reserved Characters
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * A string of reserved characters that will not be allowed in keys or tags.
+     * Strings that violate this restriction will cause handlers to throw.
+     * Default: {}()/\@:
+     *
+     * NOTE: The default set is required for PSR-6 compliance.
+     */
+    public string $reservedCharacters = '{}()/\@:';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * File settings
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Your file storage preferences can be specified below, if you are using
+     * the File driver.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, int|string|null>
+     */
+    public array $file = [
+        'storePath' => WRITEPATH . 'cache/',
+        'mode'      => 0640,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Memcached settings
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Your Memcached servers can be specified below, if you are using
+     * the Memcached drivers.
+     *
+     * @see https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/caching.html#memcached
+     *
+     * @var array<string, bool|int|string>
+     */
+    public array $memcached = [
+        'host'   => '127.0.0.1',
+        'port'   => 11211,
+        'weight' => 1,
+        'raw'    => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Redis settings
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Your Redis server can be specified below, if you are using
+     * the Redis or Predis drivers.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, int|string|null>
+     */
+    public array $redis = [
+        'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
+        'password' => null,
+        'port'     => 6379,
+        'timeout'  => 0,
+        'database' => 0,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Available Cache Handlers
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This is an array of cache engine alias' and class names. Only engines
+     * that are listed here are allowed to be used.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, class-string<CacheInterface>>
+     */
+    public array $validHandlers = [
+        'dummy'     => DummyHandler::class,
+        'file'      => FileHandler::class,
+        'memcached' => MemcachedHandler::class,
+        'predis'    => PredisHandler::class,
+        'redis'     => RedisHandler::class,
+        'wincache'  => WincacheHandler::class,
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Constants.php b/app/Config/Constants.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47b92f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Constants.php
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?php
+
+/*
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | App Namespace
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |
+ | This defines the default Namespace that is used throughout
+ | CodeIgniter to refer to the Application directory. Change
+ | this constant to change the namespace that all application
+ | classes should use.
+ |
+ | NOTE: changing this will require manually modifying the
+ | existing namespaces of App\* namespaced-classes.
+ */
+defined('APP_NAMESPACE') || define('APP_NAMESPACE', 'App');
+
+/*
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Composer Path
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |
+ | The path that Composer's autoload file is expected to live. By default,
+ | the vendor folder is in the Root directory, but you can customize that here.
+ */
+defined('COMPOSER_PATH') || define('COMPOSER_PATH', ROOTPATH . 'vendor/autoload.php');
+
+/*
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Timing Constants
+ |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |
+ | Provide simple ways to work with the myriad of PHP functions that
+ | require information to be in seconds.
+ */
+defined('SECOND') || define('SECOND', 1);
+defined('MINUTE') || define('MINUTE', 60);
+defined('HOUR')   || define('HOUR', 3600);
+defined('DAY')    || define('DAY', 86400);
+defined('WEEK')   || define('WEEK', 604800);
+defined('MONTH')  || define('MONTH', 2_592_000);
+defined('YEAR')   || define('YEAR', 31_536_000);
+defined('DECADE') || define('DECADE', 315_360_000);
+
+/*
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Exit Status Codes
+ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |
+ | Used to indicate the conditions under which the script is exit()ing.
+ | While there is no universal standard for error codes, there are some
+ | broad conventions.  Three such conventions are mentioned below, for
+ | those who wish to make use of them.  The CodeIgniter defaults were
+ | chosen for the least overlap with these conventions, while still
+ | leaving room for others to be defined in future versions and user
+ | applications.
+ |
+ | The three main conventions used for determining exit status codes
+ | are as follows:
+ |
+ |    Standard C/C++ Library (stdlibc):
+ |       http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exit-Status.html
+ |       (This link also contains other GNU-specific conventions)
+ |    BSD sysexits.h:
+ |       http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=3&topic=sysexits
+ |    Bash scripting:
+ |       http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/exitcodes.html
+ |
+ */
+defined('EXIT_SUCCESS')        || define('EXIT_SUCCESS', 0);        // no errors
+defined('EXIT_ERROR')          || define('EXIT_ERROR', 1);          // generic error
+defined('EXIT_CONFIG')         || define('EXIT_CONFIG', 3);         // configuration error
+defined('EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE')   || define('EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE', 4);   // file not found
+defined('EXIT_UNKNOWN_CLASS')  || define('EXIT_UNKNOWN_CLASS', 5);  // unknown class
+defined('EXIT_UNKNOWN_METHOD') || define('EXIT_UNKNOWN_METHOD', 6); // unknown class member
+defined('EXIT_USER_INPUT')     || define('EXIT_USER_INPUT', 7);     // invalid user input
+defined('EXIT_DATABASE')       || define('EXIT_DATABASE', 8);       // database error
+defined('EXIT__AUTO_MIN')      || define('EXIT__AUTO_MIN', 9);      // lowest automatically-assigned error code
+defined('EXIT__AUTO_MAX')      || define('EXIT__AUTO_MAX', 125);    // highest automatically-assigned error code
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_LOW instead.
+ */
+define('EVENT_PRIORITY_LOW', 200);
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_NORMAL instead.
+ */
+define('EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL', 100);
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::PRIORITY_HIGH instead.
+ */
+define('EVENT_PRIORITY_HIGH', 10);
diff --git a/app/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php b/app/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7799c476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Stores the default settings for the ContentSecurityPolicy, if you
+ * choose to use it. The values here will be read in and set as defaults
+ * for the site. If needed, they can be overridden on a page-by-page basis.
+ *
+ * Suggested reference for explanations:
+ *
+ * @see https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/
+ */
+class ContentSecurityPolicy extends BaseConfig
+{
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Broadbrush CSP management
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Default CSP report context
+     */
+    public bool $reportOnly = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a URL where a browser will send reports
+     * when a content security policy is violated.
+     */
+    public ?string $reportURI = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Instructs user agents to rewrite URL schemes, changing
+     * HTTP to HTTPS. This directive is for websites with
+     * large numbers of old URLs that need to be rewritten.
+     */
+    public bool $upgradeInsecureRequests = false;
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Sources allowed
+    // NOTE: once you set a policy to 'none', it cannot be further restricted
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Will default to self if not overridden
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $defaultSrc;
+
+    /**
+     * Lists allowed scripts' URLs.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $scriptSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Lists allowed stylesheets' URLs.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $styleSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Defines the origins from which images can be loaded.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $imageSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Restricts the URLs that can appear in a page's `<base>` element.
+     *
+     * Will default to self if not overridden
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $baseURI;
+
+    /**
+     * Lists the URLs for workers and embedded frame contents
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $childSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the origins that you can connect to (via XHR,
+     * WebSockets, and EventSource).
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $connectSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the origins that can serve web fonts.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $fontSrc;
+
+    /**
+     * Lists valid endpoints for submission from `<form>` tags.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $formAction = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the sources that can embed the current page.
+     * This directive applies to `<frame>`, `<iframe>`, `<embed>`,
+     * and `<applet>` tags. This directive can't be used in
+     * `<meta>` tags and applies only to non-HTML resources.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $frameAncestors;
+
+    /**
+     * The frame-src directive restricts the URLs which may
+     * be loaded into nested browsing contexts.
+     *
+     * @var array|string|null
+     */
+    public $frameSrc;
+
+    /**
+     * Restricts the origins allowed to deliver video and audio.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $mediaSrc;
+
+    /**
+     * Allows control over Flash and other plugins.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]
+     */
+    public $objectSrc = 'self';
+
+    /**
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $manifestSrc;
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the kinds of plugins a page may invoke.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $pluginTypes;
+
+    /**
+     * List of actions allowed.
+     *
+     * @var string|string[]|null
+     */
+    public $sandbox;
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce tag for style
+     */
+    public string $styleNonceTag = '{csp-style-nonce}';
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce tag for script
+     */
+    public string $scriptNonceTag = '{csp-script-nonce}';
+
+    /**
+     * Replace nonce tag automatically
+     */
+    public bool $autoNonce = true;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Cookie.php b/app/Config/Cookie.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84ccc0e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Cookie.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+
+class Cookie extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Prefix
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Set a cookie name prefix if you need to avoid collisions.
+     */
+    public string $prefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Expires Timestamp
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Default expires timestamp for cookies. Setting this to `0` will mean the
+     * cookie will not have the `Expires` attribute and will behave as a session
+     * cookie.
+     *
+     * @var DateTimeInterface|int|string
+     */
+    public $expires = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Path
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Typically will be a forward slash.
+     */
+    public string $path = '/';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Domain
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Set to `.your-domain.com` for site-wide cookies.
+     */
+    public string $domain = '';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Secure
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Cookie will only be set if a secure HTTPS connection exists.
+     */
+    public bool $secure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie HTTPOnly
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Cookie will only be accessible via HTTP(S) (no JavaScript).
+     */
+    public bool $httponly = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie SameSite
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Configure cookie SameSite setting. Allowed values are:
+     * - None
+     * - Lax
+     * - Strict
+     * - ''
+     *
+     * Alternatively, you can use the constant names:
+     * - `Cookie::SAMESITE_NONE`
+     * - `Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX`
+     * - `Cookie::SAMESITE_STRICT`
+     *
+     * Defaults to `Lax` for compatibility with modern browsers. Setting `''`
+     * (empty string) means default SameSite attribute set by browsers (`Lax`)
+     * will be set on cookies. If set to `None`, `$secure` must also be set.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var 'None'|'Lax'|'Strict'|''
+     */
+    public string $samesite = 'Lax';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Cookie Raw
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This flag allows setting a "raw" cookie, i.e., its name and value are
+     * not URL encoded using `rawurlencode()`.
+     *
+     * If this is set to `true`, cookie names should be compliant of RFC 2616's
+     * list of allowed characters.
+     *
+     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie#attributes
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-2.2
+     */
+    public bool $raw = false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Database.php b/app/Config/Database.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2450ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Database.php
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Config;
+
+/**
+ * Database Configuration
+ */
+class Database extends Config
+{
+    /**
+     * The directory that holds the Migrations
+     * and Seeds directories.
+     */
+    public string $filesPath = APPPATH . 'Database' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+    /**
+     * Lets you choose which connection group to
+     * use if no other is specified.
+     */
+    public string $defaultGroup = 'default';
+
+    /**
+     * The default database connection.
+     */
+    public array $default = [
+        'DSN'          => '',
+        'hostname'     => 'localhost',
+        'username'     => '',
+        'password'     => '',
+        'database'     => '',
+        'DBDriver'     => 'MySQLi',
+        'DBPrefix'     => '',
+        'pConnect'     => false,
+        'DBDebug'      => true,
+        'charset'      => 'utf8',
+        'DBCollat'     => 'utf8_general_ci',
+        'swapPre'      => '',
+        'encrypt'      => false,
+        'compress'     => false,
+        'strictOn'     => false,
+        'failover'     => [],
+        'port'         => 3306,
+        'numberNative' => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * This database connection is used when
+     * running PHPUnit database tests.
+     */
+    public array $tests = [
+        'DSN'         => '',
+        'hostname'    => '127.0.0.1',
+        'username'    => '',
+        'password'    => '',
+        'database'    => ':memory:',
+        'DBDriver'    => 'SQLite3',
+        'DBPrefix'    => 'db_',  // Needed to ensure we're working correctly with prefixes live. DO NOT REMOVE FOR CI DEVS
+        'pConnect'    => false,
+        'DBDebug'     => true,
+        'charset'     => 'utf8',
+        'DBCollat'    => 'utf8_general_ci',
+        'swapPre'     => '',
+        'encrypt'     => false,
+        'compress'    => false,
+        'strictOn'    => false,
+        'failover'    => [],
+        'port'        => 3306,
+        'foreignKeys' => true,
+        'busyTimeout' => 1000,
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        // Ensure that we always set the database group to 'tests' if
+        // we are currently running an automated test suite, so that
+        // we don't overwrite live data on accident.
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $this->defaultGroup = 'tests';
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/DocTypes.php b/app/Config/DocTypes.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e8aaacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/DocTypes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+/**
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class DocTypes
+{
+    /**
+     * List of valid document types.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $list = [
+        'xhtml11'           => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">',
+        'xhtml1-strict'     => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">',
+        'xhtml1-trans'      => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">',
+        'xhtml1-frame'      => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">',
+        'xhtml-basic11'     => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic11.dtd">',
+        'html5'             => '<!DOCTYPE html>',
+        'html4-strict'      => '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">',
+        'html4-trans'       => '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">',
+        'html4-frame'       => '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">',
+        'mathml1'           => '<!DOCTYPE math SYSTEM "http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml1/mathml.dtd">',
+        'mathml2'           => '<!DOCTYPE math PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd">',
+        'svg10'             => '<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd">',
+        'svg11'             => '<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">',
+        'svg11-basic'       => '<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1 Basic//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-basic.dtd">',
+        'svg11-tiny'        => '<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1 Tiny//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-tiny.dtd">',
+        'xhtml-math-svg-xh' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0 plus SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/2002/04/xhtml-math-svg/xhtml-math-svg.dtd">',
+        'xhtml-math-svg-sh' => '<!DOCTYPE svg:svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0 plus SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/2002/04/xhtml-math-svg/xhtml-math-svg.dtd">',
+        'xhtml-rdfa-1'      => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">',
+        'xhtml-rdfa-2'      => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-2.dtd">',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to remove the solidus (`/`) character for void HTML elements (e.g. `<input>`)
+     * for HTML5 compatibility.
+     *
+     * Set to:
+     *    `true` - to be HTML5 compatible
+     *    `false` - to be XHTML compatible
+     */
+    public bool $html5 = true;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Email.php b/app/Config/Email.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01b805a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Email.php
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Email extends BaseConfig
+{
+    public string $fromEmail  = '';
+    public string $fromName   = '';
+    public string $recipients = '';
+
+    /**
+     * The "user agent"
+     */
+    public string $userAgent = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The mail sending protocol: mail, sendmail, smtp
+     */
+    public string $protocol = 'mail';
+
+    /**
+     * The server path to Sendmail.
+     */
+    public string $mailPath = '/usr/sbin/sendmail';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Server Address
+     */
+    public string $SMTPHost = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Username
+     */
+    public string $SMTPUser = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Password
+     */
+    public string $SMTPPass = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Port
+     */
+    public int $SMTPPort = 25;
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Timeout (in seconds)
+     */
+    public int $SMTPTimeout = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * Enable persistent SMTP connections
+     */
+    public bool $SMTPKeepAlive = false;
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Encryption.
+     *
+     * @var string '', 'tls' or 'ssl'. 'tls' will issue a STARTTLS command
+     *             to the server. 'ssl' means implicit SSL. Connection on port
+     *             465 should set this to ''.
+     */
+    public string $SMTPCrypto = 'tls';
+
+    /**
+     * Enable word-wrap
+     */
+    public bool $wordWrap = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Character count to wrap at
+     */
+    public int $wrapChars = 76;
+
+    /**
+     * Type of mail, either 'text' or 'html'
+     */
+    public string $mailType = 'text';
+
+    /**
+     * Character set (utf-8, iso-8859-1, etc.)
+     */
+    public string $charset = 'UTF-8';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to validate the email address
+     */
+    public bool $validate = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Email Priority. 1 = highest. 5 = lowest. 3 = normal
+     */
+    public int $priority = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * Newline character. (Use “\r\n” to comply with RFC 822)
+     */
+    public string $CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+    /**
+     * Newline character. (Use “\r\n” to comply with RFC 822)
+     */
+    public string $newline = "\r\n";
+
+    /**
+     * Enable BCC Batch Mode.
+     */
+    public bool $BCCBatchMode = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of emails in each BCC batch
+     */
+    public int $BCCBatchSize = 200;
+
+    /**
+     * Enable notify message from server
+     */
+    public bool $DSN = false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Encryption.php b/app/Config/Encryption.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28344134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Encryption.php
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Encryption configuration.
+ *
+ * These are the settings used for encryption, if you don't pass a parameter
+ * array to the encrypter for creation/initialization.
+ */
+class Encryption extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Encryption Key Starter
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If you use the Encryption class you must set an encryption key (seed).
+     * You need to ensure it is long enough for the cipher and mode you plan to use.
+     * See the user guide for more info.
+     */
+    public string $key = '';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Encryption Driver to Use
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * One of the supported encryption drivers.
+     *
+     * Available drivers:
+     * - OpenSSL
+     * - Sodium
+     */
+    public string $driver = 'OpenSSL';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * SodiumHandler's Padding Length in Bytes
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This is the number of bytes that will be padded to the plaintext message
+     * before it is encrypted. This value should be greater than zero.
+     *
+     * See the user guide for more information on padding.
+     */
+    public int $blockSize = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Encryption digest
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * HMAC digest to use, e.g. 'SHA512' or 'SHA256'. Default value is 'SHA512'.
+     */
+    public string $digest = 'SHA512';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the cipher-text should be raw. If set to false, then it will be base64 encoded.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to false for CI3 Encryption compatibility.
+     */
+    public bool $rawData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Encryption key info.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to 'encryption' for CI3 Encryption compatibility.
+     */
+    public string $encryptKeyInfo = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Authentication key info.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to 'authentication' for CI3 Encryption compatibility.
+     */
+    public string $authKeyInfo = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Cipher to use.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to 'AES-128-CBC' to decrypt encrypted data that encrypted
+     * by CI3 Encryption default configuration.
+     */
+    public string $cipher = 'AES-256-CTR';
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Events.php b/app/Config/Events.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..993abd24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Events.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\HotReloader\HotReloader;
+
+/*
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Application Events
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Events allow you to tap into the execution of the program without
+ * modifying or extending core files. This file provides a central
+ * location to define your events, though they can always be added
+ * at run-time, also, if needed.
+ *
+ * You create code that can execute by subscribing to events with
+ * the 'on()' method. This accepts any form of callable, including
+ * Closures, that will be executed when the event is triggered.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *      Events::on('create', [$myInstance, 'myMethod']);
+ */
+
+Events::on('pre_system', static function () {
+    if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+        if (ini_get('zlib.output_compression')) {
+            throw FrameworkException::forEnabledZlibOutputCompression();
+        }
+
+        while (ob_get_level() > 0) {
+            ob_end_flush();
+        }
+
+        ob_start(static fn ($buffer) => $buffer);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Debug Toolbar Listeners.
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * If you delete, they will no longer be collected.
+     */
+    if (CI_DEBUG && ! is_cli()) {
+        Events::on('DBQuery', 'CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Database::collect');
+        Services::toolbar()->respond();
+        // Hot Reload route - for framework use on the hot reloader.
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'development') {
+            Services::routes()->get('__hot-reload', static function () {
+                (new HotReloader())->run();
+            });
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/app/Config/Exceptions.php b/app/Config/Exceptions.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4173dcdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Exceptions.php
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionHandlerInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LogLevel;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Setup how the exception handler works.
+ */
+class Exceptions extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * LOG EXCEPTIONS?
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * If true, then exceptions will be logged
+     * through Services::Log.
+     *
+     * Default: true
+     */
+    public bool $log = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * DO NOT LOG STATUS CODES
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Any status codes here will NOT be logged if logging is turned on.
+     * By default, only 404 (Page Not Found) exceptions are ignored.
+     */
+    public array $ignoreCodes = [404];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Error Views Path
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * This is the path to the directory that contains the 'cli' and 'html'
+     * directories that hold the views used to generate errors.
+     *
+     * Default: APPPATH.'Views/errors'
+     */
+    public string $errorViewPath = APPPATH . 'Views/errors';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * HIDE FROM DEBUG TRACE
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Any data that you would like to hide from the debug trace.
+     * In order to specify 2 levels, use "/" to separate.
+     * ex. ['server', 'setup/password', 'secret_token']
+     */
+    public array $sensitiveDataInTrace = [];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * LOG DEPRECATIONS INSTEAD OF THROWING?
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * By default, CodeIgniter converts deprecations into exceptions. Also,
+     * starting in PHP 8.1 will cause a lot of deprecated usage warnings.
+     * Use this option to temporarily cease the warnings and instead log those.
+     * This option also works for user deprecations.
+     */
+    public bool $logDeprecations = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * LOG LEVEL THRESHOLD FOR DEPRECATIONS
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * If `$logDeprecations` is set to `true`, this sets the log level
+     * to which the deprecation will be logged. This should be one of the log
+     * levels recognized by PSR-3.
+     *
+     * The related `Config\Logger::$threshold` should be adjusted, if needed,
+     * to capture logging the deprecations.
+     */
+    public string $deprecationLogLevel = LogLevel::WARNING;
+
+    /*
+     * DEFINE THE HANDLERS USED
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Given the HTTP status code, returns exception handler that
+     * should be used to deal with this error. By default, it will run CodeIgniter's
+     * default handler and display the error information in the expected format
+     * for CLI, HTTP, or AJAX requests, as determined by is_cli() and the expected
+     * response format.
+     *
+     * Custom handlers can be returned if you want to handle one or more specific
+     * error codes yourself like:
+     *
+     *      if (in_array($statusCode, [400, 404, 500])) {
+     *          return new \App\Libraries\MyExceptionHandler();
+     *      }
+     *      if ($exception instanceOf PageNotFoundException) {
+     *          return new \App\Libraries\MyExceptionHandler();
+     *      }
+     */
+    public function handler(int $statusCode, Throwable $exception): ExceptionHandlerInterface
+    {
+        return new ExceptionHandler($this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Feature.php b/app/Config/Feature.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bc45c6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Feature.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Enable/disable backward compatibility breaking features.
+ */
+class Feature extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Enable multiple filters for a route or not.
+     *
+     * If you enable this:
+     *   - CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter::handleRequest() uses:
+     *     - CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters::enableFilters(), instead of enableFilter()
+     *   - CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter::tryToRouteIt() uses:
+     *     - CodeIgniter\Router\Router::getFilters(), instead of getFilter()
+     *   - CodeIgniter\Router\Router::handle() uses:
+     *     - property $filtersInfo, instead of $filterInfo
+     *     - CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection::getFiltersForRoute(), instead of getFilterForRoute()
+     */
+    public bool $multipleFilters = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Use improved new auto routing instead of the default legacy version.
+     */
+    public bool $autoRoutesImproved = false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Filters.php b/app/Config/Filters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da1abcac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Filters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\CSRF;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbar;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Honeypot;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\InvalidChars;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\SecureHeaders;
+
+use App\Filters\AuthMVC;
+use App\Filters\HttpRequestLog;
+
+class Filters extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Configures aliases for Filter classes to
+     * make reading things nicer and simpler.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<int, string>|string> [filter_name => classname]
+     *                                               or [filter_name => [classname1, classname2, ...]]
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, class-string|list<class-string>>
+     */
+    public array $aliases = [
+        'csrf'          => CSRF::class,
+        'toolbar'       => DebugToolbar::class,
+        'honeypot'      => Honeypot::class,
+        'invalidchars'  => InvalidChars::class,
+        'secureheaders' => SecureHeaders::class,
+        'authMVC' => AuthMVC::class,
+        'HttpRequestLog' => HttpRequestLog::class
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * List of filter aliases that are always
+     * applied before and after every request.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, array<string, string>>>|array<string, array<string>>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, list<string>>|array<string, array<string, array<string, string>>>
+     */
+    public array $globals = [
+        'before' => [
+            'HttpRequestLog',
+            // 'csrf',
+            // 'invalidchars',
+        ],
+        'after' => [
+           // 'HttpRequestLog',
+             //'authMVC',
+            // 'secureheaders',
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * List of filter aliases that works on a
+     * particular HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.).
+     *
+     * Example:
+     * 'post' => ['foo', 'bar']
+     *
+     * If you use this, you should disable auto-routing because auto-routing
+     * permits any HTTP method to access a controller. Accessing the controller
+     * with a method you don't expect could bypass the filter.
+     */
+    public array $methods = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of filter aliases that should run on any
+     * before or after URI patterns.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     * 'isLoggedIn' => ['before' => ['account/*', 'profiles/*']]
+     */
+    public array $filters = [];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/ForeignCharacters.php b/app/Config/ForeignCharacters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1a95725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/ForeignCharacters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\ForeignCharacters as BaseForeignCharacters;
+
+/**
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class ForeignCharacters extends BaseForeignCharacters
+{
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Format.php b/app/Config/Format.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..749da3e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Format.php
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\FormatterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatter;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatter;
+
+class Format extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Available Response Formats
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * When you perform content negotiation with the request, these are the
+     * available formats that your application supports. This is currently
+     * only used with the API\ResponseTrait. A valid Formatter must exist
+     * for the specified format.
+     *
+     * These formats are only checked when the data passed to the respond()
+     * method is an array.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    public array $supportedResponseFormats = [
+        'application/json',
+        'application/xml', // machine-readable XML
+        'text/xml', // human-readable XML
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Formatters
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Lists the class to use to format responses with of a particular type.
+     * For each mime type, list the class that should be used. Formatters
+     * can be retrieved through the getFormatter() method.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $formatters = [
+        'application/json' => JSONFormatter::class,
+        'application/xml'  => XMLFormatter::class,
+        'text/xml'         => XMLFormatter::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Formatters Options
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Additional Options to adjust default formatters behaviour.
+     * For each mime type, list the additional options that should be used.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, int>
+     */
+    public array $formatterOptions = [
+        'application/json' => JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES,
+        'application/xml'  => 0,
+        'text/xml'         => 0,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * A Factory method to return the appropriate formatter for the given mime type.
+     *
+     * @return FormatterInterface
+     *
+     * @deprecated This is an alias of `\CodeIgniter\Format\Format::getFormatter`. Use that instead.
+     */
+    public function getFormatter(string $mime)
+    {
+        return Services::format()->getFormatter($mime);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Generators.php b/app/Config/Generators.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6566a31e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Generators.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Generators extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Generator Commands' Views
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This array defines the mapping of generator commands to the view files
+     * they are using. If you need to customize them for your own, copy these
+     * view files in your own folder and indicate the location here.
+     *
+     * You will notice that the views have special placeholders enclosed in
+     * curly braces `{...}`. These placeholders are used internally by the
+     * generator commands in processing replacements, thus you are warned
+     * not to delete them or modify the names. If you will do so, you may
+     * end up disrupting the scaffolding process and throw errors.
+     *
+     * YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED!
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $views = [
+        'make:cell'         => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\cell.tpl.php',
+        'make:cell_view'    => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\cell_view.tpl.php',
+        'make:command'      => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\command.tpl.php',
+        'make:config'       => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\config.tpl.php',
+        'make:controller'   => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\controller.tpl.php',
+        'make:entity'       => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\entity.tpl.php',
+        'make:filter'       => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\filter.tpl.php',
+        'make:migration'    => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\migration.tpl.php',
+        'make:model'        => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\model.tpl.php',
+        'make:seeder'       => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\seeder.tpl.php',
+        'make:validation'   => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\validation.tpl.php',
+        'session:migration' => 'CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators\Views\migration.tpl.php',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Honeypot.php b/app/Config/Honeypot.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67ebcb0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Honeypot.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Honeypot extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Makes Honeypot visible or not to human
+     */
+    public bool $hidden = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Honeypot Label Content
+     */
+    public string $label = 'Fill This Field';
+
+    /**
+     * Honeypot Field Name
+     */
+    public string $name = 'honeypot';
+
+    /**
+     * Honeypot HTML Template
+     */
+    public string $template = '<label>{label}</label><input type="text" name="{name}" value="">';
+
+    /**
+     * Honeypot container
+     *
+     * If you enabled CSP, you can remove `style="display:none"`.
+     */
+    public string $container = '<div style="display:none">{template}</div>';
+
+    /**
+     * The id attribute for Honeypot container tag
+     *
+     * Used when CSP is enabled.
+     */
+    public string $containerId = 'hpc';
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Images.php b/app/Config/Images.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a33ddadb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Images.php
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers\GDHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers\ImageMagickHandler;
+
+class Images extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Default handler used if no other handler is specified.
+     */
+    public string $defaultHandler = 'gd';
+
+    /**
+     * The path to the image library.
+     * Required for ImageMagick, GraphicsMagick, or NetPBM.
+     */
+    public string $libraryPath = '/usr/local/bin/convert';
+
+    /**
+     * The available handler classes.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $handlers = [
+        'gd'      => GDHandler::class,
+        'imagick' => ImageMagickHandler::class,
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Kint.php b/app/Config/Kint.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc8b5459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Kint.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use Kint\Parser\ConstructablePluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\AbstractRenderer;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\TabPluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\ValuePluginInterface;
+
+/**
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Kint
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * We use Kint's `RichRenderer` and `CLIRenderer`. This area contains options
+ * that you can set to customize how Kint works for you.
+ *
+ * @see https://kint-php.github.io/kint/ for details on these settings.
+ */
+class Kint extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /*
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | Global Settings
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    */
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<int, ConstructablePluginInterface|string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<class-string<ConstructablePluginInterface>|ConstructablePluginInterface>
+     */
+    public $plugins;
+
+    public int $maxDepth           = 6;
+    public bool $displayCalledFrom = true;
+    public bool $expanded          = false;
+
+    /*
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | RichRenderer Settings
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    */
+    public string $richTheme = 'aante-light.css';
+    public bool $richFolder  = false;
+    public int $richSort     = AbstractRenderer::SORT_FULL;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, class-string<ValuePluginInterface>>
+     */
+    public $richObjectPlugins;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, class-string<TabPluginInterface>>
+     */
+    public $richTabPlugins;
+
+    /*
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | CLI Settings
+    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    */
+    public bool $cliColors      = true;
+    public bool $cliForceUTF8   = false;
+    public bool $cliDetectWidth = true;
+    public int $cliMinWidth     = 40;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Logger.php b/app/Config/Logger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..568c5da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Logger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandler;
+
+class Logger extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Error Logging Threshold
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * You can enable error logging by setting a threshold over zero. The
+     * threshold determines what gets logged. Any values below or equal to the
+     * threshold will be logged.
+     *
+     * Threshold options are:
+     *
+     * - 0 = Disables logging, Error logging TURNED OFF
+     * - 1 = Emergency Messages - System is unusable
+     * - 2 = Alert Messages - Action Must Be Taken Immediately
+     * - 3 = Critical Messages - Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     * - 4 = Runtime Errors - Don't need immediate action, but should be monitored.
+     * - 5 = Warnings - Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     * - 6 = Notices - Normal but significant events.
+     * - 7 = Info - Interesting events, like user logging in, etc.
+     * - 8 = Debug - Detailed debug information.
+     * - 9 = All Messages
+     *
+     * You can also pass an array with threshold levels to show individual error types
+     *
+     *     array(1, 2, 3, 8) = Emergency, Alert, Critical, and Debug messages
+     *
+     * For a live site you'll usually enable Critical or higher (3) to be logged otherwise
+     * your log files will fill up very fast.
+     *
+     * @var array|int
+     */
+    public $threshold = (ENVIRONMENT === 'production') ? 4 : 9;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Date Format for Logs
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Each item that is logged has an associated date. You can use PHP date
+     * codes to set your own date formatting
+     */
+    public string $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Log Handlers
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The logging system supports multiple actions to be taken when something
+     * is logged. This is done by allowing for multiple Handlers, special classes
+     * designed to write the log to their chosen destinations, whether that is
+     * a file on the getServer, a cloud-based service, or even taking actions such
+     * as emailing the dev team.
+     *
+     * Each handler is defined by the class name used for that handler, and it
+     * MUST implement the `CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface` interface.
+     *
+     * The value of each key is an array of configuration items that are sent
+     * to the constructor of each handler. The only required configuration item
+     * is the 'handles' element, which must be an array of integer log levels.
+     * This is most easily handled by using the constants defined in the
+     * `Psr\Log\LogLevel` class.
+     *
+     * Handlers are executed in the order defined in this array, starting with
+     * the handler on top and continuing down.
+     */
+    public array $handlers = [
+        /*
+         * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+         * File Handler
+         * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+         */
+        FileHandler::class => [
+            // The log levels that this handler will handle.
+            'handles' => [
+                'critical',
+                'alert',
+                'emergency',
+                'debug',
+                'error',
+                'info',
+                'notice',
+                'warning',
+            ],
+
+            /*
+             * The default filename extension for log files.
+             * An extension of 'php' allows for protecting the log files via basic
+             * scripting, when they are to be stored under a publicly accessible directory.
+             *
+             * NOTE: Leaving it blank will default to 'log'.
+             */
+            'fileExtension' => '',
+
+            /*
+             * The file system permissions to be applied on newly created log files.
+             *
+             * IMPORTANT: This MUST be an integer (no quotes) and you MUST use octal
+             * integer notation (i.e. 0700, 0644, etc.)
+             */
+            'filePermissions' => 0644,
+
+            /*
+             * Logging Directory Path
+             *
+             * By default, logs are written to WRITEPATH . 'logs/'
+             * Specify a different destination here, if desired.
+             */
+            'path' => '',
+        ],
+
+        /*
+         * The ChromeLoggerHandler requires the use of the Chrome web browser
+         * and the ChromeLogger extension. Uncomment this block to use it.
+         */
+        // 'CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ChromeLoggerHandler' => [
+        //     /*
+        //      * The log levels that this handler will handle.
+        //      */
+        //     'handles' => ['critical', 'alert', 'emergency', 'debug',
+        //                   'error', 'info', 'notice', 'warning'],
+        // ],
+
+        /*
+         * The ErrorlogHandler writes the logs to PHP's native `error_log()` function.
+         * Uncomment this block to use it.
+         */
+        // 'CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ErrorlogHandler' => [
+        //     /* The log levels this handler can handle. */
+        //     'handles' => ['critical', 'alert', 'emergency', 'debug', 'error', 'info', 'notice', 'warning'],
+        //
+        //     /*
+        //     * The message type where the error should go. Can be 0 or 4, or use the
+        //     * class constants: `ErrorlogHandler::TYPE_OS` (0) or `ErrorlogHandler::TYPE_SAPI` (4)
+        //     */
+        //     'messageType' => 0,
+        // ],
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Migrations.php b/app/Config/Migrations.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dec8b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Migrations.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Migrations extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Enable/Disable Migrations
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Migrations are enabled by default.
+     *
+     * You should enable migrations whenever you intend to do a schema migration
+     * and disable it back when you're done.
+     */
+    public bool $enabled = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Migrations Table
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This is the name of the table that will store the current migrations state.
+     * When migrations runs it will store in a database table which migration
+     * files have already been run.
+     */
+    public string $table = 'migrations';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Timestamp Format
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This is the format that will be used when creating new migrations
+     * using the CLI command:
+     *   > php spark make:migration
+     *
+     * NOTE: if you set an unsupported format, migration runner will not find
+     *       your migration files.
+     *
+     * Supported formats:
+     * - YmdHis_
+     * - Y-m-d-His_
+     * - Y_m_d_His_
+     */
+    public string $timestampFormat = 'Y-m-d-His_';
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Mimes.php b/app/Config/Mimes.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d02df1ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Mimes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+/**
+ * Mimes
+ *
+ * This file contains an array of mime types.  It is used by the
+ * Upload class to help identify allowed file types.
+ *
+ * When more than one variation for an extension exist (like jpg, jpeg, etc)
+ * the most common one should be first in the array to aid the guess*
+ * methods. The same applies when more than one mime-type exists for a
+ * single extension.
+ *
+ * When working with mime types, please make sure you have the ´fileinfo´
+ * extension enabled to reliably detect the media types.
+ *
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class Mimes
+{
+    /**
+     * Map of extensions to mime types.
+     */
+    public static array $mimes = [
+        'hqx' => [
+            'application/mac-binhex40',
+            'application/mac-binhex',
+            'application/x-binhex40',
+            'application/x-mac-binhex40',
+        ],
+        'cpt' => 'application/mac-compactpro',
+        'csv' => [
+            'text/csv',
+            'text/x-comma-separated-values',
+            'text/comma-separated-values',
+            'application/vnd.ms-excel',
+            'application/x-csv',
+            'text/x-csv',
+            'application/csv',
+            'application/excel',
+            'application/vnd.msexcel',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'bin' => [
+            'application/macbinary',
+            'application/mac-binary',
+            'application/octet-stream',
+            'application/x-binary',
+            'application/x-macbinary',
+        ],
+        'dms' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'lha' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'lzh' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'exe' => [
+            'application/octet-stream',
+            'application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable',
+            'application/x-dosexec',
+            'application/x-msdownload',
+        ],
+        'class' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'psd'   => [
+            'application/x-photoshop',
+            'image/vnd.adobe.photoshop',
+        ],
+        'so'  => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'sea' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'dll' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'oda' => 'application/oda',
+        'pdf' => [
+            'application/pdf',
+            'application/force-download',
+            'application/x-download',
+        ],
+        'ai' => [
+            'application/pdf',
+            'application/postscript',
+        ],
+        'eps'  => 'application/postscript',
+        'ps'   => 'application/postscript',
+        'smi'  => 'application/smil',
+        'smil' => 'application/smil',
+        'mif'  => 'application/vnd.mif',
+        'xls'  => [
+            'application/vnd.ms-excel',
+            'application/msexcel',
+            'application/x-msexcel',
+            'application/x-ms-excel',
+            'application/x-excel',
+            'application/x-dos_ms_excel',
+            'application/xls',
+            'application/x-xls',
+            'application/excel',
+            'application/download',
+            'application/vnd.ms-office',
+            'application/msword',
+        ],
+        'ppt' => [
+            'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
+            'application/powerpoint',
+            'application/vnd.ms-office',
+            'application/msword',
+        ],
+        'pptx' => [
+            'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation',
+        ],
+        'wbxml' => 'application/wbxml',
+        'wmlc'  => 'application/wmlc',
+        'dcr'   => 'application/x-director',
+        'dir'   => 'application/x-director',
+        'dxr'   => 'application/x-director',
+        'dvi'   => 'application/x-dvi',
+        'gtar'  => 'application/x-gtar',
+        'gz'    => 'application/x-gzip',
+        'gzip'  => 'application/x-gzip',
+        'php'   => [
+            'application/x-php',
+            'application/x-httpd-php',
+            'application/php',
+            'text/php',
+            'text/x-php',
+            'application/x-httpd-php-source',
+        ],
+        'php4'  => 'application/x-httpd-php',
+        'php3'  => 'application/x-httpd-php',
+        'phtml' => 'application/x-httpd-php',
+        'phps'  => 'application/x-httpd-php-source',
+        'js'    => [
+            'application/x-javascript',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'swf' => 'application/x-shockwave-flash',
+        'sit' => 'application/x-stuffit',
+        'tar' => 'application/x-tar',
+        'tgz' => [
+            'application/x-tar',
+            'application/x-gzip-compressed',
+        ],
+        'z'     => 'application/x-compress',
+        'xhtml' => 'application/xhtml+xml',
+        'xht'   => 'application/xhtml+xml',
+        'zip'   => [
+            'application/x-zip',
+            'application/zip',
+            'application/x-zip-compressed',
+            'application/s-compressed',
+            'multipart/x-zip',
+        ],
+        'rar' => [
+            'application/vnd.rar',
+            'application/x-rar',
+            'application/rar',
+            'application/x-rar-compressed',
+        ],
+        'mid'  => 'audio/midi',
+        'midi' => 'audio/midi',
+        'mpga' => 'audio/mpeg',
+        'mp2'  => 'audio/mpeg',
+        'mp3'  => [
+            'audio/mpeg',
+            'audio/mpg',
+            'audio/mpeg3',
+            'audio/mp3',
+        ],
+        'aif' => [
+            'audio/x-aiff',
+            'audio/aiff',
+        ],
+        'aiff' => [
+            'audio/x-aiff',
+            'audio/aiff',
+        ],
+        'aifc' => 'audio/x-aiff',
+        'ram'  => 'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
+        'rm'   => 'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
+        'rpm'  => 'audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin',
+        'ra'   => 'audio/x-realaudio',
+        'rv'   => 'video/vnd.rn-realvideo',
+        'wav'  => [
+            'audio/x-wav',
+            'audio/wave',
+            'audio/wav',
+        ],
+        'bmp' => [
+            'image/bmp',
+            'image/x-bmp',
+            'image/x-bitmap',
+            'image/x-xbitmap',
+            'image/x-win-bitmap',
+            'image/x-windows-bmp',
+            'image/ms-bmp',
+            'image/x-ms-bmp',
+            'application/bmp',
+            'application/x-bmp',
+            'application/x-win-bitmap',
+        ],
+        'gif' => 'image/gif',
+        'jpg' => [
+            'image/jpeg',
+            'image/pjpeg',
+        ],
+        'jpeg' => [
+            'image/jpeg',
+            'image/pjpeg',
+        ],
+        'jpe' => [
+            'image/jpeg',
+            'image/pjpeg',
+        ],
+        'jp2' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'j2k' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'jpf' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'jpg2' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'jpx' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'jpm' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'mj2' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'mjp2' => [
+            'image/jp2',
+            'video/mj2',
+            'image/jpx',
+            'image/jpm',
+        ],
+        'png' => [
+            'image/png',
+            'image/x-png',
+        ],
+        'webp' => 'image/webp',
+        'tif'  => 'image/tiff',
+        'tiff' => 'image/tiff',
+        'css'  => [
+            'text/css',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'html' => [
+            'text/html',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'htm' => [
+            'text/html',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'shtml' => [
+            'text/html',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'txt'  => 'text/plain',
+        'text' => 'text/plain',
+        'log'  => [
+            'text/plain',
+            'text/x-log',
+        ],
+        'rtx' => 'text/richtext',
+        'rtf' => 'text/rtf',
+        'xml' => [
+            'application/xml',
+            'text/xml',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'xsl' => [
+            'application/xml',
+            'text/xsl',
+            'text/xml',
+        ],
+        'mpeg' => 'video/mpeg',
+        'mpg'  => 'video/mpeg',
+        'mpe'  => 'video/mpeg',
+        'qt'   => 'video/quicktime',
+        'mov'  => 'video/quicktime',
+        'avi'  => [
+            'video/x-msvideo',
+            'video/msvideo',
+            'video/avi',
+            'application/x-troff-msvideo',
+        ],
+        'movie' => 'video/x-sgi-movie',
+        'doc'   => [
+            'application/msword',
+            'application/vnd.ms-office',
+        ],
+        'docx' => [
+            'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document',
+            'application/zip',
+            'application/msword',
+            'application/x-zip',
+        ],
+        'dot' => [
+            'application/msword',
+            'application/vnd.ms-office',
+        ],
+        'dotx' => [
+            'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document',
+            'application/zip',
+            'application/msword',
+        ],
+        'xlsx' => [
+            'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet',
+            'application/zip',
+            'application/vnd.ms-excel',
+            'application/msword',
+            'application/x-zip',
+        ],
+        'xlsb' => 'application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.binary.macroEnabled.12',
+        'xlsm' => 'application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroEnabled.12',
+        'word' => [
+            'application/msword',
+            'application/octet-stream',
+        ],
+        'xl'   => 'application/excel',
+        'eml'  => 'message/rfc822',
+        'json' => [
+            'application/json',
+            'text/json',
+        ],
+        'pem' => [
+            'application/x-x509-user-cert',
+            'application/x-pem-file',
+            'application/octet-stream',
+        ],
+        'p10' => [
+            'application/x-pkcs10',
+            'application/pkcs10',
+        ],
+        'p12' => 'application/x-pkcs12',
+        'p7a' => 'application/x-pkcs7-signature',
+        'p7c' => [
+            'application/pkcs7-mime',
+            'application/x-pkcs7-mime',
+        ],
+        'p7m' => [
+            'application/pkcs7-mime',
+            'application/x-pkcs7-mime',
+        ],
+        'p7r' => 'application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp',
+        'p7s' => 'application/pkcs7-signature',
+        'crt' => [
+            'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
+            'application/x-x509-user-cert',
+            'application/pkix-cert',
+        ],
+        'crl' => [
+            'application/pkix-crl',
+            'application/pkcs-crl',
+        ],
+        'der' => 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
+        'kdb' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'pgp' => 'application/pgp',
+        'gpg' => 'application/gpg-keys',
+        'sst' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'csr' => 'application/octet-stream',
+        'rsa' => 'application/x-pkcs7',
+        'cer' => [
+            'application/pkix-cert',
+            'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
+        ],
+        '3g2' => 'video/3gpp2',
+        '3gp' => [
+            'video/3gp',
+            'video/3gpp',
+        ],
+        'mp4' => 'video/mp4',
+        'm4a' => 'audio/x-m4a',
+        'f4v' => [
+            'video/mp4',
+            'video/x-f4v',
+        ],
+        'flv'  => 'video/x-flv',
+        'webm' => 'video/webm',
+        'aac'  => 'audio/x-acc',
+        'm4u'  => 'application/vnd.mpegurl',
+        'm3u'  => 'text/plain',
+        'xspf' => 'application/xspf+xml',
+        'vlc'  => 'application/videolan',
+        'wmv'  => [
+            'video/x-ms-wmv',
+            'video/x-ms-asf',
+        ],
+        'au'   => 'audio/x-au',
+        'ac3'  => 'audio/ac3',
+        'flac' => 'audio/x-flac',
+        'ogg'  => [
+            'audio/ogg',
+            'video/ogg',
+            'application/ogg',
+        ],
+        'kmz' => [
+            'application/vnd.google-earth.kmz',
+            'application/zip',
+            'application/x-zip',
+        ],
+        'kml' => [
+            'application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml',
+            'application/xml',
+            'text/xml',
+        ],
+        'ics'  => 'text/calendar',
+        'ical' => 'text/calendar',
+        'zsh'  => 'text/x-scriptzsh',
+        '7zip' => [
+            'application/x-compressed',
+            'application/x-zip-compressed',
+            'application/zip',
+            'multipart/x-zip',
+        ],
+        'cdr' => [
+            'application/cdr',
+            'application/coreldraw',
+            'application/x-cdr',
+            'application/x-coreldraw',
+            'image/cdr',
+            'image/x-cdr',
+            'zz-application/zz-winassoc-cdr',
+        ],
+        'wma' => [
+            'audio/x-ms-wma',
+            'video/x-ms-asf',
+        ],
+        'jar' => [
+            'application/java-archive',
+            'application/x-java-application',
+            'application/x-jar',
+            'application/x-compressed',
+        ],
+        'svg' => [
+            'image/svg+xml',
+            'image/svg',
+            'application/xml',
+            'text/xml',
+        ],
+        'vcf' => 'text/x-vcard',
+        'srt' => [
+            'text/srt',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'vtt' => [
+            'text/vtt',
+            'text/plain',
+        ],
+        'ico' => [
+            'image/x-icon',
+            'image/x-ico',
+            'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
+        ],
+        'stl' => [
+            'application/sla',
+            'application/vnd.ms-pki.stl',
+            'application/x-navistyle',
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the best mime type for the given file extension.
+     *
+     * @return string|null The mime type found, or none if unable to determine.
+     */
+    public static function guessTypeFromExtension(string $extension)
+    {
+        $extension = trim(strtolower($extension), '. ');
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($extension, static::$mimes)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return is_array(static::$mimes[$extension]) ? static::$mimes[$extension][0] : static::$mimes[$extension];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the best file extension for a given mime type.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $proposedExtension - default extension (in case there is more than one with the same mime type)
+     *
+     * @return string|null The extension determined, or null if unable to match.
+     */
+    public static function guessExtensionFromType(string $type, ?string $proposedExtension = null)
+    {
+        $type = trim(strtolower($type), '. ');
+
+        $proposedExtension = trim(strtolower($proposedExtension ?? ''));
+
+        if (
+            $proposedExtension !== ''
+            && array_key_exists($proposedExtension, static::$mimes)
+            && in_array($type, (array) static::$mimes[$proposedExtension], true)
+        ) {
+            // The detected mime type matches with the proposed extension.
+            return $proposedExtension;
+        }
+
+        // Reverse check the mime type list if no extension was proposed.
+        // This search is order sensitive!
+        foreach (static::$mimes as $ext => $types) {
+            if (in_array($type, (array) $types, true)) {
+                return $ext;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Modules.php b/app/Config/Modules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f84580c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Modules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Modules\Modules as BaseModules;
+
+/**
+ * Modules Configuration.
+ *
+ * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
+ *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
+ *
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class Modules extends BaseModules
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Enable Auto-Discovery?
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If true, then auto-discovery will happen across all elements listed in
+     * $aliases below. If false, no auto-discovery will happen at all,
+     * giving a slight performance boost.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $enabled = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Enable Auto-Discovery Within Composer Packages?
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If true, then auto-discovery will happen across all namespaces loaded
+     * by Composer, as well as the namespaces configured locally.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $discoverInComposer = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The Composer package list for Auto-Discovery
+     * This setting is optional.
+     *
+     * E.g.:
+     *   [
+     *       'only' => [
+     *           // List up all packages to auto-discover
+     *           'codeigniter4/shield',
+     *       ],
+     *   ]
+     *   or
+     *   [
+     *       'exclude' => [
+     *           // List up packages to exclude.
+     *           'pestphp/pest',
+     *       ],
+     *   ]
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $composerPackages = [];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Auto-Discovery Rules
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Aliases list of all discovery classes that will be active and used during
+     * the current application request.
+     *
+     * If it is not listed, only the base application elements will be used.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    public $aliases = [
+        'events',
+        'filters',
+        'registrars',
+        'routes',
+        'services',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Pager.php b/app/Config/Pager.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e341f4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Pager.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Pager extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Templates
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Pagination links are rendered out using views to configure their
+     * appearance. This array contains aliases and the view names to
+     * use when rendering the links.
+     *
+     * Within each view, the Pager object will be available as $pager,
+     * and the desired group as $pagerGroup;
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $templates = [
+        'default_full'   => 'CodeIgniter\Pager\Views\default_full',
+        'default_simple' => 'CodeIgniter\Pager\Views\default_simple',
+        'default_head'   => 'CodeIgniter\Pager\Views\default_head',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Items Per Page
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The default number of results shown in a single page.
+     */
+    public int $perPage = 20;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Paths.php b/app/Config/Paths.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..262c745f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Paths.php
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+/**
+ * Paths
+ *
+ * Holds the paths that are used by the system to
+ * locate the main directories, app, system, etc.
+ *
+ * Modifying these allows you to restructure your application,
+ * share a system folder between multiple applications, and more.
+ *
+ * All paths are relative to the project's root folder.
+ *
+ * NOTE: This class is required prior to Autoloader instantiation,
+ *       and does not extend BaseConfig.
+ *
+ * @immutable
+ */
+class Paths
+{
+    /**
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     * SYSTEM FOLDER NAME
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This must contain the name of your "system" folder. Include
+     * the path if the folder is not in the same directory as this file.
+     */
+    public string $systemDirectory = __DIR__ . '/../../system';
+
+    /**
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     * APPLICATION FOLDER NAME
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If you want this front controller to use a different "app"
+     * folder than the default one you can set its name here. The folder
+     * can also be renamed or relocated anywhere on your server. If
+     * you do, use a full server path.
+     *
+     * @see http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/managing_apps.html
+     */
+    public string $appDirectory = __DIR__ . '/..';
+
+    /**
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     * WRITABLE DIRECTORY NAME
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This variable must contain the name of your "writable" directory.
+     * The writable directory allows you to group all directories that
+     * need write permission to a single place that can be tucked away
+     * for maximum security, keeping it out of the app and/or
+     * system directories.
+     */
+    public string $writableDirectory = __DIR__ . '/../../writable';
+
+    /**
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     * TESTS DIRECTORY NAME
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This variable must contain the name of your "tests" directory.
+     */
+    public string $testsDirectory = __DIR__ . '/../../tests';
+
+    /**
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     * VIEW DIRECTORY NAME
+     * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * This variable must contain the name of the directory that
+     * contains the view files used by your application. By
+     * default this is in `app/Views`. This value
+     * is used when no value is provided to `Services::renderer()`.
+     */
+    public string $viewDirectory = __DIR__ . '/../Views';
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Publisher.php b/app/Config/Publisher.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47475112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Publisher.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Publisher as BasePublisher;
+
+/**
+ * Publisher Configuration
+ *
+ * Defines basic security restrictions for the Publisher class
+ * to prevent abuse by injecting malicious files into a project.
+ */
+class Publisher extends BasePublisher
+{
+    /**
+     * A list of allowed destinations with a (pseudo-)regex
+     * of allowed files for each destination.
+     * Attempts to publish to directories not in this list will
+     * result in a PublisherException. Files that do no fit the
+     * pattern will cause copy/merge to fail.
+     *
+     * @var array<string,string>
+     */
+    public $restrictions = [
+        ROOTPATH => '*',
+        FCPATH   => '#\.(s?css|js|map|html?|xml|json|webmanifest|ttf|eot|woff2?|gif|jpe?g|tiff?|png|webp|bmp|ico|svg)$#i',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Routes.php b/app/Config/Routes.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c49017c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Routes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+
+/**
+ * @var RouteCollection $routes
+ */
+$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
+$routes->get('/test', 'Home::test');
+//$routes->get('/admin', 'AdminController::adminTest');
+$routes->get('/auth', 'LoginController::loginMe');
+$routes->get('/login', 'LoginController::login');
+
+
+$routes->group("/user", ["filter" => "authMVC"], function($routes){
+    $routes->post("create", "UserController::create");
+    $routes->get("create", "UserController::create");
+    $routes->post("edit", "UserController::edit");
+    $routes->get("list", "UserController::list");
+    $routes->get("list/(:hash)", "UserController::list");
+    $routes->get("search/(:hash)", "UserController::search");
+});
+
+
+$routes->group("/dashboard", ["filter" => "authMVC"], function($routes){
+    $routes->get("", "DashboardController::create");
+});
+
diff --git a/app/Config/Routing.php b/app/Config/Routing.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d3c7731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Routing.php
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Routing as BaseRouting;
+
+/**
+ * Routing configuration
+ */
+class Routing extends BaseRouting
+{
+    /**
+     * An array of files that contain route definitions.
+     * Route files are read in order, with the first match
+     * found taking precedence.
+     *
+     * Default: APPPATH . 'Config/Routes.php'
+     */
+    public array $routeFiles = [
+        APPPATH . 'Config/Routes.php',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The default namespace to use for Controllers when no other
+     * namespace has been specified.
+     *
+     * Default: 'App\Controllers'
+     */
+    public string $defaultNamespace = 'App\Controllers';
+
+    /**
+     * The default controller to use when no other controller has been
+     * specified.
+     *
+     * Default: 'Home'
+     */
+    public string $defaultController = 'Home';
+
+    /**
+     * The default method to call on the controller when no other
+     * method has been set in the route.
+     *
+     * Default: 'index'
+     */
+    public string $defaultMethod = 'index';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to translate dashes in URIs to underscores.
+     * Primarily useful when using the auto-routing.
+     *
+     * Default: false
+     */
+    public bool $translateURIDashes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the class/method that should be called if routing doesn't
+     * find a match. It can be either a closure or the controller/method
+     * name exactly like a route is defined: Users::index
+     *
+     * This setting is passed to the Router class and handled there.
+     *
+     * If you want to use a closure, you will have to set it in the
+     * class constructor or the routes file by calling:
+     *
+     * $routes->set404Override(function() {
+     *    // Do something here
+     * });
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  public $override404 = 'App\Errors::show404';
+     */
+    public ?string $override404 = null;
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, the system will attempt to match the URI against
+     * Controllers by matching each segment against folders/files
+     * in APPPATH/Controllers, when a match wasn't found against
+     * defined routes.
+     *
+     * If FALSE, will stop searching and do NO automatic routing.
+     */
+    public bool $autoRoute = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, will enable the use of the 'prioritize' option
+     * when defining routes.
+     *
+     * Default: false
+     */
+    public bool $prioritize = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Map of URI segments and namespaces. For Auto Routing (Improved).
+     *
+     * The key is the first URI segment. The value is the controller namespace.
+     * E.g.,
+     *   [
+     *       'blog' => 'Acme\Blog\Controllers',
+     *   ]
+     *
+     * @var array [ uri_segment => namespace ]
+     */
+    public array $moduleRoutes = [];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Security.php b/app/Config/Security.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57be4ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Security.php
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class Security extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Protection Method
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Protection Method for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string 'cookie' or 'session'
+     */
+    public string $csrfProtection = 'cookie';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Token Randomization
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Randomize the CSRF Token for added security.
+     */
+    public bool $tokenRandomize = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Token Name
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     */
+    public string $tokenName = 'csrf_test_name';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Header Name
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Header name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     */
+    public string $headerName = 'X-CSRF-TOKEN';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Cookie Name
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     */
+    public string $cookieName = 'csrf_cookie_name';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Expires
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+     *
+     * Defaults to two hours (in seconds).
+     */
+    public int $expires = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Regenerate
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Regenerate CSRF Token on every submission.
+     */
+    public bool $regenerate = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF Redirect
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Redirect to previous page with error on failure.
+     */
+    public bool $redirect = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * CSRF SameSite
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Setting for CSRF SameSite cookie token.
+     *
+     * Allowed values are: None - Lax - Strict - ''.
+     *
+     * Defaults to `Lax` as recommended in this link:
+     *
+     * @see https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf/samesite-cookies
+     *
+     * @deprecated `Config\Cookie` $samesite property is used.
+     */
+    public string $samesite = 'Lax';
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Services.php b/app/Config/Services.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..797c4e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Services.php
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseService;
+use App\Libraries\Slug;
+use App\Controllers\Home;
+
+/**
+ * Services Configuration file.
+ *
+ * Services are simply other classes/libraries that the system uses
+ * to do its job. This is used by CodeIgniter to allow the core of the
+ * framework to be swapped out easily without affecting the usage within
+ * the rest of your application.
+ *
+ * This file holds any application-specific services, or service overrides
+ * that you might need. An example has been included with the general
+ * method format you should use for your service methods. For more examples,
+ * see the core Services file at system/Config/Services.php.
+ */
+class Services extends BaseService
+{
+    
+      public static function slug($getShared = true)
+      {
+          if ($getShared) {
+              return static::getSharedInstance('slug');
+          }
+          
+          return new Slug();
+      }
+
+      public static function home($getShared = true)
+      {
+          if ($getShared) {
+              return static::getSharedInstance('home');
+          }
+          
+          return new Home();
+      }
+     
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Session.php b/app/Config/Session.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea834805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Session.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\BaseHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\FileHandler;
+
+class Session extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Driver
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The session storage driver to use:
+     * - `CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\FileHandler`
+     * - `CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler`
+     * - `CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\MemcachedHandler`
+     * - `CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\RedisHandler`
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var class-string<BaseHandler>
+     */
+    public string $driver = FileHandler::class;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Cookie Name
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The session cookie name, must contain only [0-9a-z_-] characters
+     */
+    public string $cookieName = 'ci_session';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Expiration
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The number of SECONDS you want the session to last.
+     * Setting to 0 (zero) means expire when the browser is closed.
+     */
+    public int $expiration = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Save Path
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The location to save sessions to and is driver dependent.
+     *
+     * For the 'files' driver, it's a path to a writable directory.
+     * WARNING: Only absolute paths are supported!
+     *
+     * For the 'database' driver, it's a table name.
+     * Please read up the manual for the format with other session drivers.
+     *
+     * IMPORTANT: You are REQUIRED to set a valid save path!
+     */
+    public string $savePath = WRITEPATH . 'session';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Match IP
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Whether to match the user's IP address when reading the session data.
+     *
+     * WARNING: If you're using the database driver, don't forget to update
+     *          your session table's PRIMARY KEY when changing this setting.
+     */
+    public bool $matchIP = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Time to Update
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * How many seconds between CI regenerating the session ID.
+     */
+    public int $timeToUpdate = 300;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Regenerate Destroy
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Whether to destroy session data associated with the old session ID
+     * when auto-regenerating the session ID. When set to FALSE, the data
+     * will be later deleted by the garbage collector.
+     */
+    public bool $regenerateDestroy = false;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Session Database Group
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * DB Group for the database session.
+     */
+    public ?string $DBGroup = null;
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Toolbar.php b/app/Config/Toolbar.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97fbda28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Toolbar.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Database;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Files;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Logs;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Routes;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Timers;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Views;
+
+/**
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Debug Toolbar
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * The Debug Toolbar provides a way to see information about the performance
+ * and state of your application during that page display. By default it will
+ * NOT be displayed under production environments, and will only display if
+ * `CI_DEBUG` is true, since if it's not, there's not much to display anyway.
+ */
+class Toolbar extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Toolbar Collectors
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * List of toolbar collectors that will be called when Debug Toolbar
+     * fires up and collects data from.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    public array $collectors = [
+        Timers::class,
+        Database::class,
+        Logs::class,
+        Views::class,
+        // \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Cache::class,
+        Files::class,
+        Routes::class,
+        Events::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Collect Var Data
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If set to false var data from the views will not be colleted. Useful to
+     * avoid high memory usage when there are lots of data passed to the view.
+     */
+    public bool $collectVarData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Max History
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * `$maxHistory` sets a limit on the number of past requests that are stored,
+     * helping to conserve file space used to store them. You can set it to
+     * 0 (zero) to not have any history stored, or -1 for unlimited history.
+     */
+    public int $maxHistory = 20;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Toolbar Views Path
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The full path to the the views that are used by the toolbar.
+     * This MUST have a trailing slash.
+     */
+    public string $viewsPath = SYSTEMPATH . 'Debug/Toolbar/Views/';
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Max Queries
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * If the Database Collector is enabled, it will log every query that the
+     * the system generates so they can be displayed on the toolbar's timeline
+     * and in the query log. This can lead to memory issues in some instances
+     * with hundreds of queries.
+     *
+     * `$maxQueries` defines the maximum amount of queries that will be stored.
+     */
+    public int $maxQueries = 100;
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Watched Directories
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Contains an array of directories that will be watched for changes and
+     * used to determine if the hot-reload feature should reload the page or not.
+     * We restrict the values to keep performance as high as possible.
+     *
+     * NOTE: The ROOTPATH will be prepended to all values.
+     */
+    public array $watchedDirectories = [
+        'app',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Watched File Extensions
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * Contains an array of file extensions that will be watched for changes and
+     * used to determine if the hot-reload feature should reload the page or not.
+     */
+    public array $watchedExtensions = [
+        'php', 'css', 'js', 'html', 'svg', 'json', 'env',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/UserAgents.php b/app/Config/UserAgents.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fda73748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/UserAgents.php
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+/**
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * User Agents
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * This file contains four arrays of user agent data. It is used by the
+ * User Agent Class to help identify browser, platform, robot, and
+ * mobile device data. The array keys are used to identify the device
+ * and the array values are used to set the actual name of the item.
+ */
+class UserAgents extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * OS Platforms
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $platforms = [
+        'windows nt 10.0' => 'Windows 10',
+        'windows nt 6.3'  => 'Windows 8.1',
+        'windows nt 6.2'  => 'Windows 8',
+        'windows nt 6.1'  => 'Windows 7',
+        'windows nt 6.0'  => 'Windows Vista',
+        'windows nt 5.2'  => 'Windows 2003',
+        'windows nt 5.1'  => 'Windows XP',
+        'windows nt 5.0'  => 'Windows 2000',
+        'windows nt 4.0'  => 'Windows NT 4.0',
+        'winnt4.0'        => 'Windows NT 4.0',
+        'winnt 4.0'       => 'Windows NT',
+        'winnt'           => 'Windows NT',
+        'windows 98'      => 'Windows 98',
+        'win98'           => 'Windows 98',
+        'windows 95'      => 'Windows 95',
+        'win95'           => 'Windows 95',
+        'windows phone'   => 'Windows Phone',
+        'windows'         => 'Unknown Windows OS',
+        'android'         => 'Android',
+        'blackberry'      => 'BlackBerry',
+        'iphone'          => 'iOS',
+        'ipad'            => 'iOS',
+        'ipod'            => 'iOS',
+        'os x'            => 'Mac OS X',
+        'ppc mac'         => 'Power PC Mac',
+        'freebsd'         => 'FreeBSD',
+        'ppc'             => 'Macintosh',
+        'linux'           => 'Linux',
+        'debian'          => 'Debian',
+        'sunos'           => 'Sun Solaris',
+        'beos'            => 'BeOS',
+        'apachebench'     => 'ApacheBench',
+        'aix'             => 'AIX',
+        'irix'            => 'Irix',
+        'osf'             => 'DEC OSF',
+        'hp-ux'           => 'HP-UX',
+        'netbsd'          => 'NetBSD',
+        'bsdi'            => 'BSDi',
+        'openbsd'         => 'OpenBSD',
+        'gnu'             => 'GNU/Linux',
+        'unix'            => 'Unknown Unix OS',
+        'symbian'         => 'Symbian OS',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Browsers
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * The order of this array should NOT be changed. Many browsers return
+     * multiple browser types so we want to identify the subtype first.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $browsers = [
+        'OPR'    => 'Opera',
+        'Flock'  => 'Flock',
+        'Edge'   => 'Spartan',
+        'Edg'    => 'Edge',
+        'Chrome' => 'Chrome',
+        // Opera 10+ always reports Opera/9.80 and appends Version/<real version> to the user agent string
+        'Opera.*?Version'   => 'Opera',
+        'Opera'             => 'Opera',
+        'MSIE'              => 'Internet Explorer',
+        'Internet Explorer' => 'Internet Explorer',
+        'Trident.* rv'      => 'Internet Explorer',
+        'Shiira'            => 'Shiira',
+        'Firefox'           => 'Firefox',
+        'Chimera'           => 'Chimera',
+        'Phoenix'           => 'Phoenix',
+        'Firebird'          => 'Firebird',
+        'Camino'            => 'Camino',
+        'Netscape'          => 'Netscape',
+        'OmniWeb'           => 'OmniWeb',
+        'Safari'            => 'Safari',
+        'Mozilla'           => 'Mozilla',
+        'Konqueror'         => 'Konqueror',
+        'icab'              => 'iCab',
+        'Lynx'              => 'Lynx',
+        'Links'             => 'Links',
+        'hotjava'           => 'HotJava',
+        'amaya'             => 'Amaya',
+        'IBrowse'           => 'IBrowse',
+        'Maxthon'           => 'Maxthon',
+        'Ubuntu'            => 'Ubuntu Web Browser',
+        'Vivaldi'           => 'Vivaldi',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Mobiles
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $mobiles = [
+        // legacy array, old values commented out
+        'mobileexplorer' => 'Mobile Explorer',
+        // 'openwave'             => 'Open Wave',
+        // 'opera mini'           => 'Opera Mini',
+        // 'operamini'            => 'Opera Mini',
+        // 'elaine'               => 'Palm',
+        'palmsource' => 'Palm',
+        // 'digital paths'        => 'Palm',
+        // 'avantgo'              => 'Avantgo',
+        // 'xiino'                => 'Xiino',
+        'palmscape' => 'Palmscape',
+        // 'nokia'                => 'Nokia',
+        // 'ericsson'             => 'Ericsson',
+        // 'blackberry'           => 'BlackBerry',
+        // 'motorola'             => 'Motorola'
+
+        // Phones and Manufacturers
+        'motorola'             => 'Motorola',
+        'nokia'                => 'Nokia',
+        'palm'                 => 'Palm',
+        'iphone'               => 'Apple iPhone',
+        'ipad'                 => 'iPad',
+        'ipod'                 => 'Apple iPod Touch',
+        'sony'                 => 'Sony Ericsson',
+        'ericsson'             => 'Sony Ericsson',
+        'blackberry'           => 'BlackBerry',
+        'cocoon'               => 'O2 Cocoon',
+        'blazer'               => 'Treo',
+        'lg'                   => 'LG',
+        'amoi'                 => 'Amoi',
+        'xda'                  => 'XDA',
+        'mda'                  => 'MDA',
+        'vario'                => 'Vario',
+        'htc'                  => 'HTC',
+        'samsung'              => 'Samsung',
+        'sharp'                => 'Sharp',
+        'sie-'                 => 'Siemens',
+        'alcatel'              => 'Alcatel',
+        'benq'                 => 'BenQ',
+        'ipaq'                 => 'HP iPaq',
+        'mot-'                 => 'Motorola',
+        'playstation portable' => 'PlayStation Portable',
+        'playstation 3'        => 'PlayStation 3',
+        'playstation vita'     => 'PlayStation Vita',
+        'hiptop'               => 'Danger Hiptop',
+        'nec-'                 => 'NEC',
+        'panasonic'            => 'Panasonic',
+        'philips'              => 'Philips',
+        'sagem'                => 'Sagem',
+        'sanyo'                => 'Sanyo',
+        'spv'                  => 'SPV',
+        'zte'                  => 'ZTE',
+        'sendo'                => 'Sendo',
+        'nintendo dsi'         => 'Nintendo DSi',
+        'nintendo ds'          => 'Nintendo DS',
+        'nintendo 3ds'         => 'Nintendo 3DS',
+        'wii'                  => 'Nintendo Wii',
+        'open web'             => 'Open Web',
+        'openweb'              => 'OpenWeb',
+
+        // Operating Systems
+        'android'    => 'Android',
+        'symbian'    => 'Symbian',
+        'SymbianOS'  => 'SymbianOS',
+        'elaine'     => 'Palm',
+        'series60'   => 'Symbian S60',
+        'windows ce' => 'Windows CE',
+
+        // Browsers
+        'obigo'         => 'Obigo',
+        'netfront'      => 'Netfront Browser',
+        'openwave'      => 'Openwave Browser',
+        'mobilexplorer' => 'Mobile Explorer',
+        'operamini'     => 'Opera Mini',
+        'opera mini'    => 'Opera Mini',
+        'opera mobi'    => 'Opera Mobile',
+        'fennec'        => 'Firefox Mobile',
+
+        // Other
+        'digital paths' => 'Digital Paths',
+        'avantgo'       => 'AvantGo',
+        'xiino'         => 'Xiino',
+        'novarra'       => 'Novarra Transcoder',
+        'vodafone'      => 'Vodafone',
+        'docomo'        => 'NTT DoCoMo',
+        'o2'            => 'O2',
+
+        // Fallback
+        'mobile'     => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'wireless'   => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'j2me'       => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'midp'       => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'cldc'       => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'up.link'    => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'up.browser' => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'smartphone' => 'Generic Mobile',
+        'cellphone'  => 'Generic Mobile',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Robots
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *
+     * There are hundred of bots but these are the most common.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $robots = [
+        'googlebot'            => 'Googlebot',
+        'msnbot'               => 'MSNBot',
+        'baiduspider'          => 'Baiduspider',
+        'bingbot'              => 'Bing',
+        'slurp'                => 'Inktomi Slurp',
+        'yahoo'                => 'Yahoo',
+        'ask jeeves'           => 'Ask Jeeves',
+        'fastcrawler'          => 'FastCrawler',
+        'infoseek'             => 'InfoSeek Robot 1.0',
+        'lycos'                => 'Lycos',
+        'yandex'               => 'YandexBot',
+        'mediapartners-google' => 'MediaPartners Google',
+        'CRAZYWEBCRAWLER'      => 'Crazy Webcrawler',
+        'adsbot-google'        => 'AdsBot Google',
+        'feedfetcher-google'   => 'Feedfetcher Google',
+        'curious george'       => 'Curious George',
+        'ia_archiver'          => 'Alexa Crawler',
+        'MJ12bot'              => 'Majestic-12',
+        'Uptimebot'            => 'Uptimebot',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/Validation.php b/app/Config/Validation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..017dac5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/Validation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\CreditCardRules;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRules;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FormatRules;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\Rules;
+
+class Validation extends BaseConfig
+{
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Setup
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the classes that contain the
+     * rules that are available.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    public array $ruleSets = [
+        Rules::class,
+        FormatRules::class,
+        FileRules::class,
+        CreditCardRules::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the views that are used to display the
+     * errors.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public array $templates = [
+        'list'   => 'CodeIgniter\Validation\Views\list',
+        'single' => 'CodeIgniter\Validation\Views\single',
+    ];
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Rules
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
diff --git a/app/Config/View.php b/app/Config/View.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf00863f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Config/View.php
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
+use CodeIgniter\View\ViewDecoratorInterface;
+
+/**
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
+ */
+class View extends BaseView
+{
+    /**
+     * When false, the view method will clear the data between each
+     * call. This keeps your data safe and ensures there is no accidental
+     * leaking between calls, so you would need to explicitly pass the data
+     * to each view. You might prefer to have the data stick around between
+     * calls so that it is available to all views. If that is the case,
+     * set $saveData to true.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $saveData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Parser Filters map a filter name with any PHP callable. When the
+     * Parser prepares a variable for display, it will chain it
+     * through the filters in the order defined, inserting any parameters.
+     * To prevent potential abuse, all filters MUST be defined here
+     * in order for them to be available for use within the Parser.
+     *
+     * Examples:
+     *  { title|esc(js) }
+     *  { created_on|date(Y-m-d)|esc(attr) }
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
+     */
+    public $filters = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Parser Plugins provide a way to extend the functionality provided
+     * by the core Parser by creating aliases that will be replaced with
+     * any callable. Can be single or tag pair.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
+     */
+    public $plugins = [];
+
+    /**
+     * View Decorators are class methods that will be run in sequence to
+     * have a chance to alter the generated output just prior to caching
+     * the results.
+     *
+     * All classes must implement CodeIgniter\View\ViewDecoratorInterface
+     *
+     * @var class-string<ViewDecoratorInterface>[]
+     */
+    public array $decorators = [];
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/AdminController.php b/app/Controllers/AdminController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..487511fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/AdminController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+use App\Controllers\PublicController;
+
+
+//This is a  controller act like base controller for business logics which are required 
+// authendication and authrizations also config the routes as per requirement in routes.php
+class AdminController extends BaseController
+{
+    
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/BaseController.php b/app/Controllers/BaseController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3cb2655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/BaseController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Class BaseController
+ *
+ * BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components
+ * and performing functions that are needed by all your controllers.
+ * Extend this class in any new controllers:
+ *     class Home extends BaseController
+ *
+ * For security be sure to declare any new methods as protected or private.
+ */
+abstract class BaseController extends Controller
+{
+    /**
+     * Instance of the main Request object.
+     *
+     * @var CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of helpers to be loaded automatically upon
+     * class instantiation. These helpers will be available
+     * to all other controllers that extend BaseController.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $helpers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Be sure to declare properties for any property fetch you initialized.
+     * The creation of dynamic property is deprecated in PHP 8.2.
+     */
+    // protected $session;
+
+    /**
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
+    {
+        // Do Not Edit This Line
+        // echo 'initController';
+        parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
+        
+        // Preload any models, libraries, etc, here.
+
+        $this->session = \Config\Services::session();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/DashboardController.php b/app/Controllers/DashboardController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4d5326b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/DashboardController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+class DashboardController extends AdminController
+{
+    
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    public function dashboard()
+    {
+        return view('dashboard');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/Home.php b/app/Controllers/Home.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..489a8b91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/Home.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+class Home extends PublicController
+{
+    public function index(): string
+    {
+        return view('welcome_message');
+    }
+
+    public function test()
+    {
+        echo base_url();
+        //echo ($_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] == 443 ? 'https' : 'http') . "://{$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']}".str_replace(basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']),"",$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
+        return view('test');
+    }
+
+    public function testService()
+    {
+        return 'from test service';
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/LoginController.php b/app/Controllers/LoginController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49e73583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/LoginController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+class LoginController extends BaseController
+{
+    
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        //echo 'LoginController';
+    }
+
+
+    public function login()
+    {
+        $this->session->set('isLoggedIn',true);
+        $this->session->set('userid','10');
+        return view('login');
+    }
+
+    
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/PublicController.php b/app/Controllers/PublicController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45bb6518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/PublicController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+
+//This is a publilc controller act like base controller for business logics which are open to public 
+// not requried any authendication. also config the routes as per requirement in routes.php
+class PublicController extends BaseController
+{
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/app/Controllers/UserController.php b/app/Controllers/UserController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c9fba87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Controllers/UserController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+
+use App\Models\User;
+
+
+class UserController extends AdminController
+{
+    
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        // helper('utility');
+    }
+
+    public function create()
+    {
+
+        //if this get method return to user creation page
+        if($this->request->getMethod() == 'get')
+            return view('user');
+        //else do user insert operation
+        $userModel = new User();
+
+        $userData = [
+            'username' => $this->request->getPost('username'),
+            'firstname' => $this->request->getPost('firstname'),
+            'lastname' => $this->request->getPost('lastname'),
+            'email' => $this->request->getPost('email'),
+            'mobile_no' => $this->request->getPost('mobile_no'),
+            'password' => $this->request->getPost('password'),
+            'is_active' => true,
+            'updated_by' => get_session_userid(),
+            'created_by' => get_session_userid()
+        ];
+        // print_r($userData);die();
+        // Inserting data into the 'users' table
+        $userModel->insert($userData);
+
+        // Get the ID of the inserted record
+        $insertedId = $userModel->insertID();
+
+        return view('userlist');
+
+    }
+
+    public function edit()
+    {
+        
+        $userModel = new User();
+
+        $id = $this->request->getPost('id');
+        
+        $userData = [
+            'username' => $this->request->getPost('username'),
+            'firstname' => $this->request->getPost('firstname'),
+            'lastname' => $this->request->getPost('lastname'),
+            'email' => $this->request->getPost('email'),
+            'mobile_no' => $this->request->getPost('mobile_no'),
+            'password' => $this->request->getPost('password'),
+            'is_active' => $this->request->getPost('is_active'),
+            //'updated_by' => $this->request->getPost('updated_by'),
+            //'created_by' => $this->request->getPost('created_by')
+        ];
+
+        // Update data in the 'users' table based on the $id
+        $is_updated = $userModel->update($id, $userData);
+
+        // Get the ID of the updated record
+        //$updatedId = $userModel->getPrimaryVal($id);
+        echo 'done';
+        redirect('user/list');
+    }
+
+    public function list()
+    {
+        $uri = service('uri');
+        $userid = $uri->getSegment(3);
+        
+        $userModel = new User();
+
+        // Fetch all users from the 'users' table
+        $users = $userModel
+                    ->join('users as updater', 'updater.id = users.updated_by', 'left')
+                    ->join('users as creator', 'creator.id = users.created_by', 'left')
+                    ->select('users.*, updater.username as updated_by_name,creator.username as created_by_name'); // Assuming 
+        if(!empty($userid) && is_numeric($userid))
+        {
+         $result = $users->find($userid);
+         return view('user',['user' => $result]);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+         $result = $users->findAll();
+         // print_r($result);die();
+         return view('userlist',['users' => $result]);
+        }
+      
+        
+    }
+
+    public function search()
+    {
+        $userModel = new User();
+
+        // Get search inputs from the query string
+        $firstname = $this->request->getGet('firstname');
+        $lastname = $this->request->getGet('lastname');
+        $username = $this->request->getGet('username');
+        $mobile_no = $this->request->getGet('mobile_no');
+        $email = $this->request->getGet('email');
+        $created_at = $this->request->getGet('created_at');
+        
+
+        // Set conditions for the search query
+        $conditions = [];
+        if (!empty($firstname)) {
+            $conditions['firstname LIKE'] = "%$firstname%";
+        }
+        if (!empty($lastname)) {
+            $conditions['lastname LIKE'] = "%$lastname%";
+        }
+        if (!empty($username)) {
+            $conditions['username LIKE'] = "%$username%";
+        }
+        if (!empty($mobile_no)) {
+            $conditions['mobile_no LIKE'] = "%$mobile_no%";
+        }
+        if (!empty($email)) {
+            $conditions['email LIKE'] = "%$email%";
+        }
+        if (!empty($created_at)) {
+            // Assuming created_before is in the format YYYY-MM-DD
+            $conditions['created_at'] = $created_at;
+        }
+
+        // Fetch users based on search conditions
+        $users = $userModel->where($conditions)->findAll();
+
+        return view('userlist',['users' => $users]);
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Database/Migrations/.gitkeep b/app/Database/Migrations/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Database/Seeds/.gitkeep b/app/Database/Seeds/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Filters/.gitkeep b/app/Filters/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Filters/AuthMVC.php b/app/Filters/AuthMVC.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13f0f5fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Filters/AuthMVC.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php 
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+class AuthMVC implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (!check_session()) {
+            
+          return redirect()->to(site_url('login'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        // Do something here
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/app/Filters/HttpRequestLog.php b/app/Filters/HttpRequestLog.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72a5a552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Filters/HttpRequestLog.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php 
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+class HttpRequestLog implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        log_message('info', 'HttpRequestLog before');
+        $uuid = generate_uuid();
+        set_session_uuid($uuid);
+        // echo  $uuid.'<br>';
+        // $slug = \Config\Services::slug();
+        // $home = \Config\Services::home();
+        // echo $home->testService();
+        // // echo !check_session();// print_r($slug);die();
+        // echo $slug->slugify('www.googl.com article no 5');die();
+
+        // echo 'before HttpRequestLog'.'<br>'
+;
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        // Do something here
+        // log_message('info', 'HttpRequestLog after');
+        // echo 'last HttpRequestLog'.'<br>';
+        // $this->session = \Config\Services::session();
+        // echo $this->session->get('uuid');
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Filters/RoleCheck.php b/app/Filters/RoleCheck.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..070222b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Filters/RoleCheck.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php 
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+class RoleCheck implements FilterInterface
+{
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (!session()->get('role')) {
+            return redirect()->to(site_url('login'));
+        }
+
+        $current_loggedin_user_role = session()->get('role');
+        //check this role has permisssion to access current resource
+
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        // Do something here
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Helpers/.gitkeep b/app/Helpers/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Helpers/session_helper.php b/app/Helpers/session_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41631f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Helpers/session_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?php
+
+
+if (!function_exists('check_session')) {
+    function check_session()
+    {
+        // $ci =& get_instance();
+        $session = \Config\Services::session();
+        return $session->get('isLoggedIn');
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('get_session_userid')) {
+    function get_session_userid()
+    {
+        // $ci =& get_instance();
+        $session = \Config\Services::session();
+        return $session->get('userid');
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('get_session_user')) {
+    function get_session_user()
+    {
+        // $ci =& get_instance();
+        $session = \Config\Services::session();
+        return $session->get('isLoggedIn');
+    }
+}
+
+
+if (!function_exists('check_role')) {
+    function check_role()
+    {
+        // $ci =& get_instance();
+        $session = \Config\Services::session();
+        return $session->get('role');
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('check_permission')) {
+    function check_permission()
+    {
+        // $ci =& get_instance();
+        $session = \Config\Services::session();
+        return $session->get('role');
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('set_session_uuid')) {
+    function set_session_uuid($uuid)
+    {
+        // $CI =& get_instance();
+         $session = \Config\Services::session();
+         $session->set('uuid', $uuid);
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('get_session_uuid')) {
+    function get_session_uuid($uuid)
+    {
+        // $CI =& get_instance();
+         $session = \Config\Services::session();
+         $session->set('uuid', $uuid);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Helpers/utility_helper.php b/app/Helpers/utility_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7438466a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Helpers/utility_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+// File: app/Helpers/Uuid_helper.php
+
+if (!function_exists('generate_uuid')) {
+    function generate_uuid($version = 4, $format = 'hex')
+    {
+        $data = random_bytes(16);
+        // echo $data.'<br>';
+            // Set version to 0100
+        $data[6] = chr(ord($data[6]) & 0x0f | 0x40);
+        // Set bits 6-7 to 10
+        $data[8] = chr(ord($data[8]) & 0x3f | 0x80);
+
+        // Output the 36 character UUID.
+        $uuid = vsprintf('%s%s-%s-%s-%s-%s%s%s', str_split(bin2hex($data), 4));
+        return $uuid;
+    }
+}
+
+if (!function_exists('change_date_format')) {
+    
+    function change_date_format($data, $source_format, $output_format)
+    {
+        // echo $data, $source_format, $output_format;return true;
+        try {
+            // Create DateTime object with the source format
+            $dateTime = DateTime::createFromFormat($source_format, $data);
+
+            // Check if the DateTime object is created successfully
+            if ($dateTime === false) {
+                throw new Exception('Invalid date or format');
+            }
+            // Format the DateTime object with the output format
+            $formattedDate = $dateTime->format($output_format);
+
+            return $formattedDate;
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            // Handle the exception (e.g., log it, show a user-friendly message)
+            return "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
+            return $data;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/app/Helpers/uuid_helper.php b/app/Helpers/uuid_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4333047a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Helpers/uuid_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+// File: app/Helpers/Uuid_helper.php
+
+if (!function_exists('generate_uuid')) {
+    function generate_uuid($version = 4, $format = 'hex')
+    {
+        $data = random_bytes(16);
+        // echo $data.'<br>';
+            // Set version to 0100
+        $data[6] = chr(ord($data[6]) & 0x0f | 0x40);
+        // Set bits 6-7 to 10
+        $data[8] = chr(ord($data[8]) & 0x3f | 0x80);
+
+        // Output the 36 character UUID.
+        $uuid = vsprintf('%s%s-%s-%s-%s-%s%s%s', str_split(bin2hex($data), 4));
+        return $uuid;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Language/.gitkeep b/app/Language/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Language/en/Validation.php b/app/Language/en/Validation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54d1e7a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Language/en/Validation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?php
+
+// override core en language system validation or define your own en language validation message
+return [];
diff --git a/app/Libraries/.gitkeep b/app/Libraries/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Libraries/Slug.php b/app/Libraries/Slug.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d967734f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Libraries/Slug.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+namespace App\Libraries;
+
+class Slug
+{
+    // This function converts a string into slug format
+    public function slugify($text)
+    {
+        // replace non letter or digits by -
+        $text = preg_replace('~[^\pL\d]+~u', '-', $text);
+
+        // transliterate
+        $text = iconv('utf-8', 'us-ascii//TRANSLIT', $text);
+
+        // remove unwanted characters
+        $text = preg_replace('~[^-\w]+~', '', $text);
+
+        // trim
+        $text = trim($text, '-');
+
+        // remove duplicate -
+        $text = preg_replace('~-+~', '-', $text);
+
+        // lowercase
+        $text = strtolower($text);
+
+        if (empty($text)) {
+            return 'n-a';
+        }
+
+        return $text;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Models/.gitkeep b/app/Models/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Models/User.php b/app/Models/User.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ab18fa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Models/User.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+namespace App\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class User extends Model
+{
+    protected $DBGroup              = 'default';
+    protected $table                = 'users';
+    protected $primaryKey           = 'id';
+    protected $useAutoIncrement     = true;
+    protected $insertID             = 0;
+    protected $returnType           = 'array';
+    protected $useSoftDelete        = false;
+    protected $protectFields        = true;
+    protected $allowedFields        = [
+        "username",
+        "firstname",
+        "lastname",
+        "email",
+        "profile",
+        "mobile_no",
+        "password",
+        "is_active",
+        "updated_by",
+        "created_by",
+    ];
+
+    // Dates
+    protected $useTimestamps        = false;
+    protected $dateFormat           = 'datetime';
+    protected $createdField         = 'created_at';
+    protected $updatedField         = 'updated_at';
+    protected $deletedField         = 'deleted_at';
+
+    // Validation
+    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationMessages   = [];
+    protected $skipValidation       = false;
+    protected $cleanValidationRules = true;
+
+    // Callbacks
+    protected $allowCallbacks       = true;
+    protected $beforeInsert         = ["beforeInsert"];
+    protected $afterInsert          = [];
+    protected $beforeUpdate         = [];
+    protected $afterUpdate          = [];
+    protected $beforeFind           = ["removePassword"];
+    protected $afterFind            = ["removePassword"];
+    protected $beforeDelete         = [];
+    protected $afterDelete          = [];
+
+    protected function beforeInsert(array $data)
+    {
+        $data = $this->passwordHash($data);
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    protected function removePassword(array $data)
+    {
+        // $data = 
+        unset($data['data']['password']);
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    protected function passwordHash(array $data)
+    {
+        if (isset($data['data']['password'])) {
+            $data['data']['password'] = password_hash($data['data']['password'], PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+}
+?>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/ThirdParty/.gitkeep b/app/ThirdParty/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/app/Views/dashboard.php b/app/Views/dashboard.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be43379b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/dashboard.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" />
+        <meta name="description" content="" />
+        <meta name="author" content="" />
+        <title>Simple Sidebar - Start Bootstrap Template</title>
+        <!-- Favicon-->
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/favicon.ico" />
+        <!-- Core theme CSS (includes Bootstrap)-->
+        <link href="css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <div class="d-flex" id="wrapper">
+            <!-- Sidebar-->
+            <div class="border-end bg-white" id="sidebar-wrapper">
+                <div class="sidebar-heading border-bottom bg-light">Start Bootstrap</div>
+                <div class="list-group list-group-flush">
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Dashboard</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Shortcuts</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Overview</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Events</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Profile</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Status</a>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <!-- Page content wrapper-->
+            <div id="page-content-wrapper">
+                <!-- Top navigation-->
+                <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light border-bottom">
+                    <div class="container-fluid">
+                        <button class="btn btn-primary" id="sidebarToggle">Toggle Menu</button>
+                        <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button>
+                        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
+                            <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto mt-2 mt-lg-0">
+                                <li class="nav-item active"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Home</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Link</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item dropdown">
+                                    <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Dropdown</a>
+                                    <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Action</a>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Another action</a>
+                                        <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Something else here</a>
+                                    </div>
+                                </li>
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </nav>
+                <!-- Page content-->
+                <div class="container-fluid">
+                    <h1 class="mt-4">Simple Sidebar</h1>
+                    <p>The starting state of the menu will appear collapsed on smaller screens, and will appear non-collapsed on larger screens. When toggled using the button below, the menu will change.</p>
+                    <p>
+                        Make sure to keep all page content within the
+                        <code>#page-content-wrapper</code>
+                        . The top navbar is optional, and just for demonstration. Just create an element with the
+                        <code>#sidebarToggle</code>
+                        ID which will toggle the menu when clicked.
+                    </p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <!-- Bootstrap core JS-->
+        <script src="js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
+        <!-- Core theme JS-->
+        <script src="js/scripts.js"></script>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/cli/error_404.php b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_404.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..456ea3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_404.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+CLI::error('ERROR: ' . $code);
+CLI::write($message);
+CLI::newLine();
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f24e98fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/cli/error_exception.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+// The main Exception
+CLI::newLine();
+CLI::write('[' . get_class($exception) . ']', 'light_gray', 'red');
+CLI::newLine();
+CLI::write($message);
+CLI::newLine();
+CLI::write('at ' . CLI::color(clean_path($exception->getFile()) . ':' . $exception->getLine(), 'green'));
+CLI::newLine();
+
+// The backtrace
+if (defined('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE') && SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE) {
+    $backtraces = $exception->getTrace();
+
+    if ($backtraces) {
+        CLI::write('Backtrace:', 'green');
+    }
+
+    foreach ($backtraces as $i => $error) {
+        $padFile  = '    '; // 4 spaces
+        $padClass = '       '; // 7 spaces
+        $c        = str_pad($i + 1, 3, ' ', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+
+        if (isset($error['file'])) {
+            $filepath = clean_path($error['file']) . ':' . $error['line'];
+
+            CLI::write($c . $padFile . CLI::color($filepath, 'yellow'));
+        } else {
+            CLI::write($c . $padFile . CLI::color('[internal function]', 'yellow'));
+        }
+
+        $function = '';
+
+        if (isset($error['class'])) {
+            $type = ($error['type'] === '->') ? '()' . $error['type'] : $error['type'];
+            $function .= $padClass . $error['class'] . $type . $error['function'];
+        } elseif (! isset($error['class']) && isset($error['function'])) {
+            $function .= $padClass . $error['function'];
+        }
+
+        $args = implode(', ', array_map(static function ($value) {
+            switch (true) {
+                case is_object($value):
+                    return 'Object(' . get_class($value) . ')';
+
+                case is_array($value):
+                    return count($value) ? '[...]' : '[]';
+
+                case $value === null:
+                    return 'null'; // return the lowercased version
+
+                default:
+                    return var_export($value, true);
+            }
+        }, array_values($error['args'] ?? [])));
+
+        $function .= '(' . $args . ')';
+
+        CLI::write($function);
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/cli/production.php b/app/Views/errors/cli/production.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7db744ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/cli/production.php
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?php
+
+// On the CLI, we still want errors in productions
+// so just use the exception template.
+include __DIR__ . '/error_exception.php';
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98f54dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.css
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+:root {
+    --main-bg-color: #fff;
+    --main-text-color: #555;
+    --dark-text-color: #222;
+    --light-text-color: #c7c7c7;
+    --brand-primary-color: #E06E3F;
+    --light-bg-color: #ededee;
+    --dark-bg-color: #404040;
+}
+
+body {
+    height: 100%;
+    background: var(--main-bg-color);
+    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji";
+    color: var(--main-text-color);
+    font-weight: 300;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+h1 {
+    font-weight: lighter;
+    letter-spacing: 0.8;
+    font-size: 3rem;
+    color: var(--dark-text-color);
+    margin: 0;
+}
+h1.headline {
+    margin-top: 20%;
+    font-size: 5rem;
+}
+.text-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+p.lead {
+    font-size: 1.6rem;
+}
+.container {
+    max-width: 75rem;
+    margin: 0 auto;
+    padding: 1rem;
+}
+.header {
+    background: var(--light-bg-color);
+    color: var(--dark-text-color);
+}
+.header .container {
+    padding: 1rem 1.75rem 1.75rem 1.75rem;
+}
+.header h1 {
+    font-size: 2.5rem;
+    font-weight: 500;
+}
+.header p {
+    font-size: 1.2rem;
+    margin: 0;
+    line-height: 2.5;
+}
+.header a {
+    color: var(--brand-primary-color);
+    margin-left: 2rem;
+    display: none;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+.header:hover a {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+.footer {
+    background: var(--dark-bg-color);
+    color: var(--light-text-color);
+}
+.footer .container {
+    border-top: 1px solid #e7e7e7;
+    margin-top: 1rem;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.source {
+    background: #343434;
+    color: var(--light-text-color);
+    padding: 0.5em 1em;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;
+    font-size: 0.85rem;
+    margin: 0;
+    overflow-x: scroll;
+}
+.source span.line {
+    line-height: 1.4;
+}
+.source span.line .number {
+    color: #666;
+}
+.source .line .highlight {
+    display: block;
+    background: var(--dark-text-color);
+    color: var(--light-text-color);
+}
+.source span.highlight .number {
+    color: #fff;
+}
+
+.tabs {
+    list-style: none;
+    list-style-position: inside;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    margin-bottom: -1px;
+}
+.tabs li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+.tabs a:link,
+.tabs a:visited {
+    padding: 0rem 1rem;
+    line-height: 2.7;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    color: var(--dark-text-color);
+    background: var(--light-bg-color);
+    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
+    border-bottom: 0;
+    border-top-left-radius: 5px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 5px;
+    display: inline-block;
+}
+.tabs a:hover {
+    background: var(--light-bg-color);
+    border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
+}
+.tabs a.active {
+    background: var(--main-bg-color);
+    color: var(--main-text-color);
+}
+.tab-content {
+    background: var(--main-bg-color);
+    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
+}
+.content {
+    padding: 1rem;
+}
+.hide {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+.alert {
+    margin-top: 2rem;
+    display: block;
+    text-align: center;
+    line-height: 3.0;
+    background: #d9edf7;
+    border: 1px solid #bcdff1;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    color: #31708f;
+}
+ul, ol {
+    line-height: 1.8;
+}
+
+table {
+    width: 100%;
+    overflow: hidden;
+}
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #e7e7e7;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
+}
+td {
+    padding: 0.2rem 0.5rem 0.2rem 0;
+}
+tr:hover td {
+    background: #f1f1f1;
+}
+td pre {
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+}
+
+.trace a {
+    color: inherit;
+}
+.trace table {
+    width: auto;
+}
+.trace tr td:first-child {
+    min-width: 5em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+.trace td {
+    background: var(--light-bg-color);
+    padding: 0 1rem;
+}
+.trace td pre {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+.args {
+    display: none;
+}
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/debug.js b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99199cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/debug.js
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+var tabLinks    = new Array();
+var contentDivs = new Array();
+
+function init()
+{
+    // Grab the tab links and content divs from the page
+    var tabListItems = document.getElementById('tabs').childNodes;
+    console.log(tabListItems);
+    for (var i = 0; i < tabListItems.length; i ++)
+    {
+        if (tabListItems[i].nodeName == "LI")
+        {
+            var tabLink     = getFirstChildWithTagName(tabListItems[i], 'A');
+            var id          = getHash(tabLink.getAttribute('href'));
+            tabLinks[id]    = tabLink;
+            contentDivs[id] = document.getElementById(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Assign onclick events to the tab links, and
+    // highlight the first tab
+    var i = 0;
+
+    for (var id in tabLinks)
+    {
+        tabLinks[id].onclick = showTab;
+        tabLinks[id].onfocus = function () {
+            this.blur()
+        };
+        if (i == 0)
+        {
+            tabLinks[id].className = 'active';
+        }
+        i ++;
+    }
+
+    // Hide all content divs except the first
+    var i = 0;
+
+    for (var id in contentDivs)
+    {
+        if (i != 0)
+        {
+            console.log(contentDivs[id]);
+            contentDivs[id].className = 'content hide';
+        }
+        i ++;
+    }
+}
+
+function showTab()
+{
+    var selectedId = getHash(this.getAttribute('href'));
+
+    // Highlight the selected tab, and dim all others.
+    // Also show the selected content div, and hide all others.
+    for (var id in contentDivs)
+    {
+        if (id == selectedId)
+        {
+            tabLinks[id].className    = 'active';
+            contentDivs[id].className = 'content';
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            tabLinks[id].className    = '';
+            contentDivs[id].className = 'content hide';
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Stop the browser following the link
+    return false;
+}
+
+function getFirstChildWithTagName(element, tagName)
+{
+    for (var i = 0; i < element.childNodes.length; i ++)
+    {
+        if (element.childNodes[i].nodeName == tagName)
+        {
+            return element.childNodes[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function getHash(url)
+{
+    var hashPos = url.lastIndexOf('#');
+    return url.substring(hashPos + 1);
+}
+
+function toggle(elem)
+{
+    elem = document.getElementById(elem);
+
+    if (elem.style && elem.style['display'])
+    {
+        // Only works with the "style" attr
+        var disp = elem.style['display'];
+    }
+    else if (elem.currentStyle)
+    {
+        // For MSIE, naturally
+        var disp = elem.currentStyle['display'];
+    }
+    else if (window.getComputedStyle)
+    {
+        // For most other browsers
+        var disp = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null).getPropertyValue('display');
+    }
+
+    // Toggle the state of the "display" style
+    elem.style.display = disp == 'block' ? 'none' : 'block';
+
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/error_404.php b/app/Views/errors/html/error_404.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e506f083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/error_404.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title><?= lang('Errors.pageNotFound') ?></title>
+
+    <style>
+        div.logo {
+            height: 200px;
+            width: 155px;
+            display: inline-block;
+            opacity: 0.08;
+            position: absolute;
+            top: 2rem;
+            left: 50%;
+            margin-left: -73px;
+        }
+        body {
+            height: 100%;
+            background: #fafafa;
+            font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+            color: #777;
+            font-weight: 300;
+        }
+        h1 {
+            font-weight: lighter;
+            letter-spacing: normal;
+            font-size: 3rem;
+            margin-top: 0;
+            margin-bottom: 0;
+            color: #222;
+        }
+        .wrap {
+            max-width: 1024px;
+            margin: 5rem auto;
+            padding: 2rem;
+            background: #fff;
+            text-align: center;
+            border: 1px solid #efefef;
+            border-radius: 0.5rem;
+            position: relative;
+        }
+        pre {
+            white-space: normal;
+            margin-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        code {
+            background: #fafafa;
+            border: 1px solid #efefef;
+            padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            display: block;
+        }
+        p {
+            margin-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        .footer {
+            margin-top: 2rem;
+            border-top: 1px solid #efefef;
+            padding: 1em 2em 0 2em;
+            font-size: 85%;
+            color: #999;
+        }
+        a:active,
+        a:link,
+        a:visited {
+            color: #dd4814;
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="wrap">
+        <h1>404</h1>
+
+        <p>
+            <?php if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production') : ?>
+                <?= nl2br(esc($message)) ?>
+            <?php else : ?>
+                <?= lang('Errors.sorryCannotFind') ?>
+            <?php endif; ?>
+        </p>
+    </div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php b/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c094d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+<?php
+use Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+
+$errorId = uniqid('error', true);
+?>
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">
+
+    <title><?= esc($title) ?></title>
+    <style>
+        <?= preg_replace('#[\r\n\t ]+#', ' ', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'debug.css')) ?>
+    </style>
+
+    <script>
+        <?= file_get_contents(__DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'debug.js') ?>
+    </script>
+</head>
+<body onload="init()">
+
+    <!-- Header -->
+    <div class="header">
+        <div class="container">
+            <h1><?= esc($title), esc($exception->getCode() ? ' #' . $exception->getCode() : '') ?></h1>
+            <p>
+                <?= nl2br(esc($exception->getMessage())) ?>
+                <a href="https://www.duckduckgo.com/?q=<?= urlencode($title . ' ' . preg_replace('#\'.*\'|".*"#Us', '', $exception->getMessage())) ?>"
+                   rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">search &rarr;</a>
+            </p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Source -->
+    <div class="container">
+        <p><b><?= esc(clean_path($file)) ?></b> at line <b><?= esc($line) ?></b></p>
+
+        <?php if (is_file($file)) : ?>
+            <div class="source">
+                <?= static::highlightFile($file, $line, 15); ?>
+            </div>
+        <?php endif; ?>
+    </div>
+
+    <?php if (defined('SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE') && SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE) : ?>
+    <div class="container">
+
+        <ul class="tabs" id="tabs">
+            <li><a href="#backtrace">Backtrace</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#server">Server</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#request">Request</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#response">Response</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#files">Files</a></li>
+            <li><a href="#memory">Memory</a></li>
+        </ul>
+
+        <div class="tab-content">
+
+            <!-- Backtrace -->
+            <div class="content" id="backtrace">
+
+                <ol class="trace">
+                <?php foreach ($trace as $index => $row) : ?>
+
+                    <li>
+                        <p>
+                            <!-- Trace info -->
+                            <?php if (isset($row['file']) && is_file($row['file'])) : ?>
+                                <?php
+                                if (isset($row['function']) && in_array($row['function'], ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'], true)) {
+                                    echo esc($row['function'] . ' ' . clean_path($row['file']));
+                                } else {
+                                    echo esc(clean_path($row['file']) . ' : ' . $row['line']);
+                                }
+                                ?>
+                            <?php else: ?>
+                                {PHP internal code}
+                            <?php endif; ?>
+
+                            <!-- Class/Method -->
+                            <?php if (isset($row['class'])) : ?>
+                                &nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;&nbsp;<?= esc($row['class'] . $row['type'] . $row['function']) ?>
+                                <?php if (! empty($row['args'])) : ?>
+                                    <?php $argsId = $errorId . 'args' . $index ?>
+                                    ( <a href="#" onclick="return toggle('<?= esc($argsId, 'attr') ?>');">arguments</a> )
+                                    <div class="args" id="<?= esc($argsId, 'attr') ?>">
+                                        <table cellspacing="0">
+
+                                        <?php
+                                        $params = null;
+                                        // Reflection by name is not available for closure function
+                                        if (substr($row['function'], -1) !== '}') {
+                                            $mirror = isset($row['class']) ? new ReflectionMethod($row['class'], $row['function']) : new ReflectionFunction($row['function']);
+                                            $params = $mirror->getParameters();
+                                        }
+
+                                        foreach ($row['args'] as $key => $value) : ?>
+                                            <tr>
+                                                <td><code><?= esc(isset($params[$key]) ? '$' . $params[$key]->name : "#{$key}") ?></code></td>
+                                                <td><pre><?= esc(print_r($value, true)) ?></pre></td>
+                                            </tr>
+                                        <?php endforeach ?>
+
+                                        </table>
+                                    </div>
+                                <?php else : ?>
+                                    ()
+                                <?php endif; ?>
+                            <?php endif; ?>
+
+                            <?php if (! isset($row['class']) && isset($row['function'])) : ?>
+                                &nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;&nbsp;    <?= esc($row['function']) ?>()
+                            <?php endif; ?>
+                        </p>
+
+                        <!-- Source? -->
+                        <?php if (isset($row['file']) && is_file($row['file']) && isset($row['class'])) : ?>
+                            <div class="source">
+                                <?= static::highlightFile($row['file'], $row['line']) ?>
+                            </div>
+                        <?php endif; ?>
+                    </li>
+
+                <?php endforeach; ?>
+                </ol>
+
+            </div>
+
+            <!-- Server -->
+            <div class="content" id="server">
+                <?php foreach (['_SERVER', '_SESSION'] as $var) : ?>
+                    <?php
+                    if (empty($GLOBALS[$var]) || ! is_array($GLOBALS[$var])) {
+                        continue;
+                    } ?>
+
+                    <h3>$<?= esc($var) ?></h3>
+
+                    <table>
+                        <thead>
+                            <tr>
+                                <th>Key</th>
+                                <th>Value</th>
+                            </tr>
+                        </thead>
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach ($GLOBALS[$var] as $key => $value) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= esc($key) ?></td>
+                                <td>
+                                    <?php if (is_string($value)) : ?>
+                                        <?= esc($value) ?>
+                                    <?php else: ?>
+                                        <pre><?= esc(print_r($value, true)) ?></pre>
+                                    <?php endif; ?>
+                                </td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach; ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+
+                <!-- Constants -->
+                <?php $constants = get_defined_constants(true); ?>
+                <?php if (! empty($constants['user'])) : ?>
+                    <h3>Constants</h3>
+
+                    <table>
+                        <thead>
+                            <tr>
+                                <th>Key</th>
+                                <th>Value</th>
+                            </tr>
+                        </thead>
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach ($constants['user'] as $key => $value) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= esc($key) ?></td>
+                                <td>
+                                    <?php if (is_string($value)) : ?>
+                                        <?= esc($value) ?>
+                                    <?php else: ?>
+                                        <pre><?= esc(print_r($value, true)) ?></pre>
+                                    <?php endif; ?>
+                                </td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach; ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+                <?php endif; ?>
+            </div>
+
+            <!-- Request -->
+            <div class="content" id="request">
+                <?php $request = Services::request(); ?>
+
+                <table>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td style="width: 10em">Path</td>
+                            <td><?= esc($request->getUri()) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>HTTP Method</td>
+                            <td><?= esc(strtoupper($request->getMethod())) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>IP Address</td>
+                            <td><?= esc($request->getIPAddress()) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td style="width: 10em">Is AJAX Request?</td>
+                            <td><?= $request->isAJAX() ? 'yes' : 'no' ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>Is CLI Request?</td>
+                            <td><?= $request->isCLI() ? 'yes' : 'no' ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>Is Secure Request?</td>
+                            <td><?= $request->isSecure() ? 'yes' : 'no' ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>User Agent</td>
+                            <td><?= esc($request->getUserAgent()->getAgentString()) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+
+                    </tbody>
+                </table>
+
+
+                <?php $empty = true; ?>
+                <?php foreach (['_GET', '_POST', '_COOKIE'] as $var) : ?>
+                    <?php
+                    if (empty($GLOBALS[$var]) || ! is_array($GLOBALS[$var])) {
+                        continue;
+                    } ?>
+
+                    <?php $empty = false; ?>
+
+                    <h3>$<?= esc($var) ?></h3>
+
+                    <table style="width: 100%">
+                        <thead>
+                            <tr>
+                                <th>Key</th>
+                                <th>Value</th>
+                            </tr>
+                        </thead>
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach ($GLOBALS[$var] as $key => $value) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= esc($key) ?></td>
+                                <td>
+                                    <?php if (is_string($value)) : ?>
+                                        <?= esc($value) ?>
+                                    <?php else: ?>
+                                        <pre><?= esc(print_r($value, true)) ?></pre>
+                                    <?php endif; ?>
+                                </td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach; ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+
+                <?php if ($empty) : ?>
+
+                    <div class="alert">
+                        No $_GET, $_POST, or $_COOKIE Information to show.
+                    </div>
+
+                <?php endif; ?>
+
+                <?php $headers = $request->headers(); ?>
+                <?php if (! empty($headers)) : ?>
+
+                    <h3>Headers</h3>
+
+                    <table>
+                        <thead>
+                            <tr>
+                                <th>Header</th>
+                                <th>Value</th>
+                            </tr>
+                        </thead>
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach ($headers as $header) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= esc($header->getName(), 'html') ?></td>
+                                <td><?= esc($header->getValueLine(), 'html') ?></td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach; ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+
+                <?php endif; ?>
+            </div>
+
+            <!-- Response -->
+            <?php
+                $response = Services::response();
+                $response->setStatusCode(http_response_code());
+            ?>
+            <div class="content" id="response">
+                <table>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td style="width: 15em">Response Status</td>
+                        <td><?= esc($response->getStatusCode() . ' - ' . $response->getReasonPhrase()) ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                </table>
+
+                <?php $headers = $response->headers(); ?>
+                <?php if (! empty($headers)) : ?>
+                    <?php natsort($headers) ?>
+
+                    <h3>Headers</h3>
+
+                    <table>
+                        <thead>
+                            <tr>
+                                <th>Header</th>
+                                <th>Value</th>
+                            </tr>
+                        </thead>
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach (array_keys($headers) as $name) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= esc($name, 'html') ?></td>
+                                <td><?= esc($response->getHeaderLine($name), 'html') ?></td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach; ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+
+                <?php endif; ?>
+            </div>
+
+            <!-- Files -->
+            <div class="content" id="files">
+                <?php $files = get_included_files(); ?>
+
+                <ol>
+                <?php foreach ($files as $file) :?>
+                    <li><?= esc(clean_path($file)) ?></li>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </ol>
+            </div>
+
+            <!-- Memory -->
+            <div class="content" id="memory">
+
+                <table>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>Memory Usage</td>
+                            <td><?= esc(static::describeMemory(memory_get_usage(true))) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td style="width: 12em">Peak Memory Usage:</td>
+                            <td><?= esc(static::describeMemory(memory_get_peak_usage(true))) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>Memory Limit:</td>
+                            <td><?= esc(ini_get('memory_limit')) ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                    </tbody>
+                </table>
+
+            </div>
+
+        </div>  <!-- /tab-content -->
+
+    </div> <!-- /container -->
+    <?php endif; ?>
+
+    <div class="footer">
+        <div class="container">
+
+            <p>
+                Displayed at <?= esc(date('H:i:sa')) ?> &mdash;
+                PHP: <?= esc(PHP_VERSION) ?>  &mdash;
+                CodeIgniter: <?= esc(CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION) ?> --
+                Environment: <?= ENVIRONMENT ?>
+            </p>
+
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/errors/html/production.php b/app/Views/errors/html/production.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f59a8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/errors/html/production.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">
+
+    <title><?= lang('Errors.whoops') ?></title>
+
+    <style>
+        <?= preg_replace('#[\r\n\t ]+#', ' ', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'debug.css')) ?>
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+    <div class="container text-center">
+
+        <h1 class="headline"><?= lang('Errors.whoops') ?></h1>
+
+        <p class="lead"><?= lang('Errors.weHitASnag') ?></p>
+
+    </div>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/index.php b/app/Views/index.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d2f6c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/index.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" />
+        <meta name="description" content="" />
+        <meta name="author" content="" />
+        <title>Simple Sidebar - Start Bootstrap Template</title>
+        <!-- Favicon-->
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/favicon.ico" />
+        <!-- Core theme CSS (includes Bootstrap)-->
+        <link href=<?php echo base_url()."css/styles.css"?> rel="stylesheet" />
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <div class="d-flex" id="wrapper">
+            <!-- Sidebar-->
+            <div class="border-end bg-white" id="sidebar-wrapper">
+                <div class="sidebar-heading border-bottom bg-light">Start Bootstrap</div>
+                <div class="list-group list-group-flush">
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Dashboard</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Shortcuts</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Overview</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Events</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Profile</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Status</a>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <!-- Page content wrapper-->
+            <div id="page-content-wrapper">
+                <!-- Top navigation-->
+                <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light border-bottom">
+                    <div class="container-fluid">
+                        <button class="btn btn-primary" id="sidebarToggle">Toggle Menu</button>
+                        <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button>
+                        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
+                            <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto mt-2 mt-lg-0">
+                                <li class="nav-item active"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Home</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Link</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item dropdown">
+                                    <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Dropdown</a>
+                                    <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Action</a>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Another action</a>
+                                        <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Something else here</a>
+                                    </div>
+                                </li>
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </nav>
+                <!-- Page content-->
+                <div class="container-fluid">
+                    <h1 class="mt-4">Simple Sidebar</h1>
+                    <p>The starting state of the menu will appear collapsed on smaller screens, and will appear non-collapsed on larger screens. When toggled using the button below, the menu will change.</p>
+                    <p>
+                        Make sure to keep all page content within the
+                        <code>#page-content-wrapper</code>
+                        . The top navbar is optional, and just for demonstration. Just create an element with the
+                        <code>#sidebarToggle</code>
+                        ID which will toggle the menu when clicked.
+                    </p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"?>> </script>
+        <!-- Core theme JS-->
+        <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/scripts.js"?>></script>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/login.php b/app/Views/login.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0b6c812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/login.php
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" />
+        <meta name="description" content="" />
+        <meta name="author" content="" />
+        <title>Login</title>
+        <!-- Favicon-->
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/favicon.ico" />
+        <!-- Core theme CSS (includes Bootstrap)-->
+        <link href="css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
+    </head>
+    <style>
+body {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
+form {border: 3px solid #f1f1f1;}
+
+input[type=text], input[type=password] {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 20px;
+  margin: 8px 0;
+  display: inline-block;
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+button {
+  background-color: #04AA6D;
+  color: white;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  margin: 8px 0;
+  border: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+button:hover {
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.cancelbtn {
+  width: auto;
+  padding: 10px 18px;
+  background-color: #f44336;
+}
+
+.imgcontainer {
+  text-align: center;
+  margin: 24px 0 12px 0;
+}
+
+img.avatar {
+  width: 40%;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+}
+
+.container {
+  padding: 16px;
+}
+
+span.psw {
+  float: right;
+  padding-top: 16px;
+}
+
+/* Change styles for span and cancel button on extra small screens */
+@media screen and (max-width: 300px) {
+  span.psw {
+     display: block;
+     float: none;
+  }
+  .cancelbtn {
+     width: 100%;
+  }
+}
+</style>
+    <body>
+        <div class="d-flex" id="wrapper">
+            
+            
+            <!-- Page content wrapper-->
+            <div id="page-content-wrapper">
+                <!-- Top navigation-->
+                <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light border-bottom">
+                    <div class="container-fluid">
+                        <!-- <button class="btn btn-primary" id="sidebarToggle">Toggle Menu</button> -->
+                        <!-- <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button> -->
+                        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
+                            <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto mt-2 mt-lg-0">
+                                <li class="nav-item active"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Home</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Link</a></li>
+                                <!-- <li class="nav-item dropdown">
+                                    <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Dropdown</a>
+                                    <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Action</a>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Another action</a>
+                                        <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Something else here</a>
+                                    </div>
+                                </li> -->
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </nav>
+                <!-- Page content-->
+                <div class="container-fluid">
+                    <h1 class="mt-4">Login</h1>
+                    <form action="/action_page.php" method="post">
+  <div class="imgcontainer">
+    <img src="<?php echo base_url().'assets/img_avatar2.png'?>" alt="Avatar" class="avatar">
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="container">
+    <label for="uname"><b>Username</b></label>
+    <input type="text" placeholder="Enter Username" name="uname" required>
+
+    <label for="psw"><b>Password</b></label>
+    <input type="password" placeholder="Enter Password" name="psw" required>
+        
+    <button type="submit">Login</button>
+    <label>
+      <input type="checkbox" checked="checked" name="remember"> Remember me
+    </label>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="container" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">
+    <button type="button" class="cancelbtn">Cancel</button>
+    <span class="psw">Forgot <a href="#">password?</a></span>
+  </div>
+</form>
+                    </p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <!-- Bootstrap core JS-->
+        <script src="js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
+        <!-- Core theme JS-->
+        <script src="js/scripts.js"></script>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/test.php b/app/Views/test.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..206c8f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/test.php
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>Welcome to CodeIgniter 4!</title>
+    <meta name="description" content="The small framework with powerful features">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon.ico">
+
+    <!-- STYLES -->
+
+    <style {csp-style-nonce}>
+        * {
+            transition: background-color 300ms ease, color 300ms ease;
+        }
+        *:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .2);
+            outline: none;
+        }
+        html, body {
+            color: rgba(33, 37, 41, 1);
+            font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji";
+            font-size: 16px;
+            margin: 0;
+            padding: 0;
+            -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+            -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
+            text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
+        }
+        header {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            padding: .4rem 0 0;
+        }
+        .menu {
+            padding: .4rem 2rem;
+        }
+        header ul {
+            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            list-style-type: none;
+            margin: 0;
+            overflow: hidden;
+            padding: 0;
+            text-align: right;
+        }
+        header li {
+            display: inline-block;
+        }
+        header li a {
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
+            display: block;
+            height: 44px;
+            text-decoration: none;
+        }
+        header li.menu-item a {
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            margin: 5px 0;
+            height: 38px;
+            line-height: 36px;
+            padding: .4rem .65rem;
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        header li.menu-item a:hover,
+        header li.menu-item a:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .2);
+            color: rgba(221, 72, 20, 1);
+        }
+        header .logo {
+            float: left;
+            height: 44px;
+            padding: .4rem .5rem;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle {
+            display: none;
+            float: right;
+            font-size: 2rem;
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle button {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .6);
+            border: none;
+            border-radius: 3px;
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
+            cursor: pointer;
+            font: inherit;
+            font-size: 1.3rem;
+            height: 36px;
+            padding: 0;
+            margin: 11px 0;
+            overflow: visible;
+            width: 40px;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle button:hover,
+        header .menu-toggle button:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .8);
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
+        }
+        header .heroe {
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            max-width: 1100px;
+            padding: 1rem 1.75rem 1.75rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        header .heroe h1 {
+            font-size: 2.5rem;
+            font-weight: 500;
+        }
+        header .heroe h2 {
+            font-size: 1.5rem;
+            font-weight: 300;
+        }
+        section {
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            max-width: 1100px;
+            padding: 2.5rem 1.75rem 3.5rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        section h1 {
+            margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
+        }
+        section h2 {
+            font-size: 120%;
+            line-height: 2.5rem;
+            padding-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        section pre {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            border: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            display: block;
+            font-size: .9rem;
+            margin: 2rem 0;
+            padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
+            white-space: pre-wrap;
+            word-break: break-all;
+        }
+        section code {
+            display: block;
+        }
+        section a {
+            color: rgba(221, 72, 20, 1);
+        }
+        section svg {
+            margin-bottom: -5px;
+            margin-right: 5px;
+            width: 25px;
+        }
+        .further {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            border-top: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+        }
+        .further h2:first-of-type {
+            padding-top: 0;
+        }
+        footer {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .8);
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        footer .environment {
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
+            padding: 2rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        footer .copyrights {
+            background-color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 1);
+            color: rgba(200, 200, 200, 1);
+            padding: .25rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        @media (max-width: 629px) {
+            header ul {
+                padding: 0;
+            }
+            header .menu-toggle {
+                padding: 0 1rem;
+            }
+            header .menu-item {
+                background-color: rgba(244, 245, 246, 1);
+                border-top: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+                margin: 0 15px;
+                width: calc(100% - 30px);
+            }
+            header .menu-toggle {
+                display: block;
+            }
+            header .hidden {
+                display: none;
+            }
+            header li.menu-item a {
+                background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .1);
+            }
+            header li.menu-item a:hover,
+            header li.menu-item a:focus {
+                background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .7);
+                color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
+            }
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<!-- HEADER: MENU + HEROE SECTION -->
+<header>
+
+    <div class="menu">
+        <ul>
+            <li class="logo">
+                <a href="https://codeigniter.com" target="_blank">
+                    <svg role="img" aria-label="Visit CodeIgniter.com official website!" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2100 500" height="44"><path fill="#dd4814" d="M148.2 411c-20.53-9.07-34.48-28.61-36.31-50.99 1.2-23.02 13.36-44.06 32.67-56.61-3.17 7.73-2.4 16.53 2 23.6 5.01 7 13.63 10.36 22.07 8.61 12.02-3.38 19.06-15.86 15.68-27.89-1.2-4.21-3.6-8.03-6.88-10.91-13.6-11.06-20.43-28.44-18-45.81 2.33-9.2 7.42-17.52 14.61-23.8-5.4 14.4 9.83 28.61 20.05 35.6 18.14 10.88 35.6 22.84 52.32 35.81 18.27 14.4 28.23 36.94 26.67 60-4.11 24.54-21.47 44.8-45.13 52.4 47.33-10.53 96.13-48.13 97.06-101.46-.93-42.67-26.4-80.96-65.33-98.4h-1.73c.86 2.09 1.28 4.34 1.2 6.61.13-1.47.13-2.93 0-4.4.21 1.73.21 3.47 0 5.2-2.96 12.13-15.2 19.6-27.36 16.64-4.86-1.2-9.2-3.93-12.32-7.87-15.6-20 0-42.76 2.61-64.76 1.6-28.13-11.25-55.02-34.05-71.46 11.41 19.02-3.79 44-14.84 58.21-11.07 14.21-27.07 24.8-40.11 37.2-14.05 13.07-26.93 27.44-38.49 42.8-24.99 30.53-34.8 70.8-26.67 109.4 11.15 37.2 42.07 65.15 80.2 72.4h.21l-.13-.12Zm324.56-159.8q0-17.92 6.16-35.56 6.44-17.92 18.48-31.92t29.68-22.68q17.64-8.96 40.04-8.96 26.6 0 45.36 12.04 19.04 12.04 28 31.36l-15.4 9.52q-4.76-9.8-11.76-16.52-6.72-6.72-14.56-10.92-7.84-4.2-16.24-5.88-8.4-1.96-16.52-1.96-17.92 0-31.64 7.28-13.72 7.28-23.24 19.04-9.24 11.76-14 26.6-4.76 14.56-4.76 29.68 0 16.52 5.6 31.64 5.88 15.12 15.68 26.88 10.08 11.48 23.52 18.48 13.72 6.72 29.68 6.72 8.4 0 17.08-1.96 8.96-2.24 17.08-6.72 8.4-4.76 15.4-11.48 7-7 11.76-16.8l16.24 8.4q-4.76 11.2-13.44 19.88-8.68 8.4-19.32 14.28-10.64 5.88-22.68 8.96-11.76 3.08-23.24 3.08-20.44 0-37.52-8.96-17.08-8.96-29.4-23.24-12.32-14.56-19.32-32.76-6.72-18.48-6.72-37.52Zm263.48 103.6q-15.96 0-29.12-5.88-13.16-6.16-22.96-16.52-9.52-10.36-14.84-24.08Q664 294.6 664 279.48q0-15.4 5.32-29.12 5.6-13.72 15.12-24.08 9.8-10.36 22.96-16.52t28.84-6.16q15.68 0 28.84 6.16 13.44 6.16 22.96 16.52 9.8 10.36 15.12 24.08 5.6 13.72 5.6 29.12 0 15.12-5.32 28.84t-15.12 24.08q-9.52 10.36-22.96 16.52-13.16 5.88-29.12 5.88Zm-52.92-75.04q0 12.32 4.2 22.96 4.2 10.36 11.2 18.48 7.28 7.84 16.8 12.32 9.8 4.48 20.72 4.48 10.92 0 20.44-4.48 9.8-4.76 17.08-12.6 7.28-8.12 11.48-18.76 4.2-10.64 4.2-22.96 0-12.04-4.2-22.68-4.2-10.92-11.48-18.76-7.28-8.12-17.08-12.6-9.52-4.76-20.44-4.76-10.92 0-20.44 4.76-9.52 4.48-16.8 12.6-7.28 8.12-11.48 19.04-4.2 10.64-4.2 22.96ZM900.6 354.8q-15.12 0-28-6.16-12.88-6.44-22.12-16.8t-14.56-23.8q-5.04-13.72-5.04-28.56 0-15.4 5.04-29.12 5.04-14 13.72-24.36 8.96-10.36 21-16.24 12.32-6.16 26.88-6.16 18.48 0 32.76 9.8 14.28 9.52 22.4 23.24V147.6h19.04v179.76q0 7.84 6.72 7.84V352q-4.2.84-6.72.84-6.72 0-11.76-4.2-5.04-4.48-5.04-10.64v-14.28Q946.24 338 931.4 346.4t-30.8 8.4Zm4.2-16.8q7 0 14.84-2.8 8.12-2.8 15.12-7.56 7-5.04 11.76-11.48 5.04-6.72 6.16-14.28V256.8q-2.8-7.56-8.12-14-5.32-6.72-12.32-11.76-6.72-5.04-14.56-7.84-7.84-2.8-15.4-2.8-11.76 0-21.28 5.04-9.52 5.04-16.52 13.44-6.72 8.12-10.36 18.76-3.64 10.64-3.64 21.84 0 11.76 4.2 22.4 4.2 10.64 11.48 18.76 7.28 7.84 17.08 12.6Q893.32 338 904.8 338Zm173.04 16.8q-15.96 0-29.4-5.88-13.16-6.16-22.96-16.52-9.8-10.64-15.4-24.36-5.32-13.72-5.32-29.4 0-15.4 5.32-28.84 5.6-13.72 15.12-23.8 9.8-10.36 23.24-16.24 13.44-6.16 29.12-6.16 15.96 0 29.12 6.16 13.44 5.88 22.96 16.24 9.52 10.36 14.84 23.8 5.32 13.44 5.32 28.56v4.48q0 2.24-.28 3.08h-124.88q.84 11.76 5.32 21.84 4.76 9.8 12.04 17.08 7.28 7.28 16.52 11.48 9.52 3.92 20.16 3.92 7 0 14-1.96t12.88-5.32q5.88-3.36 10.64-8.12 4.76-5.04 7.28-10.92l16.52 4.48q-3.36 8.12-9.52 14.84-6.16 6.44-14.28 11.48-8.12 4.76-17.92 7.56-9.8 2.52-20.44 2.52Zm-53.48-83.44h107.24q-.84-11.76-5.6-21.28-4.48-9.8-11.76-16.8-7-7-16.52-10.92-9.24-3.92-19.88-3.92-10.64 0-20.16 3.92t-16.8 10.92q-7 7-11.48 16.8-4.2 9.8-5.04 21.28Zm193.2 80.64h-38.64V153.2h38.64V352Zm93.52.84q-14.84 0-26.88-5.88t-21-15.96q-8.68-10.36-13.44-23.8-4.76-13.44-4.76-28.56 0-15.96 5.04-29.68 5.04-13.72 14-24.08 8.96-10.36 21.56-16.24 12.6-5.88 27.72-5.88 17.08 0 29.96 7.84 12.88 7.56 21.28 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3.36-18.48 6.72-10.92 3.36-22.96 3.36-7.84 0-14.84-1.96-6.72-1.96-12.04-6.16-5.04-4.48-8.12-11.2-3.08-7-3.08-16.8v-84.28h-19.32v-28.84h19.32v-47.6h37.52v47.6h30.8v28.84h-30.8v71.68q0 7.84 3.92 11.2 4.2 3.08 10.08 3.08t11.48-1.96q5.6-1.96 8.96-3.36Zm91.56 40.04q-17.64 0-31.92-5.88-14.28-6.16-24.36-16.52t-15.68-24.08q-5.32-13.72-5.32-28.84 0-15.68 5.32-29.4 5.32-14 15.4-24.36 10.08-10.64 24.36-16.8 14.56-6.16 32.48-6.16 17.92 0 31.92 6.16 14.28 6.16 24.08 16.52 10.08 10.36 15.12 24.08 5.32 13.72 5.32 28.56 0 3.64-.28 7 0 3.36-.56 5.6h-113.4q.84 8.68 4.2 15.4 3.36 6.72 8.68 11.48 5.32 4.76 12.04 7.28 6.72 2.52 14 2.52 11.2 0 21-5.32 10.08-5.6 13.72-14.56l32.2 8.96q-8.12 16.8-26.04 27.72-17.64 10.64-42.28 10.64Zm-38.08-88.48h76.16q-1.4-16.52-12.32-26.32-10.64-10.08-26.04-10.08-7.56 0-14.28 2.8-6.44 2.52-11.48 7.28t-8.4 11.48q-3.08 6.72-3.64 14.84Zm225.12-62.72v34.16q-17.08.28-30.52 6.72-13.44 6.16-19.32 18.76V352h-37.52V205.28h34.44v31.36q3.92-7.56 9.24-13.44 5.32-6.16 11.48-10.64t12.32-6.72q6.44-2.52 12.32-2.52h4.48q1.68 0 3.08.28Z"/></svg>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-toggle">
+                <button onclick="toggleMenu();">&#9776;</button>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/" target="_blank">Docs</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="https://forum.codeigniter.com/" target="_blank">Community</a></li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a
+                    href="https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CONTRIBUTING.md" target="_blank">Contribute</a>
+            </li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="heroe">
+
+        <h1>Welcome to CodeIgniter Test Page</h1>
+
+        <h2>The small framework with powerful features</h2>
+
+    </div>
+
+</header>
+
+<!-- CONTENT -->
+
+<section>
+
+    <h1>About this page</h1>
+
+    <p>The page you are looking at is being generated dynamically by CodeIgniter.</p>
+
+    <p>If you would like to edit this page you will find it located at:</p>
+
+    <pre><code>app/Views/welcome_message.php</code></pre>
+
+    <p>The corresponding controller for this page can be found at:</p>
+
+    <pre><code>app/Controllers/Home.php</code></pre>
+
+</section>
+
+<div class="further">
+
+    <section>
+
+        <h1>Go further</h1>
+
+        <h2>
+            <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><rect x='32' y='96' width='64' height='368' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='112' y1='224' x2='240' y2='224' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='112' y1='400' x2='240' y2='400' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><rect x='112' y='160' width='128' height='304' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><rect x='256' y='48' width='96' height='416' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M422.46,96.11l-40.4,4.25c-11.12,1.17-19.18,11.57-17.93,23.1l34.92,321.59c1.26,11.53,11.37,20,22.49,18.84l40.4-4.25c11.12-1.17,19.18-11.57,17.93-23.1L445,115C443.69,103.42,433.58,94.94,422.46,96.11Z' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+            Learn
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>The User Guide contains an introduction, tutorial, a number of "how to"
+            guides, and then reference documentation for the components that make up
+            the framework. Check the <a href="https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide"
+            target="_blank">User Guide</a> !</p>
+
+        <h2>
+            <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><path d='M431,320.6c-1-3.6,1.2-8.6,3.3-12.2a33.68,33.68,0,0,1,2.1-3.1A162,162,0,0,0,464,215c.3-92.2-77.5-167-173.7-167C206.4,48,136.4,105.1,120,180.9a160.7,160.7,0,0,0-3.7,34.2c0,92.3,74.8,169.1,171,169.1,15.3,0,35.9-4.6,47.2-7.7s22.5-7.2,25.4-8.3a26.44,26.44,0,0,1,9.3-1.7,26,26,0,0,1,10.1,2L436,388.6a13.52,13.52,0,0,0,3.9,1,8,8,0,0,0,8-8,12.85,12.85,0,0,0-.5-2.7Z' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M66.46,232a146.23,146.23,0,0,0,6.39,152.67c2.31,3.49,3.61,6.19,3.21,8s-11.93,61.87-11.93,61.87a8,8,0,0,0,2.71,7.68A8.17,8.17,0,0,0,72,464a7.26,7.26,0,0,0,2.91-.6l56.21-22a15.7,15.7,0,0,1,12,.2c18.94,7.38,39.88,12,60.83,12A159.21,159.21,0,0,0,284,432.11' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+            Discuss
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>CodeIgniter is a community-developed open source project, with several
+             venues for the community members to gather and exchange ideas. View all
+             the threads on <a href="https://forum.codeigniter.com/"
+             target="_blank">CodeIgniter's forum</a>, or <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/codeigniterchat/shared_invite/zt-rl30zw00-obL1Hr1q1ATvkzVkFp8S0Q"
+             target="_blank">chat on Slack</a> !</p>
+
+        <h2>
+             <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><line x1='176' y1='48' x2='336' y2='48' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='118' y1='304' x2='394' y2='304' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M208,48v93.48a64.09,64.09,0,0,1-9.88,34.18L73.21,373.49C48.4,412.78,76.63,464,123.08,464H388.92c46.45,0,74.68-51.22,49.87-90.51L313.87,175.66A64.09,64.09,0,0,1,304,141.48V48' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+             Contribute
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>CodeIgniter is a community driven project and accepts contributions
+             of code and documentation from the community. Why not
+             <a href="https://codeigniter.com/contribute" target="_blank">
+             join us</a> ?</p>
+
+    </section>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- FOOTER: DEBUG INFO + COPYRIGHTS -->
+
+<footer>
+    <div class="environment">
+
+        <p>Page rendered in {elapsed_time} seconds</p>
+
+        <p>Environment: <?= ENVIRONMENT ?></p>
+
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="copyrights">
+
+        <p>&copy; <?= date('Y') ?> CodeIgniter Foundation. CodeIgniter is open source project released under the MIT
+            open source licence.</p>
+
+    </div>
+
+</footer>
+
+<!-- SCRIPTS -->
+
+<script>
+    function toggleMenu() {
+        var menuItems = document.getElementsByClassName('menu-item');
+        for (var i = 0; i < menuItems.length; i++) {
+            var menuItem = menuItems[i];
+            menuItem.classList.toggle("hidden");
+        }
+    }
+</script>
+
+<!-- -->
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/user.php b/app/Views/user.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb799615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/user.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" />
+        <meta name="description" content="" />
+        <meta name="author" content="" />
+        <title>User</title>
+        <!-- Favicon-->
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/favicon.ico" />
+        <!-- Core theme CSS (includes Bootstrap)-->
+        <link href=<?php echo base_url()."css/styles.css"?> rel="stylesheet" />
+    </head>
+    <style>
+body {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
+form {border: 3px solid #f1f1f1;}
+
+input[type=text], input[type=password] {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 20px;
+  margin: 8px 0;
+  display: inline-block;
+  border: 1px solid #ccc;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+button {
+  background-color: #04AA6D;
+  color: white;
+  padding: 14px 20px;
+  margin: 8px 0;
+  border: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+button:hover {
+  opacity: 0.8;
+}
+
+.cancelbtn {
+  width: auto;
+  padding: 10px 18px;
+  background-color: #f44336;
+}
+
+.imgcontainer {
+  text-align: center;
+  margin: 24px 0 12px 0;
+}
+
+img.avatar {
+  width: 40%;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+}
+
+.container {
+  padding: 16px;
+}
+
+span.psw {
+  float: right;
+  padding-top: 16px;
+}
+
+/* Change styles for span and cancel button on extra small screens */
+@media screen and (max-width: 300px) {
+  span.psw {
+     display: block;
+     float: none;
+  }
+  .cancelbtn {
+     width: 100%;
+  }
+}
+</style>
+    <body>
+        <div class="d-flex" id="wrapper">
+            
+            
+            <!-- Page content wrapper-->
+            <div id="page-content-wrapper">
+                <!-- Top navigation-->
+                <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light border-bottom">
+                    <div class="container-fluid">
+                        <!-- <button class="btn btn-primary" id="sidebarToggle">Toggle Menu</button> -->
+                        <!-- <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button> -->
+                        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
+                            <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto mt-2 mt-lg-0">
+                                <li class="nav-item active"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Home</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Link</a></li>
+                                <!-- <li class="nav-item dropdown">
+                                    <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Dropdown</a>
+                                    <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Action</a>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Another action</a>
+                                        <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Something else here</a>
+                                    </div>
+                                </li> -->
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </nav>
+                <!-- Page content-->
+                <div class="container-fluid">
+                    <h1 class="mt-4">New/Edit User</h1>
+  <div class="container">
+    <form action=<?php echo base_url()."user/edit" ?> method="post">
+        <label for="username">Username:</label>
+        <input type="text" id="id" name="id" value= <?=$user['id']?> >
+        <input type="text" id="username" name="username" value= <?=$user['username']?> required><br>
+
+        <label for="firstname">First Name:</label>
+        <input type="text" id="firstname" name="firstname" value= <?=$user['firstname']?> required><br>
+
+        <label for="lastname">Last Name:</label>
+        <input type="text" id="lastname" name="lastname" value= <?=$user['lastname']?> required><br>
+
+        <label for="email">Email:</label>
+        <input type="email" id="email" name="email" value= <?=$user['email']?> required><br>
+
+        <label for="mobile_no">Mobile Number:</label>
+        <input type="text" id="mobile_no" name="mobile_no" value= <?=$user['mobile_no']?>><br>
+
+        <label for="password">Password:</label>
+        <input type="password" id="password" name="password" value="" required><br>
+
+        <label for="is_active">Active:</label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="is_active" name="is_active" checked= <?=$user['is_active']?> ><br>
+
+        <button type="submit" value="Submit">submit</button>
+    </form>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="container" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">
+    <button type="button" class="cancelbtn">Cancel</button>
+    <span class="psw">Forgot <a href="#">password?</a></span>
+  </div>
+</form>
+                    </p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+         <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"?>> </script>
+        <!-- Core theme JS-->
+        <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/scripts.js"?>></script>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/userlist.php b/app/Views/userlist.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..025e037e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/userlist.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" />
+        <meta name="description" content="" />
+        <meta name="author" content="" />
+        <title>List User</title>
+        <!-- Favicon-->
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/favicon.ico" />
+        <!-- Core theme CSS (includes Bootstrap)-->
+        <link href=<?php echo base_url()."css/styles.css"?> rel="stylesheet" />
+    </head>
+    <style>
+table {
+  font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+td, th {
+  border: 1px solid #dddddd;
+  text-align: left;
+  padding: 8px;
+}
+
+tr:nth-child(even) {
+  background-color: #dddddd;
+}
+</style>
+    <body>
+        <div class="d-flex" id="wrapper">
+            <!-- Sidebar-->
+            <div class="border-end bg-white" id="sidebar-wrapper">
+                <div class="sidebar-heading border-bottom bg-light">Start Bootstrap</div>
+                <div class="list-group list-group-flush">
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Dashboard</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Shortcuts</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Overview</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Events</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Profile</a>
+                    <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action list-group-item-light p-3" href="#!">Status</a>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <!-- Page content wrapper-->
+            <div id="page-content-wrapper">
+                <!-- Top navigation-->
+                <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light border-bottom">
+                    <div class="container-fluid">
+                        <button class="btn btn-primary" id="sidebarToggle">Toggle Menu</button>
+                        <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button>
+                        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
+                            <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto mt-2 mt-lg-0">
+                                <li class="nav-item active"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Home</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#!">Link</a></li>
+                                <li class="nav-item dropdown">
+                                    <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Dropdown</a>
+                                    <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-end" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Action</a>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Another action</a>
+                                        <div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
+                                        <a class="dropdown-item" href="#!">Something else here</a>
+                                    </div>
+                                </li>
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </nav>
+                <!-- Page content-->
+                <div class="container-fluid">
+                    <h1 class="mt-4">List User</h1>
+                    <table>
+        <thead>
+            <tr>
+                <th>ID</th>
+                <th>Username</th>
+                <th>First Name</th>
+                <th>Last Name</th>
+                <th>Email</th>
+                <th>Mobile Number</th>
+                <th>Active</th>
+                <th>Updated By</th>
+                <th>Created By</th>
+                <th>Created At</th>
+                <th>Updated At</th>
+                <th>Action</th>
+            </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+            <!-- Loop through users and display each row -->
+            <?php 
+            // print_r($users);die();
+            foreach ($users as $user): ?>
+                <tr>
+                    <td><?= $user['id']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['username']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['firstname']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['lastname']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['email']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['mobile_no']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['is_active'] ? 'Yes' : 'No'; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['updated_by_name']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= $user['created_by_name']; ?></td>
+                    <td><?= change_date_format($user['created_at'],'Y-m-d H:i:s','D,M d,Y h:i a'); ?></td>
+                    <td><?= change_date_format($user['updated_at'],'Y-m-d H:i:s','D,M d,Y h:i a'); ?></td>
+                    <td><a href=<?php echo base_url().'user/list/'.$user['id']?>>Edit</a> | <a href=<?php echo base_url().'user/delete/'.$user['id']?>>Delete</a></td>
+                </tr>
+            <?php endforeach; ?>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"?>> </script>
+        <!-- Core theme JS-->
+        <script src=<?php echo base_url()."js/scripts.js"?>></script>
+    </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/Views/welcome_message.php b/app/Views/welcome_message.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d5da23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Views/welcome_message.php
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>Welcome to CodeIgniter 4!</title>
+    <meta name="description" content="The small framework with powerful features">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon.ico">
+
+    <!-- STYLES -->
+
+    <style {csp-style-nonce}>
+        * {
+            transition: background-color 300ms ease, color 300ms ease;
+        }
+        *:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .2);
+            outline: none;
+        }
+        html, body {
+            color: rgba(33, 37, 41, 1);
+            font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji";
+            font-size: 16px;
+            margin: 0;
+            padding: 0;
+            -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+            -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
+            text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
+        }
+        header {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            padding: .4rem 0 0;
+        }
+        .menu {
+            padding: .4rem 2rem;
+        }
+        header ul {
+            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            list-style-type: none;
+            margin: 0;
+            overflow: hidden;
+            padding: 0;
+            text-align: right;
+        }
+        header li {
+            display: inline-block;
+        }
+        header li a {
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
+            display: block;
+            height: 44px;
+            text-decoration: none;
+        }
+        header li.menu-item a {
+            border-radius: 5px;
+            margin: 5px 0;
+            height: 38px;
+            line-height: 36px;
+            padding: .4rem .65rem;
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        header li.menu-item a:hover,
+        header li.menu-item a:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .2);
+            color: rgba(221, 72, 20, 1);
+        }
+        header .logo {
+            float: left;
+            height: 44px;
+            padding: .4rem .5rem;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle {
+            display: none;
+            float: right;
+            font-size: 2rem;
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle button {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .6);
+            border: none;
+            border-radius: 3px;
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
+            cursor: pointer;
+            font: inherit;
+            font-size: 1.3rem;
+            height: 36px;
+            padding: 0;
+            margin: 11px 0;
+            overflow: visible;
+            width: 40px;
+        }
+        header .menu-toggle button:hover,
+        header .menu-toggle button:focus {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .8);
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
+        }
+        header .heroe {
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            max-width: 1100px;
+            padding: 1rem 1.75rem 1.75rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        header .heroe h1 {
+            font-size: 2.5rem;
+            font-weight: 500;
+        }
+        header .heroe h2 {
+            font-size: 1.5rem;
+            font-weight: 300;
+        }
+        section {
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            max-width: 1100px;
+            padding: 2.5rem 1.75rem 3.5rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        section h1 {
+            margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
+        }
+        section h2 {
+            font-size: 120%;
+            line-height: 2.5rem;
+            padding-top: 1.5rem;
+        }
+        section pre {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            border: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            display: block;
+            font-size: .9rem;
+            margin: 2rem 0;
+            padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
+            white-space: pre-wrap;
+            word-break: break-all;
+        }
+        section code {
+            display: block;
+        }
+        section a {
+            color: rgba(221, 72, 20, 1);
+        }
+        section svg {
+            margin-bottom: -5px;
+            margin-right: 5px;
+            width: 25px;
+        }
+        .further {
+            background-color: rgba(247, 248, 249, 1);
+            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+            border-top: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+        }
+        .further h2:first-of-type {
+            padding-top: 0;
+        }
+        footer {
+            background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .8);
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        footer .environment {
+            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);
+            padding: 2rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        footer .copyrights {
+            background-color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 1);
+            color: rgba(200, 200, 200, 1);
+            padding: .25rem 1.75rem;
+        }
+        @media (max-width: 629px) {
+            header ul {
+                padding: 0;
+            }
+            header .menu-toggle {
+                padding: 0 1rem;
+            }
+            header .menu-item {
+                background-color: rgba(244, 245, 246, 1);
+                border-top: 1px solid rgba(242, 242, 242, 1);
+                margin: 0 15px;
+                width: calc(100% - 30px);
+            }
+            header .menu-toggle {
+                display: block;
+            }
+            header .hidden {
+                display: none;
+            }
+            header li.menu-item a {
+                background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .1);
+            }
+            header li.menu-item a:hover,
+            header li.menu-item a:focus {
+                background-color: rgba(221, 72, 20, .7);
+                color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);
+            }
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<!-- HEADER: MENU + HEROE SECTION -->
+<header>
+
+    <div class="menu">
+        <ul>
+            <li class="logo">
+                <a href="https://codeigniter.com" target="_blank">
+                    <svg role="img" aria-label="Visit CodeIgniter.com official website!" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2100 500" height="44"><path fill="#dd4814" d="M148.2 411c-20.53-9.07-34.48-28.61-36.31-50.99 1.2-23.02 13.36-44.06 32.67-56.61-3.17 7.73-2.4 16.53 2 23.6 5.01 7 13.63 10.36 22.07 8.61 12.02-3.38 19.06-15.86 15.68-27.89-1.2-4.21-3.6-8.03-6.88-10.91-13.6-11.06-20.43-28.44-18-45.81 2.33-9.2 7.42-17.52 14.61-23.8-5.4 14.4 9.83 28.61 20.05 35.6 18.14 10.88 35.6 22.84 52.32 35.81 18.27 14.4 28.23 36.94 26.67 60-4.11 24.54-21.47 44.8-45.13 52.4 47.33-10.53 96.13-48.13 97.06-101.46-.93-42.67-26.4-80.96-65.33-98.4h-1.73c.86 2.09 1.28 4.34 1.2 6.61.13-1.47.13-2.93 0-4.4.21 1.73.21 3.47 0 5.2-2.96 12.13-15.2 19.6-27.36 16.64-4.86-1.2-9.2-3.93-12.32-7.87-15.6-20 0-42.76 2.61-64.76 1.6-28.13-11.25-55.02-34.05-71.46 11.41 19.02-3.79 44-14.84 58.21-11.07 14.21-27.07 24.8-40.11 37.2-14.05 13.07-26.93 27.44-38.49 42.8-24.99 30.53-34.8 70.8-26.67 109.4 11.15 37.2 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11.48-10.64t12.32-6.72q6.44-2.52 12.32-2.52h4.48q1.68 0 3.08.28Z"/></svg>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-toggle">
+                <button onclick="toggleMenu();">&#9776;</button>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/" target="_blank">Docs</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a href="https://forum.codeigniter.com/" target="_blank">Community</a></li>
+            <li class="menu-item hidden"><a
+                    href="https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CONTRIBUTING.md" target="_blank">Contribute</a>
+            </li>
+        </ul>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="heroe">
+
+        <h1>Welcome to CodeIgniter <?= CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION ?></h1>
+
+        <h2>The small framework with powerful features</h2>
+
+    </div>
+
+</header>
+
+<!-- CONTENT -->
+
+<section>
+
+    <h1>About this page</h1>
+
+    <p>The page you are looking at is being generated dynamically by CodeIgniter.</p>
+
+    <p>If you would like to edit this page you will find it located at:</p>
+
+    <pre><code>app/Views/welcome_message.php</code></pre>
+
+    <p>The corresponding controller for this page can be found at:</p>
+
+    <pre><code>app/Controllers/Home.php</code></pre>
+
+</section>
+
+<div class="further">
+
+    <section>
+
+        <h1>Go further</h1>
+
+        <h2>
+            <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><rect x='32' y='96' width='64' height='368' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='112' y1='224' x2='240' y2='224' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='112' y1='400' x2='240' y2='400' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><rect x='112' y='160' width='128' height='304' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><rect x='256' y='48' width='96' height='416' rx='16' ry='16' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M422.46,96.11l-40.4,4.25c-11.12,1.17-19.18,11.57-17.93,23.1l34.92,321.59c1.26,11.53,11.37,20,22.49,18.84l40.4-4.25c11.12-1.17,19.18-11.57,17.93-23.1L445,115C443.69,103.42,433.58,94.94,422.46,96.11Z' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+            Learn
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>The User Guide contains an introduction, tutorial, a number of "how to"
+            guides, and then reference documentation for the components that make up
+            the framework. Check the <a href="https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide"
+            target="_blank">User Guide</a> !</p>
+
+        <h2>
+            <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><path d='M431,320.6c-1-3.6,1.2-8.6,3.3-12.2a33.68,33.68,0,0,1,2.1-3.1A162,162,0,0,0,464,215c.3-92.2-77.5-167-173.7-167C206.4,48,136.4,105.1,120,180.9a160.7,160.7,0,0,0-3.7,34.2c0,92.3,74.8,169.1,171,169.1,15.3,0,35.9-4.6,47.2-7.7s22.5-7.2,25.4-8.3a26.44,26.44,0,0,1,9.3-1.7,26,26,0,0,1,10.1,2L436,388.6a13.52,13.52,0,0,0,3.9,1,8,8,0,0,0,8-8,12.85,12.85,0,0,0-.5-2.7Z' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M66.46,232a146.23,146.23,0,0,0,6.39,152.67c2.31,3.49,3.61,6.19,3.21,8s-11.93,61.87-11.93,61.87a8,8,0,0,0,2.71,7.68A8.17,8.17,0,0,0,72,464a7.26,7.26,0,0,0,2.91-.6l56.21-22a15.7,15.7,0,0,1,12,.2c18.94,7.38,39.88,12,60.83,12A159.21,159.21,0,0,0,284,432.11' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+            Discuss
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>CodeIgniter is a community-developed open source project, with several
+             venues for the community members to gather and exchange ideas. View all
+             the threads on <a href="https://forum.codeigniter.com/"
+             target="_blank">CodeIgniter's forum</a>, or <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/codeigniterchat/shared_invite/zt-rl30zw00-obL1Hr1q1ATvkzVkFp8S0Q"
+             target="_blank">chat on Slack</a> !</p>
+
+        <h2>
+             <svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><line x1='176' y1='48' x2='336' y2='48' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><line x1='118' y1='304' x2='394' y2='304' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/><path d='M208,48v93.48a64.09,64.09,0,0,1-9.88,34.18L73.21,373.49C48.4,412.78,76.63,464,123.08,464H388.92c46.45,0,74.68-51.22,49.87-90.51L313.87,175.66A64.09,64.09,0,0,1,304,141.48V48' style='fill:none;stroke:#000;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:32px'/></svg>
+             Contribute
+        </h2>
+
+        <p>CodeIgniter is a community driven project and accepts contributions
+             of code and documentation from the community. Why not
+             <a href="https://codeigniter.com/contribute" target="_blank">
+             join us</a> ?</p>
+
+    </section>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- FOOTER: DEBUG INFO + COPYRIGHTS -->
+
+<footer>
+    <div class="environment">
+
+        <p>Page rendered in {elapsed_time} seconds</p>
+
+        <p>Environment: <?= ENVIRONMENT ?></p>
+
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="copyrights">
+
+        <p>&copy; <?= date('Y') ?> CodeIgniter Foundation. CodeIgniter is open source project released under the MIT
+            open source licence.</p>
+
+    </div>
+
+</footer>
+
+<!-- SCRIPTS -->
+
+<script>
+    function toggleMenu() {
+        var menuItems = document.getElementsByClassName('menu-item');
+        for (var i = 0; i < menuItems.length; i++) {
+            var menuItem = menuItems[i];
+            menuItem.classList.toggle("hidden");
+        }
+    }
+</script>
+
+<!-- -->
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/app/index.html b/app/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69df4e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f93daa27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{
+    "name": "codeigniter4/framework",
+    "description": "The CodeIgniter framework v4",
+    "license": "MIT",
+    "type": "project",
+    "homepage": "https://codeigniter.com",
+    "support": {
+        "forum": "https://forum.codeigniter.com/",
+        "source": "https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4",
+        "slack": "https://codeigniterchat.slack.com"
+    },
+    "require": {
+        "php": "^7.4 || ^8.0",
+        "ext-intl": "*",
+        "ext-json": "*",
+        "ext-mbstring": "*",
+        "laminas/laminas-escaper": "^2.9",
+        "psr/log": "^1.1"
+    },
+    "require-dev": {
+        "codeigniter/coding-standard": "^1.5",
+        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.9",
+        "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "3.13.0",
+        "kint-php/kint": "^5.0.4",
+        "mikey179/vfsstream": "^1.6",
+        "nexusphp/cs-config": "^3.6",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.1",
+        "predis/predis": "^1.1 || ^2.0"
+    },
+    "suggest": {
+        "ext-curl": "If you use CURLRequest class",
+        "ext-dom": "If you use TestResponse",
+        "ext-exif": "If you run Image class tests",
+        "ext-fileinfo": "Improves mime type detection for files",
+        "ext-gd": "If you use Image class GDHandler",
+        "ext-imagick": "If you use Image class ImageMagickHandler",
+        "ext-libxml": "If you use TestResponse",
+        "ext-memcache": "If you use Cache class MemcachedHandler with Memcache",
+        "ext-memcached": "If you use Cache class MemcachedHandler with Memcached",
+        "ext-mysqli": "If you use MySQL",
+        "ext-oci8": "If you use Oracle Database",
+        "ext-pgsql": "If you use PostgreSQL",
+        "ext-readline": "Improves CLI::input() usability",
+        "ext-redis": "If you use Cache class RedisHandler",
+        "ext-simplexml": "If you format XML",
+        "ext-sqlite3": "If you use SQLite3",
+        "ext-sqlsrv": "If you use SQL Server",
+        "ext-xdebug": "If you use CIUnitTestCase::assertHeaderEmitted()"
+    },
+    "autoload": {
+        "psr-4": {
+            "CodeIgniter\\": "system/"
+        },
+        "exclude-from-classmap": [
+            "**/Database/Migrations/**"
+        ]
+    },
+    "config": {
+        "optimize-autoloader": true,
+        "preferred-install": "dist",
+        "sort-packages": true
+    },
+    "scripts": {
+        "test": "phpunit"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/phpunit.xml.dist b/phpunit.xml.dist
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51c5fddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpunit.xml.dist
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		bootstrap="system/Test/bootstrap.php"
+		backupGlobals="false"
+		colors="true"
+		convertErrorsToExceptions="true"
+		convertNoticesToExceptions="true"
+		convertWarningsToExceptions="true"
+		stopOnError="false"
+		stopOnFailure="false"
+		stopOnIncomplete="false"
+		stopOnSkipped="false"
+		xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://schema.phpunit.de/9.3/phpunit.xsd">
+	<coverage includeUncoveredFiles="true" processUncoveredFiles="true">
+		<include>
+			<directory suffix=".php">./app</directory>
+		</include>
+		<exclude>
+			<directory suffix=".php">./app/Views</directory>
+			<file>./app/Config/Routes.php</file>
+		</exclude>
+		<report>
+			<clover outputFile="build/logs/clover.xml"/>
+			<html outputDirectory="build/logs/html"/>
+			<php outputFile="build/logs/coverage.serialized"/>
+			<text outputFile="php://stdout" showUncoveredFiles="false"/>
+		</report>
+	</coverage>
+	<testsuites>
+		<testsuite name="App">
+			<directory>./tests</directory>
+		</testsuite>
+	</testsuites>
+	<logging>
+		<testdoxHtml outputFile="build/logs/testdox.html"/>
+		<testdoxText outputFile="build/logs/testdox.txt"/>
+		<junit outputFile="build/logs/logfile.xml"/>
+	</logging>
+	<php>
+		<server name="app.baseURL" value="http://example.com/"/>
+		<!-- Directory containing phpunit.xml -->
+		<const name="HOMEPATH" value="./"/>
+		<!-- Directory containing the Paths config file -->
+		<const name="CONFIGPATH" value="./app/Config/"/>
+		<!-- Directory containing the front controller (index.php) -->
+		<const name="PUBLICPATH" value="./public/"/>
+		<!-- Database configuration -->
+		<!-- Uncomment to provide your own database for testing
+		<env name="database.tests.hostname" value="localhost"/>
+		<env name="database.tests.database" value="tests"/>
+		<env name="database.tests.username" value="tests_user"/>
+		<env name="database.tests.password" value=""/>
+		<env name="database.tests.DBDriver" value="MySQLi"/>
+		<env name="database.tests.DBPrefix" value="tests_"/>
+		-->
+	</php>
+</phpunit>
diff --git a/preload.php b/preload.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63c781c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/preload.php
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Sample file for Preloading
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * See https://www.php.net/manual/en/opcache.preloading.php
+ *
+ * How to Use:
+ *   0. Copy this file to your project root folder.
+ *   1. Set the $paths property of the preload class below.
+ *   2. Set opcache.preload in php.ini.
+ *     php.ini:
+ *     opcache.preload=/path/to/preload.php
+ */
+
+// Load the paths config file
+require __DIR__ . '/app/Config/Paths.php';
+
+// Path to the front controller
+define('FCPATH', __DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'public' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+
+/**
+ * See https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.str-contains.php#126277
+ */
+if (! function_exists('str_contains')) {
+    /**
+     * Polyfill of str_contains()
+     */
+    function str_contains(string $haystack, string $needle): bool
+    {
+        return empty($needle) || strpos($haystack, $needle) !== false;
+    }
+}
+
+class preload
+{
+    /**
+     * @var array Paths to preload.
+     */
+    private array $paths = [
+        [
+            'include' => __DIR__ . '/vendor/codeigniter4/framework/system',
+            'exclude' => [
+                // Not needed if you don't use them.
+                '/system/Database/OCI8/',
+                '/system/Database/Postgre/',
+                '/system/Database/SQLSRV/',
+                // Not needed.
+                '/system/Database/Seeder.php',
+                '/system/Test/',
+                '/system/Language/',
+                '/system/CLI/',
+                '/system/Commands/',
+                '/system/Publisher/',
+                '/system/ComposerScripts.php',
+                '/Views/',
+                // Errors occur.
+                '/system/Config/Routes.php',
+                '/system/ThirdParty/',
+            ],
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->loadAutoloader();
+    }
+
+    private function loadAutoloader()
+    {
+        $paths = new Config\Paths();
+        require rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'bootstrap.php';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load PHP files.
+     */
+    public function load()
+    {
+        foreach ($this->paths as $path) {
+            $directory = new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($path['include']);
+            $fullTree  = new RecursiveIteratorIterator($directory);
+            $phpFiles  = new RegexIterator(
+                $fullTree,
+                '/.+((?<!Test)+\.php$)/i',
+                RecursiveRegexIterator::GET_MATCH
+            );
+
+            foreach ($phpFiles as $key => $file) {
+                foreach ($path['exclude'] as $exclude) {
+                    if (str_contains($file[0], $exclude)) {
+                        continue 2;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                require_once $file[0];
+                echo 'Loaded: ' . $file[0] . "\n";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+(new preload())->load();
diff --git a/public/.htaccess b/public/.htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbed322f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/.htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Disable directory browsing
+Options -Indexes
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Rewrite engine
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Turning on the rewrite engine is necessary for the following rules and features.
+# FollowSymLinks must be enabled for this to work.
+<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
+	Options +FollowSymlinks
+	RewriteEngine On
+
+	# If you installed CodeIgniter in a subfolder, you will need to
+	# change the following line to match the subfolder you need.
+	# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritebase
+	# RewriteBase /
+
+	# Redirect Trailing Slashes...
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} (.+)/$
+	RewriteRule ^ %1 [L,R=301]
+
+	# Rewrite "www.example.com -> example.com"
+	RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
+	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.+)$ [NC]
+	RewriteRule ^ http://%1%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
+
+	# Checks to see if the user is attempting to access a valid file,
+	# such as an image or css document, if this isn't true it sends the
+	# request to the front controller, index.php
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
+	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
+	RewriteRule ^([\s\S]*)$ index.php/$1 [L,NC,QSA]
+
+	# Ensure Authorization header is passed along
+	RewriteCond %{HTTP:Authorization} .
+	RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]
+</IfModule>
+
+<IfModule !mod_rewrite.c>
+	# If we don't have mod_rewrite installed, all 404's
+	# can be sent to index.php, and everything works as normal.
+	ErrorDocument 404 index.php
+</IfModule>
+
+# Disable server signature start
+	ServerSignature Off
+# Disable server signature end
diff --git a/public/assets/favicon.ico b/public/assets/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9356735c
Binary files /dev/null and b/public/assets/favicon.ico differ
diff --git a/public/css/styles.css b/public/css/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4fbb103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/css/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,10865 @@
+@charset "UTF-8";
+/*!
+* Start Bootstrap - Simple Sidebar v6.0.6 (https://startbootstrap.com/template/simple-sidebar)
+* Copyright 2013-2023 Start Bootstrap
+* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/StartBootstrap/startbootstrap-simple-sidebar/blob/master/LICENSE)
+*/
+/*!
+ * Bootstrap  v5.2.3 (https://getbootstrap.com/)
+ * Copyright 2011-2022 The Bootstrap Authors
+ * Copyright 2011-2022 Twitter, Inc.
+ * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE)
+ */
+:root {
+  --bs-blue: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-indigo: #6610f2;
+  --bs-purple: #6f42c1;
+  --bs-pink: #d63384;
+  --bs-red: #dc3545;
+  --bs-orange: #fd7e14;
+  --bs-yellow: #ffc107;
+  --bs-green: #198754;
+  --bs-teal: #20c997;
+  --bs-cyan: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-black: #000;
+  --bs-white: #fff;
+  --bs-gray: #6c757d;
+  --bs-gray-dark: #343a40;
+  --bs-gray-100: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-gray-200: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-gray-300: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-gray-400: #ced4da;
+  --bs-gray-500: #adb5bd;
+  --bs-gray-600: #6c757d;
+  --bs-gray-700: #495057;
+  --bs-gray-800: #343a40;
+  --bs-gray-900: #212529;
+  --bs-primary: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-secondary: #6c757d;
+  --bs-success: #198754;
+  --bs-info: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-warning: #ffc107;
+  --bs-danger: #dc3545;
+  --bs-light: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-dark: #212529;
+  --bs-primary-rgb: 13, 110, 253;
+  --bs-secondary-rgb: 108, 117, 125;
+  --bs-success-rgb: 25, 135, 84;
+  --bs-info-rgb: 13, 202, 240;
+  --bs-warning-rgb: 255, 193, 7;
+  --bs-danger-rgb: 220, 53, 69;
+  --bs-light-rgb: 248, 249, 250;
+  --bs-dark-rgb: 33, 37, 41;
+  --bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;
+  --bs-black-rgb: 0, 0, 0;
+  --bs-body-color-rgb: 33, 37, 41;
+  --bs-body-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;
+  --bs-font-sans-serif: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
+  --bs-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
+  --bs-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));
+  --bs-body-font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);
+  --bs-body-font-size: 1rem;
+  --bs-body-font-weight: 400;
+  --bs-body-line-height: 1.5;
+  --bs-body-color: #212529;
+  --bs-body-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-border-style: solid;
+  --bs-border-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);
+  --bs-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-border-radius-sm: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-border-radius-lg: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-border-radius-xl: 1rem;
+  --bs-border-radius-2xl: 2rem;
+  --bs-border-radius-pill: 50rem;
+  --bs-link-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-link-hover-color: #0a58ca;
+  --bs-code-color: #d63384;
+  --bs-highlight-bg: #fff3cd;
+}
+
+*,
+*::before,
+*::after {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
+  :root {
+    scroll-behavior: smooth;
+  }
+}
+
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+  font-family: var(--bs-body-font-family);
+  font-size: var(--bs-body-font-size);
+  font-weight: var(--bs-body-font-weight);
+  line-height: var(--bs-body-line-height);
+  color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  text-align: var(--bs-body-text-align);
+  background-color: var(--bs-body-bg);
+  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
+  -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+hr {
+  margin: 1rem 0;
+  color: inherit;
+  border: 0;
+  border-top: 1px solid;
+  opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+h6, .h6, h5, .h5, h4, .h4, h3, .h3, h2, .h2, h1, .h1 {
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+
+h1, .h1 {
+  font-size: calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw);
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  h1, .h1 {
+    font-size: 2.5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+h2, .h2 {
+  font-size: calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw);
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  h2, .h2 {
+    font-size: 2rem;
+  }
+}
+
+h3, .h3 {
+  font-size: calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw);
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  h3, .h3 {
+    font-size: 1.75rem;
+  }
+}
+
+h4, .h4 {
+  font-size: calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw);
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  h4, .h4 {
+    font-size: 1.5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+h5, .h5 {
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+}
+
+h6, .h6 {
+  font-size: 1rem;
+}
+
+p {
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+abbr[title] {
+  -webkit-text-decoration: underline dotted;
+          text-decoration: underline dotted;
+  cursor: help;
+  -webkit-text-decoration-skip-ink: none;
+          text-decoration-skip-ink: none;
+}
+
+address {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  font-style: normal;
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+
+ol,
+ul {
+  padding-left: 2rem;
+}
+
+ol,
+ul,
+dl {
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+ol ol,
+ul ul,
+ol ul,
+ul ol {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+dt {
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+dd {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+blockquote {
+  margin: 0 0 1rem;
+}
+
+b,
+strong {
+  font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+small, .small {
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+}
+
+mark, .mark {
+  padding: 0.1875em;
+  background-color: var(--bs-highlight-bg);
+}
+
+sub,
+sup {
+  position: relative;
+  font-size: 0.75em;
+  line-height: 0;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+
+sub {
+  bottom: -0.25em;
+}
+
+sup {
+  top: -0.5em;
+}
+
+a {
+  color: var(--bs-link-color);
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+a:hover {
+  color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+}
+
+a:not([href]):not([class]), a:not([href]):not([class]):hover {
+  color: inherit;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+pre,
+code,
+kbd,
+samp {
+  font-family: var(--bs-font-monospace);
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+pre {
+  display: block;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  overflow: auto;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+}
+pre code {
+  font-size: inherit;
+  color: inherit;
+  word-break: normal;
+}
+
+code {
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: var(--bs-code-color);
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+}
+a > code {
+  color: inherit;
+}
+
+kbd {
+  padding: 0.1875rem 0.375rem;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: var(--bs-body-bg);
+  background-color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+kbd kbd {
+  padding: 0;
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+figure {
+  margin: 0 0 1rem;
+}
+
+img,
+svg {
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+table {
+  caption-side: bottom;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+caption {
+  padding-top: 0.5rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  color: #6c757d;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+th {
+  text-align: inherit;
+  text-align: -webkit-match-parent;
+}
+
+thead,
+tbody,
+tfoot,
+tr,
+td,
+th {
+  border-color: inherit;
+  border-style: solid;
+  border-width: 0;
+}
+
+label {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+
+button {
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+
+button:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
+  outline: 0;
+}
+
+input,
+button,
+select,
+optgroup,
+textarea {
+  margin: 0;
+  font-family: inherit;
+  font-size: inherit;
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+
+button,
+select {
+  text-transform: none;
+}
+
+[role=button] {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+select {
+  word-wrap: normal;
+}
+select:disabled {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+[list]:not([type=date]):not([type=datetime-local]):not([type=month]):not([type=week]):not([type=time])::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+
+button,
+[type=button],
+[type=reset],
+[type=submit] {
+  -webkit-appearance: button;
+}
+button:not(:disabled),
+[type=button]:not(:disabled),
+[type=reset]:not(:disabled),
+[type=submit]:not(:disabled) {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+::-moz-focus-inner {
+  padding: 0;
+  border-style: none;
+}
+
+textarea {
+  resize: vertical;
+}
+
+fieldset {
+  min-width: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin: 0;
+  border: 0;
+}
+
+legend {
+  float: left;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  font-size: calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw);
+  line-height: inherit;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  legend {
+    font-size: 1.5rem;
+  }
+}
+legend + * {
+  clear: left;
+}
+
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,
+::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field {
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+::-webkit-inner-spin-button {
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+[type=search] {
+  outline-offset: -2px;
+  -webkit-appearance: textfield;
+}
+
+/* rtl:raw:
+[type="tel"],
+[type="url"],
+[type="email"],
+[type="number"] {
+  direction: ltr;
+}
+*/
+::-webkit-search-decoration {
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+}
+
+::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper {
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+::file-selector-button {
+  font: inherit;
+  -webkit-appearance: button;
+}
+
+output {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+
+iframe {
+  border: 0;
+}
+
+summary {
+  display: list-item;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+progress {
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+
+[hidden] {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+
+.lead {
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  font-weight: 300;
+}
+
+.display-1 {
+  font-size: calc(1.625rem + 4.5vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-1 {
+    font-size: 5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.display-2 {
+  font-size: calc(1.575rem + 3.9vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-2 {
+    font-size: 4.5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.display-3 {
+  font-size: calc(1.525rem + 3.3vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-3 {
+    font-size: 4rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.display-4 {
+  font-size: calc(1.475rem + 2.7vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-4 {
+    font-size: 3.5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.display-5 {
+  font-size: calc(1.425rem + 2.1vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-5 {
+    font-size: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.display-6 {
+  font-size: calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw);
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .display-6 {
+    font-size: 2.5rem;
+  }
+}
+
+.list-unstyled {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+
+.list-inline {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+
+.list-inline-item {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+.list-inline-item:not(:last-child) {
+  margin-right: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.initialism {
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+.blockquote {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+}
+.blockquote > :last-child {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.blockquote-footer {
+  margin-top: -1rem;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: #6c757d;
+}
+.blockquote-footer::before {
+  content: "— ";
+}
+
+.img-fluid {
+  max-width: 100%;
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+.img-thumbnail {
+  padding: 0.25rem;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color);
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+.figure {
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+
+.figure-img {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  line-height: 1;
+}
+
+.figure-caption {
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: #6c757d;
+}
+
+.container,
+.container-fluid,
+.container-xxl,
+.container-xl,
+.container-lg,
+.container-md,
+.container-sm {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x) * 0.5);
+  padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x) * 0.5);
+  margin-right: auto;
+  margin-left: auto;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .container-sm, .container {
+    max-width: 540px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .container-md, .container-sm, .container {
+    max-width: 720px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .container-lg, .container-md, .container-sm, .container {
+    max-width: 960px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .container-xl, .container-lg, .container-md, .container-sm, .container {
+    max-width: 1140px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .container-xxl, .container-xl, .container-lg, .container-md, .container-sm, .container {
+    max-width: 1320px;
+  }
+}
+.row {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  margin-top: calc(-1 * var(--bs-gutter-y));
+  margin-right: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-gutter-x));
+  margin-left: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-gutter-x));
+}
+.row > * {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  padding-right: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x) * 0.5);
+  padding-left: calc(var(--bs-gutter-x) * 0.5);
+  margin-top: var(--bs-gutter-y);
+}
+
+.col {
+  flex: 1 0 0%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-auto > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: auto;
+}
+
+.row-cols-1 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-2 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 50%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-3 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 33.3333333333%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-4 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 25%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-5 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 20%;
+}
+
+.row-cols-6 > * {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 16.6666666667%;
+}
+
+.col-auto {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: auto;
+}
+
+.col-1 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 8.33333333%;
+}
+
+.col-2 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 16.66666667%;
+}
+
+.col-3 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 25%;
+}
+
+.col-4 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 33.33333333%;
+}
+
+.col-5 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 41.66666667%;
+}
+
+.col-6 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 50%;
+}
+
+.col-7 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 58.33333333%;
+}
+
+.col-8 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 66.66666667%;
+}
+
+.col-9 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 75%;
+}
+
+.col-10 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 83.33333333%;
+}
+
+.col-11 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 91.66666667%;
+}
+
+.col-12 {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+.offset-1 {
+  margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+}
+
+.offset-2 {
+  margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+}
+
+.offset-3 {
+  margin-left: 25%;
+}
+
+.offset-4 {
+  margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+}
+
+.offset-5 {
+  margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+}
+
+.offset-6 {
+  margin-left: 50%;
+}
+
+.offset-7 {
+  margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+}
+
+.offset-8 {
+  margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+}
+
+.offset-9 {
+  margin-left: 75%;
+}
+
+.offset-10 {
+  margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+}
+
+.offset-11 {
+  margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+}
+
+.g-0,
+.gx-0 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+}
+
+.g-0,
+.gy-0 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+}
+
+.g-1,
+.gx-1 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.g-1,
+.gy-1 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.g-2,
+.gx-2 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.g-2,
+.gy-2 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.g-3,
+.gx-3 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+}
+
+.g-3,
+.gy-3 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+}
+
+.g-4,
+.gx-4 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+}
+
+.g-4,
+.gy-4 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+}
+
+.g-5,
+.gx-5 {
+  --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+}
+
+.g-5,
+.gy-5 {
+  --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .col-sm {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-auto > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-1 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-2 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-3 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.3333333333%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-4 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-5 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 20%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-sm-6 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.6666666667%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-auto {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .col-sm-1 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-2 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-3 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-4 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-5 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-6 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-7 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-8 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-9 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 75%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-10 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-11 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-sm-12 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-0 {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-1 {
+    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-2 {
+    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-3 {
+    margin-left: 25%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-4 {
+    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-5 {
+    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-6 {
+    margin-left: 50%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-7 {
+    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-8 {
+    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-9 {
+    margin-left: 75%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-10 {
+    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-sm-11 {
+    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .g-sm-0,
+  .gx-sm-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+  }
+  .g-sm-0,
+  .gy-sm-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  }
+  .g-sm-1,
+  .gx-sm-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-1,
+  .gy-sm-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-2,
+  .gx-sm-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-2,
+  .gy-sm-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-3,
+  .gx-sm-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-3,
+  .gy-sm-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-4,
+  .gx-sm-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-4,
+  .gy-sm-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-5,
+  .gx-sm-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+  }
+  .g-sm-5,
+  .gy-sm-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .col-md {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-auto > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-1 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-2 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-3 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.3333333333%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-4 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-5 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 20%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-md-6 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.6666666667%;
+  }
+  .col-md-auto {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .col-md-1 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-md-2 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-md-3 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .col-md-4 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-md-5 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-md-6 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .col-md-7 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-md-8 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-md-9 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 75%;
+  }
+  .col-md-10 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-md-11 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-md-12 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-0 {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  .offset-md-1 {
+    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-2 {
+    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-3 {
+    margin-left: 25%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-4 {
+    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-5 {
+    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-6 {
+    margin-left: 50%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-7 {
+    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-8 {
+    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-9 {
+    margin-left: 75%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-10 {
+    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-md-11 {
+    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .g-md-0,
+  .gx-md-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+  }
+  .g-md-0,
+  .gy-md-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  }
+  .g-md-1,
+  .gx-md-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-1,
+  .gy-md-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-2,
+  .gx-md-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-2,
+  .gy-md-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-3,
+  .gx-md-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-3,
+  .gy-md-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-4,
+  .gx-md-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-4,
+  .gy-md-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-5,
+  .gx-md-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+  }
+  .g-md-5,
+  .gy-md-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .col-lg {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-auto > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-1 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-2 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-3 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.3333333333%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-4 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-5 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 20%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-lg-6 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.6666666667%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-auto {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .col-lg-1 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-2 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-3 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-4 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-5 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-6 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-7 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-8 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-9 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 75%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-10 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-11 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-lg-12 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-0 {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-1 {
+    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-2 {
+    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-3 {
+    margin-left: 25%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-4 {
+    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-5 {
+    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-6 {
+    margin-left: 50%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-7 {
+    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-8 {
+    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-9 {
+    margin-left: 75%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-10 {
+    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-lg-11 {
+    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .g-lg-0,
+  .gx-lg-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+  }
+  .g-lg-0,
+  .gy-lg-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  }
+  .g-lg-1,
+  .gx-lg-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-1,
+  .gy-lg-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-2,
+  .gx-lg-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-2,
+  .gy-lg-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-3,
+  .gx-lg-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-3,
+  .gy-lg-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-4,
+  .gx-lg-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-4,
+  .gy-lg-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-5,
+  .gx-lg-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+  }
+  .g-lg-5,
+  .gy-lg-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .col-xl {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-auto > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-1 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-2 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-3 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.3333333333%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-4 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-5 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 20%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xl-6 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.6666666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-auto {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .col-xl-1 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-2 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-3 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-4 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-5 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-6 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-7 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-8 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-9 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 75%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-10 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-11 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xl-12 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-0 {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-1 {
+    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-2 {
+    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-3 {
+    margin-left: 25%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-4 {
+    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-5 {
+    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-6 {
+    margin-left: 50%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-7 {
+    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-8 {
+    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-9 {
+    margin-left: 75%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-10 {
+    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xl-11 {
+    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .g-xl-0,
+  .gx-xl-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+  }
+  .g-xl-0,
+  .gy-xl-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  }
+  .g-xl-1,
+  .gx-xl-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-1,
+  .gy-xl-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-2,
+  .gx-xl-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-2,
+  .gy-xl-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-3,
+  .gx-xl-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-3,
+  .gy-xl-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-4,
+  .gx-xl-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-4,
+  .gy-xl-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-5,
+  .gx-xl-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+  }
+  .g-xl-5,
+  .gy-xl-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .col-xxl {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-auto > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-1 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-2 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-3 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.3333333333%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-4 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-5 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 20%;
+  }
+  .row-cols-xxl-6 > * {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.6666666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-auto {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: auto;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-1 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-2 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-3 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 25%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-4 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-5 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-6 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 50%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-7 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-8 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-9 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 75%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-10 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-11 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .col-xxl-12 {
+    flex: 0 0 auto;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-0 {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-1 {
+    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-2 {
+    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-3 {
+    margin-left: 25%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-4 {
+    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-5 {
+    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-6 {
+    margin-left: 50%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-7 {
+    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-8 {
+    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-9 {
+    margin-left: 75%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-10 {
+    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
+  }
+  .offset-xxl-11 {
+    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-0,
+  .gx-xxl-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-0,
+  .gy-xxl-0 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-1,
+  .gx-xxl-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-1,
+  .gy-xxl-1 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-2,
+  .gx-xxl-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-2,
+  .gy-xxl-2 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-3,
+  .gx-xxl-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-3,
+  .gy-xxl-3 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-4,
+  .gx-xxl-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-4,
+  .gy-xxl-4 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-5,
+  .gx-xxl-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-x: 3rem;
+  }
+  .g-xxl-5,
+  .gy-xxl-5 {
+    --bs-gutter-y: 3rem;
+  }
+}
+.table {
+  --bs-table-color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  --bs-table-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-table-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);
+  --bs-table-accent-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
+  --bs-table-active-color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  --bs-table-active-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+  --bs-table-hover-color: var(--bs-body-color);
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
+  width: 100%;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  vertical-align: top;
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+.table > :not(caption) > * > * {
+  padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem;
+  background-color: var(--bs-table-bg);
+  border-bottom-width: 1px;
+  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 9999px var(--bs-table-accent-bg);
+}
+.table > tbody {
+  vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+.table > thead {
+  vertical-align: bottom;
+}
+
+.table-group-divider {
+  border-top: 2px solid currentcolor;
+}
+
+.caption-top {
+  caption-side: top;
+}
+
+.table-sm > :not(caption) > * > * {
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.table-bordered > :not(caption) > * {
+  border-width: 1px 0;
+}
+.table-bordered > :not(caption) > * > * {
+  border-width: 0 1px;
+}
+
+.table-borderless > :not(caption) > * > * {
+  border-bottom-width: 0;
+}
+.table-borderless > :not(:first-child) {
+  border-top-width: 0;
+}
+
+.table-striped > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd) > * {
+  --bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-striped-bg);
+  color: var(--bs-table-striped-color);
+}
+
+.table-striped-columns > :not(caption) > tr > :nth-child(even) {
+  --bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-striped-bg);
+  color: var(--bs-table-striped-color);
+}
+
+.table-active {
+  --bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-active-bg);
+  color: var(--bs-table-active-color);
+}
+
+.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > * {
+  --bs-table-accent-bg: var(--bs-table-hover-bg);
+  color: var(--bs-table-hover-color);
+}
+
+.table-primary {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #cfe2ff;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #bacbe6;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #c5d7f2;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #bacbe6;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #bfd1ec;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-secondary {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #e2e3e5;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #cbccce;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #d7d8da;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #cbccce;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #d1d2d4;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-success {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #d1e7dd;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #bcd0c7;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #c7dbd2;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #bcd0c7;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #c1d6cc;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-info {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #cff4fc;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #badce3;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #c5e8ef;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #badce3;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #bfe2e9;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-warning {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #fff3cd;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #e6dbb9;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #f2e7c3;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #e6dbb9;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #ece1be;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-danger {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #f8d7da;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #dfc2c4;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #eccccf;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #dfc2c4;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #e5c7ca;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-light {
+  --bs-table-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #dfe0e1;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #ecedee;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #dfe0e1;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #e5e6e7;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #000;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-dark {
+  --bs-table-color: #fff;
+  --bs-table-bg: #212529;
+  --bs-table-border-color: #373b3e;
+  --bs-table-striped-bg: #2c3034;
+  --bs-table-striped-color: #fff;
+  --bs-table-active-bg: #373b3e;
+  --bs-table-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-table-hover-bg: #323539;
+  --bs-table-hover-color: #fff;
+  color: var(--bs-table-color);
+  border-color: var(--bs-table-border-color);
+}
+
+.table-responsive {
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .table-responsive-sm {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .table-responsive-md {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .table-responsive-lg {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .table-responsive-xl {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .table-responsive-xxl {
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+  }
+}
+.form-label {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.col-form-label {
+  padding-top: calc(0.375rem + 1px);
+  padding-bottom: calc(0.375rem + 1px);
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  font-size: inherit;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+.col-form-label-lg {
+  padding-top: calc(0.5rem + 1px);
+  padding-bottom: calc(0.5rem + 1px);
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+}
+
+.col-form-label-sm {
+  padding-top: calc(0.25rem + 1px);
+  padding-bottom: calc(0.25rem + 1px);
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+}
+
+.form-text {
+  margin-top: 0.25rem;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: #6c757d;
+}
+
+.form-control {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 0.375rem 0.75rem;
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  color: #212529;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: 1px solid #ced4da;
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none;
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  transition: border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-control {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-control[type=file] {
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+.form-control[type=file]:not(:disabled):not([readonly]) {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.form-control:focus {
+  color: #212529;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  border-color: #86b7fe;
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+}
+.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value {
+  height: 1.5em;
+}
+.form-control::-moz-placeholder {
+  color: #6c757d;
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.form-control::placeholder {
+  color: #6c757d;
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.form-control:disabled {
+  background-color: #e9ecef;
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.form-control::file-selector-button {
+  padding: 0.375rem 0.75rem;
+  margin: -0.375rem -0.75rem;
+  -webkit-margin-end: 0.75rem;
+          margin-inline-end: 0.75rem;
+  color: #212529;
+  background-color: #e9ecef;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  border-color: inherit;
+  border-style: solid;
+  border-width: 0;
+  border-inline-end-width: 1px;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-control::file-selector-button {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-control:hover:not(:disabled):not([readonly])::file-selector-button {
+  background-color: #dde0e3;
+}
+
+.form-control-plaintext {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 0.375rem 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  color: #212529;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: solid transparent;
+  border-width: 1px 0;
+}
+.form-control-plaintext:focus {
+  outline: 0;
+}
+.form-control-plaintext.form-control-sm, .form-control-plaintext.form-control-lg {
+  padding-right: 0;
+  padding-left: 0;
+}
+
+.form-control-sm {
+  min-height: calc(1.5em + 0.5rem + 2px);
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+.form-control-sm::file-selector-button {
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+  margin: -0.25rem -0.5rem;
+  -webkit-margin-end: 0.5rem;
+          margin-inline-end: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.form-control-lg {
+  min-height: calc(1.5em + 1rem + 2px);
+  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  border-radius: 0.5rem;
+}
+.form-control-lg::file-selector-button {
+  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+  margin: -0.5rem -1rem;
+  -webkit-margin-end: 1rem;
+          margin-inline-end: 1rem;
+}
+
+textarea.form-control {
+  min-height: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem + 2px);
+}
+textarea.form-control-sm {
+  min-height: calc(1.5em + 0.5rem + 2px);
+}
+textarea.form-control-lg {
+  min-height: calc(1.5em + 1rem + 2px);
+}
+
+.form-control-color {
+  width: 3rem;
+  height: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem + 2px);
+  padding: 0.375rem;
+}
+.form-control-color:not(:disabled):not([readonly]) {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.form-control-color::-moz-color-swatch {
+  border: 0 !important;
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+.form-control-color::-webkit-color-swatch {
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+.form-control-color.form-control-sm {
+  height: calc(1.5em + 0.5rem + 2px);
+}
+.form-control-color.form-control-lg {
+  height: calc(1.5em + 1rem + 2px);
+}
+
+.form-select {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 0.375rem 2.25rem 0.375rem 0.75rem;
+  -moz-padding-start: calc(0.75rem - 3px);
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  color: #212529;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke='%23343a40' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='m2 5 6 6 6-6'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: right 0.75rem center;
+  background-size: 16px 12px;
+  border: 1px solid #ced4da;
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  transition: border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-select {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-select:focus {
+  border-color: #86b7fe;
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+}
+.form-select[multiple], .form-select[size]:not([size="1"]) {
+  padding-right: 0.75rem;
+  background-image: none;
+}
+.form-select:disabled {
+  background-color: #e9ecef;
+}
+.form-select:-moz-focusring {
+  color: transparent;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 0 #212529;
+}
+
+.form-select-sm {
+  padding-top: 0.25rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.25rem;
+  padding-left: 0.5rem;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.form-select-lg {
+  padding-top: 0.5rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  padding-left: 1rem;
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  border-radius: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.form-check {
+  display: block;
+  min-height: 1.5rem;
+  padding-left: 1.5em;
+  margin-bottom: 0.125rem;
+}
+.form-check .form-check-input {
+  float: left;
+  margin-left: -1.5em;
+}
+
+.form-check-reverse {
+  padding-right: 1.5em;
+  padding-left: 0;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+.form-check-reverse .form-check-input {
+  float: right;
+  margin-right: -1.5em;
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+.form-check-input {
+  width: 1em;
+  height: 1em;
+  margin-top: 0.25em;
+  vertical-align: top;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: center;
+  background-size: contain;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none;
+  -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
+          print-color-adjust: exact;
+}
+.form-check-input[type=checkbox] {
+  border-radius: 0.25em;
+}
+.form-check-input[type=radio] {
+  border-radius: 50%;
+}
+.form-check-input:active {
+  filter: brightness(90%);
+}
+.form-check-input:focus {
+  border-color: #86b7fe;
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+}
+.form-check-input:checked {
+  background-color: #0d6efd;
+  border-color: #0d6efd;
+}
+.form-check-input:checked[type=checkbox] {
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='3' d='m6 10 3 3 6-6'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+.form-check-input:checked[type=radio] {
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3e%3ccircle r='2' fill='%23fff'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+.form-check-input[type=checkbox]:indeterminate {
+  background-color: #0d6efd;
+  border-color: #0d6efd;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='3' d='M6 10h8'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+.form-check-input:disabled {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  filter: none;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+.form-check-input[disabled] ~ .form-check-label, .form-check-input:disabled ~ .form-check-label {
+  cursor: default;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.form-switch {
+  padding-left: 2.5em;
+}
+.form-switch .form-check-input {
+  width: 2em;
+  margin-left: -2.5em;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3e%3ccircle r='3' fill='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.25%29'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-position: left center;
+  border-radius: 2em;
+  transition: background-position 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-switch .form-check-input {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-switch .form-check-input:focus {
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3e%3ccircle r='3' fill='%2386b7fe'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+.form-switch .form-check-input:checked {
+  background-position: right center;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='-4 -4 8 8'%3e%3ccircle r='3' fill='%23fff'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+.form-switch.form-check-reverse {
+  padding-right: 2.5em;
+  padding-left: 0;
+}
+.form-switch.form-check-reverse .form-check-input {
+  margin-right: -2.5em;
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+.form-check-inline {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-right: 1rem;
+}
+
+.btn-check {
+  position: absolute;
+  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.btn-check[disabled] + .btn, .btn-check:disabled + .btn {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  filter: none;
+  opacity: 0.65;
+}
+
+.form-range {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 1.5rem;
+  padding: 0;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none;
+}
+.form-range:focus {
+  outline: 0;
+}
+.form-range:focus::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #fff, 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+}
+.form-range:focus::-moz-range-thumb {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #fff, 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+}
+.form-range::-moz-focus-outer {
+  border: 0;
+}
+.form-range::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  width: 1rem;
+  height: 1rem;
+  margin-top: -0.25rem;
+  background-color: #0d6efd;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 1rem;
+  -webkit-transition: background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  transition: background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-range::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+    -webkit-transition: none;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-range::-webkit-slider-thumb:active {
+  background-color: #b6d4fe;
+}
+.form-range::-webkit-slider-runnable-track {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 0.5rem;
+  color: transparent;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  background-color: #dee2e6;
+  border-color: transparent;
+  border-radius: 1rem;
+}
+.form-range::-moz-range-thumb {
+  width: 1rem;
+  height: 1rem;
+  background-color: #0d6efd;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 1rem;
+  -moz-transition: background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  transition: background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  -moz-appearance: none;
+       appearance: none;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-range::-moz-range-thumb {
+    -moz-transition: none;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-range::-moz-range-thumb:active {
+  background-color: #b6d4fe;
+}
+.form-range::-moz-range-track {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 0.5rem;
+  color: transparent;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  background-color: #dee2e6;
+  border-color: transparent;
+  border-radius: 1rem;
+}
+.form-range:disabled {
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.form-range:disabled::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  background-color: #adb5bd;
+}
+.form-range:disabled::-moz-range-thumb {
+  background-color: #adb5bd;
+}
+
+.form-floating {
+  position: relative;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext,
+.form-floating > .form-select {
+  height: calc(3.5rem + 2px);
+  line-height: 1.25;
+}
+.form-floating > label {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  padding: 1rem 0.75rem;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-align: start;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  transform-origin: 0 0;
+  transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out, transform 0.1s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .form-floating > label {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext {
+  padding: 1rem 0.75rem;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control::-moz-placeholder, .form-floating > .form-control-plaintext::-moz-placeholder {
+  color: transparent;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control::placeholder,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext::placeholder {
+  color: transparent;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown), .form-floating > .form-control-plaintext:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown) {
+  padding-top: 1.625rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.625rem;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:focus, .form-floating > .form-control:not(:placeholder-shown),
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext:focus,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext:not(:placeholder-shown) {
+  padding-top: 1.625rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.625rem;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:-webkit-autofill,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext:-webkit-autofill {
+  padding-top: 1.625rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.625rem;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-select {
+  padding-top: 1.625rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.625rem;
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:not(:-moz-placeholder-shown) ~ label {
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  transform: scale(0.85) translateY(-0.5rem) translateX(0.15rem);
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:focus ~ label,
+.form-floating > .form-control:not(:placeholder-shown) ~ label,
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext ~ label,
+.form-floating > .form-select ~ label {
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  transform: scale(0.85) translateY(-0.5rem) translateX(0.15rem);
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control:-webkit-autofill ~ label {
+  opacity: 0.65;
+  transform: scale(0.85) translateY(-0.5rem) translateX(0.15rem);
+}
+.form-floating > .form-control-plaintext ~ label {
+  border-width: 1px 0;
+}
+
+.input-group {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: stretch;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+.input-group > .form-control,
+.input-group > .form-select,
+.input-group > .form-floating {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  width: 1%;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+.input-group > .form-control:focus,
+.input-group > .form-select:focus,
+.input-group > .form-floating:focus-within {
+  z-index: 5;
+}
+.input-group .btn {
+  position: relative;
+  z-index: 2;
+}
+.input-group .btn:focus {
+  z-index: 5;
+}
+
+.input-group-text {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  padding: 0.375rem 0.75rem;
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  color: #212529;
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: #e9ecef;
+  border: 1px solid #ced4da;
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+
+.input-group-lg > .form-control,
+.input-group-lg > .form-select,
+.input-group-lg > .input-group-text,
+.input-group-lg > .btn {
+  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+  font-size: 1.25rem;
+  border-radius: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.input-group-sm > .form-control,
+.input-group-sm > .form-select,
+.input-group-sm > .input-group-text,
+.input-group-sm > .btn {
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.input-group-lg > .form-select,
+.input-group-sm > .form-select {
+  padding-right: 3rem;
+}
+
+.input-group:not(.has-validation) > :not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.form-floating),
+.input-group:not(.has-validation) > .dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+3),
+.input-group:not(.has-validation) > .form-floating:not(:last-child) > .form-control,
+.input-group:not(.has-validation) > .form-floating:not(:last-child) > .form-select {
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+}
+.input-group.has-validation > :nth-last-child(n+3):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.form-floating),
+.input-group.has-validation > .dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+4),
+.input-group.has-validation > .form-floating:nth-last-child(n+3) > .form-control,
+.input-group.has-validation > .form-floating:nth-last-child(n+3) > .form-select {
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+}
+.input-group > :not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback) {
+  margin-left: -1px;
+  border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+}
+.input-group > .form-floating:not(:first-child) > .form-control,
+.input-group > .form-floating:not(:first-child) > .form-select {
+  border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+}
+
+.valid-feedback {
+  display: none;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin-top: 0.25rem;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: #198754;
+}
+
+.valid-tooltip {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 100%;
+  z-index: 5;
+  display: none;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+  margin-top: 0.1rem;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: rgba(25, 135, 84, 0.9);
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+
+.was-validated :valid ~ .valid-feedback,
+.was-validated :valid ~ .valid-tooltip,
+.is-valid ~ .valid-feedback,
+.is-valid ~ .valid-tooltip {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-control:valid, .form-control.is-valid {
+  border-color: #198754;
+  padding-right: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem);
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 8 8'%3e%3cpath fill='%23198754' d='M2.3 6.73.6 4.53c-.4-1.04.46-1.4 1.1-.8l1.1 1.4 3.4-3.8c.6-.63 1.6-.27 1.2.7l-4 4.6c-.43.5-.8.4-1.1.1z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: right calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem) center;
+  background-size: calc(0.75em + 0.375rem) calc(0.75em + 0.375rem);
+}
+.was-validated .form-control:valid:focus, .form-control.is-valid:focus {
+  border-color: #198754;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(25, 135, 84, 0.25);
+}
+
+.was-validated textarea.form-control:valid, textarea.form-control.is-valid {
+  padding-right: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem);
+  background-position: top calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem) right calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem);
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-select:valid, .form-select.is-valid {
+  border-color: #198754;
+}
+.was-validated .form-select:valid:not([multiple]):not([size]), .was-validated .form-select:valid:not([multiple])[size="1"], .form-select.is-valid:not([multiple]):not([size]), .form-select.is-valid:not([multiple])[size="1"] {
+  padding-right: 4.125rem;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke='%23343a40' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='m2 5 6 6 6-6'/%3e%3c/svg%3e"), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 8 8'%3e%3cpath fill='%23198754' d='M2.3 6.73.6 4.53c-.4-1.04.46-1.4 1.1-.8l1.1 1.4 3.4-3.8c.6-.63 1.6-.27 1.2.7l-4 4.6c-.43.5-.8.4-1.1.1z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-position: right 0.75rem center, center right 2.25rem;
+  background-size: 16px 12px, calc(0.75em + 0.375rem) calc(0.75em + 0.375rem);
+}
+.was-validated .form-select:valid:focus, .form-select.is-valid:focus {
+  border-color: #198754;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(25, 135, 84, 0.25);
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-control-color:valid, .form-control-color.is-valid {
+  width: calc(3rem + calc(1.5em + 0.75rem));
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-check-input:valid, .form-check-input.is-valid {
+  border-color: #198754;
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:valid:checked, .form-check-input.is-valid:checked {
+  background-color: #198754;
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:valid:focus, .form-check-input.is-valid:focus {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(25, 135, 84, 0.25);
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:valid ~ .form-check-label, .form-check-input.is-valid ~ .form-check-label {
+  color: #198754;
+}
+
+.form-check-inline .form-check-input ~ .valid-feedback {
+  margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-control:not(:focus):valid, .input-group > .form-control:not(:focus).is-valid,
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-select:not(:focus):valid,
+.input-group > .form-select:not(:focus).is-valid,
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-floating:not(:focus-within):valid,
+.input-group > .form-floating:not(:focus-within).is-valid {
+  z-index: 3;
+}
+
+.invalid-feedback {
+  display: none;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin-top: 0.25rem;
+  font-size: 0.875em;
+  color: #dc3545;
+}
+
+.invalid-tooltip {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 100%;
+  z-index: 5;
+  display: none;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+  margin-top: 0.1rem;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.9);
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+
+.was-validated :invalid ~ .invalid-feedback,
+.was-validated :invalid ~ .invalid-tooltip,
+.is-invalid ~ .invalid-feedback,
+.is-invalid ~ .invalid-tooltip {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-control:invalid, .form-control.is-invalid {
+  border-color: #dc3545;
+  padding-right: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem);
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 12 12' width='12' height='12' fill='none' stroke='%23dc3545'%3e%3ccircle cx='6' cy='6' r='4.5'/%3e%3cpath stroke-linejoin='round' d='M5.8 3.6h.4L6 6.5z'/%3e%3ccircle cx='6' cy='8.2' r='.6' fill='%23dc3545' stroke='none'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: right calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem) center;
+  background-size: calc(0.75em + 0.375rem) calc(0.75em + 0.375rem);
+}
+.was-validated .form-control:invalid:focus, .form-control.is-invalid:focus {
+  border-color: #dc3545;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.25);
+}
+
+.was-validated textarea.form-control:invalid, textarea.form-control.is-invalid {
+  padding-right: calc(1.5em + 0.75rem);
+  background-position: top calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem) right calc(0.375em + 0.1875rem);
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-select:invalid, .form-select.is-invalid {
+  border-color: #dc3545;
+}
+.was-validated .form-select:invalid:not([multiple]):not([size]), .was-validated .form-select:invalid:not([multiple])[size="1"], .form-select.is-invalid:not([multiple]):not([size]), .form-select.is-invalid:not([multiple])[size="1"] {
+  padding-right: 4.125rem;
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke='%23343a40' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='m2 5 6 6 6-6'/%3e%3c/svg%3e"), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 12 12' width='12' height='12' fill='none' stroke='%23dc3545'%3e%3ccircle cx='6' cy='6' r='4.5'/%3e%3cpath stroke-linejoin='round' d='M5.8 3.6h.4L6 6.5z'/%3e%3ccircle cx='6' cy='8.2' r='.6' fill='%23dc3545' stroke='none'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  background-position: right 0.75rem center, center right 2.25rem;
+  background-size: 16px 12px, calc(0.75em + 0.375rem) calc(0.75em + 0.375rem);
+}
+.was-validated .form-select:invalid:focus, .form-select.is-invalid:focus {
+  border-color: #dc3545;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.25);
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-control-color:invalid, .form-control-color.is-invalid {
+  width: calc(3rem + calc(1.5em + 0.75rem));
+}
+
+.was-validated .form-check-input:invalid, .form-check-input.is-invalid {
+  border-color: #dc3545;
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:invalid:checked, .form-check-input.is-invalid:checked {
+  background-color: #dc3545;
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:invalid:focus, .form-check-input.is-invalid:focus {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.25);
+}
+.was-validated .form-check-input:invalid ~ .form-check-label, .form-check-input.is-invalid ~ .form-check-label {
+  color: #dc3545;
+}
+
+.form-check-inline .form-check-input ~ .invalid-feedback {
+  margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-control:not(:focus):invalid, .input-group > .form-control:not(:focus).is-invalid,
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-select:not(:focus):invalid,
+.input-group > .form-select:not(:focus).is-invalid,
+.was-validated .input-group > .form-floating:not(:focus-within):invalid,
+.input-group > .form-floating:not(:focus-within).is-invalid {
+  z-index: 4;
+}
+
+.btn {
+  --bs-btn-padding-x: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-btn-padding-y: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-btn-font-family: ;
+  --bs-btn-font-size: 1rem;
+  --bs-btn-font-weight: 400;
+  --bs-btn-line-height: 1.5;
+  --bs-btn-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-opacity: 0.65;
+  --bs-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);
+  font-family: var(--bs-btn-font-family);
+  font-size: var(--bs-btn-font-size);
+  font-weight: var(--bs-btn-font-weight);
+  line-height: var(--bs-btn-line-height);
+  color: var(--bs-btn-color);
+  text-align: center;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  -webkit-user-select: none;
+     -moz-user-select: none;
+          user-select: none;
+  border: var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-btn-border-radius);
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-bg);
+  transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .btn {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.btn:hover {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-hover-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);
+}
+.btn-check + .btn:hover {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-border-color);
+}
+.btn:focus-visible {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-hover-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow);
+}
+.btn-check:focus-visible + .btn {
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow);
+}
+.btn-check:checked + .btn, :not(.btn-check) + .btn:active, .btn:first-child:active, .btn.active, .btn.show {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-active-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-active-border-color);
+}
+.btn-check:checked + .btn:focus-visible, :not(.btn-check) + .btn:active:focus-visible, .btn:first-child:active:focus-visible, .btn.active:focus-visible, .btn.show:focus-visible {
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow);
+}
+.btn:disabled, .btn.disabled, fieldset:disabled .btn {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-disabled-color);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-btn-disabled-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-btn-disabled-border-color);
+  opacity: var(--bs-btn-disabled-opacity);
+}
+
+.btn-primary {
+  --bs-btn-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #0b5ed7;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #0a58ca;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 49, 132, 253;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #0a58ca;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #0a53be;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #0d6efd;
+}
+
+.btn-secondary {
+  --bs-btn-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #5c636a;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #565e64;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 130, 138, 145;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #565e64;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #51585e;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #6c757d;
+}
+
+.btn-success {
+  --bs-btn-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #157347;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #146c43;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 60, 153, 110;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #146c43;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #13653f;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #198754;
+}
+
+.btn-info {
+  --bs-btn-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #31d2f2;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #25cff2;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 11, 172, 204;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #3dd5f3;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #25cff2;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+}
+
+.btn-warning {
+  --bs-btn-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #ffca2c;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ffc720;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 164, 6;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #ffcd39;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #ffc720;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #ffc107;
+}
+
+.btn-danger {
+  --bs-btn-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #bb2d3b;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b02a37;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 225, 83, 97;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #b02a37;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #a52834;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #dc3545;
+}
+
+.btn-light {
+  --bs-btn-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #d3d4d5;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #c6c7c8;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 211, 212, 213;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #c6c7c8;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #babbbc;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+}
+
+.btn-dark {
+  --bs-btn-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-bg: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #424649;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #373b3e;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 66, 70, 73;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #4d5154;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #373b3e;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #212529;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-primary {
+  --bs-btn-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 13, 110, 253;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-secondary {
+  --bs-btn-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 108, 117, 125;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-success {
+  --bs-btn-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 25, 135, 84;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #198754;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #198754;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-info {
+  --bs-btn-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 13, 202, 240;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #0dcaf0;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-warning {
+  --bs-btn-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 193, 7;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #ffc107;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-danger {
+  --bs-btn-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 220, 53, 69;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #dc3545;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-light {
+  --bs-btn-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 248, 249, 250;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #000;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-outline-dark {
+  --bs-btn-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-hover-bg: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 33, 37, 41;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-btn-active-bg: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #212529;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #212529;
+  --bs-gradient: none;
+}
+
+.btn-link {
+  --bs-btn-font-weight: 400;
+  --bs-btn-color: var(--bs-link-color);
+  --bs-btn-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+  --bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-active-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+  --bs-btn-active-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-btn-disabled-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-btn-box-shadow: none;
+  --bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 49, 132, 253;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+.btn-link:focus-visible {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-color);
+}
+.btn-link:hover {
+  color: var(--bs-btn-hover-color);
+}
+
+.btn-lg, .btn-group-lg > .btn {
+  --bs-btn-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-btn-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-btn-font-size: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-btn-border-radius: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.btn-sm, .btn-group-sm > .btn {
+  --bs-btn-padding-y: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-btn-padding-x: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-btn-font-size: 0.875rem;
+  --bs-btn-border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.fade {
+  transition: opacity 0.15s linear;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .fade {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.fade:not(.show) {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+
+.collapse:not(.show) {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.collapsing {
+  height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  transition: height 0.35s ease;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .collapsing {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.collapsing.collapse-horizontal {
+  width: 0;
+  height: auto;
+  transition: width 0.35s ease;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .collapsing.collapse-horizontal {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.dropup,
+.dropend,
+.dropdown,
+.dropstart,
+.dropup-center,
+.dropdown-center {
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+.dropdown-toggle {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.dropdown-toggle::after {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: 0.255em;
+  vertical-align: 0.255em;
+  content: "";
+  border-top: 0.3em solid;
+  border-right: 0.3em solid transparent;
+  border-bottom: 0;
+  border-left: 0.3em solid transparent;
+}
+.dropdown-toggle:empty::after {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+.dropdown-menu {
+  --bs-dropdown-zindex: 1000;
+  --bs-dropdown-min-width: 10rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-padding-x: 0;
+  --bs-dropdown-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-spacer: 0.125rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-font-size: 1rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-color: #212529;
+  --bs-dropdown-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-dropdown-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius: calc(0.375rem - 1px);
+  --bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
+  --bs-dropdown-link-color: #212529;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: #1e2125;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: #adb5bd;
+  --bs-dropdown-item-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-item-padding-y: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-header-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-dropdown-header-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-dropdown-header-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: var(--bs-dropdown-zindex);
+  display: none;
+  min-width: var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);
+  padding: var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);
+  margin: 0;
+  font-size: var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-color);
+  text-align: left;
+  list-style: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-dropdown-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-dropdown-border-radius);
+}
+.dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper] {
+  top: 100%;
+  left: 0;
+  margin-top: var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);
+}
+
+.dropdown-menu-start {
+  --bs-position: start;
+}
+.dropdown-menu-start[data-bs-popper] {
+  right: auto;
+  left: 0;
+}
+
+.dropdown-menu-end {
+  --bs-position: end;
+}
+.dropdown-menu-end[data-bs-popper] {
+  right: 0;
+  left: auto;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .dropdown-menu-sm-start {
+    --bs-position: start;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-sm-start[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: auto;
+    left: 0;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-sm-end {
+    --bs-position: end;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-sm-end[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: 0;
+    left: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .dropdown-menu-md-start {
+    --bs-position: start;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-md-start[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: auto;
+    left: 0;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-md-end {
+    --bs-position: end;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-md-end[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: 0;
+    left: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .dropdown-menu-lg-start {
+    --bs-position: start;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-lg-start[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: auto;
+    left: 0;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-lg-end {
+    --bs-position: end;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-lg-end[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: 0;
+    left: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .dropdown-menu-xl-start {
+    --bs-position: start;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xl-start[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: auto;
+    left: 0;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xl-end {
+    --bs-position: end;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xl-end[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: 0;
+    left: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .dropdown-menu-xxl-start {
+    --bs-position: start;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xxl-start[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: auto;
+    left: 0;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xxl-end {
+    --bs-position: end;
+  }
+  .dropdown-menu-xxl-end[data-bs-popper] {
+    right: 0;
+    left: auto;
+  }
+}
+.dropup .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper] {
+  top: auto;
+  bottom: 100%;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);
+}
+.dropup .dropdown-toggle::after {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: 0.255em;
+  vertical-align: 0.255em;
+  content: "";
+  border-top: 0;
+  border-right: 0.3em solid transparent;
+  border-bottom: 0.3em solid;
+  border-left: 0.3em solid transparent;
+}
+.dropup .dropdown-toggle:empty::after {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+.dropend .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper] {
+  top: 0;
+  right: auto;
+  left: 100%;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-left: var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);
+}
+.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: 0.255em;
+  vertical-align: 0.255em;
+  content: "";
+  border-top: 0.3em solid transparent;
+  border-right: 0;
+  border-bottom: 0.3em solid transparent;
+  border-left: 0.3em solid;
+}
+.dropend .dropdown-toggle:empty::after {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after {
+  vertical-align: 0;
+}
+
+.dropstart .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper] {
+  top: 0;
+  right: 100%;
+  left: auto;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-right: var(--bs-dropdown-spacer);
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: 0.255em;
+  vertical-align: 0.255em;
+  content: "";
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after {
+  display: none;
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-right: 0.255em;
+  vertical-align: 0.255em;
+  content: "";
+  border-top: 0.3em solid transparent;
+  border-right: 0.3em solid;
+  border-bottom: 0.3em solid transparent;
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle:empty::after {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before {
+  vertical-align: 0;
+}
+
+.dropdown-divider {
+  height: 0;
+  margin: var(--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y) 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--bs-dropdown-divider-bg);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.dropdown-item {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);
+  clear: both;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);
+  text-align: inherit;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: 0;
+}
+.dropdown-item:hover, .dropdown-item:focus {
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg);
+}
+.dropdown-item.active, .dropdown-item:active {
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg);
+}
+.dropdown-item.disabled, .dropdown-item:disabled {
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.dropdown-menu.show {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.dropdown-header {
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x);
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-header-color);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.dropdown-item-text {
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);
+}
+
+.dropdown-menu-dark {
+  --bs-dropdown-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-dropdown-bg: #343a40;
+  --bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-dropdown-box-shadow: ;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+  --bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: #adb5bd;
+  --bs-dropdown-header-color: #adb5bd;
+}
+
+.btn-group,
+.btn-group-vertical {
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+.btn-group > .btn,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+}
+.btn-group > .btn-check:checked + .btn,
+.btn-group > .btn-check:focus + .btn,
+.btn-group > .btn:hover,
+.btn-group > .btn:focus,
+.btn-group > .btn:active,
+.btn-group > .btn.active,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-check:checked + .btn,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-check:focus + .btn,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn:hover,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn:focus,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn:active,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn.active {
+  z-index: 1;
+}
+
+.btn-toolbar {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+}
+.btn-toolbar .input-group {
+  width: auto;
+}
+
+.btn-group {
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+}
+.btn-group > :not(.btn-check:first-child) + .btn,
+.btn-group > .btn-group:not(:first-child) {
+  margin-left: -1px;
+}
+.btn-group > .btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),
+.btn-group > .btn.dropdown-toggle-split:first-child,
+.btn-group > .btn-group:not(:last-child) > .btn {
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+}
+.btn-group > .btn:nth-child(n+3),
+.btn-group > :not(.btn-check) + .btn,
+.btn-group > .btn-group:not(:first-child) > .btn {
+  border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+}
+
+.dropdown-toggle-split {
+  padding-right: 0.5625rem;
+  padding-left: 0.5625rem;
+}
+.dropdown-toggle-split::after, .dropup .dropdown-toggle-split::after, .dropend .dropdown-toggle-split::after {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+.dropstart .dropdown-toggle-split::before {
+  margin-right: 0;
+}
+
+.btn-sm + .dropdown-toggle-split, .btn-group-sm > .btn + .dropdown-toggle-split {
+  padding-right: 0.375rem;
+  padding-left: 0.375rem;
+}
+
+.btn-lg + .dropdown-toggle-split, .btn-group-lg > .btn + .dropdown-toggle-split {
+  padding-right: 0.75rem;
+  padding-left: 0.75rem;
+}
+
+.btn-group-vertical {
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: flex-start;
+  justify-content: center;
+}
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group {
+  width: 100%;
+}
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn:not(:first-child),
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:first-child) {
+  margin-top: -1px;
+}
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:last-child) > .btn {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+}
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn ~ .btn,
+.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:first-child) > .btn {
+  border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+}
+
+.nav {
+  --bs-nav-link-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-nav-link-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-nav-link-font-weight: ;
+  --bs-nav-link-color: var(--bs-link-color);
+  --bs-nav-link-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+  --bs-nav-link-disabled-color: #6c757d;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  padding-left: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+
+.nav-link {
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);
+  font-size: var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);
+  font-weight: var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);
+  color: var(--bs-nav-link-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .nav-link {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.nav-link:hover, .nav-link:focus {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-link-hover-color);
+}
+.nav-link.disabled {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-link-disabled-color);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
+.nav-tabs {
+  --bs-nav-tabs-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-border-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-link-hover-border-color: #e9ecef #e9ecef #dee2e6;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-link-active-color: #495057;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-link-active-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-nav-tabs-link-active-border-color: #dee2e6 #dee2e6 #fff;
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-width) solid var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-color);
+}
+.nav-tabs .nav-link {
+  margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-width));
+  background: none;
+  border: var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-width) solid transparent;
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-radius);
+}
+.nav-tabs .nav-link:hover, .nav-tabs .nav-link:focus {
+  isolation: isolate;
+  border-color: var(--bs-nav-tabs-link-hover-border-color);
+}
+.nav-tabs .nav-link.disabled, .nav-tabs .nav-link:disabled {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-link-disabled-color);
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-color: transparent;
+}
+.nav-tabs .nav-link.active,
+.nav-tabs .nav-item.show .nav-link {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-tabs-link-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-nav-tabs-link-active-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-nav-tabs-link-active-border-color);
+}
+.nav-tabs .dropdown-menu {
+  margin-top: calc(-1 * var(--bs-nav-tabs-border-width));
+  border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+}
+
+.nav-pills {
+  --bs-nav-pills-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-nav-pills-link-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-nav-pills-link-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+}
+.nav-pills .nav-link {
+  background: none;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: var(--bs-nav-pills-border-radius);
+}
+.nav-pills .nav-link:disabled {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-link-disabled-color);
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-color: transparent;
+}
+.nav-pills .nav-link.active,
+.nav-pills .show > .nav-link {
+  color: var(--bs-nav-pills-link-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-nav-pills-link-active-bg);
+}
+
+.nav-fill > .nav-link,
+.nav-fill .nav-item {
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.nav-justified > .nav-link,
+.nav-justified .nav-item {
+  flex-basis: 0;
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.nav-fill .nav-item .nav-link,
+.nav-justified .nav-item .nav-link {
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+.tab-content > .tab-pane {
+  display: none;
+}
+.tab-content > .active {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.navbar {
+  --bs-navbar-padding-x: 0;
+  --bs-navbar-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-navbar-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);
+  --bs-navbar-hover-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
+  --bs-navbar-disabled-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+  --bs-navbar-active-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);
+  --bs-navbar-brand-padding-y: 0.3125rem;
+  --bs-navbar-brand-margin-end: 1rem;
+  --bs-navbar-brand-font-size: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-navbar-brand-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);
+  --bs-navbar-brand-hover-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);
+  --bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-font-size: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-transition: box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);
+}
+.navbar > .container,
+.navbar > .container-fluid,
+.navbar > .container-sm,
+.navbar > .container-md,
+.navbar > .container-lg,
+.navbar > .container-xl,
+.navbar > .container-xxl {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: inherit;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+}
+.navbar-brand {
+  padding-top: var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);
+  padding-bottom: var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);
+  margin-right: var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);
+  font-size: var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.navbar-brand:hover, .navbar-brand:focus {
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color);
+}
+
+.navbar-nav {
+  --bs-nav-link-padding-x: 0;
+  --bs-nav-link-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-nav-link-font-weight: ;
+  --bs-nav-link-color: var(--bs-navbar-color);
+  --bs-nav-link-hover-color: var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);
+  --bs-nav-link-disabled-color: var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  padding-left: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.navbar-nav .show > .nav-link,
+.navbar-nav .nav-link.active {
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-active-color);
+}
+.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+  position: static;
+}
+
+.navbar-text {
+  padding-top: 0.5rem;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-color);
+}
+.navbar-text a,
+.navbar-text a:hover,
+.navbar-text a:focus {
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-active-color);
+}
+
+.navbar-collapse {
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.navbar-toggler {
+  padding: var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);
+  font-size: var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: var(--bs-navbar-color);
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius);
+  transition: var(--bs-navbar-toggler-transition);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .navbar-toggler {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.navbar-toggler:hover {
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+.navbar-toggler:focus {
+  text-decoration: none;
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 var(--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width);
+}
+
+.navbar-toggler-icon {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 1.5em;
+  height: 1.5em;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  background-image: var(--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg);
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: center;
+  background-size: 100%;
+}
+
+.navbar-nav-scroll {
+  max-height: var(--bs-scroll-height, 75vh);
+  overflow-y: auto;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .navbar-expand-sm {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap;
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+    position: absolute;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+    padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+    padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav-scroll {
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse {
+    display: flex !important;
+    flex-basis: auto;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .offcanvas {
+    position: static;
+    z-index: auto;
+    flex-grow: 1;
+    width: auto !important;
+    height: auto !important;
+    visibility: visible !important;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+    border: 0 !important;
+    transform: none !important;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-sm .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .navbar-expand-md {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap;
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+    position: absolute;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+    padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+    padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav-scroll {
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-collapse {
+    display: flex !important;
+    flex-basis: auto;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .navbar-toggler {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .offcanvas {
+    position: static;
+    z-index: auto;
+    flex-grow: 1;
+    width: auto !important;
+    height: auto !important;
+    visibility: visible !important;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+    border: 0 !important;
+    transform: none !important;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-md .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .navbar-expand-lg {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap;
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+    position: absolute;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+    padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+    padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav-scroll {
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-collapse {
+    display: flex !important;
+    flex-basis: auto;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .navbar-toggler {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas {
+    position: static;
+    z-index: auto;
+    flex-grow: 1;
+    width: auto !important;
+    height: auto !important;
+    visibility: visible !important;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+    border: 0 !important;
+    transform: none !important;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .navbar-expand-xl {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap;
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+    position: absolute;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+    padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+    padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav-scroll {
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-collapse {
+    display: flex !important;
+    flex-basis: auto;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-toggler {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas {
+    position: static;
+    z-index: auto;
+    flex-grow: 1;
+    width: auto !important;
+    height: auto !important;
+    visibility: visible !important;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+    border: 0 !important;
+    transform: none !important;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .navbar-expand-xxl {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap;
+    justify-content: flex-start;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+    position: absolute;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+    padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+    padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-nav-scroll {
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-collapse {
+    display: flex !important;
+    flex-basis: auto;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .navbar-toggler {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas {
+    position: static;
+    z-index: auto;
+    flex-grow: 1;
+    width: auto !important;
+    height: auto !important;
+    visibility: visible !important;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+    border: 0 !important;
+    transform: none !important;
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .navbar-expand-xxl .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+  }
+}
+.navbar-expand {
+  flex-wrap: nowrap;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-nav {
+  flex-direction: row;
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu {
+  position: absolute;
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .nav-link {
+  padding-right: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+  padding-left: var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-nav-scroll {
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-collapse {
+  display: flex !important;
+  flex-basis: auto;
+}
+.navbar-expand .navbar-toggler {
+  display: none;
+}
+.navbar-expand .offcanvas {
+  position: static;
+  z-index: auto;
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  visibility: visible !important;
+  background-color: transparent !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  transform: none !important;
+  transition: none;
+}
+.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-header {
+  display: none;
+}
+.navbar-expand .offcanvas .offcanvas-body {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-grow: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  overflow-y: visible;
+}
+
+.navbar-dark {
+  --bs-navbar-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);
+  --bs-navbar-hover-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
+  --bs-navbar-disabled-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
+  --bs-navbar-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-navbar-brand-color: #fff;
+  --bs-navbar-brand-hover-color: #fff;
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
+  --bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%28255, 255, 255, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+
+.card {
+  --bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-card-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-card-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-card-box-shadow: ;
+  --bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(0.375rem - 1px);
+  --bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
+  --bs-card-cap-color: ;
+  --bs-card-height: ;
+  --bs-card-color: ;
+  --bs-card-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;
+  --bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  min-width: 0;
+  height: var(--bs-card-height);
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+  background-color: var(--bs-card-bg);
+  background-clip: border-box;
+  border: var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-card-border-radius);
+}
+.card > hr {
+  margin-right: 0;
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+.card > .list-group {
+  border-top: inherit;
+  border-bottom: inherit;
+}
+.card > .list-group:first-child {
+  border-top-width: 0;
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.card > .list-group:last-child {
+  border-bottom-width: 0;
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.card > .card-header + .list-group,
+.card > .list-group + .card-footer {
+  border-top: 0;
+}
+
+.card-body {
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  padding: var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);
+  color: var(--bs-card-color);
+}
+
+.card-title {
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);
+}
+
+.card-subtitle {
+  margin-top: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.card-text:last-child {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.card-link + .card-link {
+  margin-left: var(--bs-card-spacer-x);
+}
+
+.card-header {
+  padding: var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  color: var(--bs-card-cap-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-card-cap-bg);
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);
+}
+.card-header:first-child {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) 0 0;
+}
+
+.card-footer {
+  padding: var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-card-cap-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-card-cap-bg);
+  border-top: var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);
+}
+.card-footer:last-child {
+  border-radius: 0 0 var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius) var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+
+.card-header-tabs {
+  margin-right: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));
+  margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));
+  margin-left: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));
+  border-bottom: 0;
+}
+.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active {
+  background-color: var(--bs-card-bg);
+  border-bottom-color: var(--bs-card-bg);
+}
+
+.card-header-pills {
+  margin-right: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));
+  margin-left: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));
+}
+
+.card-img-overlay {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  padding: var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+
+.card-img,
+.card-img-top,
+.card-img-bottom {
+  width: 100%;
+}
+
+.card-img,
+.card-img-top {
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+
+.card-img,
+.card-img-bottom {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);
+}
+
+.card-group > .card {
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-card-group-margin);
+}
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .card-group {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-flow: row wrap;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card {
+    flex: 1 0 0%;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card + .card {
+    margin-left: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:last-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:last-child) .card-img-top,
+  .card-group > .card:not(:last-child) .card-header {
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:last-child) .card-img-bottom,
+  .card-group > .card:not(:last-child) .card-footer {
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-left-radius: 0;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:first-child) .card-img-top,
+  .card-group > .card:not(:first-child) .card-header {
+    border-top-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .card-group > .card:not(:first-child) .card-img-bottom,
+  .card-group > .card:not(:first-child) .card-footer {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+}
+
+.accordion {
+  --bs-accordion-color: #212529;
+  --bs-accordion-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-accordion-transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out, border-radius 0.15s ease;
+  --bs-accordion-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);
+  --bs-accordion-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-accordion-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-accordion-inner-border-radius: calc(0.375rem - 1px);
+  --bs-accordion-btn-padding-x: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-color: #212529;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-bg: var(--bs-accordion-bg);
+  --bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23212529'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  --bs-accordion-btn-icon-width: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform: rotate(-180deg);
+  --bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%230c63e4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+  --bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color: #86b7fe;
+  --bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+  --bs-accordion-body-padding-x: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-accordion-body-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-accordion-active-color: #0c63e4;
+  --bs-accordion-active-bg: #e7f1ff;
+}
+
+.accordion-button {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  color: var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);
+  text-align: left;
+  background-color: var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  overflow-anchor: none;
+  transition: var(--bs-accordion-transition);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .accordion-button {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.accordion-button:not(.collapsed) {
+  color: var(--bs-accordion-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);
+  box-shadow: inset 0 calc(-1 * var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color);
+}
+.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after {
+  background-image: var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);
+  transform: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform);
+}
+.accordion-button::after {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  width: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);
+  height: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);
+  margin-left: auto;
+  content: "";
+  background-image: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-size: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);
+  transition: var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .accordion-button::after {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.accordion-button:hover {
+  z-index: 2;
+}
+.accordion-button:focus {
+  z-index: 3;
+  border-color: var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-border-color);
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow);
+}
+
+.accordion-header {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.accordion-item {
+  color: var(--bs-accordion-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-accordion-bg);
+  border: var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color);
+}
+.accordion-item:first-of-type {
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+}
+.accordion-item:first-of-type .accordion-button {
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type) {
+  border-top: 0;
+}
+.accordion-item:last-of-type {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+}
+.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-button.collapsed {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.accordion-item:last-of-type .accordion-collapse {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-accordion-border-radius);
+}
+
+.accordion-body {
+  padding: var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x);
+}
+
+.accordion-flush .accordion-collapse {
+  border-width: 0;
+}
+.accordion-flush .accordion-item {
+  border-right: 0;
+  border-left: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+.accordion-flush .accordion-item:first-child {
+  border-top: 0;
+}
+.accordion-flush .accordion-item:last-child {
+  border-bottom: 0;
+}
+.accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button, .accordion-flush .accordion-item .accordion-button.collapsed {
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+
+.breadcrumb {
+  --bs-breadcrumb-padding-x: 0;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-padding-y: 0;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-divider-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color: #6c757d;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  padding: var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);
+  font-size: var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);
+  list-style: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius);
+}
+
+.breadcrumb-item + .breadcrumb-item {
+  padding-left: var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);
+}
+.breadcrumb-item + .breadcrumb-item::before {
+  float: left;
+  padding-right: var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);
+  content: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") /* rtl: var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "/") */;
+}
+.breadcrumb-item.active {
+  color: var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color);
+}
+
+.pagination {
+  --bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-pagination-font-size: 1rem;
+  --bs-pagination-color: var(--bs-link-color);
+  --bs-pagination-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-pagination-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-pagination-border-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-pagination-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+  --bs-pagination-hover-bg: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-pagination-hover-border-color: #dee2e6;
+  --bs-pagination-focus-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);
+  --bs-pagination-focus-bg: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+  --bs-pagination-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-pagination-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-pagination-active-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-pagination-disabled-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-pagination-disabled-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-pagination-disabled-border-color: #dee2e6;
+  display: flex;
+  padding-left: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+
+.page-link {
+  position: relative;
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-pagination-padding-y) var(--bs-pagination-padding-x);
+  font-size: var(--bs-pagination-font-size);
+  color: var(--bs-pagination-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-pagination-bg);
+  border: var(--bs-pagination-border-width) solid var(--bs-pagination-border-color);
+  transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .page-link {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.page-link:hover {
+  z-index: 2;
+  color: var(--bs-pagination-hover-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-pagination-hover-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-pagination-hover-border-color);
+}
+.page-link:focus {
+  z-index: 3;
+  color: var(--bs-pagination-focus-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-pagination-focus-bg);
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-pagination-focus-box-shadow);
+}
+.page-link.active, .active > .page-link {
+  z-index: 3;
+  color: var(--bs-pagination-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-pagination-active-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-pagination-active-border-color);
+}
+.page-link.disabled, .disabled > .page-link {
+  color: var(--bs-pagination-disabled-color);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-pagination-disabled-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-pagination-disabled-border-color);
+}
+
+.page-item:not(:first-child) .page-link {
+  margin-left: -1px;
+}
+.page-item:first-child .page-link {
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);
+}
+.page-item:last-child .page-link {
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-pagination-border-radius);
+}
+
+.pagination-lg {
+  --bs-pagination-padding-x: 1.5rem;
+  --bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-pagination-font-size: 1.25rem;
+  --bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.pagination-sm {
+  --bs-pagination-padding-x: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-pagination-padding-y: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-pagination-font-size: 0.875rem;
+  --bs-pagination-border-radius: 0.25rem;
+}
+
+.badge {
+  --bs-badge-padding-x: 0.65em;
+  --bs-badge-padding-y: 0.35em;
+  --bs-badge-font-size: 0.75em;
+  --bs-badge-font-weight: 700;
+  --bs-badge-color: #fff;
+  --bs-badge-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: var(--bs-badge-padding-y) var(--bs-badge-padding-x);
+  font-size: var(--bs-badge-font-size);
+  font-weight: var(--bs-badge-font-weight);
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: var(--bs-badge-color);
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+  border-radius: var(--bs-badge-border-radius);
+}
+.badge:empty {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.btn .badge {
+  position: relative;
+  top: -1px;
+}
+
+.alert {
+  --bs-alert-bg: transparent;
+  --bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-alert-margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  --bs-alert-color: inherit;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: transparent;
+  --bs-alert-border: 1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);
+  --bs-alert-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  position: relative;
+  padding: var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);
+  color: var(--bs-alert-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-alert-bg);
+  border: var(--bs-alert-border);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-alert-border-radius);
+}
+
+.alert-heading {
+  color: inherit;
+}
+
+.alert-link {
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+.alert-dismissible {
+  padding-right: 3rem;
+}
+.alert-dismissible .btn-close {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  z-index: 2;
+  padding: 1.25rem 1rem;
+}
+
+.alert-primary {
+  --bs-alert-color: #084298;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #cfe2ff;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #b6d4fe;
+}
+.alert-primary .alert-link {
+  color: #06357a;
+}
+
+.alert-secondary {
+  --bs-alert-color: #41464b;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #e2e3e5;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #d3d6d8;
+}
+.alert-secondary .alert-link {
+  color: #34383c;
+}
+
+.alert-success {
+  --bs-alert-color: #0f5132;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #d1e7dd;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #badbcc;
+}
+.alert-success .alert-link {
+  color: #0c4128;
+}
+
+.alert-info {
+  --bs-alert-color: #055160;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #cff4fc;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #b6effb;
+}
+.alert-info .alert-link {
+  color: #04414d;
+}
+
+.alert-warning {
+  --bs-alert-color: #664d03;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #fff3cd;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #ffecb5;
+}
+.alert-warning .alert-link {
+  color: #523e02;
+}
+
+.alert-danger {
+  --bs-alert-color: #842029;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #f8d7da;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #f5c2c7;
+}
+.alert-danger .alert-link {
+  color: #6a1a21;
+}
+
+.alert-light {
+  --bs-alert-color: #636464;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #fefefe;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #fdfdfe;
+}
+.alert-light .alert-link {
+  color: #4f5050;
+}
+
+.alert-dark {
+  --bs-alert-color: #141619;
+  --bs-alert-bg: #d3d3d4;
+  --bs-alert-border-color: #bcbebf;
+}
+.alert-dark .alert-link {
+  color: #101214;
+}
+
+@keyframes progress-bar-stripes {
+  0% {
+    background-position-x: 1rem;
+  }
+}
+.progress {
+  --bs-progress-height: 1rem;
+  --bs-progress-font-size: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-progress-bg: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-progress-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-progress-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
+  --bs-progress-bar-color: #fff;
+  --bs-progress-bar-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-progress-bar-transition: width 0.6s ease;
+  display: flex;
+  height: var(--bs-progress-height);
+  overflow: hidden;
+  font-size: var(--bs-progress-font-size);
+  background-color: var(--bs-progress-bg);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-progress-border-radius);
+}
+
+.progress-bar {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  justify-content: center;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: var(--bs-progress-bar-color);
+  text-align: center;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: var(--bs-progress-bar-bg);
+  transition: var(--bs-progress-bar-transition);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .progress-bar {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.progress-bar-striped {
+  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
+  background-size: var(--bs-progress-height) var(--bs-progress-height);
+}
+
+.progress-bar-animated {
+  animation: 1s linear infinite progress-bar-stripes;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .progress-bar-animated {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.list-group {
+  --bs-list-group-color: #212529;
+  --bs-list-group-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-list-group-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
+  --bs-list-group-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-list-group-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-list-group-item-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-list-group-item-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-list-group-action-color: #495057;
+  --bs-list-group-action-hover-color: #495057;
+  --bs-list-group-action-hover-bg: #f8f9fa;
+  --bs-list-group-action-active-color: #212529;
+  --bs-list-group-action-active-bg: #e9ecef;
+  --bs-list-group-disabled-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-list-group-disabled-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-list-group-active-color: #fff;
+  --bs-list-group-active-bg: #0d6efd;
+  --bs-list-group-active-border-color: #0d6efd;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  padding-left: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  border-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+}
+
+.list-group-numbered {
+  list-style-type: none;
+  counter-reset: section;
+}
+.list-group-numbered > .list-group-item::before {
+  content: counters(section, ".") ". ";
+  counter-increment: section;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-action {
+  width: 100%;
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-action-color);
+  text-align: inherit;
+}
+.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-action:focus {
+  z-index: 1;
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg);
+}
+.list-group-item-action:active {
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg);
+}
+
+.list-group-item {
+  position: relative;
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-color);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-list-group-bg);
+  border: var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color);
+}
+.list-group-item:first-child {
+  border-top-left-radius: inherit;
+  border-top-right-radius: inherit;
+}
+.list-group-item:last-child {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: inherit;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: inherit;
+}
+.list-group-item.disabled, .list-group-item:disabled {
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background-color: var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg);
+}
+.list-group-item.active {
+  z-index: 2;
+  color: var(--bs-list-group-active-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-list-group-active-bg);
+  border-color: var(--bs-list-group-active-border-color);
+}
+.list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+  border-top-width: 0;
+}
+.list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+  margin-top: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+  border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+}
+
+.list-group-horizontal {
+  flex-direction: row;
+}
+.list-group-horizontal > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: 0;
+}
+.list-group-horizontal > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+}
+.list-group-horizontal > .list-group-item.active {
+  margin-top: 0;
+}
+.list-group-horizontal > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+  border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  border-left-width: 0;
+}
+.list-group-horizontal > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+  margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+  border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm > .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+    border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+    border-left-width: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-sm > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+    border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .list-group-horizontal-md {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-md > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-md > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-md > .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-md > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+    border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+    border-left-width: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-md > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+    border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg > .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+    border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+    border-left-width: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-lg > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+    border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl > .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+    border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+    border-left-width: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xl > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+    border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl {
+    flex-direction: row;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl > .list-group-item:first-child:not(:last-child) {
+    border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-top-right-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl > .list-group-item:last-child:not(:first-child) {
+    border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl > .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl > .list-group-item + .list-group-item {
+    border-top-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+    border-left-width: 0;
+  }
+  .list-group-horizontal-xxl > .list-group-item + .list-group-item.active {
+    margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--bs-list-group-border-width));
+    border-left-width: var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+  }
+}
+.list-group-flush {
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+.list-group-flush > .list-group-item {
+  border-width: 0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width);
+}
+.list-group-flush > .list-group-item:last-child {
+  border-bottom-width: 0;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-primary {
+  color: #084298;
+  background-color: #cfe2ff;
+}
+.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #084298;
+  background-color: #bacbe6;
+}
+.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #084298;
+  border-color: #084298;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-secondary {
+  color: #41464b;
+  background-color: #e2e3e5;
+}
+.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #41464b;
+  background-color: #cbccce;
+}
+.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #41464b;
+  border-color: #41464b;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-success {
+  color: #0f5132;
+  background-color: #d1e7dd;
+}
+.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #0f5132;
+  background-color: #bcd0c7;
+}
+.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #0f5132;
+  border-color: #0f5132;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-info {
+  color: #055160;
+  background-color: #cff4fc;
+}
+.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #055160;
+  background-color: #badce3;
+}
+.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #055160;
+  border-color: #055160;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-warning {
+  color: #664d03;
+  background-color: #fff3cd;
+}
+.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #664d03;
+  background-color: #e6dbb9;
+}
+.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #664d03;
+  border-color: #664d03;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-danger {
+  color: #842029;
+  background-color: #f8d7da;
+}
+.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #842029;
+  background-color: #dfc2c4;
+}
+.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #842029;
+  border-color: #842029;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-light {
+  color: #636464;
+  background-color: #fefefe;
+}
+.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #636464;
+  background-color: #e5e5e5;
+}
+.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #636464;
+  border-color: #636464;
+}
+
+.list-group-item-dark {
+  color: #141619;
+  background-color: #d3d3d4;
+}
+.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action:hover, .list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action:focus {
+  color: #141619;
+  background-color: #bebebf;
+}
+.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action.active {
+  color: #fff;
+  background-color: #141619;
+  border-color: #141619;
+}
+
+.btn-close {
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+  width: 1em;
+  height: 1em;
+  padding: 0.25em 0.25em;
+  color: #000;
+  background: transparent url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+.btn-close:hover {
+  color: #000;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  opacity: 0.75;
+}
+.btn-close:focus {
+  outline: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.btn-close:disabled, .btn-close.disabled {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  -webkit-user-select: none;
+     -moz-user-select: none;
+          user-select: none;
+  opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+.btn-close-white {
+  filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);
+}
+
+.toast {
+  --bs-toast-zindex: 1090;
+  --bs-toast-padding-x: 0.75rem;
+  --bs-toast-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-toast-spacing: 1.5rem;
+  --bs-toast-max-width: 350px;
+  --bs-toast-font-size: 0.875rem;
+  --bs-toast-color: ;
+  --bs-toast-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);
+  --bs-toast-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-toast-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-toast-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-toast-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
+  --bs-toast-header-color: #6c757d;
+  --bs-toast-header-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);
+  --bs-toast-header-border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
+  width: var(--bs-toast-max-width);
+  max-width: 100%;
+  font-size: var(--bs-toast-font-size);
+  color: var(--bs-toast-color);
+  pointer-events: auto;
+  background-color: var(--bs-toast-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-border-color);
+  box-shadow: var(--bs-toast-box-shadow);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-toast-border-radius);
+}
+.toast.showing {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+.toast:not(.show) {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.toast-container {
+  --bs-toast-zindex: 1090;
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: var(--bs-toast-zindex);
+  width: -moz-max-content;
+  width: max-content;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.toast-container > :not(:last-child) {
+  margin-bottom: var(--bs-toast-spacing);
+}
+
+.toast-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  padding: var(--bs-toast-padding-y) var(--bs-toast-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-toast-header-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-toast-header-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-toast-border-width) solid var(--bs-toast-header-border-color);
+  border-top-left-radius: calc(var(--bs-toast-border-radius) - var(--bs-toast-border-width));
+  border-top-right-radius: calc(var(--bs-toast-border-radius) - var(--bs-toast-border-width));
+}
+.toast-header .btn-close {
+  margin-right: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-toast-padding-x));
+  margin-left: var(--bs-toast-padding-x);
+}
+
+.toast-body {
+  padding: var(--bs-toast-padding-x);
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
+.modal {
+  --bs-modal-zindex: 1055;
+  --bs-modal-width: 500px;
+  --bs-modal-padding: 1rem;
+  --bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-modal-color: ;
+  --bs-modal-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-modal-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-modal-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-modal-border-radius: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-modal-box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
+  --bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(0.5rem - 1px);
+  --bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;
+  --bs-modal-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);
+  --bs-modal-header-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;
+  --bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-modal-footer-bg: ;
+  --bs-modal-footer-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);
+  --bs-modal-footer-border-width: 1px;
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: var(--bs-modal-zindex);
+  display: none;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  overflow-x: hidden;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  outline: 0;
+}
+
+.modal-dialog {
+  position: relative;
+  width: auto;
+  margin: var(--bs-modal-margin);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.modal.fade .modal-dialog {
+  transition: transform 0.3s ease-out;
+  transform: translate(0, -50px);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .modal.fade .modal-dialog {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.modal.show .modal-dialog {
+  transform: none;
+}
+.modal.modal-static .modal-dialog {
+  transform: scale(1.02);
+}
+
+.modal-dialog-scrollable {
+  height: calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin) * 2);
+}
+.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-content {
+  max-height: 100%;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-body {
+  overflow-y: auto;
+}
+
+.modal-dialog-centered {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  min-height: calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin) * 2);
+}
+
+.modal-content {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  width: 100%;
+  color: var(--bs-modal-color);
+  pointer-events: auto;
+  background-color: var(--bs-modal-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-modal-border-radius);
+  outline: 0;
+}
+
+.modal-backdrop {
+  --bs-backdrop-zindex: 1050;
+  --bs-backdrop-bg: #000;
+  --bs-backdrop-opacity: 0.5;
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);
+  width: 100vw;
+  height: 100vh;
+  background-color: var(--bs-backdrop-bg);
+}
+.modal-backdrop.fade {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+.modal-backdrop.show {
+  opacity: var(--bs-backdrop-opacity);
+}
+
+.modal-header {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: var(--bs-modal-header-padding);
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.modal-header .btn-close {
+  padding: calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y) * 0.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x) * 0.5);
+  margin: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto;
+}
+
+.modal-title {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  line-height: var(--bs-modal-title-line-height);
+}
+
+.modal-body {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  padding: var(--bs-modal-padding);
+}
+
+.modal-footer {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  padding: calc(var(--bs-modal-padding) - var(--bs-modal-footer-gap) * 0.5);
+  background-color: var(--bs-modal-footer-bg);
+  border-top: var(--bs-modal-footer-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-footer-border-color);
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.modal-footer > * {
+  margin: calc(var(--bs-modal-footer-gap) * 0.5);
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .modal {
+    --bs-modal-margin: 1.75rem;
+    --bs-modal-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
+  }
+  .modal-dialog {
+    max-width: var(--bs-modal-width);
+    margin-right: auto;
+    margin-left: auto;
+  }
+  .modal-sm {
+    --bs-modal-width: 300px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .modal-lg,
+  .modal-xl {
+    --bs-modal-width: 800px;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .modal-xl {
+    --bs-modal-width: 1140px;
+  }
+}
+.modal-fullscreen {
+  width: 100vw;
+  max-width: none;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
+}
+.modal-fullscreen .modal-content {
+  height: 100%;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+.modal-fullscreen .modal-header,
+.modal-fullscreen .modal-footer {
+  border-radius: 0;
+}
+.modal-fullscreen .modal-body {
+  overflow-y: auto;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .modal-fullscreen-sm-down {
+    width: 100vw;
+    max-width: none;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-content {
+    height: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-header,
+  .modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-footer {
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-body {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .modal-fullscreen-md-down {
+    width: 100vw;
+    max-width: none;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-content {
+    height: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-header,
+  .modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-footer {
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-body {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .modal-fullscreen-lg-down {
+    width: 100vw;
+    max-width: none;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-content {
+    height: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-header,
+  .modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-footer {
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-body {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .modal-fullscreen-xl-down {
+    width: 100vw;
+    max-width: none;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-content {
+    height: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-header,
+  .modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-footer {
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-body {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .modal-fullscreen-xxl-down {
+    width: 100vw;
+    max-width: none;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-content {
+    height: 100%;
+    border: 0;
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-header,
+  .modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-footer {
+    border-radius: 0;
+  }
+  .modal-fullscreen-xxl-down .modal-body {
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+.tooltip {
+  --bs-tooltip-zindex: 1080;
+  --bs-tooltip-max-width: 200px;
+  --bs-tooltip-padding-x: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-tooltip-padding-y: 0.25rem;
+  --bs-tooltip-margin: ;
+  --bs-tooltip-font-size: 0.875rem;
+  --bs-tooltip-color: #fff;
+  --bs-tooltip-bg: #000;
+  --bs-tooltip-border-radius: 0.375rem;
+  --bs-tooltip-opacity: 0.9;
+  --bs-tooltip-arrow-width: 0.8rem;
+  --bs-tooltip-arrow-height: 0.4rem;
+  z-index: var(--bs-tooltip-zindex);
+  display: block;
+  padding: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+  margin: var(--bs-tooltip-margin);
+  font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  text-align: left;
+  text-align: start;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  text-shadow: none;
+  text-transform: none;
+  letter-spacing: normal;
+  word-break: normal;
+  white-space: normal;
+  word-spacing: normal;
+  line-break: auto;
+  font-size: var(--bs-tooltip-font-size);
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+.tooltip.show {
+  opacity: var(--bs-tooltip-opacity);
+}
+.tooltip .tooltip-arrow {
+  display: block;
+  width: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);
+  height: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+}
+.tooltip .tooltip-arrow::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  content: "";
+  border-color: transparent;
+  border-style: solid;
+}
+
+.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow {
+  bottom: 0;
+}
+.bs-tooltip-top .tooltip-arrow::before, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] .tooltip-arrow::before {
+  top: -1px;
+  border-width: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0;
+  border-top-color: var(--bs-tooltip-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:begin:ignore */
+.bs-tooltip-end .tooltip-arrow, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] .tooltip-arrow {
+  left: 0;
+  width: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+  height: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);
+}
+.bs-tooltip-end .tooltip-arrow::before, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] .tooltip-arrow::before {
+  right: -1px;
+  border-width: calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0;
+  border-right-color: var(--bs-tooltip-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:end:ignore */
+.bs-tooltip-bottom .tooltip-arrow, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .tooltip-arrow {
+  top: 0;
+}
+.bs-tooltip-bottom .tooltip-arrow::before, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .tooltip-arrow::before {
+  bottom: -1px;
+  border-width: 0 calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+  border-bottom-color: var(--bs-tooltip-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:begin:ignore */
+.bs-tooltip-start .tooltip-arrow, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] .tooltip-arrow {
+  right: 0;
+  width: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+  height: var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width);
+}
+.bs-tooltip-start .tooltip-arrow::before, .bs-tooltip-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] .tooltip-arrow::before {
+  left: -1px;
+  border-width: calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0 calc(var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-tooltip-arrow-height);
+  border-left-color: var(--bs-tooltip-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:end:ignore */
+.tooltip-inner {
+  max-width: var(--bs-tooltip-max-width);
+  padding: var(--bs-tooltip-padding-y) var(--bs-tooltip-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-tooltip-color);
+  text-align: center;
+  background-color: var(--bs-tooltip-bg);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-tooltip-border-radius);
+}
+
+.popover {
+  --bs-popover-zindex: 1070;
+  --bs-popover-max-width: 276px;
+  --bs-popover-font-size: 0.875rem;
+  --bs-popover-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-popover-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-popover-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-popover-border-radius: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-popover-inner-border-radius: calc(0.5rem - 1px);
+  --bs-popover-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
+  --bs-popover-header-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-popover-header-padding-y: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-popover-header-font-size: 1rem;
+  --bs-popover-header-color: ;
+  --bs-popover-header-bg: #f0f0f0;
+  --bs-popover-body-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-popover-body-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-popover-body-color: #212529;
+  --bs-popover-arrow-width: 1rem;
+  --bs-popover-arrow-height: 0.5rem;
+  --bs-popover-arrow-border: var(--bs-popover-border-color);
+  z-index: var(--bs-popover-zindex);
+  display: block;
+  max-width: var(--bs-popover-max-width);
+  font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  text-align: left;
+  text-align: start;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  text-shadow: none;
+  text-transform: none;
+  letter-spacing: normal;
+  word-break: normal;
+  white-space: normal;
+  word-spacing: normal;
+  line-break: auto;
+  font-size: var(--bs-popover-font-size);
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+  background-color: var(--bs-popover-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: var(--bs-popover-border-width) solid var(--bs-popover-border-color);
+  border-radius: var(--bs-popover-border-radius);
+}
+.popover .popover-arrow {
+  display: block;
+  width: var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);
+  height: var(--bs-popover-arrow-height);
+}
+.popover .popover-arrow::before, .popover .popover-arrow::after {
+  position: absolute;
+  display: block;
+  content: "";
+  border-color: transparent;
+  border-style: solid;
+  border-width: 0;
+}
+
+.bs-popover-top > .popover-arrow, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] > .popover-arrow {
+  bottom: calc(-1 * (var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)) - var(--bs-popover-border-width));
+}
+.bs-popover-top > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-top > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  border-width: var(--bs-popover-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0;
+}
+.bs-popover-top > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] > .popover-arrow::before {
+  bottom: 0;
+  border-top-color: var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);
+}
+.bs-popover-top > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=top] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  bottom: var(--bs-popover-border-width);
+  border-top-color: var(--bs-popover-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:begin:ignore */
+.bs-popover-end > .popover-arrow, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] > .popover-arrow {
+  left: calc(-1 * (var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)) - var(--bs-popover-border-width));
+  width: var(--bs-popover-arrow-height);
+  height: var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);
+}
+.bs-popover-end > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-end > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  border-width: calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height) calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0;
+}
+.bs-popover-end > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] > .popover-arrow::before {
+  left: 0;
+  border-right-color: var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);
+}
+.bs-popover-end > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=right] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  left: var(--bs-popover-border-width);
+  border-right-color: var(--bs-popover-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:end:ignore */
+.bs-popover-bottom > .popover-arrow, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] > .popover-arrow {
+  top: calc(-1 * (var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)) - var(--bs-popover-border-width));
+}
+.bs-popover-bottom > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-bottom > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  border-width: 0 calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height);
+}
+.bs-popover-bottom > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] > .popover-arrow::before {
+  top: 0;
+  border-bottom-color: var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);
+}
+.bs-popover-bottom > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  top: var(--bs-popover-border-width);
+  border-bottom-color: var(--bs-popover-bg);
+}
+.bs-popover-bottom .popover-header::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .popover-header::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 50%;
+  display: block;
+  width: var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);
+  margin-left: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-popover-arrow-width));
+  content: "";
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-popover-border-width) solid var(--bs-popover-header-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:begin:ignore */
+.bs-popover-start > .popover-arrow, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] > .popover-arrow {
+  right: calc(-1 * (var(--bs-popover-arrow-height)) - var(--bs-popover-border-width));
+  width: var(--bs-popover-arrow-height);
+  height: var(--bs-popover-arrow-width);
+}
+.bs-popover-start > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-start > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  border-width: calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) 0 calc(var(--bs-popover-arrow-width) * 0.5) var(--bs-popover-arrow-height);
+}
+.bs-popover-start > .popover-arrow::before, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] > .popover-arrow::before {
+  right: 0;
+  border-left-color: var(--bs-popover-arrow-border);
+}
+.bs-popover-start > .popover-arrow::after, .bs-popover-auto[data-popper-placement^=left] > .popover-arrow::after {
+  right: var(--bs-popover-border-width);
+  border-left-color: var(--bs-popover-bg);
+}
+
+/* rtl:end:ignore */
+.popover-header {
+  padding: var(--bs-popover-header-padding-y) var(--bs-popover-header-padding-x);
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  font-size: var(--bs-popover-header-font-size);
+  color: var(--bs-popover-header-color);
+  background-color: var(--bs-popover-header-bg);
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-popover-border-width) solid var(--bs-popover-border-color);
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-popover-inner-border-radius);
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-popover-inner-border-radius);
+}
+.popover-header:empty {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.popover-body {
+  padding: var(--bs-popover-body-padding-y) var(--bs-popover-body-padding-x);
+  color: var(--bs-popover-body-color);
+}
+
+.carousel {
+  position: relative;
+}
+
+.carousel.pointer-event {
+  touch-action: pan-y;
+}
+
+.carousel-inner {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 100%;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+.carousel-inner::after {
+  display: block;
+  clear: both;
+  content: "";
+}
+
+.carousel-item {
+  position: relative;
+  display: none;
+  float: left;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin-right: -100%;
+  -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;
+          backface-visibility: hidden;
+  transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .carousel-item {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.carousel-item.active,
+.carousel-item-next,
+.carousel-item-prev {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.carousel-item-next:not(.carousel-item-start),
+.active.carousel-item-end {
+  transform: translateX(100%);
+}
+
+.carousel-item-prev:not(.carousel-item-end),
+.active.carousel-item-start {
+  transform: translateX(-100%);
+}
+
+.carousel-fade .carousel-item {
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition-property: opacity;
+  transform: none;
+}
+.carousel-fade .carousel-item.active,
+.carousel-fade .carousel-item-next.carousel-item-start,
+.carousel-fade .carousel-item-prev.carousel-item-end {
+  z-index: 1;
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.carousel-fade .active.carousel-item-start,
+.carousel-fade .active.carousel-item-end {
+  z-index: 0;
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition: opacity 0s 0.6s;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .carousel-fade .active.carousel-item-start,
+  .carousel-fade .active.carousel-item-end {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+
+.carousel-control-prev,
+.carousel-control-next {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  z-index: 1;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: 15%;
+  padding: 0;
+  color: #fff;
+  text-align: center;
+  background: none;
+  border: 0;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .carousel-control-prev,
+  .carousel-control-next {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.carousel-control-prev:hover, .carousel-control-prev:focus,
+.carousel-control-next:hover,
+.carousel-control-next:focus {
+  color: #fff;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  outline: 0;
+  opacity: 0.9;
+}
+
+.carousel-control-prev {
+  left: 0;
+}
+
+.carousel-control-next {
+  right: 0;
+}
+
+.carousel-control-prev-icon,
+.carousel-control-next-icon {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 2rem;
+  height: 2rem;
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  background-position: 50%;
+  background-size: 100% 100%;
+}
+
+/* rtl:options: {
+  "autoRename": true,
+  "stringMap":[ {
+    "name"    : "prev-next",
+    "search"  : "prev",
+    "replace" : "next"
+  } ]
+} */
+.carousel-control-prev-icon {
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23fff'%3e%3cpath d='M11.354 1.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708L5.707 8l5.647 5.646a.5.5 0 0 1-.708.708l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708l6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+
+.carousel-control-next-icon {
+  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23fff'%3e%3cpath d='M4.646 1.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0l6 6a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708-.708L10.293 8 4.646 2.354a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
+}
+
+.carousel-indicators {
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: 2;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin-right: 15%;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  margin-left: 15%;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.carousel-indicators [data-bs-target] {
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+  flex: 0 1 auto;
+  width: 30px;
+  height: 3px;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin-right: 3px;
+  margin-left: 3px;
+  text-indent: -999px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  background-color: #fff;
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  border: 0;
+  border-top: 10px solid transparent;
+  border-bottom: 10px solid transparent;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  transition: opacity 0.6s ease;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .carousel-indicators [data-bs-target] {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.carousel-indicators .active {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.carousel-caption {
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 15%;
+  bottom: 1.25rem;
+  left: 15%;
+  padding-top: 1.25rem;
+  padding-bottom: 1.25rem;
+  color: #fff;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.carousel-dark .carousel-control-prev-icon,
+.carousel-dark .carousel-control-next-icon {
+  filter: invert(1) grayscale(100);
+}
+.carousel-dark .carousel-indicators [data-bs-target] {
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+.carousel-dark .carousel-caption {
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+.spinner-grow,
+.spinner-border {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: var(--bs-spinner-width);
+  height: var(--bs-spinner-height);
+  vertical-align: var(--bs-spinner-vertical-align);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  animation: var(--bs-spinner-animation-speed) linear infinite var(--bs-spinner-animation-name);
+}
+
+@keyframes spinner-border {
+  to {
+    transform: rotate(360deg) /* rtl:ignore */;
+  }
+}
+.spinner-border {
+  --bs-spinner-width: 2rem;
+  --bs-spinner-height: 2rem;
+  --bs-spinner-vertical-align: -0.125em;
+  --bs-spinner-border-width: 0.25em;
+  --bs-spinner-animation-speed: 0.75s;
+  --bs-spinner-animation-name: spinner-border;
+  border: var(--bs-spinner-border-width) solid currentcolor;
+  border-right-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.spinner-border-sm {
+  --bs-spinner-width: 1rem;
+  --bs-spinner-height: 1rem;
+  --bs-spinner-border-width: 0.2em;
+}
+
+@keyframes spinner-grow {
+  0% {
+    transform: scale(0);
+  }
+  50% {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+.spinner-grow {
+  --bs-spinner-width: 2rem;
+  --bs-spinner-height: 2rem;
+  --bs-spinner-vertical-align: -0.125em;
+  --bs-spinner-animation-speed: 0.75s;
+  --bs-spinner-animation-name: spinner-grow;
+  background-color: currentcolor;
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+
+.spinner-grow-sm {
+  --bs-spinner-width: 1rem;
+  --bs-spinner-height: 1rem;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .spinner-border,
+  .spinner-grow {
+    --bs-spinner-animation-speed: 1.5s;
+  }
+}
+.offcanvas, .offcanvas-xxl, .offcanvas-xl, .offcanvas-lg, .offcanvas-md, .offcanvas-sm {
+  --bs-offcanvas-zindex: 1045;
+  --bs-offcanvas-width: 400px;
+  --bs-offcanvas-height: 30vh;
+  --bs-offcanvas-padding-x: 1rem;
+  --bs-offcanvas-padding-y: 1rem;
+  --bs-offcanvas-color: ;
+  --bs-offcanvas-bg: #fff;
+  --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 1px;
+  --bs-offcanvas-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);
+  --bs-offcanvas-box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm {
+    position: fixed;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    max-width: 100%;
+    color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+    visibility: hidden;
+    background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+    outline: 0;
+    transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas-sm {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-start {
+    top: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-end {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-top {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.offcanvas-bottom {
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.showing, .offcanvas-sm.show:not(.hiding) {
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 575.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm.showing, .offcanvas-sm.hiding, .offcanvas-sm.show {
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .offcanvas-sm {
+    --bs-offcanvas-height: auto;
+    --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-sm .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-sm .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md {
+    position: fixed;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    max-width: 100%;
+    color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+    visibility: hidden;
+    background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+    outline: 0;
+    transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas-md {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.offcanvas-start {
+    top: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.offcanvas-end {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.offcanvas-top {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.offcanvas-bottom {
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.showing, .offcanvas-md.show:not(.hiding) {
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-md.showing, .offcanvas-md.hiding, .offcanvas-md.show {
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .offcanvas-md {
+    --bs-offcanvas-height: auto;
+    --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-md .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-md .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg {
+    position: fixed;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    max-width: 100%;
+    color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+    visibility: hidden;
+    background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+    outline: 0;
+    transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas-lg {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-start {
+    top: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-end {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-top {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-bottom {
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.showing, .offcanvas-lg.show:not(.hiding) {
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 991.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg.showing, .offcanvas-lg.hiding, .offcanvas-lg.show {
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .offcanvas-lg {
+    --bs-offcanvas-height: auto;
+    --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl {
+    position: fixed;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    max-width: 100%;
+    color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+    visibility: hidden;
+    background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+    outline: 0;
+    transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas-xl {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-start {
+    top: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-end {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-top {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.offcanvas-bottom {
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.showing, .offcanvas-xl.show:not(.hiding) {
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1199.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl.showing, .offcanvas-xl.hiding, .offcanvas-xl.show {
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .offcanvas-xl {
+    --bs-offcanvas-height: auto;
+    --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-xl .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-xl .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl {
+    position: fixed;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    max-width: 100%;
+    color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+    visibility: hidden;
+    background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+    background-clip: padding-box;
+    outline: 0;
+    transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-start {
+    top: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-end {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+    border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateX(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-top {
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(-100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.offcanvas-bottom {
+    right: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+    max-height: 100%;
+    border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+    transform: translateY(100%);
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.showing, .offcanvas-xxl.show:not(.hiding) {
+    transform: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1399.98px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl.showing, .offcanvas-xxl.hiding, .offcanvas-xxl.show {
+    visibility: visible;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .offcanvas-xxl {
+    --bs-offcanvas-height: auto;
+    --bs-offcanvas-border-width: 0;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-xxl .offcanvas-header {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .offcanvas-xxl .offcanvas-body {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-grow: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    overflow-y: visible;
+    background-color: transparent !important;
+  }
+}
+
+.offcanvas {
+  position: fixed;
+  bottom: 0;
+  z-index: var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  color: var(--bs-offcanvas-color);
+  visibility: hidden;
+  background-color: var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);
+  background-clip: padding-box;
+  outline: 0;
+  transition: transform 0.3s ease-in-out;
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .offcanvas {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
+.offcanvas.offcanvas-start {
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+  border-right: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+  transform: translateX(-100%);
+}
+.offcanvas.offcanvas-end {
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  width: var(--bs-offcanvas-width);
+  border-left: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+  transform: translateX(100%);
+}
+.offcanvas.offcanvas-top {
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+  max-height: 100%;
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+  transform: translateY(-100%);
+}
+.offcanvas.offcanvas-bottom {
+  right: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  height: var(--bs-offcanvas-height);
+  max-height: 100%;
+  border-top: var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);
+  transform: translateY(100%);
+}
+.offcanvas.showing, .offcanvas.show:not(.hiding) {
+  transform: none;
+}
+.offcanvas.showing, .offcanvas.hiding, .offcanvas.show {
+  visibility: visible;
+}
+
+.offcanvas-backdrop {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: 1040;
+  width: 100vw;
+  height: 100vh;
+  background-color: #000;
+}
+.offcanvas-backdrop.fade {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+.offcanvas-backdrop.show {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.offcanvas-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);
+}
+.offcanvas-header .btn-close {
+  padding: calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) * 0.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x) * 0.5);
+  margin-top: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));
+  margin-right: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));
+  margin-bottom: calc(-0.5 * var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));
+}
+
+.offcanvas-title {
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+.offcanvas-body {
+  flex-grow: 1;
+  padding: var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);
+  overflow-y: auto;
+}
+
+.placeholder {
+  display: inline-block;
+  min-height: 1em;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  cursor: wait;
+  background-color: currentcolor;
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+.placeholder.btn::before {
+  display: inline-block;
+  content: "";
+}
+
+.placeholder-xs {
+  min-height: 0.6em;
+}
+
+.placeholder-sm {
+  min-height: 0.8em;
+}
+
+.placeholder-lg {
+  min-height: 1.2em;
+}
+
+.placeholder-glow .placeholder {
+  animation: placeholder-glow 2s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes placeholder-glow {
+  50% {
+    opacity: 0.2;
+  }
+}
+.placeholder-wave {
+  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(130deg, #000 55%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 75%, #000 95%);
+          mask-image: linear-gradient(130deg, #000 55%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 75%, #000 95%);
+  -webkit-mask-size: 200% 100%;
+          mask-size: 200% 100%;
+  animation: placeholder-wave 2s linear infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes placeholder-wave {
+  100% {
+    -webkit-mask-position: -200% 0%;
+            mask-position: -200% 0%;
+  }
+}
+.clearfix::after {
+  display: block;
+  clear: both;
+  content: "";
+}
+
+.text-bg-primary {
+  color: #fff !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(13, 110, 253, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-secondary {
+  color: #fff !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(108, 117, 125, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-success {
+  color: #fff !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(25, 135, 84, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-info {
+  color: #000 !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(13, 202, 240, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-warning {
+  color: #000 !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(255, 193, 7, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-danger {
+  color: #fff !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(220, 53, 69, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-light {
+  color: #000 !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(248, 249, 250, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-bg-dark {
+  color: #fff !important;
+  background-color: RGBA(33, 37, 41, var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important;
+}
+
+.link-primary {
+  color: #0d6efd !important;
+}
+.link-primary:hover, .link-primary:focus {
+  color: #0a58ca !important;
+}
+
+.link-secondary {
+  color: #6c757d !important;
+}
+.link-secondary:hover, .link-secondary:focus {
+  color: #565e64 !important;
+}
+
+.link-success {
+  color: #198754 !important;
+}
+.link-success:hover, .link-success:focus {
+  color: #146c43 !important;
+}
+
+.link-info {
+  color: #0dcaf0 !important;
+}
+.link-info:hover, .link-info:focus {
+  color: #3dd5f3 !important;
+}
+
+.link-warning {
+  color: #ffc107 !important;
+}
+.link-warning:hover, .link-warning:focus {
+  color: #ffcd39 !important;
+}
+
+.link-danger {
+  color: #dc3545 !important;
+}
+.link-danger:hover, .link-danger:focus {
+  color: #b02a37 !important;
+}
+
+.link-light {
+  color: #f8f9fa !important;
+}
+.link-light:hover, .link-light:focus {
+  color: #f9fafb !important;
+}
+
+.link-dark {
+  color: #212529 !important;
+}
+.link-dark:hover, .link-dark:focus {
+  color: #1a1e21 !important;
+}
+
+.ratio {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+.ratio::before {
+  display: block;
+  padding-top: var(--bs-aspect-ratio);
+  content: "";
+}
+.ratio > * {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+}
+
+.ratio-1x1 {
+  --bs-aspect-ratio: 100%;
+}
+
+.ratio-4x3 {
+  --bs-aspect-ratio: 75%;
+}
+
+.ratio-16x9 {
+  --bs-aspect-ratio: 56.25%;
+}
+
+.ratio-21x9 {
+  --bs-aspect-ratio: 42.8571428571%;
+}
+
+.fixed-top {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: 1030;
+}
+
+.fixed-bottom {
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: 1030;
+}
+
+.sticky-top {
+  position: sticky;
+  top: 0;
+  z-index: 1020;
+}
+
+.sticky-bottom {
+  position: sticky;
+  bottom: 0;
+  z-index: 1020;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .sticky-sm-top {
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+  .sticky-sm-bottom {
+    position: sticky;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .sticky-md-top {
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+  .sticky-md-bottom {
+    position: sticky;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .sticky-lg-top {
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+  .sticky-lg-bottom {
+    position: sticky;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .sticky-xl-top {
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+  .sticky-xl-bottom {
+    position: sticky;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .sticky-xxl-top {
+    position: sticky;
+    top: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+  .sticky-xxl-bottom {
+    position: sticky;
+    bottom: 0;
+    z-index: 1020;
+  }
+}
+.hstack {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: row;
+  align-items: center;
+  align-self: stretch;
+}
+
+.vstack {
+  display: flex;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-self: stretch;
+}
+
+.visually-hidden,
+.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within) {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  width: 1px !important;
+  height: 1px !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  margin: -1px !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;
+  white-space: nowrap !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.stretched-link::after {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  z-index: 1;
+  content: "";
+}
+
+.text-truncate {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.vr {
+  display: inline-block;
+  align-self: stretch;
+  width: 1px;
+  min-height: 1em;
+  background-color: currentcolor;
+  opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+.align-baseline {
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+}
+
+.align-top {
+  vertical-align: top !important;
+}
+
+.align-middle {
+  vertical-align: middle !important;
+}
+
+.align-bottom {
+  vertical-align: bottom !important;
+}
+
+.align-text-bottom {
+  vertical-align: text-bottom !important;
+}
+
+.align-text-top {
+  vertical-align: text-top !important;
+}
+
+.float-start {
+  float: left !important;
+}
+
+.float-end {
+  float: right !important;
+}
+
+.float-none {
+  float: none !important;
+}
+
+.opacity-0 {
+  opacity: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.opacity-25 {
+  opacity: 0.25 !important;
+}
+
+.opacity-50 {
+  opacity: 0.5 !important;
+}
+
+.opacity-75 {
+  opacity: 0.75 !important;
+}
+
+.opacity-100 {
+  opacity: 1 !important;
+}
+
+.overflow-auto {
+  overflow: auto !important;
+}
+
+.overflow-hidden {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+
+.overflow-visible {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+
+.overflow-scroll {
+  overflow: scroll !important;
+}
+
+.d-inline {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+
+.d-inline-block {
+  display: inline-block !important;
+}
+
+.d-block {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+
+.d-grid {
+  display: grid !important;
+}
+
+.d-table {
+  display: table !important;
+}
+
+.d-table-row {
+  display: table-row !important;
+}
+
+.d-table-cell {
+  display: table-cell !important;
+}
+
+.d-flex {
+  display: flex !important;
+}
+
+.d-inline-flex {
+  display: inline-flex !important;
+}
+
+.d-none {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+
+.shadow {
+  box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) !important;
+}
+
+.shadow-sm {
+  box-shadow: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075) !important;
+}
+
+.shadow-lg {
+  box-shadow: 0 1rem 3rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175) !important;
+}
+
+.shadow-none {
+  box-shadow: none !important;
+}
+
+.position-static {
+  position: static !important;
+}
+
+.position-relative {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+
+.position-absolute {
+  position: absolute !important;
+}
+
+.position-fixed {
+  position: fixed !important;
+}
+
+.position-sticky {
+  position: sticky !important;
+}
+
+.top-0 {
+  top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.top-50 {
+  top: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.top-100 {
+  top: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.bottom-0 {
+  bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.bottom-50 {
+  bottom: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.bottom-100 {
+  bottom: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.start-0 {
+  left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.start-50 {
+  left: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.start-100 {
+  left: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.end-0 {
+  right: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.end-50 {
+  right: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.end-100 {
+  right: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.translate-middle {
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) !important;
+}
+
+.translate-middle-x {
+  transform: translateX(-50%) !important;
+}
+
+.translate-middle-y {
+  transform: translateY(-50%) !important;
+}
+
+.border {
+  border: var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important;
+}
+
+.border-0 {
+  border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.border-top {
+  border-top: var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important;
+}
+
+.border-top-0 {
+  border-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.border-end {
+  border-right: var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important;
+}
+
+.border-end-0 {
+  border-right: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.border-bottom {
+  border-bottom: var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important;
+}
+
+.border-bottom-0 {
+  border-bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.border-start {
+  border-left: var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important;
+}
+
+.border-start-0 {
+  border-left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.border-primary {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-secondary {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-success {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-success-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-info {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-warning {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-warning-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-danger {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-danger-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-light {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-dark {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-white {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+  border-color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.border-1 {
+  --bs-border-width: 1px;
+}
+
+.border-2 {
+  --bs-border-width: 2px;
+}
+
+.border-3 {
+  --bs-border-width: 3px;
+}
+
+.border-4 {
+  --bs-border-width: 4px;
+}
+
+.border-5 {
+  --bs-border-width: 5px;
+}
+
+.border-opacity-10 {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 0.1;
+}
+
+.border-opacity-25 {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+.border-opacity-50 {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.border-opacity-75 {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.border-opacity-100 {
+  --bs-border-opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.w-25 {
+  width: 25% !important;
+}
+
+.w-50 {
+  width: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.w-75 {
+  width: 75% !important;
+}
+
+.w-100 {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.w-auto {
+  width: auto !important;
+}
+
+.mw-100 {
+  max-width: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.vw-100 {
+  width: 100vw !important;
+}
+
+.min-vw-100 {
+  min-width: 100vw !important;
+}
+
+.h-25 {
+  height: 25% !important;
+}
+
+.h-50 {
+  height: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.h-75 {
+  height: 75% !important;
+}
+
+.h-100 {
+  height: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.h-auto {
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.mh-100 {
+  max-height: 100% !important;
+}
+
+.vh-100 {
+  height: 100vh !important;
+}
+
+.min-vh-100 {
+  min-height: 100vh !important;
+}
+
+.flex-fill {
+  flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+}
+
+.flex-row {
+  flex-direction: row !important;
+}
+
+.flex-column {
+  flex-direction: column !important;
+}
+
+.flex-row-reverse {
+  flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+}
+
+.flex-column-reverse {
+  flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+}
+
+.flex-grow-0 {
+  flex-grow: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.flex-grow-1 {
+  flex-grow: 1 !important;
+}
+
+.flex-shrink-0 {
+  flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.flex-shrink-1 {
+  flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+}
+
+.flex-wrap {
+  flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+}
+
+.flex-nowrap {
+  flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+}
+
+.flex-wrap-reverse {
+  flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-start {
+  justify-content: flex-start !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-end {
+  justify-content: flex-end !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-center {
+  justify-content: center !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-between {
+  justify-content: space-between !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-around {
+  justify-content: space-around !important;
+}
+
+.justify-content-evenly {
+  justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+}
+
+.align-items-start {
+  align-items: flex-start !important;
+}
+
+.align-items-end {
+  align-items: flex-end !important;
+}
+
+.align-items-center {
+  align-items: center !important;
+}
+
+.align-items-baseline {
+  align-items: baseline !important;
+}
+
+.align-items-stretch {
+  align-items: stretch !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-start {
+  align-content: flex-start !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-end {
+  align-content: flex-end !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-center {
+  align-content: center !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-between {
+  align-content: space-between !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-around {
+  align-content: space-around !important;
+}
+
+.align-content-stretch {
+  align-content: stretch !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-auto {
+  align-self: auto !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-start {
+  align-self: flex-start !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-end {
+  align-self: flex-end !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-center {
+  align-self: center !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-baseline {
+  align-self: baseline !important;
+}
+
+.align-self-stretch {
+  align-self: stretch !important;
+}
+
+.order-first {
+  order: -1 !important;
+}
+
+.order-0 {
+  order: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.order-1 {
+  order: 1 !important;
+}
+
+.order-2 {
+  order: 2 !important;
+}
+
+.order-3 {
+  order: 3 !important;
+}
+
+.order-4 {
+  order: 4 !important;
+}
+
+.order-5 {
+  order: 5 !important;
+}
+
+.order-last {
+  order: 6 !important;
+}
+
+.m-0 {
+  margin: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.m-1 {
+  margin: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.m-2 {
+  margin: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.m-3 {
+  margin: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.m-4 {
+  margin: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.m-5 {
+  margin: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.m-auto {
+  margin: auto !important;
+}
+
+.mx-0 {
+  margin-right: 0 !important;
+  margin-left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.mx-1 {
+  margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.mx-2 {
+  margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mx-3 {
+  margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  margin-left: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.mx-4 {
+  margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mx-5 {
+  margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  margin-left: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.mx-auto {
+  margin-right: auto !important;
+  margin-left: auto !important;
+}
+
+.my-0 {
+  margin-top: 0 !important;
+  margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.my-1 {
+  margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.my-2 {
+  margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.my-3 {
+  margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.my-4 {
+  margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.my-5 {
+  margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.my-auto {
+  margin-top: auto !important;
+  margin-bottom: auto !important;
+}
+
+.mt-0 {
+  margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.mt-1 {
+  margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.mt-2 {
+  margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mt-3 {
+  margin-top: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.mt-4 {
+  margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mt-5 {
+  margin-top: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.mt-auto {
+  margin-top: auto !important;
+}
+
+.me-0 {
+  margin-right: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.me-1 {
+  margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.me-2 {
+  margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.me-3 {
+  margin-right: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.me-4 {
+  margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.me-5 {
+  margin-right: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.me-auto {
+  margin-right: auto !important;
+}
+
+.mb-0 {
+  margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.mb-1 {
+  margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.mb-2 {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mb-3 {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.mb-4 {
+  margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.mb-5 {
+  margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.mb-auto {
+  margin-bottom: auto !important;
+}
+
+.ms-0 {
+  margin-left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.ms-1 {
+  margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.ms-2 {
+  margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.ms-3 {
+  margin-left: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.ms-4 {
+  margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.ms-5 {
+  margin-left: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.ms-auto {
+  margin-left: auto !important;
+}
+
+.p-0 {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.p-1 {
+  padding: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.p-2 {
+  padding: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.p-3 {
+  padding: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.p-4 {
+  padding: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.p-5 {
+  padding: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.px-0 {
+  padding-right: 0 !important;
+  padding-left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.px-1 {
+  padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.px-2 {
+  padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.px-3 {
+  padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  padding-left: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.px-4 {
+  padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.px-5 {
+  padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  padding-left: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.py-0 {
+  padding-top: 0 !important;
+  padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.py-1 {
+  padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.py-2 {
+  padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.py-3 {
+  padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.py-4 {
+  padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.py-5 {
+  padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.pt-0 {
+  padding-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.pt-1 {
+  padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.pt-2 {
+  padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pt-3 {
+  padding-top: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.pt-4 {
+  padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pt-5 {
+  padding-top: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.pe-0 {
+  padding-right: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.pe-1 {
+  padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.pe-2 {
+  padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pe-3 {
+  padding-right: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.pe-4 {
+  padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pe-5 {
+  padding-right: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.pb-0 {
+  padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.pb-1 {
+  padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.pb-2 {
+  padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pb-3 {
+  padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.pb-4 {
+  padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.pb-5 {
+  padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.ps-0 {
+  padding-left: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.ps-1 {
+  padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.ps-2 {
+  padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.ps-3 {
+  padding-left: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.ps-4 {
+  padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.ps-5 {
+  padding-left: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.gap-0 {
+  gap: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.gap-1 {
+  gap: 0.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.gap-2 {
+  gap: 0.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.gap-3 {
+  gap: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.gap-4 {
+  gap: 1.5rem !important;
+}
+
+.gap-5 {
+  gap: 3rem !important;
+}
+
+.font-monospace {
+  font-family: var(--bs-font-monospace) !important;
+}
+
+.fs-1 {
+  font-size: calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw) !important;
+}
+
+.fs-2 {
+  font-size: calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw) !important;
+}
+
+.fs-3 {
+  font-size: calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw) !important;
+}
+
+.fs-4 {
+  font-size: calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw) !important;
+}
+
+.fs-5 {
+  font-size: 1.25rem !important;
+}
+
+.fs-6 {
+  font-size: 1rem !important;
+}
+
+.fst-italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+
+.fst-normal {
+  font-style: normal !important;
+}
+
+.fw-light {
+  font-weight: 300 !important;
+}
+
+.fw-lighter {
+  font-weight: lighter !important;
+}
+
+.fw-normal {
+  font-weight: 400 !important;
+}
+
+.fw-bold {
+  font-weight: 700 !important;
+}
+
+.fw-semibold {
+  font-weight: 600 !important;
+}
+
+.fw-bolder {
+  font-weight: bolder !important;
+}
+
+.lh-1 {
+  line-height: 1 !important;
+}
+
+.lh-sm {
+  line-height: 1.25 !important;
+}
+
+.lh-base {
+  line-height: 1.5 !important;
+}
+
+.lh-lg {
+  line-height: 2 !important;
+}
+
+.text-start {
+  text-align: left !important;
+}
+
+.text-end {
+  text-align: right !important;
+}
+
+.text-center {
+  text-align: center !important;
+}
+
+.text-decoration-none {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+
+.text-decoration-underline {
+  text-decoration: underline !important;
+}
+
+.text-decoration-line-through {
+  text-decoration: line-through !important;
+}
+
+.text-lowercase {
+  text-transform: lowercase !important;
+}
+
+.text-uppercase {
+  text-transform: uppercase !important;
+}
+
+.text-capitalize {
+  text-transform: capitalize !important;
+}
+
+.text-wrap {
+  white-space: normal !important;
+}
+
+.text-nowrap {
+  white-space: nowrap !important;
+}
+
+/* rtl:begin:remove */
+.text-break {
+  word-wrap: break-word !important;
+  word-break: break-word !important;
+}
+
+/* rtl:end:remove */
+.text-primary {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-secondary {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-success {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-success-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-info {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-warning {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-warning-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-danger {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-danger-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-light {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-dark {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-black {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-white {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-body {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.text-muted {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: #6c757d !important;
+}
+
+.text-black-50 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) !important;
+}
+
+.text-white-50 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5) !important;
+}
+
+.text-reset {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+  color: inherit !important;
+}
+
+.text-opacity-25 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+.text-opacity-50 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.text-opacity-75 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.text-opacity-100 {
+  --bs-text-opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.bg-primary {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-secondary {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-success {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-success-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-info {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-warning {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-warning-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-danger {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-danger-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-light {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-dark {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-black {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-white {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-body {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
+}
+
+.bg-transparent {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+  background-color: transparent !important;
+}
+
+.bg-opacity-10 {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 0.1;
+}
+
+.bg-opacity-25 {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 0.25;
+}
+
+.bg-opacity-50 {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.bg-opacity-75 {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.bg-opacity-100 {
+  --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.bg-gradient {
+  background-image: var(--bs-gradient) !important;
+}
+
+.user-select-all {
+  -webkit-user-select: all !important;
+     -moz-user-select: all !important;
+          user-select: all !important;
+}
+
+.user-select-auto {
+  -webkit-user-select: auto !important;
+     -moz-user-select: auto !important;
+          user-select: auto !important;
+}
+
+.user-select-none {
+  -webkit-user-select: none !important;
+     -moz-user-select: none !important;
+          user-select: none !important;
+}
+
+.pe-none {
+  pointer-events: none !important;
+}
+
+.pe-auto {
+  pointer-events: auto !important;
+}
+
+.rounded {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-0 {
+  border-radius: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-1 {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-2 {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-3 {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-4 {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-5 {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-2xl) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-circle {
+  border-radius: 50% !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-pill {
+  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-top {
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-end {
+  border-top-right-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-bottom {
+  border-bottom-right-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.rounded-start {
+  border-bottom-left-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+  border-top-left-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;
+}
+
+.visible {
+  visibility: visible !important;
+}
+
+.invisible {
+  visibility: hidden !important;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 576px) {
+  .float-sm-start {
+    float: left !important;
+  }
+  .float-sm-end {
+    float: right !important;
+  }
+  .float-sm-none {
+    float: none !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-sm-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-fill {
+    flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-row {
+    flex-direction: row !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-column {
+    flex-direction: column !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-row-reverse {
+    flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-column-reverse {
+    flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-grow-0 {
+    flex-grow: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-grow-1 {
+    flex-grow: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-shrink-0 {
+    flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-shrink-1 {
+    flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-wrap {
+    flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-nowrap {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-sm-wrap-reverse {
+    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-start {
+    justify-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-end {
+    justify-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-center {
+    justify-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-between {
+    justify-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-around {
+    justify-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-sm-evenly {
+    justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-sm-start {
+    align-items: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-sm-end {
+    align-items: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-sm-center {
+    align-items: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-sm-baseline {
+    align-items: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-sm-stretch {
+    align-items: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-start {
+    align-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-end {
+    align-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-center {
+    align-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-between {
+    align-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-around {
+    align-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-sm-stretch {
+    align-content: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-auto {
+    align-self: auto !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-start {
+    align-self: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-end {
+    align-self: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-center {
+    align-self: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-baseline {
+    align-self: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-sm-stretch {
+    align-self: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-first {
+    order: -1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-0 {
+    order: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-1 {
+    order: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-2 {
+    order: 2 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-3 {
+    order: 3 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-4 {
+    order: 4 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-5 {
+    order: 5 !important;
+  }
+  .order-sm-last {
+    order: 6 !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-0 {
+    margin: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-1 {
+    margin: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-2 {
+    margin: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-3 {
+    margin: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-4 {
+    margin: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-5 {
+    margin: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-sm-auto {
+    margin: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-sm-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-sm-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-sm-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-sm-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-0 {
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-1 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-2 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-3 {
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-4 {
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-5 {
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-sm-auto {
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-0 {
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-1 {
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-2 {
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-3 {
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-4 {
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-5 {
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-sm-auto {
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-0 {
+    padding: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-1 {
+    padding: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-2 {
+    padding: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-3 {
+    padding: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-4 {
+    padding: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-sm-5 {
+    padding: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-sm-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-sm-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-sm-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-sm-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-0 {
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-1 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-2 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-3 {
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-4 {
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-sm-5 {
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-0 {
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-1 {
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-2 {
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-3 {
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-4 {
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-sm-5 {
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-0 {
+    gap: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-1 {
+    gap: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-2 {
+    gap: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-3 {
+    gap: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-4 {
+    gap: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-sm-5 {
+    gap: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .text-sm-start {
+    text-align: left !important;
+  }
+  .text-sm-end {
+    text-align: right !important;
+  }
+  .text-sm-center {
+    text-align: center !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  .float-md-start {
+    float: left !important;
+  }
+  .float-md-end {
+    float: right !important;
+  }
+  .float-md-none {
+    float: none !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-md-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-fill {
+    flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-row {
+    flex-direction: row !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-column {
+    flex-direction: column !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-row-reverse {
+    flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-column-reverse {
+    flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-grow-0 {
+    flex-grow: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-grow-1 {
+    flex-grow: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-shrink-0 {
+    flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-shrink-1 {
+    flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-wrap {
+    flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-nowrap {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-md-wrap-reverse {
+    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-start {
+    justify-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-end {
+    justify-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-center {
+    justify-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-between {
+    justify-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-around {
+    justify-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-md-evenly {
+    justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-md-start {
+    align-items: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-md-end {
+    align-items: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-md-center {
+    align-items: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-md-baseline {
+    align-items: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-md-stretch {
+    align-items: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-start {
+    align-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-end {
+    align-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-center {
+    align-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-between {
+    align-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-around {
+    align-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-md-stretch {
+    align-content: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-auto {
+    align-self: auto !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-start {
+    align-self: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-end {
+    align-self: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-center {
+    align-self: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-baseline {
+    align-self: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-md-stretch {
+    align-self: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-first {
+    order: -1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-0 {
+    order: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-1 {
+    order: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-2 {
+    order: 2 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-3 {
+    order: 3 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-4 {
+    order: 4 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-5 {
+    order: 5 !important;
+  }
+  .order-md-last {
+    order: 6 !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-0 {
+    margin: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-1 {
+    margin: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-2 {
+    margin: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-3 {
+    margin: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-4 {
+    margin: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-5 {
+    margin: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-md-auto {
+    margin: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-md-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-md-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-md-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-md-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-0 {
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-1 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-2 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-3 {
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-4 {
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-5 {
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-md-auto {
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-0 {
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-1 {
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-2 {
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-3 {
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-4 {
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-5 {
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-md-auto {
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-0 {
+    padding: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-1 {
+    padding: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-2 {
+    padding: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-3 {
+    padding: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-4 {
+    padding: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-md-5 {
+    padding: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-md-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-md-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-md-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-md-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-0 {
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-1 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-2 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-3 {
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-4 {
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-md-5 {
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-0 {
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-1 {
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-2 {
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-3 {
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-4 {
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-md-5 {
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-0 {
+    gap: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-1 {
+    gap: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-2 {
+    gap: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-3 {
+    gap: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-4 {
+    gap: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-md-5 {
+    gap: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .text-md-start {
+    text-align: left !important;
+  }
+  .text-md-end {
+    text-align: right !important;
+  }
+  .text-md-center {
+    text-align: center !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 992px) {
+  .float-lg-start {
+    float: left !important;
+  }
+  .float-lg-end {
+    float: right !important;
+  }
+  .float-lg-none {
+    float: none !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-lg-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-fill {
+    flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-row {
+    flex-direction: row !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-column {
+    flex-direction: column !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-row-reverse {
+    flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-column-reverse {
+    flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-grow-0 {
+    flex-grow: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-grow-1 {
+    flex-grow: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-shrink-0 {
+    flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-shrink-1 {
+    flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-wrap {
+    flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-nowrap {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-lg-wrap-reverse {
+    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-start {
+    justify-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-end {
+    justify-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-center {
+    justify-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-between {
+    justify-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-around {
+    justify-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-lg-evenly {
+    justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-lg-start {
+    align-items: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-lg-end {
+    align-items: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-lg-center {
+    align-items: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-lg-baseline {
+    align-items: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-lg-stretch {
+    align-items: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-start {
+    align-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-end {
+    align-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-center {
+    align-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-between {
+    align-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-around {
+    align-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-lg-stretch {
+    align-content: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-auto {
+    align-self: auto !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-start {
+    align-self: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-end {
+    align-self: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-center {
+    align-self: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-baseline {
+    align-self: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-lg-stretch {
+    align-self: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-first {
+    order: -1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-0 {
+    order: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-1 {
+    order: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-2 {
+    order: 2 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-3 {
+    order: 3 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-4 {
+    order: 4 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-5 {
+    order: 5 !important;
+  }
+  .order-lg-last {
+    order: 6 !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-0 {
+    margin: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-1 {
+    margin: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-2 {
+    margin: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-3 {
+    margin: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-4 {
+    margin: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-5 {
+    margin: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-lg-auto {
+    margin: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-lg-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-lg-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-lg-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-lg-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-0 {
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-1 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-2 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-3 {
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-4 {
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-5 {
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-lg-auto {
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-0 {
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-1 {
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-2 {
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-3 {
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-4 {
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-5 {
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-lg-auto {
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-0 {
+    padding: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-1 {
+    padding: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-2 {
+    padding: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-3 {
+    padding: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-4 {
+    padding: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-lg-5 {
+    padding: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-lg-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-lg-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-lg-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-lg-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-0 {
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-1 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-2 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-3 {
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-4 {
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-lg-5 {
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-0 {
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-1 {
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-2 {
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-3 {
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-4 {
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-lg-5 {
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-0 {
+    gap: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-1 {
+    gap: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-2 {
+    gap: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-3 {
+    gap: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-4 {
+    gap: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-lg-5 {
+    gap: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .text-lg-start {
+    text-align: left !important;
+  }
+  .text-lg-end {
+    text-align: right !important;
+  }
+  .text-lg-center {
+    text-align: center !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .float-xl-start {
+    float: left !important;
+  }
+  .float-xl-end {
+    float: right !important;
+  }
+  .float-xl-none {
+    float: none !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-xl-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-fill {
+    flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-row {
+    flex-direction: row !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-column {
+    flex-direction: column !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-row-reverse {
+    flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-column-reverse {
+    flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-grow-0 {
+    flex-grow: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-grow-1 {
+    flex-grow: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-shrink-0 {
+    flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-shrink-1 {
+    flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-wrap {
+    flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-nowrap {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xl-wrap-reverse {
+    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-start {
+    justify-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-end {
+    justify-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-center {
+    justify-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-between {
+    justify-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-around {
+    justify-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xl-evenly {
+    justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xl-start {
+    align-items: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xl-end {
+    align-items: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xl-center {
+    align-items: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xl-baseline {
+    align-items: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xl-stretch {
+    align-items: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-start {
+    align-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-end {
+    align-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-center {
+    align-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-between {
+    align-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-around {
+    align-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xl-stretch {
+    align-content: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-auto {
+    align-self: auto !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-start {
+    align-self: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-end {
+    align-self: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-center {
+    align-self: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-baseline {
+    align-self: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xl-stretch {
+    align-self: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-first {
+    order: -1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-0 {
+    order: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-1 {
+    order: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-2 {
+    order: 2 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-3 {
+    order: 3 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-4 {
+    order: 4 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-5 {
+    order: 5 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xl-last {
+    order: 6 !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-0 {
+    margin: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-1 {
+    margin: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-2 {
+    margin: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-3 {
+    margin: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-4 {
+    margin: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-5 {
+    margin: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xl-auto {
+    margin: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xl-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xl-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xl-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xl-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-0 {
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-1 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-2 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-3 {
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-4 {
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-5 {
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xl-auto {
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-0 {
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-1 {
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-2 {
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-3 {
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-4 {
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-5 {
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xl-auto {
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-0 {
+    padding: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-1 {
+    padding: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-2 {
+    padding: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-3 {
+    padding: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-4 {
+    padding: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xl-5 {
+    padding: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xl-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xl-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xl-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xl-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-0 {
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-1 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-2 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-3 {
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-4 {
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xl-5 {
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-0 {
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-1 {
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-2 {
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-3 {
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-4 {
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xl-5 {
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-0 {
+    gap: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-1 {
+    gap: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-2 {
+    gap: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-3 {
+    gap: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-4 {
+    gap: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xl-5 {
+    gap: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .text-xl-start {
+    text-align: left !important;
+  }
+  .text-xl-end {
+    text-align: right !important;
+  }
+  .text-xl-center {
+    text-align: center !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1400px) {
+  .float-xxl-start {
+    float: left !important;
+  }
+  .float-xxl-end {
+    float: right !important;
+  }
+  .float-xxl-none {
+    float: none !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-xxl-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-fill {
+    flex: 1 1 auto !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-row {
+    flex-direction: row !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-column {
+    flex-direction: column !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-row-reverse {
+    flex-direction: row-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-column-reverse {
+    flex-direction: column-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-grow-0 {
+    flex-grow: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-grow-1 {
+    flex-grow: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-shrink-0 {
+    flex-shrink: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-shrink-1 {
+    flex-shrink: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-wrap {
+    flex-wrap: wrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-nowrap {
+    flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
+  }
+  .flex-xxl-wrap-reverse {
+    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-start {
+    justify-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-end {
+    justify-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-center {
+    justify-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-between {
+    justify-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-around {
+    justify-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .justify-content-xxl-evenly {
+    justify-content: space-evenly !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xxl-start {
+    align-items: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xxl-end {
+    align-items: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xxl-center {
+    align-items: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xxl-baseline {
+    align-items: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-items-xxl-stretch {
+    align-items: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-start {
+    align-content: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-end {
+    align-content: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-center {
+    align-content: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-between {
+    align-content: space-between !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-around {
+    align-content: space-around !important;
+  }
+  .align-content-xxl-stretch {
+    align-content: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-auto {
+    align-self: auto !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-start {
+    align-self: flex-start !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-end {
+    align-self: flex-end !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-center {
+    align-self: center !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-baseline {
+    align-self: baseline !important;
+  }
+  .align-self-xxl-stretch {
+    align-self: stretch !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-first {
+    order: -1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-0 {
+    order: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-1 {
+    order: 1 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-2 {
+    order: 2 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-3 {
+    order: 3 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-4 {
+    order: 4 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-5 {
+    order: 5 !important;
+  }
+  .order-xxl-last {
+    order: 6 !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-0 {
+    margin: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-1 {
+    margin: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-2 {
+    margin: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-3 {
+    margin: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-4 {
+    margin: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-5 {
+    margin: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .m-xxl-auto {
+    margin: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mx-xxl-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .my-xxl-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-0 {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-1 {
+    margin-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-2 {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-3 {
+    margin-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-5 {
+    margin-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mt-xxl-auto {
+    margin-top: auto !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-0 {
+    margin-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-1 {
+    margin-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-2 {
+    margin-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-3 {
+    margin-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-4 {
+    margin-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-5 {
+    margin-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .me-xxl-auto {
+    margin-right: auto !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-0 {
+    margin-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-1 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-2 {
+    margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-3 {
+    margin-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-4 {
+    margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-5 {
+    margin-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .mb-xxl-auto {
+    margin-bottom: auto !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-0 {
+    margin-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-1 {
+    margin-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-2 {
+    margin-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-3 {
+    margin-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-4 {
+    margin-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-5 {
+    margin-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ms-xxl-auto {
+    margin-left: auto !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-0 {
+    padding: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-1 {
+    padding: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-2 {
+    padding: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-3 {
+    padding: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-4 {
+    padding: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .p-xxl-5 {
+    padding: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .px-xxl-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .py-xxl-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-0 {
+    padding-top: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-1 {
+    padding-top: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-2 {
+    padding-top: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-3 {
+    padding-top: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-4 {
+    padding-top: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pt-xxl-5 {
+    padding-top: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-0 {
+    padding-right: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-1 {
+    padding-right: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-2 {
+    padding-right: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-3 {
+    padding-right: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-4 {
+    padding-right: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pe-xxl-5 {
+    padding-right: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-0 {
+    padding-bottom: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-1 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-2 {
+    padding-bottom: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-3 {
+    padding-bottom: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-4 {
+    padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .pb-xxl-5 {
+    padding-bottom: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-0 {
+    padding-left: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-1 {
+    padding-left: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-2 {
+    padding-left: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-3 {
+    padding-left: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-4 {
+    padding-left: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .ps-xxl-5 {
+    padding-left: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-0 {
+    gap: 0 !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-1 {
+    gap: 0.25rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-2 {
+    gap: 0.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-3 {
+    gap: 1rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-4 {
+    gap: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .gap-xxl-5 {
+    gap: 3rem !important;
+  }
+  .text-xxl-start {
+    text-align: left !important;
+  }
+  .text-xxl-end {
+    text-align: right !important;
+  }
+  .text-xxl-center {
+    text-align: center !important;
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {
+  .fs-1 {
+    font-size: 2.5rem !important;
+  }
+  .fs-2 {
+    font-size: 2rem !important;
+  }
+  .fs-3 {
+    font-size: 1.75rem !important;
+  }
+  .fs-4 {
+    font-size: 1.5rem !important;
+  }
+}
+@media print {
+  .d-print-inline {
+    display: inline !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-inline-block {
+    display: inline-block !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-block {
+    display: block !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-grid {
+    display: grid !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-table {
+    display: table !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-table-row {
+    display: table-row !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-table-cell {
+    display: table-cell !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-flex {
+    display: flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-inline-flex {
+    display: inline-flex !important;
+  }
+  .d-print-none {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+}
+#wrapper {
+  overflow-x: hidden;
+}
+
+#sidebar-wrapper {
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  margin-left: -15rem;
+  transition: margin 0.25s ease-out;
+}
+
+#sidebar-wrapper .sidebar-heading {
+  padding: 0.875rem 1.25rem;
+  font-size: 1.2rem;
+}
+
+#sidebar-wrapper .list-group {
+  width: 15rem;
+}
+
+#page-content-wrapper {
+  min-width: 100vw;
+}
+
+body.sb-sidenav-toggled #wrapper #sidebar-wrapper {
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 768px) {
+  #sidebar-wrapper {
+    margin-left: 0;
+  }
+  #page-content-wrapper {
+    min-width: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  body.sb-sidenav-toggled #wrapper #sidebar-wrapper {
+    margin-left: -15rem;
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/favicon.ico b/public/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ecfce21
Binary files /dev/null and b/public/favicon.ico differ
diff --git a/public/index.php b/public/index.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75a69d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+// Check PHP version.
+$minPhpVersion = '7.4'; // If you update this, don't forget to update `spark`.
+if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $minPhpVersion, '<')) {
+    $message = sprintf(
+        'Your PHP version must be %s or higher to run CodeIgniter. Current version: %s',
+        $minPhpVersion,
+        PHP_VERSION
+    );
+
+    exit($message);
+}
+
+// Path to the front controller (this file)
+define('FCPATH', __DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+
+// Ensure the current directory is pointing to the front controller's directory
+if (getcwd() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== FCPATH) {
+    chdir(FCPATH);
+}
+
+/*
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * BOOTSTRAP THE APPLICATION
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * This process sets up the path constants, loads and registers
+ * our autoloader, along with Composer's, loads our constants
+ * and fires up an environment-specific bootstrapping.
+ */
+
+// Load our paths config file
+// This is the line that might need to be changed, depending on your folder structure.
+require FCPATH . '../app/Config/Paths.php';
+// ^^^ Change this line if you move your application folder
+
+$paths = new Config\Paths();
+
+// Location of the framework bootstrap file.
+require rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'bootstrap.php';
+
+// Load environment settings from .env files into $_SERVER and $_ENV
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/DotEnv.php';
+(new CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv(ROOTPATH))->load();
+
+
+// Define ENVIRONMENT
+if (! defined('ENVIRONMENT')) {
+    define('ENVIRONMENT', env('CI_ENVIRONMENT', 'production'));
+}
+// init_set('display_errors', 1);
+// Load Config Cache
+// $factoriesCache = new \CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache();
+// $factoriesCache->load('config');
+// ^^^ Uncomment these lines if you want to use Config Caching.
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GRAB OUR CODEIGNITER INSTANCE
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * The CodeIgniter class contains the core functionality to make
+ * the application run, and does all the dirty work to get
+ * the pieces all working together.
+ */
+
+$app = Config\Services::codeigniter();
+$app->initialize();
+$context = is_cli() ? 'php-cli' : 'web';
+$app->setContext($context);
+
+/*
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * LAUNCH THE APPLICATION
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Now that everything is set up, it's time to actually fire
+ * up the engines and make this app do its thang.
+ */
+
+$app->run();
+
+// Save Config Cache
+// $factoriesCache->save('config');
+// ^^^ Uncomment this line if you want to use Config Caching.
+
+// Exits the application, setting the exit code for CLI-based applications
+// that might be watching.
+exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/public/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js b/public/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..819659b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*!
+  * Bootstrap v5.2.3 (https://getbootstrap.com/)
+  * Copyright 2011-2022 The Bootstrap Authors (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/graphs/contributors)
+  * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/main/LICENSE)
+  */
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J,Z="x"===y?gt:bt,tt="x"===y?mt:_t,et=A[w],it="y"===w?"height":"width",nt=et+m[Z],st=et-m[tt],ot=-1!==[gt,bt].indexOf(_),rt=null!=(J=null==x?void 0:x[w])?J:0,at=ot?nt:et-E[it]-T[it]-rt+O.altAxis,lt=ot?et+E[it]+T[it]-rt-O.altAxis:st,ct=f&&ot?function(t,e,i){var n=ae(t,e,i);return n>i?i:n}(at,et,lt):ae(f?at:nt,et,f?lt:st);A[w]=ct,k[w]=ct-et}e.modifiersData[n]=k}},requiresIfExists:["offset"]};function $e(t,e,i){void 0===i&&(i=!1);var n,s,o=zt(e),r=zt(e)&&function(t){var e=t.getBoundingClientRect(),i=Xt(e.width)/t.offsetWidth||1,n=Xt(e.height)/t.offsetHeight||1;return 1!==i||1!==n}(e),a=ie(e),l=Gt(t,r,i),c={scrollLeft:0,scrollTop:0},h={x:0,y:0};return(o||!o&&!i)&&(("body"!==Wt(e)||Ee(a))&&(c=(n=e)!==Bt(n)&&zt(n)?{scrollLeft:(s=n).scrollLeft,scrollTop:s.scrollTop}:we(n)),zt(e)?((h=Gt(e,!0)).x+=e.clientLeft,h.y+=e.clientTop):a&&(h.x=Ae(a))),{x:l.left+c.scrollLeft-h.x,y:l.top+c.scrollTop-h.y,width:l.width,height:l.height}}function We(t){var e=new Map,i=new Set,n=[];function s(t){i.add(t.name),[].concat(t.requires||[],t.requiresIfExists||[]).forEach((function(t){if(!i.has(t)){var n=e.get(t);n&&s(n)}})),n.push(t)}return t.forEach((function(t){e.set(t.name,t)})),t.forEach((function(t){i.has(t.name)||s(t)})),n}var Be={placement:"bottom",modifiers:[],strategy:"absolute"};function Fe(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),i=0;i<t;i++)e[i]=arguments[i];return!e.some((function(t){return!(t&&"function"==typeof t.getBoundingClientRect)}))}function ze(t){void 0===t&&(t={});var e=t,i=e.defaultModifiers,n=void 0===i?[]:i,s=e.defaultOptions,o=void 0===s?Be:s;return function(t,e,i){void 0===i&&(i=o);var s,r,a={placement:"bottom",orderedModifiers:[],options:Object.assign({},Be,o),modifiersData:{},elements:{reference:t,popper:e},attributes:{},styles:{}},l=[],c=!1,h={state:a,setOptions:function(i){var s="function"==typeof i?i(a.options):i;d(),a.options=Object.assign({},o,a.options,s),a.scrollParents={reference:Ft(t)?Ce(t):t.contextElement?Ce(t.contextElement):[],popper:Ce(e)};var r,c,u=function(t){var e=We(t);return $t.reduce((function(t,i){return t.concat(e.filter((function(t){return t.phase===i})))}),[])}((r=[].concat(n,a.options.modifiers),c=r.reduce((function(t,e){var i=t[e.name];return t[e.name]=i?Object.assign({},i,e,{options:Object.assign({},i.options,e.options),data:Object.assign({},i.data,e.data)}):e,t}),{}),Object.keys(c).map((function(t){return c[t]}))));return a.orderedModifiers=u.filter((function(t){return t.enabled})),a.orderedModifiers.forEach((function(t){var e=t.name,i=t.options,n=void 0===i?{}:i,s=t.effect;if("function"==typeof s){var o=s({state:a,name:e,instance:h,options:n});l.push(o||function(){})}})),h.update()},forceUpdate:function(){if(!c){var t=a.elements,e=t.reference,i=t.popper;if(Fe(e,i)){a.rects={reference:$e(e,oe(i),"fixed"===a.options.strategy),popper:Jt(i)},a.reset=!1,a.placement=a.options.placement,a.orderedModifiers.forEach((function(t){return a.modifiersData[t.name]=Object.assign({},t.data)}));for(var n=0;n<a.orderedModifiers.length;n++)if(!0!==a.reset){var s=a.orderedModifiers[n],o=s.fn,r=s.options,l=void 0===r?{}:r,d=s.name;"function"==typeof o&&(a=o({state:a,options:l,name:d,instance:h})||a)}else a.reset=!1,n=-1}}},update:(s=function(){return new Promise((function(t){h.forceUpdate(),t(a)}))},function(){return r||(r=new Promise((function(t){Promise.resolve().then((function(){r=void 0,t(s())}))}))),r}),destroy:function(){d(),c=!0}};if(!Fe(t,e))return h;function d(){l.forEach((function(t){return t()})),l=[]}return h.setOptions(i).then((function(t){!c&&i.onFirstUpdate&&i.onFirstUpdate(t)})),h}}var qe=ze(),Re=ze({defaultModifiers:[me,Me,pe,Rt]}),Ve=ze({defaultModifiers:[me,Me,pe,Rt,je,Se,He,he,Pe]});const Ke=Object.freeze(Object.defineProperty({__proto__:null,popperGenerator:ze,detectOverflow:Le,createPopperBase:qe,createPopper:Ve,createPopperLite:Re,top:gt,bottom:mt,right:_t,left:bt,auto:vt,basePlacements:yt,start:wt,end:At,clippingParents:Et,viewport:Tt,popper:Ct,reference:Ot,variationPlacements:xt,placements:kt,beforeRead:Lt,read:Dt,afterRead:St,beforeMain:It,main:Nt,afterMain:Pt,beforeWrite:jt,write:Mt,afterWrite:Ht,modifierPhases:$t,applyStyles:Rt,arrow:he,computeStyles:pe,eventListeners:me,flip:Se,hide:Pe,offset:je,popperOffsets:Me,preventOverflow:He},Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"})),Qe="dropdown",Xe="ArrowUp",Ye="ArrowDown",Ue="click.bs.dropdown.data-api",Ge="keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api",Je="show",Ze='[data-bs-toggle="dropdown"]:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)',ti=`${Ze}.show`,ei=".dropdown-menu",ii=p()?"top-end":"top-start",ni=p()?"top-start":"top-end",si=p()?"bottom-end":"bottom-start",oi=p()?"bottom-start":"bottom-end",ri=p()?"left-start":"right-start",ai=p()?"right-start":"left-start",li={autoClose:!0,boundary:"clippingParents",display:"dynamic",offset:[0,2],popperConfig:null,reference:"toggle"},ci={autoClose:"(boolean|string)",boundary:"(string|element)",display:"string",offset:"(array|string|function)",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)",reference:"(string|element|object)"};class hi extends z{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._popper=null,this._parent=this._element.parentNode,this._menu=Q.next(this._element,ei)[0]||Q.prev(this._element,ei)[0]||Q.findOne(ei,this._parent),this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar()}static get Default(){return li}static get DefaultType(){return ci}static get NAME(){return Qe}toggle(){return this._isShown()?this.hide():this.show()}show(){if(l(this._element)||this._isShown())return;const t={relatedTarget:this._element};if(!P.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.dropdown",t).defaultPrevented){if(this._createPopper(),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&!this._parent.closest(".navbar-nav"))for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))P.on(t,"mouseover",h);this._element.focus(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!0),this._menu.classList.add(Je),this._element.classList.add(Je),P.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.dropdown",t)}}hide(){if(l(this._element)||!this._isShown())return;const t={relatedTarget:this._element};this._completeHide(t)}dispose(){this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),super.dispose()}update(){this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar(),this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_completeHide(t){if(!P.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.dropdown",t).defaultPrevented){if("ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))P.off(t,"mouseover",h);this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),this._menu.classList.remove(Je),this._element.classList.remove(Je),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded","false"),B.removeDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper"),P.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.dropdown",t)}}_getConfig(t){if("object"==typeof(t=super._getConfig(t)).reference&&!o(t.reference)&&"function"!=typeof t.reference.getBoundingClientRect)throw new TypeError(`${Qe.toUpperCase()}: Option "reference" provided type "object" without a required "getBoundingClientRect" method.`);return t}_createPopper(){if(void 0===Ke)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's dropdowns require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");let t=this._element;"parent"===this._config.reference?t=this._parent:o(this._config.reference)?t=r(this._config.reference):"object"==typeof this._config.reference&&(t=this._config.reference);const e=this._getPopperConfig();this._popper=Ve(t,this._menu,e)}_isShown(){return this._menu.classList.contains(Je)}_getPlacement(){const t=this._parent;if(t.classList.contains("dropend"))return ri;if(t.classList.contains("dropstart"))return ai;if(t.classList.contains("dropup-center"))return"top";if(t.classList.contains("dropdown-center"))return"bottom";const e="end"===getComputedStyle(this._menu).getPropertyValue("--bs-position").trim();return t.classList.contains("dropup")?e?ni:ii:e?oi:si}_detectNavbar(){return null!==this._element.closest(".navbar")}_getOffset(){const{offset:t}=this._config;return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map((t=>Number.parseInt(t,10))):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_getPopperConfig(){const t={placement:this._getPlacement(),modifiers:[{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}}]};return(this._inNavbar||"static"===this._config.display)&&(B.setDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper","static"),t.modifiers=[{name:"applyStyles",enabled:!1}]),{...t,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(t):this._config.popperConfig}}_selectMenuItem({key:t,target:e}){const i=Q.find(".dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)",this._menu).filter((t=>a(t)));i.length&&b(i,e,t===Ye,!i.includes(e)).focus()}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=hi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}static clearMenus(t){if(2===t.button||"keyup"===t.type&&"Tab"!==t.key)return;const e=Q.find(ti);for(const i of e){const e=hi.getInstance(i);if(!e||!1===e._config.autoClose)continue;const n=t.composedPath(),s=n.includes(e._menu);if(n.includes(e._element)||"inside"===e._config.autoClose&&!s||"outside"===e._config.autoClose&&s)continue;if(e._menu.contains(t.target)&&("keyup"===t.type&&"Tab"===t.key||/input|select|option|textarea|form/i.test(t.target.tagName)))continue;const o={relatedTarget:e._element};"click"===t.type&&(o.clickEvent=t),e._completeHide(o)}}static dataApiKeydownHandler(t){const e=/input|textarea/i.test(t.target.tagName),i="Escape"===t.key,n=[Xe,Ye].includes(t.key);if(!n&&!i)return;if(e&&!i)return;t.preventDefault();const s=this.matches(Ze)?this:Q.prev(this,Ze)[0]||Q.next(this,Ze)[0]||Q.findOne(Ze,t.delegateTarget.parentNode),o=hi.getOrCreateInstance(s);if(n)return t.stopPropagation(),o.show(),void o._selectMenuItem(t);o._isShown()&&(t.stopPropagation(),o.hide(),s.focus())}}P.on(document,Ge,Ze,hi.dataApiKeydownHandler),P.on(document,Ge,ei,hi.dataApiKeydownHandler),P.on(document,Ue,hi.clearMenus),P.on(document,"keyup.bs.dropdown.data-api",hi.clearMenus),P.on(document,Ue,Ze,(function(t){t.preventDefault(),hi.getOrCreateInstance(this).toggle()})),g(hi);const di=".fixed-top, .fixed-bottom, .is-fixed, .sticky-top",ui=".sticky-top",fi="padding-right",pi="margin-right";class gi{constructor(){this._element=document.body}getWidth(){const t=document.documentElement.clientWidth;return Math.abs(window.innerWidth-t)}hide(){const t=this.getWidth();this._disableOverFlow(),this._setElementAttributes(this._element,fi,(e=>e+t)),this._setElementAttributes(di,fi,(e=>e+t)),this._setElementAttributes(ui,pi,(e=>e-t))}reset(){this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"overflow"),this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,fi),this._resetElementAttributes(di,fi),this._resetElementAttributes(ui,pi)}isOverflowing(){return this.getWidth()>0}_disableOverFlow(){this._saveInitialAttribute(this._element,"overflow"),this._element.style.overflow="hidden"}_setElementAttributes(t,e,i){const n=this.getWidth();this._applyManipulationCallback(t,(t=>{if(t!==this._element&&window.innerWidth>t.clientWidth+n)return;this._saveInitialAttribute(t,e);const s=window.getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue(e);t.style.setProperty(e,`${i(Number.parseFloat(s))}px`)}))}_saveInitialAttribute(t,e){const i=t.style.getPropertyValue(e);i&&B.setDataAttribute(t,e,i)}_resetElementAttributes(t,e){this._applyManipulationCallback(t,(t=>{const i=B.getDataAttribute(t,e);null!==i?(B.removeDataAttribute(t,e),t.style.setProperty(e,i)):t.style.removeProperty(e)}))}_applyManipulationCallback(t,e){if(o(t))e(t);else for(const i of Q.find(t,this._element))e(i)}}const mi="show",_i="mousedown.bs.backdrop",bi={className:"modal-backdrop",clickCallback:null,isAnimated:!1,isVisible:!0,rootElement:"body"},vi={className:"string",clickCallback:"(function|null)",isAnimated:"boolean",isVisible:"boolean",rootElement:"(element|string)"};class yi extends F{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isAppended=!1,this._element=null}static get Default(){return bi}static get DefaultType(){return vi}static get NAME(){return"backdrop"}show(t){if(!this._config.isVisible)return void m(t);this._append();const e=this._getElement();this._config.isAnimated&&d(e),e.classList.add(mi),this._emulateAnimation((()=>{m(t)}))}hide(t){this._config.isVisible?(this._getElement().classList.remove(mi),this._emulateAnimation((()=>{this.dispose(),m(t)}))):m(t)}dispose(){this._isAppended&&(P.off(this._element,_i),this._element.remove(),this._isAppended=!1)}_getElement(){if(!this._element){const t=document.createElement("div");t.className=this._config.className,this._config.isAnimated&&t.classList.add("fade"),this._element=t}return this._element}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.rootElement=r(t.rootElement),t}_append(){if(this._isAppended)return;const t=this._getElement();this._config.rootElement.append(t),P.on(t,_i,(()=>{m(this._config.clickCallback)})),this._isAppended=!0}_emulateAnimation(t){_(t,this._getElement(),this._config.isAnimated)}}const wi=".bs.focustrap",Ai="backward",Ei={autofocus:!0,trapElement:null},Ti={autofocus:"boolean",trapElement:"element"};class Ci extends F{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isActive=!1,this._lastTabNavDirection=null}static get Default(){return Ei}static get DefaultType(){return Ti}static get NAME(){return"focustrap"}activate(){this._isActive||(this._config.autofocus&&this._config.trapElement.focus(),P.off(document,wi),P.on(document,"focusin.bs.focustrap",(t=>this._handleFocusin(t))),P.on(document,"keydown.tab.bs.focustrap",(t=>this._handleKeydown(t))),this._isActive=!0)}deactivate(){this._isActive&&(this._isActive=!1,P.off(document,wi))}_handleFocusin(t){const{trapElement:e}=this._config;if(t.target===document||t.target===e||e.contains(t.target))return;const i=Q.focusableChildren(e);0===i.length?e.focus():this._lastTabNavDirection===Ai?i[i.length-1].focus():i[0].focus()}_handleKeydown(t){"Tab"===t.key&&(this._lastTabNavDirection=t.shiftKey?Ai:"forward")}}const Oi="hidden.bs.modal",xi="show.bs.modal",ki="modal-open",Li="show",Di="modal-static",Si={backdrop:!0,focus:!0,keyboard:!0},Ii={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",focus:"boolean",keyboard:"boolean"};class Ni extends z{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._dialog=Q.findOne(".modal-dialog",this._element),this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._isShown=!1,this._isTransitioning=!1,this._scrollBar=new gi,this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return Si}static get DefaultType(){return Ii}static get NAME(){return"modal"}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||P.trigger(this._element,xi,{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._isTransitioning=!0,this._scrollBar.hide(),document.body.classList.add(ki),this._adjustDialog(),this._backdrop.show((()=>this._showElement(t))))}hide(){this._isShown&&!this._isTransitioning&&(P.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.modal").defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!1,this._isTransitioning=!0,this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.classList.remove(Li),this._queueCallback((()=>this._hideModal()),this._element,this._isAnimated())))}dispose(){for(const t of[window,this._dialog])P.off(t,".bs.modal");this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}handleUpdate(){this._adjustDialog()}_initializeBackDrop(){return new yi({isVisible:Boolean(this._config.backdrop),isAnimated:this._isAnimated()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new Ci({trapElement:this._element})}_showElement(t){document.body.contains(this._element)||document.body.append(this._element),this._element.style.display="block",this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.scrollTop=0;const e=Q.findOne(".modal-body",this._dialog);e&&(e.scrollTop=0),d(this._element),this._element.classList.add(Li),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._config.focus&&this._focustrap.activate(),this._isTransitioning=!1,P.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.modal",{relatedTarget:t})}),this._dialog,this._isAnimated())}_addEventListeners(){P.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.modal",(t=>{if("Escape"===t.key)return this._config.keyboard?(t.preventDefault(),void this.hide()):void this._triggerBackdropTransition()})),P.on(window,"resize.bs.modal",(()=>{this._isShown&&!this._isTransitioning&&this._adjustDialog()})),P.on(this._element,"mousedown.dismiss.bs.modal",(t=>{P.one(this._element,"click.dismiss.bs.modal",(e=>{this._element===t.target&&this._element===e.target&&("static"!==this._config.backdrop?this._config.backdrop&&this.hide():this._triggerBackdropTransition())}))}))}_hideModal(){this._element.style.display="none",this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._isTransitioning=!1,this._backdrop.hide((()=>{document.body.classList.remove(ki),this._resetAdjustments(),this._scrollBar.reset(),P.trigger(this._element,Oi)}))}_isAnimated(){return this._element.classList.contains("fade")}_triggerBackdropTransition(){if(P.trigger(this._element,"hidePrevented.bs.modal").defaultPrevented)return;const t=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,e=this._element.style.overflowY;"hidden"===e||this._element.classList.contains(Di)||(t||(this._element.style.overflowY="hidden"),this._element.classList.add(Di),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.classList.remove(Di),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.style.overflowY=e}),this._dialog)}),this._dialog),this._element.focus())}_adjustDialog(){const t=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,e=this._scrollBar.getWidth(),i=e>0;if(i&&!t){const t=p()?"paddingLeft":"paddingRight";this._element.style[t]=`${e}px`}if(!i&&t){const t=p()?"paddingRight":"paddingLeft";this._element.style[t]=`${e}px`}}_resetAdjustments(){this._element.style.paddingLeft="",this._element.style.paddingRight=""}static jQueryInterface(t,e){return this.each((function(){const i=Ni.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===i[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);i[t](e)}}))}}P.on(document,"click.bs.modal.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="modal"]',(function(t){const e=n(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),P.one(e,xi,(t=>{t.defaultPrevented||P.one(e,Oi,(()=>{a(this)&&this.focus()}))}));const i=Q.findOne(".modal.show");i&&Ni.getInstance(i).hide(),Ni.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this)})),q(Ni),g(Ni);const Pi="show",ji="showing",Mi="hiding",Hi=".offcanvas.show",$i="hidePrevented.bs.offcanvas",Wi="hidden.bs.offcanvas",Bi={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,scroll:!1},Fi={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",keyboard:"boolean",scroll:"boolean"};class zi extends z{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._isShown=!1,this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return Bi}static get DefaultType(){return Fi}static get NAME(){return"offcanvas"}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||P.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._backdrop.show(),this._config.scroll||(new gi).hide(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.classList.add(ji),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._config.scroll&&!this._config.backdrop||this._focustrap.activate(),this._element.classList.add(Pi),this._element.classList.remove(ji),P.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t})}),this._element,!0))}hide(){this._isShown&&(P.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.offcanvas").defaultPrevented||(this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.blur(),this._isShown=!1,this._element.classList.add(Mi),this._backdrop.hide(),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.classList.remove(Pi,Mi),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._config.scroll||(new gi).reset(),P.trigger(this._element,Wi)}),this._element,!0)))}dispose(){this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}_initializeBackDrop(){const t=Boolean(this._config.backdrop);return new yi({className:"offcanvas-backdrop",isVisible:t,isAnimated:!0,rootElement:this._element.parentNode,clickCallback:t?()=>{"static"!==this._config.backdrop?this.hide():P.trigger(this._element,$i)}:null})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new Ci({trapElement:this._element})}_addEventListeners(){P.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.offcanvas",(t=>{"Escape"===t.key&&(this._config.keyboard?this.hide():P.trigger(this._element,$i))}))}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=zi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t]||t.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===t)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t](this)}}))}}P.on(document,"click.bs.offcanvas.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="offcanvas"]',(function(t){const e=n(this);if(["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),l(this))return;P.one(e,Wi,(()=>{a(this)&&this.focus()}));const i=Q.findOne(Hi);i&&i!==e&&zi.getInstance(i).hide(),zi.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this)})),P.on(window,"load.bs.offcanvas.data-api",(()=>{for(const t of Q.find(Hi))zi.getOrCreateInstance(t).show()})),P.on(window,"resize.bs.offcanvas",(()=>{for(const t of Q.find("[aria-modal][class*=show][class*=offcanvas-]"))"fixed"!==getComputedStyle(t).position&&zi.getOrCreateInstance(t).hide()})),q(zi),g(zi);const qi=new Set(["background","cite","href","itemtype","longdesc","poster","src","xlink:href"]),Ri=/^(?:(?:https?|mailto|ftp|tel|file|sms):|[^#&/:?]*(?:[#/?]|$))/i,Vi=/^data:(?:image\/(?:bmp|gif|jpeg|jpg|png|tiff|webp)|video\/(?:mpeg|mp4|ogg|webm)|audio\/(?:mp3|oga|ogg|opus));base64,[\d+/a-z]+=*$/i,Ki=(t,e)=>{const i=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return e.includes(i)?!qi.has(i)||Boolean(Ri.test(t.nodeValue)||Vi.test(t.nodeValue)):e.filter((t=>t instanceof RegExp)).some((t=>t.test(i)))},Qi={"*":["class","dir","id","lang","role",/^aria-[\w-]*$/i],a:["target","href","title","rel"],area:[],b:[],br:[],col:[],code:[],div:[],em:[],hr:[],h1:[],h2:[],h3:[],h4:[],h5:[],h6:[],i:[],img:["src","srcset","alt","title","width","height"],li:[],ol:[],p:[],pre:[],s:[],small:[],span:[],sub:[],sup:[],strong:[],u:[],ul:[]},Xi={allowList:Qi,content:{},extraClass:"",html:!1,sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,template:"<div></div>"},Yi={allowList:"object",content:"object",extraClass:"(string|function)",html:"boolean",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",template:"string"},Ui={entry:"(string|element|function|null)",selector:"(string|element)"};class Gi extends F{constructor(t){super(),this._config=this._getConfig(t)}static get Default(){return Xi}static get DefaultType(){return Yi}static get NAME(){return"TemplateFactory"}getContent(){return Object.values(this._config.content).map((t=>this._resolvePossibleFunction(t))).filter(Boolean)}hasContent(){return this.getContent().length>0}changeContent(t){return this._checkContent(t),this._config.content={...this._config.content,...t},this}toHtml(){const t=document.createElement("div");t.innerHTML=this._maybeSanitize(this._config.template);for(const[e,i]of Object.entries(this._config.content))this._setContent(t,i,e);const e=t.children[0],i=this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.extraClass);return i&&e.classList.add(...i.split(" ")),e}_typeCheckConfig(t){super._typeCheckConfig(t),this._checkContent(t.content)}_checkContent(t){for(const[e,i]of Object.entries(t))super._typeCheckConfig({selector:e,entry:i},Ui)}_setContent(t,e,i){const n=Q.findOne(i,t);n&&((e=this._resolvePossibleFunction(e))?o(e)?this._putElementInTemplate(r(e),n):this._config.html?n.innerHTML=this._maybeSanitize(e):n.textContent=e:n.remove())}_maybeSanitize(t){return this._config.sanitize?function(t,e,i){if(!t.length)return t;if(i&&"function"==typeof i)return i(t);const n=(new window.DOMParser).parseFromString(t,"text/html"),s=[].concat(...n.body.querySelectorAll("*"));for(const t of s){const i=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(!Object.keys(e).includes(i)){t.remove();continue}const n=[].concat(...t.attributes),s=[].concat(e["*"]||[],e[i]||[]);for(const e of n)Ki(e,s)||t.removeAttribute(e.nodeName)}return n.body.innerHTML}(t,this._config.allowList,this._config.sanitizeFn):t}_resolvePossibleFunction(t){return"function"==typeof t?t(this):t}_putElementInTemplate(t,e){if(this._config.html)return e.innerHTML="",void e.append(t);e.textContent=t.textContent}}const Ji=new Set(["sanitize","allowList","sanitizeFn"]),Zi="fade",tn="show",en=".modal",nn="hide.bs.modal",sn="hover",on="focus",rn={AUTO:"auto",TOP:"top",RIGHT:p()?"left":"right",BOTTOM:"bottom",LEFT:p()?"right":"left"},an={allowList:Qi,animation:!0,boundary:"clippingParents",container:!1,customClass:"",delay:0,fallbackPlacements:["top","right","bottom","left"],html:!1,offset:[0,0],placement:"top",popperConfig:null,sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,selector:!1,template:'<div class="tooltip" role="tooltip"><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"></div></div>',title:"",trigger:"hover focus"},ln={allowList:"object",animation:"boolean",boundary:"(string|element)",container:"(string|element|boolean)",customClass:"(string|function)",delay:"(number|object)",fallbackPlacements:"array",html:"boolean",offset:"(array|string|function)",placement:"(string|function)",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",selector:"(string|boolean)",template:"string",title:"(string|element|function)",trigger:"string"};class cn extends z{constructor(t,e){if(void 0===Ke)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's tooltips require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");super(t,e),this._isEnabled=!0,this._timeout=0,this._isHovered=null,this._activeTrigger={},this._popper=null,this._templateFactory=null,this._newContent=null,this.tip=null,this._setListeners(),this._config.selector||this._fixTitle()}static get Default(){return an}static get DefaultType(){return ln}static get NAME(){return"tooltip"}enable(){this._isEnabled=!0}disable(){this._isEnabled=!1}toggleEnabled(){this._isEnabled=!this._isEnabled}toggle(){this._isEnabled&&(this._activeTrigger.click=!this._activeTrigger.click,this._isShown()?this._leave():this._enter())}dispose(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),P.off(this._element.closest(en),nn,this._hideModalHandler),this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")&&this._element.setAttribute("title",this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")),this._disposePopper(),super.dispose()}show(){if("none"===this._element.style.display)throw new Error("Please use show on visible elements");if(!this._isWithContent()||!this._isEnabled)return;const t=P.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("show")),e=(c(this._element)||this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement).contains(this._element);if(t.defaultPrevented||!e)return;this._disposePopper();const i=this._getTipElement();this._element.setAttribute("aria-describedby",i.getAttribute("id"));const{container:n}=this._config;if(this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement.contains(this.tip)||(n.append(i),P.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("inserted"))),this._popper=this._createPopper(i),i.classList.add(tn),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))P.on(t,"mouseover",h);this._queueCallback((()=>{P.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("shown")),!1===this._isHovered&&this._leave(),this._isHovered=!1}),this.tip,this._isAnimated())}hide(){if(this._isShown()&&!P.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("hide")).defaultPrevented){if(this._getTipElement().classList.remove(tn),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement)for(const t of[].concat(...document.body.children))P.off(t,"mouseover",h);this._activeTrigger.click=!1,this._activeTrigger.focus=!1,this._activeTrigger.hover=!1,this._isHovered=null,this._queueCallback((()=>{this._isWithActiveTrigger()||(this._isHovered||this._disposePopper(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-describedby"),P.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("hidden")))}),this.tip,this._isAnimated())}}update(){this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_isWithContent(){return Boolean(this._getTitle())}_getTipElement(){return this.tip||(this.tip=this._createTipElement(this._newContent||this._getContentForTemplate())),this.tip}_createTipElement(t){const e=this._getTemplateFactory(t).toHtml();if(!e)return null;e.classList.remove(Zi,tn),e.classList.add(`bs-${this.constructor.NAME}-auto`);const i=(t=>{do{t+=Math.floor(1e6*Math.random())}while(document.getElementById(t));return t})(this.constructor.NAME).toString();return e.setAttribute("id",i),this._isAnimated()&&e.classList.add(Zi),e}setContent(t){this._newContent=t,this._isShown()&&(this._disposePopper(),this.show())}_getTemplateFactory(t){return this._templateFactory?this._templateFactory.changeContent(t):this._templateFactory=new Gi({...this._config,content:t,extraClass:this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.customClass)}),this._templateFactory}_getContentForTemplate(){return{".tooltip-inner":this._getTitle()}}_getTitle(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.title)||this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")}_initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t){return this.constructor.getOrCreateInstance(t.delegateTarget,this._getDelegateConfig())}_isAnimated(){return this._config.animation||this.tip&&this.tip.classList.contains(Zi)}_isShown(){return this.tip&&this.tip.classList.contains(tn)}_createPopper(t){const e="function"==typeof this._config.placement?this._config.placement.call(this,t,this._element):this._config.placement,i=rn[e.toUpperCase()];return Ve(this._element,t,this._getPopperConfig(i))}_getOffset(){const{offset:t}=this._config;return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map((t=>Number.parseInt(t,10))):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_resolvePossibleFunction(t){return"function"==typeof t?t.call(this._element):t}_getPopperConfig(t){const e={placement:t,modifiers:[{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:this._config.fallbackPlacements}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}},{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"arrow",options:{element:`.${this.constructor.NAME}-arrow`}},{name:"preSetPlacement",enabled:!0,phase:"beforeMain",fn:t=>{this._getTipElement().setAttribute("data-popper-placement",t.state.placement)}}]};return{...e,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(e):this._config.popperConfig}}_setListeners(){const t=this._config.trigger.split(" ");for(const e of t)if("click"===e)P.on(this._element,this.constructor.eventName("click"),this._config.selector,(t=>{this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t).toggle()}));else if("manual"!==e){const t=e===sn?this.constructor.eventName("mouseenter"):this.constructor.eventName("focusin"),i=e===sn?this.constructor.eventName("mouseleave"):this.constructor.eventName("focusout");P.on(this._element,t,this._config.selector,(t=>{const e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t);e._activeTrigger["focusin"===t.type?on:sn]=!0,e._enter()})),P.on(this._element,i,this._config.selector,(t=>{const e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t);e._activeTrigger["focusout"===t.type?on:sn]=e._element.contains(t.relatedTarget),e._leave()}))}this._hideModalHandler=()=>{this._element&&this.hide()},P.on(this._element.closest(en),nn,this._hideModalHandler)}_fixTitle(){const t=this._element.getAttribute("title");t&&(this._element.getAttribute("aria-label")||this._element.textContent.trim()||this._element.setAttribute("aria-label",t),this._element.setAttribute("data-bs-original-title",t),this._element.removeAttribute("title"))}_enter(){this._isShown()||this._isHovered?this._isHovered=!0:(this._isHovered=!0,this._setTimeout((()=>{this._isHovered&&this.show()}),this._config.delay.show))}_leave(){this._isWithActiveTrigger()||(this._isHovered=!1,this._setTimeout((()=>{this._isHovered||this.hide()}),this._config.delay.hide))}_setTimeout(t,e){clearTimeout(this._timeout),this._timeout=setTimeout(t,e)}_isWithActiveTrigger(){return Object.values(this._activeTrigger).includes(!0)}_getConfig(t){const e=B.getDataAttributes(this._element);for(const t of Object.keys(e))Ji.has(t)&&delete e[t];return t={...e,..."object"==typeof t&&t?t:{}},t=this._mergeConfigObj(t),t=this._configAfterMerge(t),this._typeCheckConfig(t),t}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.container=!1===t.container?document.body:r(t.container),"number"==typeof t.delay&&(t.delay={show:t.delay,hide:t.delay}),"number"==typeof t.title&&(t.title=t.title.toString()),"number"==typeof t.content&&(t.content=t.content.toString()),t}_getDelegateConfig(){const t={};for(const e in this._config)this.constructor.Default[e]!==this._config[e]&&(t[e]=this._config[e]);return t.selector=!1,t.trigger="manual",t}_disposePopper(){this._popper&&(this._popper.destroy(),this._popper=null),this.tip&&(this.tip.remove(),this.tip=null)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=cn.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}g(cn);const hn={...cn.Default,content:"",offset:[0,8],placement:"right",template:'<div class="popover" role="tooltip"><div class="popover-arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-header"></h3><div class="popover-body"></div></div>',trigger:"click"},dn={...cn.DefaultType,content:"(null|string|element|function)"};class un extends cn{static get Default(){return hn}static get DefaultType(){return dn}static get NAME(){return"popover"}_isWithContent(){return this._getTitle()||this._getContent()}_getContentForTemplate(){return{".popover-header":this._getTitle(),".popover-body":this._getContent()}}_getContent(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.content)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=un.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}g(un);const fn="click.bs.scrollspy",pn="active",gn="[href]",mn={offset:null,rootMargin:"0px 0px -25%",smoothScroll:!1,target:null,threshold:[.1,.5,1]},_n={offset:"(number|null)",rootMargin:"string",smoothScroll:"boolean",target:"element",threshold:"array"};class bn extends z{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._targetLinks=new Map,this._observableSections=new Map,this._rootElement="visible"===getComputedStyle(this._element).overflowY?null:this._element,this._activeTarget=null,this._observer=null,this._previousScrollData={visibleEntryTop:0,parentScrollTop:0},this.refresh()}static get Default(){return mn}static get DefaultType(){return _n}static get NAME(){return"scrollspy"}refresh(){this._initializeTargetsAndObservables(),this._maybeEnableSmoothScroll(),this._observer?this._observer.disconnect():this._observer=this._getNewObserver();for(const t of this._observableSections.values())this._observer.observe(t)}dispose(){this._observer.disconnect(),super.dispose()}_configAfterMerge(t){return t.target=r(t.target)||document.body,t.rootMargin=t.offset?`${t.offset}px 0px -30%`:t.rootMargin,"string"==typeof t.threshold&&(t.threshold=t.threshold.split(",").map((t=>Number.parseFloat(t)))),t}_maybeEnableSmoothScroll(){this._config.smoothScroll&&(P.off(this._config.target,fn),P.on(this._config.target,fn,gn,(t=>{const e=this._observableSections.get(t.target.hash);if(e){t.preventDefault();const i=this._rootElement||window,n=e.offsetTop-this._element.offsetTop;if(i.scrollTo)return void i.scrollTo({top:n,behavior:"smooth"});i.scrollTop=n}})))}_getNewObserver(){const t={root:this._rootElement,threshold:this._config.threshold,rootMargin:this._config.rootMargin};return new IntersectionObserver((t=>this._observerCallback(t)),t)}_observerCallback(t){const e=t=>this._targetLinks.get(`#${t.target.id}`),i=t=>{this._previousScrollData.visibleEntryTop=t.target.offsetTop,this._process(e(t))},n=(this._rootElement||document.documentElement).scrollTop,s=n>=this._previousScrollData.parentScrollTop;this._previousScrollData.parentScrollTop=n;for(const o of t){if(!o.isIntersecting){this._activeTarget=null,this._clearActiveClass(e(o));continue}const t=o.target.offsetTop>=this._previousScrollData.visibleEntryTop;if(s&&t){if(i(o),!n)return}else s||t||i(o)}}_initializeTargetsAndObservables(){this._targetLinks=new Map,this._observableSections=new Map;const t=Q.find(gn,this._config.target);for(const e of t){if(!e.hash||l(e))continue;const t=Q.findOne(e.hash,this._element);a(t)&&(this._targetLinks.set(e.hash,e),this._observableSections.set(e.hash,t))}}_process(t){this._activeTarget!==t&&(this._clearActiveClass(this._config.target),this._activeTarget=t,t.classList.add(pn),this._activateParents(t),P.trigger(this._element,"activate.bs.scrollspy",{relatedTarget:t}))}_activateParents(t){if(t.classList.contains("dropdown-item"))Q.findOne(".dropdown-toggle",t.closest(".dropdown")).classList.add(pn);else for(const e of Q.parents(t,".nav, .list-group"))for(const t of Q.prev(e,".nav-link, .nav-item > .nav-link, .list-group-item"))t.classList.add(pn)}_clearActiveClass(t){t.classList.remove(pn);const e=Q.find("[href].active",t);for(const t of e)t.classList.remove(pn)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=bn.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t]||t.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===t)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}P.on(window,"load.bs.scrollspy.data-api",(()=>{for(const t of Q.find('[data-bs-spy="scroll"]'))bn.getOrCreateInstance(t)})),g(bn);const vn="ArrowLeft",yn="ArrowRight",wn="ArrowUp",An="ArrowDown",En="active",Tn="fade",Cn="show",On='[data-bs-toggle="tab"], [data-bs-toggle="pill"], [data-bs-toggle="list"]',xn=`.nav-link:not(.dropdown-toggle), .list-group-item:not(.dropdown-toggle), [role="tab"]:not(.dropdown-toggle), ${On}`;class kn extends z{constructor(t){super(t),this._parent=this._element.closest('.list-group, .nav, [role="tablist"]'),this._parent&&(this._setInitialAttributes(this._parent,this._getChildren()),P.on(this._element,"keydown.bs.tab",(t=>this._keydown(t))))}static get NAME(){return"tab"}show(){const t=this._element;if(this._elemIsActive(t))return;const e=this._getActiveElem(),i=e?P.trigger(e,"hide.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:t}):null;P.trigger(t,"show.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:e}).defaultPrevented||i&&i.defaultPrevented||(this._deactivate(e,t),this._activate(t,e))}_activate(t,e){t&&(t.classList.add(En),this._activate(n(t)),this._queueCallback((()=>{"tab"===t.getAttribute("role")?(t.removeAttribute("tabindex"),t.setAttribute("aria-selected",!0),this._toggleDropDown(t,!0),P.trigger(t,"shown.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:e})):t.classList.add(Cn)}),t,t.classList.contains(Tn)))}_deactivate(t,e){t&&(t.classList.remove(En),t.blur(),this._deactivate(n(t)),this._queueCallback((()=>{"tab"===t.getAttribute("role")?(t.setAttribute("aria-selected",!1),t.setAttribute("tabindex","-1"),this._toggleDropDown(t,!1),P.trigger(t,"hidden.bs.tab",{relatedTarget:e})):t.classList.remove(Cn)}),t,t.classList.contains(Tn)))}_keydown(t){if(![vn,yn,wn,An].includes(t.key))return;t.stopPropagation(),t.preventDefault();const e=[yn,An].includes(t.key),i=b(this._getChildren().filter((t=>!l(t))),t.target,e,!0);i&&(i.focus({preventScroll:!0}),kn.getOrCreateInstance(i).show())}_getChildren(){return Q.find(xn,this._parent)}_getActiveElem(){return this._getChildren().find((t=>this._elemIsActive(t)))||null}_setInitialAttributes(t,e){this._setAttributeIfNotExists(t,"role","tablist");for(const t of e)this._setInitialAttributesOnChild(t)}_setInitialAttributesOnChild(t){t=this._getInnerElement(t);const e=this._elemIsActive(t),i=this._getOuterElement(t);t.setAttribute("aria-selected",e),i!==t&&this._setAttributeIfNotExists(i,"role","presentation"),e||t.setAttribute("tabindex","-1"),this._setAttributeIfNotExists(t,"role","tab"),this._setInitialAttributesOnTargetPanel(t)}_setInitialAttributesOnTargetPanel(t){const e=n(t);e&&(this._setAttributeIfNotExists(e,"role","tabpanel"),t.id&&this._setAttributeIfNotExists(e,"aria-labelledby",`#${t.id}`))}_toggleDropDown(t,e){const i=this._getOuterElement(t);if(!i.classList.contains("dropdown"))return;const n=(t,n)=>{const s=Q.findOne(t,i);s&&s.classList.toggle(n,e)};n(".dropdown-toggle",En),n(".dropdown-menu",Cn),i.setAttribute("aria-expanded",e)}_setAttributeIfNotExists(t,e,i){t.hasAttribute(e)||t.setAttribute(e,i)}_elemIsActive(t){return t.classList.contains(En)}_getInnerElement(t){return t.matches(xn)?t:Q.findOne(xn,t)}_getOuterElement(t){return t.closest(".nav-item, .list-group-item")||t}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=kn.getOrCreateInstance(this);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t]||t.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===t)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}P.on(document,"click.bs.tab",On,(function(t){["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),l(this)||kn.getOrCreateInstance(this).show()})),P.on(window,"load.bs.tab",(()=>{for(const t of Q.find('.active[data-bs-toggle="tab"], .active[data-bs-toggle="pill"], .active[data-bs-toggle="list"]'))kn.getOrCreateInstance(t)})),g(kn);const Ln="hide",Dn="show",Sn="showing",In={animation:"boolean",autohide:"boolean",delay:"number"},Nn={animation:!0,autohide:!0,delay:5e3};class Pn extends z{constructor(t,e){super(t,e),this._timeout=null,this._hasMouseInteraction=!1,this._hasKeyboardInteraction=!1,this._setListeners()}static get Default(){return Nn}static get DefaultType(){return In}static get NAME(){return"toast"}show(){P.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.toast").defaultPrevented||(this._clearTimeout(),this._config.animation&&this._element.classList.add("fade"),this._element.classList.remove(Ln),d(this._element),this._element.classList.add(Dn,Sn),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.classList.remove(Sn),P.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.toast"),this._maybeScheduleHide()}),this._element,this._config.animation))}hide(){this.isShown()&&(P.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.toast").defaultPrevented||(this._element.classList.add(Sn),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.classList.add(Ln),this._element.classList.remove(Sn,Dn),P.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.toast")}),this._element,this._config.animation)))}dispose(){this._clearTimeout(),this.isShown()&&this._element.classList.remove(Dn),super.dispose()}isShown(){return this._element.classList.contains(Dn)}_maybeScheduleHide(){this._config.autohide&&(this._hasMouseInteraction||this._hasKeyboardInteraction||(this._timeout=setTimeout((()=>{this.hide()}),this._config.delay)))}_onInteraction(t,e){switch(t.type){case"mouseover":case"mouseout":this._hasMouseInteraction=e;break;case"focusin":case"focusout":this._hasKeyboardInteraction=e}if(e)return void this._clearTimeout();const i=t.relatedTarget;this._element===i||this._element.contains(i)||this._maybeScheduleHide()}_setListeners(){P.on(this._element,"mouseover.bs.toast",(t=>this._onInteraction(t,!0))),P.on(this._element,"mouseout.bs.toast",(t=>this._onInteraction(t,!1))),P.on(this._element,"focusin.bs.toast",(t=>this._onInteraction(t,!0))),P.on(this._element,"focusout.bs.toast",(t=>this._onInteraction(t,!1)))}_clearTimeout(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),this._timeout=null}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=Pn.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t](this)}}))}}return q(Pn),g(Pn),{Alert:R,Button:K,Carousel:at,Collapse:pt,Dropdown:hi,Modal:Ni,Offcanvas:zi,Popover:un,ScrollSpy:bn,Tab:kn,Toast:Pn,Tooltip:cn}}));
+//# sourceMappingURL=bootstrap.bundle.min.js.map
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/js/scripts.js b/public/js/scripts.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81efcaab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/js/scripts.js
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*!
+* Start Bootstrap - Simple Sidebar v6.0.6 (https://startbootstrap.com/template/simple-sidebar)
+* Copyright 2013-2023 Start Bootstrap
+* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/StartBootstrap/startbootstrap-simple-sidebar/blob/master/LICENSE)
+*/
+// 
+// Scripts
+// 
+
+window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', event => {
+
+    // Toggle the side navigation
+    const sidebarToggle = document.body.querySelector('#sidebarToggle');
+    if (sidebarToggle) {
+        // Uncomment Below to persist sidebar toggle between refreshes
+        // if (localStorage.getItem('sb|sidebar-toggle') === 'true') {
+        //     document.body.classList.toggle('sb-sidenav-toggled');
+        // }
+        sidebarToggle.addEventListener('click', event => {
+            event.preventDefault();
+            document.body.classList.toggle('sb-sidenav-toggled');
+            localStorage.setItem('sb|sidebar-toggle', document.body.classList.contains('sb-sidenav-toggled'));
+        });
+    }
+
+});
diff --git a/public/robots.txt b/public/robots.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e60f970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/robots.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+User-agent: *
+Disallow: 
diff --git a/spark b/spark
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ea79d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env php
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * CodeIgniter command-line tools
+ * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * The main entry point into the CLI system and allows you to run
+ * commands and perform maintenance on your application.
+ *
+ * Because CodeIgniter can handle CLI requests as just another web request
+ * this class mainly acts as a passthru to the framework itself.
+ */
+
+// Refuse to run when called from php-cgi
+if (strpos(PHP_SAPI, 'cgi') === 0) {
+    exit("The cli tool is not supported when running php-cgi. It needs php-cli to function!\n\n");
+}
+
+// Check PHP version.
+$minPhpVersion = '7.4'; // If you update this, don't forget to update `public/index.php`.
+if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $minPhpVersion, '<')) {
+    $message = sprintf(
+        'Your PHP version must be %s or higher to run CodeIgniter. Current version: %s',
+        $minPhpVersion,
+        PHP_VERSION
+    );
+
+    exit($message);
+}
+
+// We want errors to be shown when using it from the CLI.
+error_reporting(-1);
+ini_set('display_errors', '1');
+
+/**
+ * @var bool
+ *
+ * @deprecated No longer in use. `CodeIgniter` has `$context` property.
+ */
+define('SPARKED', true);
+
+// Path to the front controller
+define('FCPATH', __DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'public' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+
+// Ensure the current directory is pointing to the front controller's directory
+chdir(FCPATH);
+
+/*
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * BOOTSTRAP THE APPLICATION
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * This process sets up the path constants, loads and registers
+ * our autoloader, along with Composer's, loads our constants
+ * and fires up an environment-specific bootstrapping.
+ */
+
+// Load our paths config file
+// This is the line that might need to be changed, depending on your folder structure.
+require FCPATH . '../app/Config/Paths.php';
+// ^^^ Change this line if you move your application folder
+
+$paths = new Config\Paths();
+
+// Location of the framework bootstrap file.
+require rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'bootstrap.php';
+
+// Load environment settings from .env files into $_SERVER and $_ENV
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/DotEnv.php';
+(new CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv(ROOTPATH))->load();
+
+// Define ENVIRONMENT
+if (! defined('ENVIRONMENT')) {
+    define('ENVIRONMENT', env('CI_ENVIRONMENT', 'production'));
+}
+
+// Grab our CodeIgniter
+$app = Config\Services::codeigniter();
+$app->initialize();
+
+// Grab our Console
+$console = new CodeIgniter\CLI\Console();
+
+// Show basic information before we do anything else.
+if (is_int($suppress = array_search('--no-header', $_SERVER['argv'], true))) {
+    unset($_SERVER['argv'][$suppress]); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+    $suppress = true;
+}
+
+$console->showHeader($suppress);
+
+// fire off the command in the main framework.
+$exit = $console->run();
+
+exit(is_int($exit) ? $exit : EXIT_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/system/.htaccess b/system/.htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3462048a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/.htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<IfModule authz_core_module>
+	Require all denied
+</IfModule>
+<IfModule !authz_core_module>
+	Deny from all
+</IfModule>
diff --git a/system/API/ResponseTrait.php b/system/API/ResponseTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a350007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/API/ResponseTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\API;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Format\FormatterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Provides common, more readable, methods to provide
+ * consistent HTTP responses under a variety of common
+ * situations when working as an API.
+ */
+trait ResponseTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Allows child classes to override the
+     * status code that is used in their API.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, int>
+     */
+    protected $codes = [
+        'created'                   => 201,
+        'deleted'                   => 200,
+        'updated'                   => 200,
+        'no_content'                => 204,
+        'invalid_request'           => 400,
+        'unsupported_response_type' => 400,
+        'invalid_scope'             => 400,
+        'temporarily_unavailable'   => 400,
+        'invalid_grant'             => 400,
+        'invalid_credentials'       => 400,
+        'invalid_refresh'           => 400,
+        'no_data'                   => 400,
+        'invalid_data'              => 400,
+        'access_denied'             => 401,
+        'unauthorized'              => 401,
+        'invalid_client'            => 401,
+        'forbidden'                 => 403,
+        'resource_not_found'        => 404,
+        'not_acceptable'            => 406,
+        'resource_exists'           => 409,
+        'conflict'                  => 409,
+        'resource_gone'             => 410,
+        'payload_too_large'         => 413,
+        'unsupported_media_type'    => 415,
+        'too_many_requests'         => 429,
+        'server_error'              => 500,
+        'unsupported_grant_type'    => 501,
+        'not_implemented'           => 501,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * How to format the response data.
+     * Either 'json' or 'xml'. If blank will be
+     * determined through content negotiation.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $format = 'json';
+
+    /**
+     * Current Formatter instance. This is usually set by ResponseTrait::format
+     *
+     * @var FormatterInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $formatter;
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a single, simple method to return an API response, formatted
+     * to match the requested format, with proper content-type and status code.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function respond($data = null, ?int $status = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        if ($data === null && $status === null) {
+            $status = 404;
+            $output = null;
+            $this->format($data);
+        } elseif ($data === null && is_numeric($status)) {
+            $output = null;
+            $this->format($data);
+        } else {
+            $status = empty($status) ? 200 : $status;
+            $output = $this->format($data);
+        }
+
+        if ($output !== null) {
+            if ($this->format === 'json') {
+                return $this->response->setJSON($output)->setStatusCode($status, $message);
+            }
+
+            if ($this->format === 'xml') {
+                return $this->response->setXML($output)->setStatusCode($status, $message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->response->setBody($output)->setStatusCode($status, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used for generic failures that no custom methods exist for.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $messages
+     * @param int          $status   HTTP status code
+     * @param string|null  $code     Custom, API-specific, error code
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function fail($messages, int $status = 400, ?string $code = null, string $customMessage = '')
+    {
+        if (! is_array($messages)) {
+            $messages = ['error' => $messages];
+        }
+
+        $response = [
+            'status'   => $status,
+            'error'    => $code ?? $status,
+            'messages' => $messages,
+        ];
+
+        return $this->respond($response, $status, $customMessage);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Response Helpers
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Used after successfully creating a new resource.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function respondCreated($data = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->respond($data, $this->codes['created'], $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used after a resource has been successfully deleted.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function respondDeleted($data = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->respond($data, $this->codes['deleted'], $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used after a resource has been successfully updated.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function respondUpdated($data = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->respond($data, $this->codes['updated'], $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used after a command has been successfully executed but there is no
+     * meaningful reply to send back to the client.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function respondNoContent(string $message = 'No Content')
+    {
+        return $this->respond(null, $this->codes['no_content'], $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when the client is either didn't send authorization information,
+     * or had bad authorization credentials. User is encouraged to try again
+     * with the proper information.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failUnauthorized(string $description = 'Unauthorized', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['unauthorized'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when access is always denied to this resource and no amount
+     * of trying again will help.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failForbidden(string $description = 'Forbidden', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['forbidden'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when a specified resource cannot be found.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failNotFound(string $description = 'Not Found', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['resource_not_found'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when the data provided by the client cannot be validated.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use failValidationErrors instead
+     */
+    protected function failValidationError(string $description = 'Bad Request', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['invalid_data'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when the data provided by the client cannot be validated on one or more fields.
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $errors
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failValidationErrors($errors, ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($errors, $this->codes['invalid_data'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use when trying to create a new resource and it already exists.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failResourceExists(string $description = 'Conflict', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['resource_exists'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use when a resource was previously deleted. This is different than
+     * Not Found, because here we know the data previously existed, but is now gone,
+     * where Not Found means we simply cannot find any information about it.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failResourceGone(string $description = 'Gone', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['resource_gone'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when the user has made too many requests for the resource recently.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected function failTooManyRequests(string $description = 'Too Many Requests', ?string $code = null, string $message = '')
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['too_many_requests'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when there is a server error.
+     *
+     * @param string      $description The error message to show the user.
+     * @param string|null $code        A custom, API-specific, error code.
+     * @param string      $message     A custom "reason" message to return.
+     */
+    protected function failServerError(string $description = 'Internal Server Error', ?string $code = null, string $message = ''): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->fail($description, $this->codes['server_error'], $code, $message);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Handles formatting a response. Currently makes some heavy assumptions
+     * and needs updating! :)
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    protected function format($data = null)
+    {
+        // If the data is a string, there's not much we can do to it...
+        if (is_string($data)) {
+            // The content type should be text/... and not application/...
+            $contentType = $this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type');
+            $contentType = str_replace('application/json', 'text/html', $contentType);
+            $contentType = str_replace('application/', 'text/', $contentType);
+            $this->response->setContentType($contentType);
+            $this->format = 'html';
+
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        $format = Services::format();
+        $mime   = "application/{$this->format}";
+
+        // Determine correct response type through content negotiation if not explicitly declared
+        if (
+            (empty($this->format) || ! in_array($this->format, ['json', 'xml'], true))
+            && $this->request instanceof IncomingRequest
+        ) {
+            $mime = $this->request->negotiate(
+                'media',
+                $format->getConfig()->supportedResponseFormats,
+                false
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->response->setContentType($mime);
+
+        // if we don't have a formatter, make one
+        if (! isset($this->formatter)) {
+            // if no formatter, use the default
+            $this->formatter = $format->getFormatter($mime);
+        }
+
+        if ($mime !== 'application/json') {
+            // Recursively convert objects into associative arrays
+            // Conversion not required for JSONFormatter
+            $data = json_decode(json_encode($data), true);
+        }
+
+        return $this->formatter->format($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the format the response should be in.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function setResponseFormat(?string $format = null)
+    {
+        $this->format = strtolower($format);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecfd92b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Autoloader;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader;
+use Composer\InstalledVersions;
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Modules;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * An autoloader that uses both PSR4 autoloading, and traditional classmaps.
+ *
+ * Given a foo-bar package of classes in the file system at the following paths:
+ * ```
+ *      /path/to/packages/foo-bar/
+ *          /src
+ *              Baz.php         # Foo\Bar\Baz
+ *              Qux/
+ *                  Quux.php    # Foo\Bar\Qux\Quux
+ * ```
+ * you can add the path to the configuration array that is passed in the constructor.
+ * The Config array consists of 2 primary keys, both of which are associative arrays:
+ * 'psr4', and 'classmap'.
+ * ```
+ *      $Config = [
+ *          'psr4' => [
+ *              'Foo\Bar'   => '/path/to/packages/foo-bar'
+ *          ],
+ *          'classmap' => [
+ *              'MyClass'   => '/path/to/class/file.php'
+ *          ]
+ *      ];
+ * ```
+ * Example:
+ * ```
+ *      <?php
+ *      // our configuration array
+ *      $Config = [ ... ];
+ *      $loader = new \CodeIgniter\Autoloader\Autoloader($Config);
+ *
+ *      // register the autoloader
+ *      $loader->register();
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Autoloader\AutoloaderTest
+ */
+class Autoloader
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores namespaces as key, and path as values.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>>
+     */
+    protected $prefixes = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores class name as key, and path as values.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $classmap = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores files as a list.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    protected $files = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores helper list.
+     * Always load the URL helper, it should be used in most apps.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    protected $helpers = ['url'];
+
+    /**
+     * Reads in the configuration array (described above) and stores
+     * the valid parts that we'll need.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function initialize(Autoload $config, Modules $modules)
+    {
+        $this->prefixes = [];
+        $this->classmap = [];
+        $this->files    = [];
+
+        // We have to have one or the other, though we don't enforce the need
+        // to have both present in order to work.
+        if ($config->psr4 === [] && $config->classmap === []) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Config array must contain either the \'psr4\' key or the \'classmap\' key.');
+        }
+
+        if ($config->psr4 !== []) {
+            $this->addNamespace($config->psr4);
+        }
+
+        if ($config->classmap !== []) {
+            $this->classmap = $config->classmap;
+        }
+
+        if ($config->files !== []) {
+            $this->files = $config->files;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($config->helpers)) { // @phpstan-ignore-line
+            $this->helpers = [...$this->helpers, ...$config->helpers];
+        }
+
+        if (is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
+            $this->loadComposerAutoloader($modules);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    private function loadComposerAutoloader(Modules $modules): void
+    {
+        // The path to the vendor directory.
+        // We do not want to enforce this, so set the constant if Composer was used.
+        if (! defined('VENDORPATH')) {
+            define('VENDORPATH', dirname(COMPOSER_PATH) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+        }
+
+        /** @var ClassLoader $composer */
+        $composer = include COMPOSER_PATH;
+
+        $this->loadComposerClassmap($composer);
+
+        // Should we load through Composer's namespaces, also?
+        if ($modules->discoverInComposer) {
+            // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
+            $this->loadComposerNamespaces($composer, $modules->composerPackages ?? []);
+        }
+
+        unset($composer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function register()
+    {
+        // Prepend the PSR4  autoloader for maximum performance.
+        spl_autoload_register([$this, 'loadClass'], true, true);
+
+        // Now prepend another loader for the files in our class map.
+        spl_autoload_register([$this, 'loadClassmap'], true, true);
+
+        // Load our non-class files
+        foreach ($this->files as $file) {
+            $this->includeFile($file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister autoloader.
+     *
+     * This method is for testing.
+     */
+    public function unregister(): void
+    {
+        spl_autoload_unregister([$this, 'loadClass']);
+        spl_autoload_unregister([$this, 'loadClassmap']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers namespaces with the autoloader.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, array<int, string>|string>|string $namespace
+     * @phpstan-param array<string, list<string>|string>|string $namespace
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addNamespace($namespace, ?string $path = null)
+    {
+        if (is_array($namespace)) {
+            foreach ($namespace as $prefix => $namespacedPath) {
+                $prefix = trim($prefix, '\\');
+
+                if (is_array($namespacedPath)) {
+                    foreach ($namespacedPath as $dir) {
+                        $this->prefixes[$prefix][] = rtrim($dir, '\\/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->prefixes[$prefix][] = rtrim($namespacedPath, '\\/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $this->prefixes[trim($namespace, '\\')][] = rtrim($path, '\\/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get namespaces with prefixes as keys and paths as values.
+     *
+     * If a prefix param is set, returns only paths to the given prefix.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getNamespace(?string $prefix = null)
+    {
+        if ($prefix === null) {
+            return $this->prefixes;
+        }
+
+        return $this->prefixes[trim($prefix, '\\')] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single namespace from the psr4 settings.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removeNamespace(string $namespace)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->prefixes[trim($namespace, '\\')])) {
+            unset($this->prefixes[trim($namespace, '\\')]);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class using available class mapping.
+     *
+     * @internal For `spl_autoload_register` use.
+     */
+    public function loadClassmap(string $class): void
+    {
+        $file = $this->classmap[$class] ?? '';
+
+        if (is_string($file) && $file !== '') {
+            $this->includeFile($file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the class file for a given class name.
+     *
+     * @internal For `spl_autoload_register` use.
+     *
+     * @param string $class The fully qualified class name.
+     */
+    public function loadClass(string $class): void
+    {
+        $this->loadInNamespace($class);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the class file for a given class name.
+     *
+     * @param string $class The fully-qualified class name
+     *
+     * @return false|string The mapped file name on success, or boolean false on fail
+     */
+    protected function loadInNamespace(string $class)
+    {
+        if (strpos($class, '\\') === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->prefixes as $namespace => $directories) {
+            foreach ($directories as $directory) {
+                $directory = rtrim($directory, '\\/');
+
+                if (strpos($class, $namespace) === 0) {
+                    $filePath = $directory . str_replace('\\', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, substr($class, strlen($namespace))) . '.php';
+                    $filename = $this->includeFile($filePath);
+
+                    if ($filename) {
+                        return $filename;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // never found a mapped file
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A central way to include a file. Split out primarily for testing purposes.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The filename on success, false if the file is not loaded
+     */
+    protected function includeFile(string $file)
+    {
+        if (is_file($file)) {
+            include_once $file;
+
+            return $file;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check file path.
+     *
+     * Checks special characters that are illegal in filenames on certain
+     * operating systems and special characters requiring special escaping
+     * to manipulate at the command line. Replaces spaces and consecutive
+     * dashes with a single dash. Trim period, dash and underscore from beginning
+     * and end of filename.
+     *
+     * @return string The sanitized filename
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used. See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/7055
+     */
+    public function sanitizeFilename(string $filename): string
+    {
+        // Only allow characters deemed safe for POSIX portable filenames.
+        // Plus the forward slash for directory separators since this might be a path.
+        // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_278
+        // Modified to allow backslash and colons for on Windows machines.
+        $result = preg_match_all('/[^0-9\p{L}\s\/\-_.:\\\\]/u', $filename, $matches);
+
+        if ($result > 0) {
+            $chars = implode('', $matches[0]);
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                'The file path contains special characters "' . $chars
+                . '" that are not allowed: "' . $filename . '"'
+            );
+        }
+        if ($result === false) {
+            if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.0.0', '>=')) {
+                $message = preg_last_error_msg();
+            } else {
+                $message = 'Regex error. error code: ' . preg_last_error();
+            }
+
+            throw new RuntimeException($message . '. filename: "' . $filename . '"');
+        }
+
+        // Clean up our filename edges.
+        $cleanFilename = trim($filename, '.-_');
+
+        if ($filename !== $cleanFilename) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The characters ".-_" are not allowed in filename edges: "' . $filename . '"');
+        }
+
+        return $cleanFilename;
+    }
+
+    private function loadComposerNamespaces(ClassLoader $composer, array $composerPackages): void
+    {
+        $namespacePaths = $composer->getPrefixesPsr4();
+
+        // Get rid of CodeIgniter so we don't have duplicates
+        if (isset($namespacePaths['CodeIgniter\\'])) {
+            unset($namespacePaths['CodeIgniter\\']);
+        }
+
+        if (! method_exists(InstalledVersions::class, 'getAllRawData')) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                'Your Composer version is too old.'
+                . ' Please update Composer (run `composer self-update`) to v2.0.14 or later'
+                . ' and remove your vendor/ directory, and run `composer update`.'
+            );
+        }
+        // This method requires Composer 2.0.14 or later.
+        $allData     = InstalledVersions::getAllRawData();
+        $packageList = [];
+
+        foreach ($allData as $list) {
+            $packageList = array_merge($packageList, $list['versions']);
+        }
+
+        // Check config for $composerPackages.
+        $only    = $composerPackages['only'] ?? [];
+        $exclude = $composerPackages['exclude'] ?? [];
+        if ($only !== [] && $exclude !== []) {
+            throw new ConfigException('Cannot use "only" and "exclude" at the same time in "Config\Modules::$composerPackages".');
+        }
+
+        // Get install paths of packages to add namespace for auto-discovery.
+        $installPaths = [];
+        if ($only !== []) {
+            foreach ($packageList as $packageName => $data) {
+                if (in_array($packageName, $only, true) && isset($data['install_path'])) {
+                    $installPaths[] = $data['install_path'];
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            foreach ($packageList as $packageName => $data) {
+                if (! in_array($packageName, $exclude, true) && isset($data['install_path'])) {
+                    $installPaths[] = $data['install_path'];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $newPaths = [];
+
+        foreach ($namespacePaths as $namespace => $srcPaths) {
+            $add = false;
+
+            foreach ($srcPaths as $path) {
+                foreach ($installPaths as $installPath) {
+                    if ($installPath === substr($path, 0, strlen($installPath))) {
+                        $add = true;
+                        break 2;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($add) {
+                // Composer stores namespaces with trailing slash. We don't.
+                $newPaths[rtrim($namespace, '\\ ')] = $srcPaths;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->addNamespace($newPaths);
+    }
+
+    private function loadComposerClassmap(ClassLoader $composer): void
+    {
+        $classes = $composer->getClassMap();
+
+        $this->classmap = array_merge($this->classmap, $classes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Locates autoload information from Composer, if available.
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function discoverComposerNamespaces()
+    {
+        if (! is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @var ClassLoader $composer
+         */
+        $composer = include COMPOSER_PATH;
+        $paths    = $composer->getPrefixesPsr4();
+        $classes  = $composer->getClassMap();
+
+        unset($composer);
+
+        // Get rid of CodeIgniter so we don't have duplicates
+        if (isset($paths['CodeIgniter\\'])) {
+            unset($paths['CodeIgniter\\']);
+        }
+
+        $newPaths = [];
+
+        foreach ($paths as $key => $value) {
+            // Composer stores namespaces with trailing slash. We don't.
+            $newPaths[rtrim($key, '\\ ')] = $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->prefixes = array_merge($this->prefixes, $newPaths);
+        $this->classmap = array_merge($this->classmap, $classes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads helpers
+     */
+    public function loadHelpers(): void
+    {
+        helper($this->helpers);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..744567a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Autoloader;
+
+/**
+ * Allows loading non-class files in a namespaced manner.
+ * Works with Helpers, Views, etc.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorTest
+ */
+class FileLocator
+{
+    /**
+     * The Autoloader to use.
+     *
+     * @var Autoloader
+     */
+    protected $autoloader;
+
+    public function __construct(Autoloader $autoloader)
+    {
+        $this->autoloader = $autoloader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to locate a file by examining the name for a namespace
+     * and looking through the PSR-4 namespaced files that we know about.
+     *
+     * @param string      $file   The relative file path or namespaced file to
+     *                            locate. If not namespaced, search in the app
+     *                            folder.
+     * @param string|null $folder The folder within the namespace that we should
+     *                            look for the file. If $file does not contain
+     *                            this value, it will be appended to the namespace
+     *                            folder.
+     * @param string      $ext    The file extension the file should have.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The path to the file, or false if not found.
+     */
+    public function locateFile(string $file, ?string $folder = null, string $ext = 'php')
+    {
+        $file = $this->ensureExt($file, $ext);
+
+        // Clears the folder name if it is at the beginning of the filename
+        if (! empty($folder) && strpos($file, $folder) === 0) {
+            $file = substr($file, strlen($folder . '/'));
+        }
+
+        // Is not namespaced? Try the application folder.
+        if (strpos($file, '\\') === false) {
+            return $this->legacyLocate($file, $folder);
+        }
+
+        // Standardize slashes to handle nested directories.
+        $file = strtr($file, '/', '\\');
+        $file = ltrim($file, '\\');
+
+        $segments = explode('\\', $file);
+
+        // The first segment will be empty if a slash started the filename.
+        if (empty($segments[0])) {
+            unset($segments[0]);
+        }
+
+        $paths    = [];
+        $filename = '';
+
+        // Namespaces always comes with arrays of paths
+        $namespaces = $this->autoloader->getNamespace();
+
+        foreach (array_keys($namespaces) as $namespace) {
+            if (substr($file, 0, strlen($namespace) + 1) === $namespace . '\\') {
+                $fileWithoutNamespace = substr($file, strlen($namespace));
+
+                // There may be sub-namespaces of the same vendor,
+                // so overwrite them with namespaces found later.
+                $paths    = $namespaces[$namespace];
+                $filename = ltrim(str_replace('\\', '/', $fileWithoutNamespace), '/');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if no namespaces matched then quit
+        if (empty($paths)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check each path in the namespace
+        foreach ($paths as $path) {
+            // Ensure trailing slash
+            $path = rtrim($path, '/') . '/';
+
+            // If we have a folder name, then the calling function
+            // expects this file to be within that folder, like 'Views',
+            // or 'libraries'.
+            if (! empty($folder) && strpos($path . $filename, '/' . $folder . '/') === false) {
+                $path .= trim($folder, '/') . '/';
+            }
+
+            $path .= $filename;
+            if (is_file($path)) {
+                return $path;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examines a file and returns the fully qualified class name.
+     */
+    public function getClassname(string $file): string
+    {
+        $php       = file_get_contents($file);
+        $tokens    = token_get_all($php);
+        $dlm       = false;
+        $namespace = '';
+        $className = '';
+
+        foreach ($tokens as $i => $token) {
+            if ($i < 2) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ((isset($tokens[$i - 2][1]) && ($tokens[$i - 2][1] === 'phpnamespace' || $tokens[$i - 2][1] === 'namespace')) || ($dlm && $tokens[$i - 1][0] === T_NS_SEPARATOR && $token[0] === T_STRING)) {
+                if (! $dlm) {
+                    $namespace = 0;
+                }
+                if (isset($token[1])) {
+                    $namespace = $namespace ? $namespace . '\\' . $token[1] : $token[1];
+                    $dlm       = true;
+                }
+            } elseif ($dlm && ($token[0] !== T_NS_SEPARATOR) && ($token[0] !== T_STRING)) {
+                $dlm = false;
+            }
+
+            if (($tokens[$i - 2][0] === T_CLASS || (isset($tokens[$i - 2][1]) && $tokens[$i - 2][1] === 'phpclass'))
+                && $tokens[$i - 1][0] === T_WHITESPACE
+                && $token[0] === T_STRING) {
+                $className = $token[1];
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($className)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return $namespace . '\\' . $className;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches through all of the defined namespaces looking for a file.
+     * Returns an array of all found locations for the defined file.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *
+     *  $locator->search('Config/Routes.php');
+     *  // Assuming PSR4 namespaces include foo and bar, might return:
+     *  [
+     *      'app/Modules/foo/Config/Routes.php',
+     *      'app/Modules/bar/Config/Routes.php',
+     *  ]
+     */
+    public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp = true): array
+    {
+        $path = $this->ensureExt($path, $ext);
+
+        $foundPaths = [];
+        $appPaths   = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->getNamespaces() as $namespace) {
+            if (isset($namespace['path']) && is_file($namespace['path'] . $path)) {
+                $fullPath = $namespace['path'] . $path;
+                $fullPath = realpath($fullPath) ?: $fullPath;
+
+                if ($prioritizeApp) {
+                    $foundPaths[] = $fullPath;
+                } elseif (strpos($fullPath, APPPATH) === 0) {
+                    $appPaths[] = $fullPath;
+                } else {
+                    $foundPaths[] = $fullPath;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $prioritizeApp && ! empty($appPaths)) {
+            $foundPaths = [...$foundPaths, ...$appPaths];
+        }
+
+        // Remove any duplicates
+        return array_unique($foundPaths);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures a extension is at the end of a filename
+     */
+    protected function ensureExt(string $path, string $ext): string
+    {
+        if ($ext !== '') {
+            $ext = '.' . $ext;
+
+            if (substr($path, -strlen($ext)) !== $ext) {
+                $path .= $ext;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the namespace mappings we know about.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, array<string, string>>
+     */
+    protected function getNamespaces()
+    {
+        $namespaces = [];
+
+        // Save system for last
+        $system = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->autoloader->getNamespace() as $prefix => $paths) {
+            foreach ($paths as $path) {
+                if ($prefix === 'CodeIgniter') {
+                    $system = [
+                        'prefix' => $prefix,
+                        'path'   => rtrim($path, '\\/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
+                    ];
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $namespaces[] = [
+                    'prefix' => $prefix,
+                    'path'   => rtrim($path, '\\/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $namespaces[] = $system;
+
+        return $namespaces;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the qualified name of a file according to
+     * the namespace of the first matched namespace path.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The qualified name or false if the path is not found
+     */
+    public function findQualifiedNameFromPath(string $path)
+    {
+        $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
+
+        if (! is_file($path)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->getNamespaces() as $namespace) {
+            $namespace['path'] = realpath($namespace['path']) ?: $namespace['path'];
+
+            if (empty($namespace['path'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (mb_strpos($path, $namespace['path']) === 0) {
+                $className = '\\' . $namespace['prefix'] . '\\' .
+                        ltrim(str_replace(
+                            '/',
+                            '\\',
+                            mb_substr($path, mb_strlen($namespace['path']))
+                        ), '\\');
+
+                // Remove the file extension (.php)
+                $className = mb_substr($className, 0, -4);
+
+                // Check if this exists
+                if (class_exists($className)) {
+                    return $className;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the defined namespaces, returning a list of all files
+     * that are contained within the subpath specified by $path.
+     *
+     * @return string[] List of file paths
+     */
+    public function listFiles(string $path): array
+    {
+        if (empty($path)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $files = [];
+        helper('filesystem');
+
+        foreach ($this->getNamespaces() as $namespace) {
+            $fullPath = $namespace['path'] . $path;
+            $fullPath = realpath($fullPath) ?: $fullPath;
+
+            if (! is_dir($fullPath)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $tempFiles = get_filenames($fullPath, true, false, false);
+
+            if (! empty($tempFiles)) {
+                $files = array_merge($files, $tempFiles);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the provided namespace, returning a list of all files
+     * that are contained within the sub path specified by $path.
+     *
+     * @return string[] List of file paths
+     */
+    public function listNamespaceFiles(string $prefix, string $path): array
+    {
+        if (empty($path) || empty($prefix)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $files = [];
+        helper('filesystem');
+
+        // autoloader->getNamespace($prefix) returns an array of paths for that namespace
+        foreach ($this->autoloader->getNamespace($prefix) as $namespacePath) {
+            $fullPath = rtrim($namespacePath, '/') . '/' . $path;
+            $fullPath = realpath($fullPath) ?: $fullPath;
+
+            if (! is_dir($fullPath)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $tempFiles = get_filenames($fullPath, true, false, false);
+
+            if (! empty($tempFiles)) {
+                $files = array_merge($files, $tempFiles);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the app folder to see if the file can be found.
+     * Only for use with filenames that DO NOT include namespacing.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The path to the file, or false if not found.
+     */
+    protected function legacyLocate(string $file, ?string $folder = null)
+    {
+        $path = APPPATH . (empty($folder) ? $file : $folder . '/' . $file);
+        $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
+
+        if (is_file($path)) {
+            return $path;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/BaseModel.php b/system/BaseModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c27afd02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/BaseModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1864 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ModelException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\Pager;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * The BaseModel class provides a number of convenient features that
+ * makes working with a databases less painful. Extending this class
+ * provide means of implementing various database systems
+ *
+ * It will:
+ *      - simplifies pagination
+ *      - allow specifying the return type (array, object, etc) with each call
+ *      - automatically set and update timestamps
+ *      - handle soft deletes
+ *      - ensure validation is run against objects when saving items
+ *      - process various callbacks
+ *      - allow intermingling calls to the db connection
+ */
+abstract class BaseModel
+{
+    /**
+     * Pager instance.
+     * Populated after calling $this->paginate()
+     *
+     * @var Pager
+     */
+    public $pager;
+
+    /**
+     * Last insert ID
+     *
+     * @var int|string
+     */
+    protected $insertID = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The Database connection group that
+     * should be instantiated.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     * @phpstan-var non-empty-string|null
+     */
+    protected $DBGroup;
+
+    /**
+     * The format that the results should be returned as.
+     * Will be overridden if the as* methods are used.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $returnType = 'array';
+
+    /**
+     * If this model should use "softDeletes" and
+     * simply set a date when rows are deleted, or
+     * do hard deletes.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $useSoftDeletes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of field names that are allowed
+     * to be set by the user in inserts/updates.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $allowedFields = [];
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will set created_at, and updated_at
+     * values during insert and update routines.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The type of column that created_at and updated_at
+     * are expected to.
+     *
+     * Allowed: 'datetime', 'date', 'int'
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dateFormat = 'datetime';
+
+    /**
+     * The column used for insert timestamps
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createdField = 'created_at';
+
+    /**
+     * The column used for update timestamps
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $updatedField = 'updated_at';
+
+    /**
+     * Used by withDeleted to override the
+     * model's softDelete setting.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $tempUseSoftDeletes;
+
+    /**
+     * The column used to save soft delete state
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $deletedField = 'deleted_at';
+
+    /**
+     * Used by asArray and asObject to provide
+     * temporary overrides of model default.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $tempReturnType;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether we should limit fields in inserts
+     * and updates to those available in $allowedFields or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $protectFields = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Database Connection
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Rules used to validate data in insert, update, and save methods.
+     * The array must match the format of data passed to the Validation
+     * library.
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $validationRules = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Contains any custom error messages to be
+     * used during data validation.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $validationMessages = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Skip the model's validation. Used in conjunction with skipValidation()
+     * to skip data validation for any future calls.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $skipValidation = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether rules should be removed that do not exist
+     * in the passed data. Used in updates.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $cleanValidationRules = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Our validator instance.
+     *
+     * @var ValidationInterface
+     */
+    protected $validation;
+
+    /*
+     * Callbacks.
+     *
+     * Each array should contain the method names (within the model)
+     * that should be called when those events are triggered.
+     *
+     * "Update" and "delete" methods are passed the same items that
+     * are given to their respective method.
+     *
+     * "Find" methods receive the ID searched for (if present), and
+     * 'afterFind' additionally receives the results that were found.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to trigger the defined callbacks
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $allowCallbacks = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Used by allowCallbacks() to override the
+     * model's allowCallbacks setting.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $tempAllowCallbacks;
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeInsert
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeInsert = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterInsert
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterInsert = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeUpdate
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeUpdate = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterUpdate
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterUpdate = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeInsertBatch
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeInsertBatch = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterInsertBatch
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterInsertBatch = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeUpdateBatch
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeUpdateBatch = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterUpdateBatch
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterUpdateBatch = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeFind
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeFind = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterFind
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterFind = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for beforeDelete
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $beforeDelete = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for afterDelete
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $afterDelete = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to allow inserting empty data.
+     */
+    protected bool $allowEmptyInserts = false;
+
+    public function __construct(?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
+    {
+        $this->tempReturnType     = $this->returnType;
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = $this->useSoftDeletes;
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        /**
+         * @var ValidationInterface|null $validation
+         */
+        $validation ??= Services::validation(null, false);
+        $this->validation = $validation;
+
+        $this->initialize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the instance with any additional steps.
+     * Optionally implemented by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function initialize()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the row of database.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param bool                  $singleton Single or multiple results
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id        One primary key or an array of primary keys
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null The resulting row of data, or null.
+     */
+    abstract protected function doFind(bool $singleton, $id = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the column of database.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param string $columnName Column Name
+     *
+     * @return array|null The resulting row of data, or null if no data found.
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    abstract protected function doFindColumn(string $columnName);
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches all results, while optionally limiting them.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param int $limit  Limit
+     * @param int $offset Offset
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    abstract protected function doFindAll(int $limit = 0, int $offset = 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first row of the result set.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    abstract protected function doFirst();
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts data into the current database.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Data
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    abstract protected function doInsert(array $data);
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch insert and runs the queries, validating each row prior.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $set       An associative array of insert values
+     * @param bool|null  $escape    Whether to escape values
+     * @param int        $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool       $testing   True means only number of records is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return bool|int Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
+     */
+    abstract protected function doInsertBatch(?array $set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $testing = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Updates a single record in the database.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id   ID
+     * @param array|null            $data Data
+     */
+    abstract protected function doUpdate($id = null, $data = null): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an update and runs the query.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null  $set       An associative array of update values
+     * @param string|null $index     The where key
+     * @param int         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool        $returnSQL True means SQL is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    abstract protected function doUpdateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $returnSQL = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a single record from the database where $id matches.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id    The rows primary key(s)
+     * @param bool                  $purge Allows overriding the soft deletes setting.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    abstract protected function doDelete($id = null, bool $purge = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Permanently deletes all rows that have been marked as deleted.
+     * through soft deletes (deleted = 1).
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string Returns a string if in test mode.
+     */
+    abstract protected function doPurgeDeleted();
+
+    /**
+     * Works with the find* methods to return only the rows that
+     * have been deleted.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    abstract protected function doOnlyDeleted();
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a replace and runs the query.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $data      Data
+     * @param bool       $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
+     */
+    abstract protected function doReplace(?array $data = null, bool $returnSQL = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the last error(s) that occurred from the Database connection.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    abstract protected function doErrors();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the id value for the data array or object.
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     *
+     * @return array|int|string|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated Add an override on getIdValue() instead. Will be removed in version 5.0.
+     */
+    abstract protected function idValue($data);
+
+    /**
+     * Public getter to return the id value using the idValue() method.
+     * For example with SQL this will return $data->$this->primaryKey.
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data
+     *
+     * @return array|int|string|null
+     *
+     * @todo: Make abstract in version 5.0
+     */
+    public function getIdValue($data)
+    {
+        return $this->idValue($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override countAllResults to account for soft deleted accounts.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param bool $reset Reset
+     * @param bool $test  Test
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    abstract public function countAllResults(bool $reset = true, bool $test = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Loops over records in batches, allowing you to operate on them.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param int     $size     Size
+     * @param Closure $userFunc Callback Function
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    abstract public function chunk(int $size, Closure $userFunc);
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the row of database.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id One primary key or an array of primary keys
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null The resulting row of data, or null.
+     */
+    public function find($id = null)
+    {
+        $singleton = is_numeric($id) || is_string($id);
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Call the before event and check for a return
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeFind', [
+                'id'        => $id,
+                'method'    => 'find',
+                'singleton' => $singleton,
+            ]);
+
+            if (! empty($eventData['returnData'])) {
+                return $eventData['data'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'        => $id,
+            'data'      => $this->doFind($singleton, $id),
+            'method'    => 'find',
+            'singleton' => $singleton,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('afterFind', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempReturnType     = $this->returnType;
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = $this->useSoftDeletes;
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $eventData['data'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the column of database.
+     *
+     * @param string $columnName Column Name
+     *
+     * @return array|null The resulting row of data, or null if no data found.
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    public function findColumn(string $columnName)
+    {
+        if (strpos($columnName, ',') !== false) {
+            throw DataException::forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns();
+        }
+
+        $resultSet = $this->doFindColumn($columnName);
+
+        return $resultSet ? array_column($resultSet, $columnName) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches all results, while optionally limiting them.
+     *
+     * @param int $limit  Limit
+     * @param int $offset Offset
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function findAll(int $limit = 0, int $offset = 0)
+    {
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Call the before event and check for a return
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeFind', [
+                'method'    => 'findAll',
+                'limit'     => $limit,
+                'offset'    => $offset,
+                'singleton' => false,
+            ]);
+
+            if (! empty($eventData['returnData'])) {
+                return $eventData['data'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'data'      => $this->doFindAll($limit, $offset),
+            'limit'     => $limit,
+            'offset'    => $offset,
+            'method'    => 'findAll',
+            'singleton' => false,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('afterFind', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempReturnType     = $this->returnType;
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = $this->useSoftDeletes;
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $eventData['data'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first row of the result set.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function first()
+    {
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Call the before event and check for a return
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeFind', [
+                'method'    => 'first',
+                'singleton' => true,
+            ]);
+
+            if (! empty($eventData['returnData'])) {
+                return $eventData['data'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'data'      => $this->doFirst(),
+            'method'    => 'first',
+            'singleton' => true,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('afterFind', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempReturnType     = $this->returnType;
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = $this->useSoftDeletes;
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $eventData['data'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method that will attempt to determine whether the
+     * data should be inserted or updated. Will work with either
+     * an array or object. When using with custom class objects,
+     * you must ensure that the class will provide access to the class
+     * variables, even if through a magic method.
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function save($data): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->shouldUpdate($data)) {
+            $response = $this->update($this->getIdValue($data), $data);
+        } else {
+            $response = $this->insert($data, false);
+
+            if ($response !== false) {
+                $response = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called on save to determine if entry have to be updated.
+     * If this method returns false insert operation will be executed
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     */
+    protected function shouldUpdate($data): bool
+    {
+        return ! empty($this->getIdValue($data));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns last insert ID or 0.
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public function getInsertID()
+    {
+        return is_numeric($this->insertID) ? (int) $this->insertID : $this->insertID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts data into the database. If an object is provided,
+     * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $data     Data
+     * @param bool              $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     *
+     * @return bool|int|string insert ID or true on success. false on failure.
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function insert($data = null, bool $returnID = true)
+    {
+        $this->insertID = 0;
+
+        // Set $cleanValidationRules to false temporary.
+        $cleanValidationRules       = $this->cleanValidationRules;
+        $this->cleanValidationRules = false;
+
+        $data = $this->transformDataToArray($data, 'insert');
+
+        // Validate data before saving.
+        if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($data)) {
+            // Restore $cleanValidationRules
+            $this->cleanValidationRules = $cleanValidationRules;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Restore $cleanValidationRules
+        $this->cleanValidationRules = $cleanValidationRules;
+
+        // Must be called first, so we don't
+        // strip out created_at values.
+        $data = $this->doProtectFieldsForInsert($data);
+
+        // doProtectFields() can further remove elements from
+        // $data so we need to check for empty dataset again
+        if (! $this->allowEmptyInserts && empty($data)) {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyDataset('insert');
+        }
+
+        // Set created_at and updated_at with same time
+        $date = $this->setDate();
+
+        if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->createdField && ! array_key_exists($this->createdField, $data)) {
+            $data[$this->createdField] = $date;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField && ! array_key_exists($this->updatedField, $data)) {
+            $data[$this->updatedField] = $date;
+        }
+
+        $eventData = ['data' => $data];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeInsert', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->doInsert($eventData['data']);
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'     => $this->insertID,
+            'data'   => $eventData['data'],
+            'result' => $result,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Trigger afterInsert events with the inserted data and new ID
+            $this->trigger('afterInsert', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        // If insertion failed, get out of here
+        if (! $result) {
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        // otherwise return the insertID, if requested.
+        return $returnID ? $this->insertID : $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch insert runs the queries, validating each row prior.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $set       an associative array of insert values
+     * @param bool|null  $escape    Whether to escape values
+     * @param int        $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool       $testing   True means only number of records is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return bool|int Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function insertBatch(?array $set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $testing = false)
+    {
+        // Set $cleanValidationRules to false temporary.
+        $cleanValidationRules       = $this->cleanValidationRules;
+        $this->cleanValidationRules = false;
+
+        if (is_array($set)) {
+            foreach ($set as &$row) {
+                // If $data is using a custom class with public or protected
+                // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
+                // them as an array.
+                if (is_object($row) && ! $row instanceof stdClass) {
+                    $row = $this->objectToArray($row, false, true);
+                }
+
+                // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
+                // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
+                // don't have to do special checks.
+                if (is_object($row)) {
+                    $row = (array) $row;
+                }
+
+                // Validate every row.
+                if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($row)) {
+                    // Restore $cleanValidationRules
+                    $this->cleanValidationRules = $cleanValidationRules;
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Must be called first so we don't
+                // strip out created_at values.
+                $row = $this->doProtectFieldsForInsert($row);
+
+                // Set created_at and updated_at with same time
+                $date = $this->setDate();
+
+                if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->createdField && ! array_key_exists($this->createdField, $row)) {
+                    $row[$this->createdField] = $date;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField && ! array_key_exists($this->updatedField, $row)) {
+                    $row[$this->updatedField] = $date;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Restore $cleanValidationRules
+        $this->cleanValidationRules = $cleanValidationRules;
+
+        $eventData = ['data' => $set];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeInsertBatch', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->doInsertBatch($eventData['data'], $escape, $batchSize, $testing);
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'data'   => $eventData['data'],
+            'result' => $result,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Trigger afterInsert events with the inserted data and new ID
+            $this->trigger('afterInsertBatch', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates a single record in the database. If an object is provided,
+     * it will attempt to convert it into an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id
+     * @param array|object|null     $data
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function update($id = null, $data = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_bool($id)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('update(): argument #1 ($id) should not be boolean.');
+        }
+
+        if (is_numeric($id) || is_string($id)) {
+            $id = [$id];
+        }
+
+        $data = $this->transformDataToArray($data, 'update');
+
+        // Validate data before saving.
+        if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Must be called first, so we don't
+        // strip out updated_at values.
+        $data = $this->doProtectFields($data);
+
+        // doProtectFields() can further remove elements from
+        // $data, so we need to check for empty dataset again
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyDataset('update');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField && ! array_key_exists($this->updatedField, $data)) {
+            $data[$this->updatedField] = $this->setDate();
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'   => $id,
+            'data' => $data,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeUpdate', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'     => $id,
+            'data'   => $eventData['data'],
+            'result' => $this->doUpdate($id, $eventData['data']),
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $this->trigger('afterUpdate', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $eventData['result'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an update and runs the query.
+     *
+     * @param array|null  $set       An associative array of update values
+     * @param string|null $index     The where key
+     * @param int         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool        $returnSQL True means SQL is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function updateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $returnSQL = false)
+    {
+        if (is_array($set)) {
+            foreach ($set as &$row) {
+                // If $data is using a custom class with public or protected
+                // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
+                // them as an array.
+                if (is_object($row) && ! $row instanceof stdClass) {
+                    // For updates the index field is needed even if it is not changed.
+                    // So set $onlyChanged to false.
+                    $row = $this->objectToArray($row, false, true);
+                }
+
+                // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
+                // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
+                // don't have to do special checks.
+                if (is_object($row)) {
+                    $row = (array) $row;
+                }
+
+                // Validate data before saving.
+                if (! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($row)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Save updateIndex for later
+                $updateIndex = $row[$index] ?? null;
+
+                if ($updateIndex === null) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                        'The index ("' . $index . '") for updateBatch() is missing in the data: '
+                        . json_encode($row)
+                    );
+                }
+
+                // Must be called first so we don't
+                // strip out updated_at values.
+                $row = $this->doProtectFields($row);
+
+                // Restore updateIndex value in case it was wiped out
+                if ($updateIndex !== null) {
+                    $row[$index] = $updateIndex;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField && ! array_key_exists($this->updatedField, $row)) {
+                    $row[$this->updatedField] = $this->setDate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $eventData = ['data' => $set];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $eventData = $this->trigger('beforeUpdateBatch', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->doUpdateBatch($eventData['data'], $index, $batchSize, $returnSQL);
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'data'   => $eventData['data'],
+            'result' => $result,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            // Trigger afterInsert events with the inserted data and new ID
+            $this->trigger('afterUpdateBatch', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a single record from the database where $id matches.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id    The rows primary key(s)
+     * @param bool                  $purge Allows overriding the soft deletes setting.
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function delete($id = null, bool $purge = false)
+    {
+        if (is_bool($id)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('delete(): argument #1 ($id) should not be boolean.');
+        }
+
+        if ($id && (is_numeric($id) || is_string($id))) {
+            $id = [$id];
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'    => $id,
+            'purge' => $purge,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $this->trigger('beforeDelete', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $eventData = [
+            'id'     => $id,
+            'data'   => null,
+            'purge'  => $purge,
+            'result' => $this->doDelete($id, $purge),
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->tempAllowCallbacks) {
+            $this->trigger('afterDelete', $eventData);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $this->allowCallbacks;
+
+        return $eventData['result'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Permanently deletes all rows that have been marked as deleted
+     * through soft deletes (deleted = 1).
+     *
+     * @return bool|string Returns a string if in test mode.
+     */
+    public function purgeDeleted()
+    {
+        if (! $this->useSoftDeletes) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->doPurgeDeleted();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets $useSoftDeletes value so that we can temporarily override
+     * the soft deletes settings. Can be used for all find* methods.
+     *
+     * @param bool $val Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withDeleted(bool $val = true)
+    {
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = ! $val;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Works with the find* methods to return only the rows that
+     * have been deleted.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function onlyDeleted()
+    {
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = false;
+        $this->doOnlyDeleted();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a replace and runs the query.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $data      Data
+     * @param bool       $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
+     */
+    public function replace(?array $data = null, bool $returnSQL = false)
+    {
+        // Validate data before saving.
+        if ($data && ! $this->skipValidation && ! $this->validate($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField && ! array_key_exists($this->updatedField, (array) $data)) {
+            $data[$this->updatedField] = $this->setDate();
+        }
+
+        return $this->doReplace($data, $returnSQL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the last error(s) that occurred. If data was validated,
+     * it will first check for errors there, otherwise will try to
+     * grab the last error from the Database connection.
+     *
+     * The return array should be in the following format:
+     *  ['source' => 'message']
+     *
+     * @param bool $forceDB Always grab the db error, not validation
+     *
+     * @return array<string,string>
+     */
+    public function errors(bool $forceDB = false)
+    {
+        // Do we have validation errors?
+        if (! $forceDB && ! $this->skipValidation && ($errors = $this->validation->getErrors())) {
+            return $errors;
+        }
+
+        return $this->doErrors();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Works with Pager to get the size and offset parameters.
+     * Expects a GET variable (?page=2) that specifies the page of results
+     * to display.
+     *
+     * @param int|null $perPage Items per page
+     * @param string   $group   Will be used by the pagination library to identify a unique pagination set.
+     * @param int|null $page    Optional page number (useful when the page number is provided in different way)
+     * @param int      $segment Optional URI segment number (if page number is provided by URI segment)
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function paginate(?int $perPage = null, string $group = 'default', ?int $page = null, int $segment = 0)
+    {
+        // Since multiple models may use the Pager, the Pager must be shared.
+        $pager = Services::pager();
+
+        if ($segment !== 0) {
+            $pager->setSegment($segment, $group);
+        }
+
+        $page = $page >= 1 ? $page : $pager->getCurrentPage($group);
+        // Store it in the Pager library, so it can be paginated in the views.
+        $this->pager = $pager->store($group, $page, $perPage, $this->countAllResults(false), $segment);
+        $perPage     = $this->pager->getPerPage($group);
+        $offset      = ($pager->getCurrentPage($group) - 1) * $perPage;
+
+        return $this->findAll($perPage, $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * It could be used when you have to change default or override current allowed fields.
+     *
+     * @param array $allowedFields Array with names of fields
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setAllowedFields(array $allowedFields)
+    {
+        $this->allowedFields = $allowedFields;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether or not we should whitelist data set during
+     * updates or inserts against $this->availableFields.
+     *
+     * @param bool $protect Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function protect(bool $protect = true)
+    {
+        $this->protectFields = $protect;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that only the fields that are allowed to be updated are
+     * in the data array.
+     *
+     * Used by update() and updateBatch() to protect against mass assignment
+     * vulnerabilities.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Data
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    protected function doProtectFields(array $data): array
+    {
+        if (! $this->protectFields) {
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->allowedFields)) {
+            throw DataException::forInvalidAllowedFields(static::class);
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($data) as $key) {
+            if (! in_array($key, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($data[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that only the fields that are allowed to be inserted are in
+     * the data array.
+     *
+     * Used by insert() and insertBatch() to protect against mass assignment
+     * vulnerabilities.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Data
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    protected function doProtectFieldsForInsert(array $data): array
+    {
+        return $this->doProtectFields($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the date or current date if null value is passed.
+     *
+     * @param int|null $userData An optional PHP timestamp to be converted.
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     *
+     * @throws ModelException
+     */
+    protected function setDate(?int $userData = null)
+    {
+        $currentDate = $userData ?? Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+
+        return $this->intToDate($currentDate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A utility function to allow child models to use the type of
+     * date/time format that they prefer. This is primarily used for
+     * setting created_at, updated_at and deleted_at values, but can be
+     * used by inheriting classes.
+     *
+     * The available time formats are:
+     *  - 'int'      - Stores the date as an integer timestamp
+     *  - 'datetime' - Stores the data in the SQL datetime format
+     *  - 'date'     - Stores the date (only) in the SQL date format.
+     *
+     * @param int $value value
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     *
+     * @throws ModelException
+     */
+    protected function intToDate(int $value)
+    {
+        switch ($this->dateFormat) {
+            case 'int':
+                return $value;
+
+            case 'datetime':
+                return date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $value);
+
+            case 'date':
+                return date('Y-m-d', $value);
+
+            default:
+                throw ModelException::forNoDateFormat(static::class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts Time value to string using $this->dateFormat.
+     *
+     * The available time formats are:
+     *  - 'int'      - Stores the date as an integer timestamp
+     *  - 'datetime' - Stores the data in the SQL datetime format
+     *  - 'date'     - Stores the date (only) in the SQL date format.
+     *
+     * @param Time $value value
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    protected function timeToDate(Time $value)
+    {
+        switch ($this->dateFormat) {
+            case 'datetime':
+                return $value->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+
+            case 'date':
+                return $value->format('Y-m-d');
+
+            case 'int':
+                return $value->getTimestamp();
+
+            default:
+                return (string) $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of the skipValidation flag.
+     *
+     * @param bool $skip Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function skipValidation(bool $skip = true)
+    {
+        $this->skipValidation = $skip;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows to set (and reset) validation messages.
+     * It could be used when you have to change default or override current validate messages.
+     *
+     * @param array $validationMessages Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValidationMessages(array $validationMessages)
+    {
+        $this->validationMessages = $validationMessages;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows to set field wise validation message.
+     * It could be used when you have to change default or override current validate messages.
+     *
+     * @param string $field         Field Name
+     * @param array  $fieldMessages Validation messages
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValidationMessage(string $field, array $fieldMessages)
+    {
+        $this->validationMessages[$field] = $fieldMessages;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows to set (and reset) validation rules.
+     * It could be used when you have to change default or override current validate rules.
+     *
+     * @param array $validationRules Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValidationRules(array $validationRules)
+    {
+        $this->validationRules = $validationRules;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows to set field wise validation rules.
+     * It could be used when you have to change default or override current validate rules.
+     *
+     * @param string       $field      Field Name
+     * @param array|string $fieldRules Validation rules
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValidationRule(string $field, $fieldRules)
+    {
+        $rules = $this->validationRules;
+
+        // ValidationRules can be either a string, which is the group name,
+        // or an array of rules.
+        if (is_string($rules)) {
+            [$rules, $customErrors] = $this->validation->loadRuleGroup($rules);
+
+            $this->validationRules = $rules;
+            $this->validationMessages += $customErrors;
+        }
+
+        $this->validationRules[$field] = $fieldRules;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should validation rules be removed before saving?
+     * Most handy when doing updates.
+     *
+     * @param bool $choice Value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function cleanRules(bool $choice = false)
+    {
+        $this->cleanValidationRules = $choice;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate the data against the validation rules (or the validation group)
+     * specified in the class property, $validationRules.
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     */
+    public function validate($data): bool
+    {
+        $rules = $this->getValidationRules();
+
+        if ($this->skipValidation || empty($rules) || empty($data)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Validation requires array, so cast away.
+        if (is_object($data)) {
+            $data = (array) $data;
+        }
+
+        $rules = $this->cleanValidationRules ? $this->cleanValidationRules($rules, $data) : $rules;
+
+        // If no data existed that needs validation
+        // our job is done here.
+        if (empty($rules)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $this->validation->reset()->setRules($rules, $this->validationMessages);
+
+        return $this->validation->run($data, null, $this->DBGroup);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the model's defined validation rules so that they
+     * can be used elsewhere, if needed.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Options
+     */
+    public function getValidationRules(array $options = []): array
+    {
+        $rules = $this->validationRules;
+
+        // ValidationRules can be either a string, which is the group name,
+        // or an array of rules.
+        if (is_string($rules)) {
+            [$rules, $customErrors] = $this->validation->loadRuleGroup($rules);
+
+            $this->validationMessages += $customErrors;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($options['except'])) {
+            $rules = array_diff_key($rules, array_flip($options['except']));
+        } elseif (isset($options['only'])) {
+            $rules = array_intersect_key($rules, array_flip($options['only']));
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the model's validation messages, so they
+     * can be used elsewhere, if needed.
+     */
+    public function getValidationMessages(): array
+    {
+        return $this->validationMessages;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes any rules that apply to fields that have not been set
+     * currently so that rules don't block updating when only updating
+     * a partial row.
+     *
+     * @param array      $rules Array containing field name and rule
+     * @param array|null $data  Data
+     */
+    protected function cleanValidationRules(array $rules, ?array $data = null): array
+    {
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($rules) as $field) {
+            if (! array_key_exists($field, $data)) {
+                unset($rules[$field]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets $tempAllowCallbacks value so that we can temporarily override
+     * the setting. Resets after the next method that uses triggers.
+     *
+     * @param bool $val value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function allowCallbacks(bool $val = true)
+    {
+        $this->tempAllowCallbacks = $val;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple event trigger for Model Events that allows additional
+     * data manipulation within the model. Specifically intended for
+     * usage by child models this can be used to format data,
+     * save/load related classes, etc.
+     *
+     * It is the responsibility of the callback methods to return
+     * the data itself.
+     *
+     * Each $eventData array MUST have a 'data' key with the relevant
+     * data for callback methods (like an array of key/value pairs to insert
+     * or update, an array of results, etc.)
+     *
+     * If callbacks are not allowed then returns $eventData immediately.
+     *
+     * @param string $event     Event
+     * @param array  $eventData Event Data
+     *
+     * @return array
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    protected function trigger(string $event, array $eventData)
+    {
+        // Ensure it's a valid event
+        if (! isset($this->{$event}) || empty($this->{$event})) {
+            return $eventData;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->{$event} as $callback) {
+            if (! method_exists($this, $callback)) {
+                throw DataException::forInvalidMethodTriggered($callback);
+            }
+
+            $eventData = $this->{$callback}($eventData);
+        }
+
+        return $eventData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the return type of the results to be as an associative array.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function asArray()
+    {
+        $this->tempReturnType = 'array';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the return type to be of the specified type of object.
+     * Defaults to a simple object, but can be any class that has
+     * class vars with the same name as the collection columns,
+     * or at least allows them to be created.
+     *
+     * @param string $class Class Name
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function asObject(string $class = 'object')
+    {
+        $this->tempReturnType = $class;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a class and returns an array of its public and protected
+     * properties as an array suitable for use in creates and updates.
+     * This method uses objectToRawArray() internally and does conversion
+     * to string on all Time instances
+     *
+     * @param object|string $data        Data
+     * @param bool          $onlyChanged Only Changed Property
+     * @param bool          $recursive   If true, inner entities will be cast as array as well
+     *
+     * @return array Array
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function objectToArray($data, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $recursive = false): array
+    {
+        $properties = $this->objectToRawArray($data, $onlyChanged, $recursive);
+
+        assert(is_array($properties));
+
+        // Convert any Time instances to appropriate $dateFormat
+        if ($properties !== []) {
+            $properties = array_map(function ($value) {
+                if ($value instanceof Time) {
+                    return $this->timeToDate($value);
+                }
+
+                return $value;
+            }, $properties);
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a class and returns an array of its public and protected
+     * properties as an array with raw values.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $data        Data
+     * @param bool          $onlyChanged Only Changed Property
+     * @param bool          $recursive   If true, inner entities will be casted as array as well
+     *
+     * @return array|null Array
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function objectToRawArray($data, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $recursive = false): ?array
+    {
+        if (method_exists($data, 'toRawArray')) {
+            $properties = $data->toRawArray($onlyChanged, $recursive);
+        } else {
+            $mirror = new ReflectionClass($data);
+            $props  = $mirror->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PUBLIC | ReflectionProperty::IS_PROTECTED);
+
+            $properties = [];
+
+            // Loop over each property,
+            // saving the name/value in a new array we can return.
+            foreach ($props as $prop) {
+                // Must make protected values accessible.
+                $prop->setAccessible(true);
+                $properties[$prop->getName()] = $prop->getValue($data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Transform data to array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $data Data
+     * @param string            $type Type of data (insert|update)
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function transformDataToArray($data, string $type): array
+    {
+        if (! in_array($type, ['insert', 'update'], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('Invalid type "%s" used upon transforming data to array.', $type));
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->allowEmptyInserts && empty($data)) {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyDataset($type);
+        }
+
+        // If $data is using a custom class with public or protected
+        // properties representing the collection elements, we need to grab
+        // them as an array.
+        if (is_object($data) && ! $data instanceof stdClass) {
+            // If it validates with entire rules, all fields are needed.
+            $onlyChanged = ($this->skipValidation === false && $this->cleanValidationRules === false)
+                ? false : ($type === 'update');
+
+            $data = $this->objectToArray($data, $onlyChanged, true);
+        }
+
+        // If it's still a stdClass, go ahead and convert to
+        // an array so doProtectFields and other model methods
+        // don't have to do special checks.
+        if (is_object($data)) {
+            $data = (array) $data;
+        }
+
+        // If it's still empty here, means $data is no change or is empty object
+        if (! $this->allowEmptyInserts && empty($data)) {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyDataset($type);
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides the db connection and model's properties.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Name
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get(string $name)
+    {
+        if (property_exists($this, $name)) {
+            return $this->{$name};
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->{$name} ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for the existence of properties across this model, and db connection.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Name
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $name): bool
+    {
+        if (property_exists($this, $name)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return isset($this->db->{$name});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides direct access to method in the database connection.
+     *
+     * @param string $name   Name
+     * @param array  $params Params
+     *
+     * @return $this|null
+     */
+    public function __call(string $name, array $params)
+    {
+        if (method_exists($this->db, $name)) {
+            return $this->db->{$name}(...$params);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replace any placeholders within the rules with the values that
+     * match the 'key' of any properties being set. For example, if
+     * we had the following $data array:
+     *
+     * [ 'id' => 13 ]
+     *
+     * and the following rule:
+     *
+     *  'required|is_unique[users,email,id,{id}]'
+     *
+     * The value of {id} would be replaced with the actual id in the form data:
+     *
+     *  'required|is_unique[users,email,id,13]'
+     *
+     * @param array $rules Validation rules
+     * @param array $data  Data
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @deprecated use fillPlaceholders($rules, $data) from Validation instead
+     */
+    protected function fillPlaceholders(array $rules, array $data): array
+    {
+        $replacements = [];
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            $replacements['{' . $key . '}'] = $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($replacements)) {
+            foreach ($rules as &$rule) {
+                if (is_array($rule)) {
+                    foreach ($rule as &$row) {
+                        // Should only be an `errors` array
+                        // which doesn't take placeholders.
+                        if (is_array($row)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        $row = strtr($row, $replacements);
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $rule = strtr($rule, $replacements);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets $allowEmptyInserts.
+     */
+    public function allowEmptyInserts(bool $value = true): self
+    {
+        $this->allowEmptyInserts = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php b/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4448d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/BaseCommand.php
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
+
+use Config\Exceptions;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use ReflectionException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * BaseCommand is the base class used in creating CLI commands.
+ *
+ * @property array           $arguments
+ * @property Commands        $commands
+ * @property string          $description
+ * @property string          $group
+ * @property LoggerInterface $logger
+ * @property string          $name
+ * @property array           $options
+ * @property string          $usage
+ */
+abstract class BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage;
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description;
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's options description
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments description
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The Logger to use for a command
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of Commands so
+     * commands can call other commands.
+     *
+     * @var Commands
+     */
+    protected $commands;
+
+    public function __construct(LoggerInterface $logger, Commands $commands)
+    {
+        $this->logger   = $logger;
+        $this->commands = $commands;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, string|null> $params
+     *
+     * @return int|void
+     */
+    abstract public function run(array $params);
+
+    /**
+     * Can be used by a command to run other commands.
+     *
+     * @return int|void
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function call(string $command, array $params = [])
+    {
+        return $this->commands->run($command, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to display an error with line/file, in child commands.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function showError(Throwable $e)
+    {
+        $exception = $e;
+        $message   = $e->getMessage();
+        $config    = config(Exceptions::class);
+
+        require $config->errorViewPath . '/cli/error_exception.php';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show Help includes (Usage, Arguments, Description, Options).
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function showHelp()
+    {
+        CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpUsage'), 'yellow');
+
+        if (! empty($this->usage)) {
+            $usage = $this->usage;
+        } else {
+            $usage = $this->name;
+
+            if (! empty($this->arguments)) {
+                $usage .= ' [arguments]';
+            }
+        }
+
+        CLI::write($this->setPad($usage, 0, 0, 2));
+
+        if (! empty($this->description)) {
+            CLI::newLine();
+            CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpDescription'), 'yellow');
+            CLI::write($this->setPad($this->description, 0, 0, 2));
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->arguments)) {
+            CLI::newLine();
+            CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpArguments'), 'yellow');
+            $length = max(array_map('strlen', array_keys($this->arguments)));
+
+            foreach ($this->arguments as $argument => $description) {
+                CLI::write(CLI::color($this->setPad($argument, $length, 2, 2), 'green') . $description);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->options)) {
+            CLI::newLine();
+            CLI::write(lang('CLI.helpOptions'), 'yellow');
+            $length = max(array_map('strlen', array_keys($this->options)));
+
+            foreach ($this->options as $option => $description) {
+                CLI::write(CLI::color($this->setPad($option, $length, 2, 2), 'green') . $description);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads our string out so that all titles are the same length to nicely line up descriptions.
+     *
+     * @param int $extra How many extra spaces to add at the end
+     */
+    public function setPad(string $item, int $max, int $extra = 2, int $indent = 0): string
+    {
+        $max += $extra + $indent;
+
+        return str_pad(str_repeat(' ', $indent) . $item, $max);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get pad for $key => $value array output
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use setPad() instead.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getPad(array $array, int $pad): int
+    {
+        $max = 0;
+
+        foreach (array_keys($array) as $key) {
+            $max = max($max, strlen($key));
+        }
+
+        return $max + $pad;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes it simple to access our protected properties.
+     *
+     * @return array|Commands|LoggerInterface|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get(string $key)
+    {
+        return $this->{$key} ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes it simple to check our protected properties.
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $key): bool
+    {
+        return isset($this->{$key});
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CLI/CLI.php b/system/CLI/CLI.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50a846a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/CLI.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1153 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\Exceptions\CLIException;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Set of static methods useful for CLI request handling.
+ *
+ * Portions of this code were initially from the FuelPHP Framework,
+ * version 1.7.x, and used here under the MIT license they were
+ * originally made available under. Reference: http://fuelphp.com
+ *
+ * Some of the code in this class is Windows-specific, and not
+ * possible to test using travis-ci. It has been phpunit-annotated
+ * to prevent messing up code coverage.
+ *
+ * Some of the methods require keyboard input, and are not unit-testable
+ * as a result: input() and prompt().
+ * validate() is internal, and not testable if prompt() isn't.
+ * The wait() method is mostly testable, as long as you don't give it
+ * an argument of "0".
+ * These have been flagged to ignore for code coverage purposes.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CLI\CLITest
+ */
+class CLI
+{
+    /**
+     * Is the readline library on the system?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Should be protected.
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
+     */
+    public static $readline_support = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The message displayed at prompts.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Should be protected.
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
+     */
+    public static $wait_msg = 'Press any key to continue...';
+
+    /**
+     * Has the class already been initialized?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $initialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Foreground color list
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
+     */
+    protected static $foreground_colors = [
+        'black'        => '0;30',
+        'dark_gray'    => '1;30',
+        'blue'         => '0;34',
+        'dark_blue'    => '0;34',
+        'light_blue'   => '1;34',
+        'green'        => '0;32',
+        'light_green'  => '1;32',
+        'cyan'         => '0;36',
+        'light_cyan'   => '1;36',
+        'red'          => '0;31',
+        'light_red'    => '1;31',
+        'purple'       => '0;35',
+        'light_purple' => '1;35',
+        'yellow'       => '0;33',
+        'light_yellow' => '1;33',
+        'light_gray'   => '0;37',
+        'white'        => '1;37',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Background color list
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
+     */
+    protected static $background_colors = [
+        'black'      => '40',
+        'red'        => '41',
+        'green'      => '42',
+        'yellow'     => '43',
+        'blue'       => '44',
+        'magenta'    => '45',
+        'cyan'       => '46',
+        'light_gray' => '47',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * List of array segments.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $segments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Helps track internally whether the last
+     * output was a "write" or a "print" to
+     * keep the output clean and as expected.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected static $lastWrite;
+
+    /**
+     * Height of the CLI window
+     *
+     * @var int|null
+     */
+    protected static $height;
+
+    /**
+     * Width of the CLI window
+     *
+     * @var int|null
+     */
+    protected static $width;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the current stream supports colored output.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $isColored = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Static "constructor".
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function init()
+    {
+        if (is_cli()) {
+            // Readline is an extension for PHP that makes interactivity with PHP
+            // much more bash-like.
+            // http://www.php.net/manual/en/readline.installation.php
+            static::$readline_support = extension_loaded('readline');
+
+            // clear segments & options to keep testing clean
+            static::$segments = [];
+            static::$options  = [];
+
+            // Check our stream resource for color support
+            static::$isColored = static::hasColorSupport(STDOUT);
+
+            static::parseCommandLine();
+
+            static::$initialized = true;
+        } elseif (! defined('STDOUT')) {
+            // If the command is being called from a controller
+            // we need to define STDOUT ourselves
+            // For "! defined('STDOUT')" see: https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/7047
+            define('STDOUT', 'php://output'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get input from the shell, using readline or the standard STDIN
+     *
+     * Named options must be in the following formats:
+     * php index.php user -v --v -name=John --name=John
+     *
+     * @param string|null $prefix You may specify a string with which to prompt the user.
+     */
+    public static function input(?string $prefix = null): string
+    {
+        // readline() can't be tested.
+        if (static::$readline_support && ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+            return readline($prefix); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        echo $prefix;
+
+        return fgets(fopen('php://stdin', 'rb'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asks the user for input.
+     *
+     * Usage:
+     *
+     * // Takes any input
+     * $color = CLI::prompt('What is your favorite color?');
+     *
+     * // Takes any input, but offers default
+     * $color = CLI::prompt('What is your favourite color?', 'white');
+     *
+     * // Will validate options with the in_list rule and accept only if one of the list
+     * $color = CLI::prompt('What is your favourite color?', array('red','blue'));
+     *
+     * // Do not provide options but requires a valid email
+     * $email = CLI::prompt('What is your email?', null, 'required|valid_email');
+     *
+     * @param string            $field      Output "field" question
+     * @param array|string      $options    String to a default value, array to a list of options (the first option will be the default value)
+     * @param array|string|null $validation Validation rules
+     *
+     * @return string The user input
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function prompt(string $field, $options = null, $validation = null): string
+    {
+        $extraOutput = '';
+        $default     = '';
+
+        if ($validation && ! is_array($validation) && ! is_string($validation)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('$rules can only be of type string|array');
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($validation)) {
+            $validation = $validation ? explode('|', $validation) : [];
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($options)) {
+            $extraOutput = ' [' . static::color($options, 'green') . ']';
+            $default     = $options;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($options) && $options) {
+            $opts               = $options;
+            $extraOutputDefault = static::color($opts[0], 'green');
+
+            unset($opts[0]);
+
+            if (empty($opts)) {
+                $extraOutput = $extraOutputDefault;
+            } else {
+                $extraOutput  = '[' . $extraOutputDefault . ', ' . implode(', ', $opts) . ']';
+                $validation[] = 'in_list[' . implode(', ', $options) . ']';
+            }
+
+            $default = $options[0];
+        }
+
+        static::fwrite(STDOUT, $field . (trim($field) ? ' ' : '') . $extraOutput . ': ');
+
+        // Read the input from keyboard.
+        $input = trim(static::input()) ?: $default;
+
+        if ($validation !== []) {
+            while (! static::validate('"' . trim($field) . '"', $input, $validation)) {
+                $input = static::prompt($field, $options, $validation);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $input;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * prompt(), but based on the option's key
+     *
+     * @param array|string      $text       Output "field" text or an one or two value array where the first value is the text before listing the options
+     *                                      and the second value the text before asking to select one option. Provide empty string to omit
+     * @param array             $options    A list of options (array(key => description)), the first option will be the default value
+     * @param array|string|null $validation Validation rules
+     *
+     * @return string The selected key of $options
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function promptByKey($text, array $options, $validation = null): string
+    {
+        if (is_string($text)) {
+            $text = [$text];
+        } elseif (! is_array($text)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('$text can only be of type string|array');
+        }
+
+        CLI::isZeroOptions($options);
+
+        if ($line = array_shift($text)) {
+            CLI::write($line);
+        }
+
+        CLI::printKeysAndValues($options);
+
+        return static::prompt(PHP_EOL . array_shift($text), array_keys($options), $validation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is the same as promptByKey(), but this method supports multiple keys, separated by commas.
+     *
+     * @param string $text    Output "field" text or an one or two value array where the first value is the text before listing the options
+     *                        and the second value the text before asking to select one option. Provide empty string to omit
+     * @param array  $options A list of options (array(key => description)), the first option will be the default value
+     *
+     * @return array The selected key(s) and value(s) of $options
+     */
+    public static function promptByMultipleKeys(string $text, array $options): array
+    {
+        CLI::isZeroOptions($options);
+
+        $extraOutputDefault = static::color('0', 'green');
+        $opts               = $options;
+        unset($opts[0]);
+
+        if (empty($opts)) {
+            $extraOutput = $extraOutputDefault;
+        } else {
+            $optsKey = [];
+
+            foreach (array_keys($opts) as $key) {
+                $optsKey[] = $key;
+            }
+            $extraOutput = '[' . $extraOutputDefault . ', ' . implode(', ', $optsKey) . ']';
+            $extraOutput = 'You can specify multiple values separated by commas.' . PHP_EOL . $extraOutput;
+        }
+
+        CLI::write($text);
+        CLI::printKeysAndValues($options);
+        CLI::newLine();
+        $input = static::prompt($extraOutput) ?: 0; // 0 is default
+
+        // validation
+        while (true) {
+            $pattern = preg_match_all('/^\d+(,\d+)*$/', trim($input));
+
+            // separate input by comma and convert all to an int[]
+            $inputToArray = array_map(static fn ($value) => (int) $value, explode(',', $input));
+            // find max from key of $options
+            $maxOptions = array_key_last($options);
+            // find max from input
+            $maxInput = max($inputToArray);
+
+            // return the prompt again if $input contain(s) non-numeric charachter, except a comma.
+            // And if max from $options less than max from input
+            // it is mean user tried to access null value in $options
+            if (! $pattern || $maxOptions < $maxInput) {
+                static::error('Please select correctly.');
+                CLI::newLine();
+                $input = static::prompt($extraOutput) ?: 0;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $input = [];
+
+        foreach ($options as $key => $description) {
+            foreach ($inputToArray as $inputKey) {
+                if ($key === $inputKey) {
+                    $input[$key] = $description;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $input;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility for promptBy...
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Validation for $options in promptByKey() and promptByMultipleKeys(). Return an error if $options is an empty array.
+     */
+    private static function isZeroOptions(array $options): void
+    {
+        if (! $options) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('No options to select from were provided');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print each key and value one by one
+     */
+    private static function printKeysAndValues(array $options): void
+    {
+        // +2 for the square brackets around the key
+        $keyMaxLength = max(array_map('mb_strwidth', array_keys($options))) + 2;
+
+        foreach ($options as $key => $description) {
+            $name = str_pad('  [' . $key . ']  ', $keyMaxLength + 4, ' ');
+            CLI::write(CLI::color($name, 'green') . CLI::wrap($description, 125, $keyMaxLength + 4));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // End Utility for promptBy...
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Validate one prompt "field" at a time
+     *
+     * @param string       $field Prompt "field" output
+     * @param string       $value Input value
+     * @param array|string $rules Validation rules
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected static function validate(string $field, string $value, $rules): bool
+    {
+        $label      = $field;
+        $field      = 'temp';
+        $validation = Services::validation(null, false);
+        $validation->setRules([
+            $field => [
+                'label' => $label,
+                'rules' => $rules,
+            ],
+        ]);
+        $validation->run([$field => $value]);
+
+        if ($validation->hasError($field)) {
+            static::error($validation->getError($field));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs a string to the CLI without any surrounding newlines.
+     * Useful for showing repeating elements on a single line.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function print(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?string $background = null)
+    {
+        if ($foreground || $background) {
+            $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
+        }
+
+        static::$lastWrite = null;
+
+        static::fwrite(STDOUT, $text);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs a string to the cli on its own line.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function write(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?string $background = null)
+    {
+        if ($foreground || $background) {
+            $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
+        }
+
+        if (static::$lastWrite !== 'write') {
+            $text              = PHP_EOL . $text;
+            static::$lastWrite = 'write';
+        }
+
+        static::fwrite(STDOUT, $text . PHP_EOL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs an error to the CLI using STDERR instead of STDOUT
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function error(string $text, string $foreground = 'light_red', ?string $background = null)
+    {
+        // Check color support for STDERR
+        $stdout            = static::$isColored;
+        static::$isColored = static::hasColorSupport(STDERR);
+
+        if ($foreground || $background) {
+            $text = static::color($text, $foreground, $background);
+        }
+
+        static::fwrite(STDERR, $text . PHP_EOL);
+
+        // return STDOUT color support
+        static::$isColored = $stdout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Beeps a certain number of times.
+     *
+     * @param int $num The number of times to beep
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function beep(int $num = 1)
+    {
+        echo str_repeat("\x07", $num);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits a certain number of seconds, optionally showing a wait message and
+     * waiting for a key press.
+     *
+     * @param int  $seconds   Number of seconds
+     * @param bool $countdown Show a countdown or not
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function wait(int $seconds, bool $countdown = false)
+    {
+        if ($countdown === true) {
+            $time = $seconds;
+
+            while ($time > 0) {
+                static::fwrite(STDOUT, $time . '... ');
+                sleep(1);
+                $time--;
+            }
+
+            static::write();
+        } elseif ($seconds > 0) {
+            sleep($seconds);
+        } else {
+            // this chunk cannot be tested because of keyboard input
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            static::write(static::$wait_msg);
+            static::input();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * if operating system === windows
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.3.0 Use `is_windows()` instead
+     */
+    public static function isWindows(): bool
+    {
+        return is_windows();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enter a number of empty lines
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function newLine(int $num = 1)
+    {
+        // Do it once or more, write with empty string gives us a new line
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $num; $i++) {
+            static::write();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the screen of output
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function clearScreen()
+    {
+        // Unix systems, and Windows with VT100 Terminal support (i.e. Win10)
+        // can handle CSI sequences. For lower than Win10 we just shove in 40 new lines.
+        is_windows() && ! static::streamSupports('sapi_windows_vt100_support', STDOUT)
+            ? static::newLine(40)
+            : static::fwrite(STDOUT, "\033[H\033[2J");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given text with the correct color codes for a foreground and
+     * optionally a background color.
+     *
+     * @param string      $text       The text to color
+     * @param string      $foreground The foreground color
+     * @param string|null $background The background color
+     * @param string|null $format     Other formatting to apply. Currently only 'underline' is understood
+     *
+     * @return string The color coded string
+     */
+    public static function color(string $text, string $foreground, ?string $background = null, ?string $format = null): string
+    {
+        if (! static::$isColored || $text === '') {
+            return $text;
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($foreground, static::$foreground_colors)) {
+            throw CLIException::forInvalidColor('foreground', $foreground);
+        }
+
+        if ($background !== null && ! array_key_exists($background, static::$background_colors)) {
+            throw CLIException::forInvalidColor('background', $background);
+        }
+
+        $newText = '';
+
+        // Detect if color method was already in use with this text
+        if (strpos($text, "\033[0m") !== false) {
+            $pattern = '/\\033\\[0;.+?\\033\\[0m/u';
+
+            preg_match_all($pattern, $text, $matches);
+            $coloredStrings = $matches[0];
+
+            // No colored string found. Invalid strings with no `\033[0;??`.
+            if ($coloredStrings === []) {
+                return $newText . self::getColoredText($text, $foreground, $background, $format);
+            }
+
+            $nonColoredText = preg_replace(
+                $pattern,
+                '<<__colored_string__>>',
+                $text
+            );
+            $nonColoredChunks = preg_split(
+                '/<<__colored_string__>>/u',
+                $nonColoredText
+            );
+
+            foreach ($nonColoredChunks as $i => $chunk) {
+                if ($chunk !== '') {
+                    $newText .= self::getColoredText($chunk, $foreground, $background, $format);
+                }
+
+                if (isset($coloredStrings[$i])) {
+                    $newText .= $coloredStrings[$i];
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            $newText .= self::getColoredText($text, $foreground, $background, $format);
+        }
+
+        return $newText;
+    }
+
+    private static function getColoredText(string $text, string $foreground, ?string $background, ?string $format): string
+    {
+        $string = "\033[" . static::$foreground_colors[$foreground] . 'm';
+
+        if ($background !== null) {
+            $string .= "\033[" . static::$background_colors[$background] . 'm';
+        }
+
+        if ($format === 'underline') {
+            $string .= "\033[4m";
+        }
+
+        return $string . $text . "\033[0m";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the number of characters in string having encoded characters
+     * and ignores styles set by the color() function
+     */
+    public static function strlen(?string $string): int
+    {
+        if ($string === null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        foreach (static::$foreground_colors as $color) {
+            $string = strtr($string, ["\033[" . $color . 'm' => '']);
+        }
+
+        foreach (static::$background_colors as $color) {
+            $string = strtr($string, ["\033[" . $color . 'm' => '']);
+        }
+
+        $string = strtr($string, ["\033[4m" => '', "\033[0m" => '']);
+
+        return mb_strwidth($string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether the current stream resource supports or
+     * refers to a valid terminal type device.
+     *
+     * @param resource $resource
+     */
+    public static function streamSupports(string $function, $resource): bool
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            // In the current setup of the tests we cannot fully check
+            // if the stream supports the function since we are using
+            // filtered streams.
+            return function_exists($function);
+        }
+
+        return function_exists($function) && @$function($resource); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the stream resource supports colors.
+     *
+     * This is tricky on Windows, because Cygwin, Msys2 etc. emulate pseudo
+     * terminals via named pipes, so we can only check the environment.
+     *
+     * Reference: https://github.com/composer/xdebug-handler/blob/master/src/Process.php
+     *
+     * @param resource $resource
+     */
+    public static function hasColorSupport($resource): bool
+    {
+        // Follow https://no-color.org/
+        if (isset($_SERVER['NO_COLOR']) || getenv('NO_COLOR') !== false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (getenv('TERM_PROGRAM') === 'Hyper') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (is_windows()) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            return static::streamSupports('sapi_windows_vt100_support', $resource)
+                || isset($_SERVER['ANSICON'])
+                || getenv('ANSICON') !== false
+                || getenv('ConEmuANSI') === 'ON'
+                || getenv('TERM') === 'xterm';
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        return static::streamSupports('stream_isatty', $resource);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the width of the viewable CLI window.
+     */
+    public static function getWidth(int $default = 80): int
+    {
+        if (static::$width === null) {
+            static::generateDimensions();
+        }
+
+        return static::$width ?: $default;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the height of the viewable CLI window.
+     */
+    public static function getHeight(int $default = 32): int
+    {
+        if (static::$height === null) {
+            static::generateDimensions();
+        }
+
+        return static::$height ?: $default;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates the CLI's dimensions.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function generateDimensions()
+    {
+        try {
+            if (is_windows()) {
+                // Shells such as `Cygwin` and `Git bash` returns incorrect values
+                // when executing `mode CON`, so we use `tput` instead
+                if (getenv('TERM') || (($shell = getenv('SHELL')) && preg_match('/(?:bash|zsh)(?:\.exe)?$/', $shell))) {
+                    static::$height = (int) exec('tput lines');
+                    static::$width  = (int) exec('tput cols');
+                } else {
+                    $return = -1;
+                    $output = [];
+                    exec('mode CON', $output, $return);
+
+                    // Look for the next lines ending in ": <number>"
+                    // Searching for "Columns:" or "Lines:" will fail on non-English locales
+                    if ($return === 0 && $output && preg_match('/:\s*(\d+)\n[^:]+:\s*(\d+)\n/', implode("\n", $output), $matches)) {
+                        static::$height = (int) $matches[1];
+                        static::$width  = (int) $matches[2];
+                    }
+                }
+            } elseif (($size = exec('stty size')) && preg_match('/(\d+)\s+(\d+)/', $size, $matches)) {
+                static::$height = (int) $matches[1];
+                static::$width  = (int) $matches[2];
+            } else {
+                static::$height = (int) exec('tput lines');
+                static::$width  = (int) exec('tput cols');
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            // Reset the dimensions so that the default values will be returned later.
+            // Then let the developer know of the error.
+            static::$height = null;
+            static::$width  = null;
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays a progress bar on the CLI. You must call it repeatedly
+     * to update it. Set $thisStep = false to erase the progress bar.
+     *
+     * @param bool|int $thisStep
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function showProgress($thisStep = 1, int $totalSteps = 10)
+    {
+        static $inProgress = false;
+
+        // restore cursor position when progress is continuing.
+        if ($inProgress !== false && $inProgress <= $thisStep) {
+            static::fwrite(STDOUT, "\033[1A");
+        }
+        $inProgress = $thisStep;
+
+        if ($thisStep !== false) {
+            // Don't allow div by zero or negative numbers....
+            $thisStep   = abs($thisStep);
+            $totalSteps = $totalSteps < 1 ? 1 : $totalSteps;
+
+            $percent = (int) (($thisStep / $totalSteps) * 100);
+            $step    = (int) round($percent / 10);
+
+            // Write the progress bar
+            static::fwrite(STDOUT, "[\033[32m" . str_repeat('#', $step) . str_repeat('.', 10 - $step) . "\033[0m]");
+            // Textual representation...
+            static::fwrite(STDOUT, sprintf(' %3d%% Complete', $percent) . PHP_EOL);
+        } else {
+            static::fwrite(STDOUT, "\007");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a string and writes it to the command line, wrapping to a maximum
+     * width. If no maximum width is specified, will wrap to the window's max
+     * width.
+     *
+     * If an int is passed into $pad_left, then all strings after the first
+     * will pad with that many spaces to the left. Useful when printing
+     * short descriptions that need to start on an existing line.
+     */
+    public static function wrap(?string $string = null, int $max = 0, int $padLeft = 0): string
+    {
+        if (empty($string)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if ($max === 0) {
+            $max = self::getWidth();
+        }
+
+        if (self::getWidth() < $max) {
+            $max = self::getWidth();
+        }
+
+        $max -= $padLeft;
+
+        $lines = wordwrap($string, $max, PHP_EOL);
+
+        if ($padLeft > 0) {
+            $lines = explode(PHP_EOL, $lines);
+
+            $first = true;
+
+            array_walk($lines, static function (&$line) use ($padLeft, &$first) {
+                if (! $first) {
+                    $line = str_repeat(' ', $padLeft) . $line;
+                } else {
+                    $first = false;
+                }
+            });
+
+            $lines = implode(PHP_EOL, $lines);
+        }
+
+        return $lines;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Command-Line 'URI' support
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the command line it was called from and collects all
+     * options and valid segments.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected static function parseCommandLine()
+    {
+        $args = $_SERVER['argv'] ?? [];
+        array_shift($args); // scrap invoking program
+        $optionValue = false;
+
+        foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
+            // If there's no "-" at the beginning, then
+            // this is probably an argument or an option value
+            if (mb_strpos($arg, '-') !== 0) {
+                if ($optionValue) {
+                    // We have already included this in the previous
+                    // iteration, so reset this flag
+                    $optionValue = false;
+                } else {
+                    // Yup, it's a segment
+                    static::$segments[] = $arg;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $arg   = ltrim($arg, '-');
+            $value = null;
+
+            if (isset($args[$i + 1]) && mb_strpos($args[$i + 1], '-') !== 0) {
+                $value       = $args[$i + 1];
+                $optionValue = true;
+            }
+
+            static::$options[$arg] = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the command line string portions of the arguments, minus
+     * any options, as a string. This is used to pass along to the main
+     * CodeIgniter application.
+     */
+    public static function getURI(): string
+    {
+        return implode('/', static::$segments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an individual segment.
+     *
+     * This ignores any options that might have been dispersed between
+     * valid segments in the command:
+     *
+     *  // segment(3) is 'three', not '-f' or 'anOption'
+     *  > php spark one two -f anOption three
+     *
+     * **IMPORTANT:** The index here is one-based instead of zero-based.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public static function getSegment(int $index)
+    {
+        return static::$segments[$index - 1] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw array of segments found.
+     */
+    public static function getSegments(): array
+    {
+        return static::$segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a single command-line option. Returns TRUE if the option
+     * exists, but doesn't have a value, and is simply acting as a flag.
+     *
+     * @return string|true|null
+     */
+    public static function getOption(string $name)
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($name, static::$options)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // If the option didn't have a value, simply return TRUE
+        // so they know it was set, otherwise return the actual value.
+        $val = static::$options[$name] ?? true;
+
+        return $val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw array of options found.
+     */
+    public static function getOptions(): array
+    {
+        return static::$options;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the options as a string, suitable for passing along on
+     * the CLI to other commands.
+     *
+     * @param bool $useLongOpts Use '--' for long options?
+     * @param bool $trim        Trim final string output?
+     */
+    public static function getOptionString(bool $useLongOpts = false, bool $trim = false): string
+    {
+        if (empty(static::$options)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach (static::$options as $name => $value) {
+            if ($useLongOpts && mb_strlen($name) > 1) {
+                $out .= "--{$name} ";
+            } else {
+                $out .= "-{$name} ";
+            }
+
+            if ($value === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (mb_strpos($value, ' ') !== false) {
+                $out .= "\"{$value}\" ";
+            } elseif ($value !== null) {
+                $out .= "{$value} ";
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $trim ? trim($out) : $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a well formatted table
+     *
+     * @param array $tbody List of rows
+     * @param array $thead List of columns
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function table(array $tbody, array $thead = [])
+    {
+        // All the rows in the table will be here until the end
+        $tableRows = [];
+
+        // We need only indexes and not keys
+        if (! empty($thead)) {
+            $tableRows[] = array_values($thead);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($tbody as $tr) {
+            $tableRows[] = array_values($tr);
+        }
+
+        // Yes, it really is necessary to know this count
+        $totalRows = count($tableRows);
+
+        // Store all columns lengths
+        // $all_cols_lengths[row][column] = length
+        $allColsLengths = [];
+
+        // Store maximum lengths by column
+        // $max_cols_lengths[column] = length
+        $maxColsLengths = [];
+
+        // Read row by row and define the longest columns
+        for ($row = 0; $row < $totalRows; $row++) {
+            $column = 0; // Current column index
+
+            foreach ($tableRows[$row] as $col) {
+                // Sets the size of this column in the current row
+                $allColsLengths[$row][$column] = static::strlen($col);
+
+                // If the current column does not have a value among the larger ones
+                // or the value of this is greater than the existing one
+                // then, now, this assumes the maximum length
+                if (! isset($maxColsLengths[$column]) || $allColsLengths[$row][$column] > $maxColsLengths[$column]) {
+                    $maxColsLengths[$column] = $allColsLengths[$row][$column];
+                }
+
+                // We can go check the size of the next column...
+                $column++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Read row by row and add spaces at the end of the columns
+        // to match the exact column length
+        for ($row = 0; $row < $totalRows; $row++) {
+            $column = 0;
+
+            foreach ($tableRows[$row] as $col) {
+                $diff = $maxColsLengths[$column] - static::strlen($col);
+
+                if ($diff !== 0) {
+                    $tableRows[$row][$column] .= str_repeat(' ', $diff);
+                }
+
+                $column++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $table = '';
+        $cols  = '';
+
+        // Joins columns and append the well formatted rows to the table
+        for ($row = 0; $row < $totalRows; $row++) {
+            // Set the table border-top
+            if ($row === 0) {
+                $cols = '+';
+
+                foreach ($tableRows[$row] as $col) {
+                    $cols .= str_repeat('-', static::strlen($col) + 2) . '+';
+                }
+                $table .= $cols . PHP_EOL;
+            }
+
+            // Set the columns borders
+            $table .= '| ' . implode(' | ', $tableRows[$row]) . ' |' . PHP_EOL;
+
+            // Set the thead and table borders-bottom
+            if (($row === 0 && ! empty($thead)) || ($row + 1 === $totalRows)) {
+                $table .= $cols . PHP_EOL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static::write($table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * While the library is intended for use on CLI commands,
+     * commands can be called from controllers and elsewhere
+     * so we need a way to allow them to still work.
+     *
+     * For now, just echo the content, but look into a better
+     * solution down the road.
+     *
+     * @param resource $handle
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected static function fwrite($handle, string $string)
+    {
+        if (! is_cli()) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            echo $string;
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        fwrite($handle, $string);
+    }
+}
+
+// Ensure the class is initialized. Done outside of code coverage
+CLI::init(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
diff --git a/system/CLI/Commands.php b/system/CLI/Commands.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1de0df27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/Commands.php
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+
+/**
+ * Core functionality for running, listing, etc commands.
+ */
+class Commands
+{
+    /**
+     * The found commands.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $commands = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Logger instance.
+     *
+     * @var Logger
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param Logger|null $logger
+     */
+    public function __construct($logger = null)
+    {
+        $this->logger = $logger ?? service('logger');
+        $this->discoverCommands();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs a command given
+     *
+     * @return int|void
+     */
+    public function run(string $command, array $params)
+    {
+        if (! $this->verifyCommand($command, $this->commands)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // The file would have already been loaded during the
+        // createCommandList function...
+        $className = $this->commands[$command]['class'];
+        $class     = new $className($this->logger, $this);
+
+        return $class->run($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provide access to the list of commands.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getCommands()
+    {
+        return $this->commands;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Discovers all commands in the framework and within user code,
+     * and collects instances of them to work with.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function discoverCommands()
+    {
+        if ($this->commands !== []) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var FileLocator $locator */
+        $locator = service('locator');
+        $files   = $locator->listFiles('Commands/');
+
+        // If no matching command files were found, bail
+        // This should never happen in unit testing.
+        if ($files === []) {
+            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        // Loop over each file checking to see if a command with that
+        // alias exists in the class.
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $className = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+            if ($className === '' || ! class_exists($className)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                $class = new ReflectionClass($className);
+
+                if (! $class->isInstantiable() || ! $class->isSubclassOf(BaseCommand::class)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                /** @var BaseCommand $class */
+                $class = new $className($this->logger, $this);
+
+                if (isset($class->group)) {
+                    $this->commands[$class->name] = [
+                        'class'       => $className,
+                        'file'        => $file,
+                        'group'       => $class->group,
+                        'description' => $class->description,
+                    ];
+                }
+
+                unset($class);
+            } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+                $this->logger->error($e->getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        asort($this->commands);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies if the command being sought is found
+     * in the commands list.
+     */
+    public function verifyCommand(string $command, array $commands): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($commands[$command])) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $message = lang('CLI.commandNotFound', [$command]);
+
+        $alternatives = $this->getCommandAlternatives($command, $commands);
+        if ($alternatives !== []) {
+            if (count($alternatives) === 1) {
+                $message .= "\n\n" . lang('CLI.altCommandSingular') . "\n    ";
+            } else {
+                $message .= "\n\n" . lang('CLI.altCommandPlural') . "\n    ";
+            }
+
+            $message .= implode("\n    ", $alternatives);
+        }
+
+        CLI::error($message);
+        CLI::newLine();
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds alternative of `$name` among collection
+     * of commands.
+     */
+    protected function getCommandAlternatives(string $name, array $collection): array
+    {
+        $alternatives = [];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($collection) as $commandName) {
+            $lev = levenshtein($name, $commandName);
+
+            if ($lev <= strlen($commandName) / 3 || strpos($commandName, $name) !== false) {
+                $alternatives[$commandName] = $lev;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ksort($alternatives, SORT_NATURAL | SORT_FLAG_CASE);
+
+        return array_keys($alternatives);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CLI/Console.php b/system/CLI/Console.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adcf9aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/Console.php
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Console
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CLI\ConsoleTest
+ */
+class Console
+{
+    /**
+     * Runs the current command discovered on the CLI.
+     *
+     * @return int|void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function run()
+    {
+        // Create CLIRequest
+        $appConfig = config(App::class);
+        Services::createRequest($appConfig, true);
+        // Load Routes
+        Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+
+        $runner  = Services::commands();
+        $params  = array_merge(CLI::getSegments(), CLI::getOptions());
+        $params  = $this->parseParamsForHelpOption($params);
+        $command = array_shift($params) ?? 'list';
+
+        return $runner->run($command, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays basic information about the Console.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function showHeader(bool $suppress = false)
+    {
+        if ($suppress) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        CLI::write(sprintf(
+            'CodeIgniter v%s Command Line Tool - Server Time: %s UTC%s',
+            CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION,
+            date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
+            date('P')
+        ), 'green');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Introspects the `$params` passed for presence of the
+     * `--help` option.
+     *
+     * If present, it will be found as `['help' => null]`.
+     * We'll remove that as an option from `$params` and
+     * unshift it as argument instead.
+     */
+    private function parseParamsForHelpOption(array $params): array
+    {
+        if (array_key_exists('help', $params)) {
+            unset($params['help']);
+
+            $params = $params === [] ? ['list'] : $params;
+            array_unshift($params, 'help');
+        }
+
+        return $params;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php b/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e07cd64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/Exceptions/CLIException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * CLIException
+ */
+class CLIException extends RuntimeException
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when `$color` specified for `$type` is not within the
+     * allowed list of colors.
+     *
+     * @return CLIException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidColor(string $type, string $color)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('CLI.invalidColor', [$type, $color]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php b/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b606638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CLI/GeneratorTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
+
+use Config\Generators;
+use Config\Services;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * GeneratorTrait contains a collection of methods
+ * to build the commands that generates a file.
+ */
+trait GeneratorTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Component Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $component;
+
+    /**
+     * File directory
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $directory;
+
+    /**
+     * View template name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $template;
+
+    /**
+     * Language string key for required class names.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $classNameLang = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to require class name.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private $hasClassName = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to sort class imports.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private $sortImports = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the `--suffix` option has any effect.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private $enabledSuffixing = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The params array for easy access by other methods.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    private $params = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Execute the command.
+     *
+     * @deprecated use generateClass() instead
+     */
+    protected function execute(array $params): void
+    {
+        $this->generateClass($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a class file from an existing template.
+     */
+    protected function generateClass(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->params = $params;
+
+        // Get the fully qualified class name from the input.
+        $class = $this->qualifyClassName();
+
+        // Get the file path from class name.
+        $target = $this->buildPath($class);
+
+        // Check if path is empty.
+        if (empty($target)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->generateFile($target, $this->buildContent($class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a view file from an existing template.
+     */
+    protected function generateView(string $view, array $params)
+    {
+        $this->params = $params;
+
+        $target = $this->buildPath($view);
+
+        // Check if path is empty.
+        if (empty($target)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->generateFile($target, $this->buildContent($view));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles writing the file to disk, and all of the safety checks around that.
+     */
+    private function generateFile(string $target, string $content): void
+    {
+        if ($this->getOption('namespace') === 'CodeIgniter') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::write(lang('CLI.generator.usingCINamespace'), 'yellow');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            if (CLI::prompt('Are you sure you want to continue?', ['y', 'n'], 'required') === 'n') {
+                CLI::newLine();
+                CLI::write(lang('CLI.generator.cancelOperation'), 'yellow');
+                CLI::newLine();
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CLI::newLine();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        $isFile = is_file($target);
+
+        // Overwriting files unknowingly is a serious annoyance, So we'll check if
+        // we are duplicating things, If 'force' option is not supplied, we bail.
+        if (! $this->getOption('force') && $isFile) {
+            CLI::error(lang('CLI.generator.fileExist', [clean_path($target)]), 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if the directory to save the file is existing.
+        $dir = dirname($target);
+
+        if (! is_dir($dir)) {
+            mkdir($dir, 0755, true);
+        }
+
+        helper('filesystem');
+
+        // Build the class based on the details we have, We'll be getting our file
+        // contents from the template, and then we'll do the necessary replacements.
+        if (! write_file($target, $content)) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error(lang('CLI.generator.fileError', [clean_path($target)]), 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getOption('force') && $isFile) {
+            CLI::write(lang('CLI.generator.fileOverwrite', [clean_path($target)]), 'yellow');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        CLI::write(lang('CLI.generator.fileCreate', [clean_path($target)]), 'green');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        return $this->parseTemplate($class);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change file basename before saving.
+     *
+     * Useful for components where the file name has a date.
+     */
+    protected function basename(string $filename): string
+    {
+        return basename($filename);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the class name and checks if it is already qualified.
+     */
+    protected function qualifyClassName(): string
+    {
+        // Gets the class name from input.
+        $class = $this->params[0] ?? CLI::getSegment(2);
+
+        if ($class === null && $this->hasClassName) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $nameLang = $this->classNameLang ?: 'CLI.generator.className.default';
+            $class    = CLI::prompt(lang($nameLang), null, 'required');
+            CLI::newLine();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        helper('inflector');
+
+        $component = singular($this->component);
+
+        /**
+         * @see https://regex101.com/r/a5KNCR/2
+         */
+        $pattern = sprintf('/([a-z][a-z0-9_\/\\\\]+)(%s)$/i', $component);
+
+        if (preg_match($pattern, $class, $matches) === 1) {
+            $class = $matches[1] . ucfirst($matches[2]);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->enabledSuffixing && $this->getOption('suffix') && preg_match($pattern, $class) !== 1) {
+            $class .= ucfirst($component);
+        }
+
+        // Trims input, normalize separators, and ensure that all paths are in Pascalcase.
+        $class = ltrim(implode('\\', array_map('pascalize', explode('\\', str_replace('/', '\\', trim($class))))), '\\/');
+
+        // Gets the namespace from input. Don't forget the ending backslash!
+        $namespace = trim(str_replace('/', '\\', $this->getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE), '\\') . '\\';
+
+        if (strncmp($class, $namespace, strlen($namespace)) === 0) {
+            return $class; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return $namespace . $this->directory . '\\' . str_replace('/', '\\', $class);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the generator view as defined in the `Config\Generators::$views`,
+     * with fallback to `$template` when the defined view does not exist.
+     */
+    protected function renderTemplate(array $data = []): string
+    {
+        try {
+            return view(config(Generators::class)->views[$this->name], $data, ['debug' => false]);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            return view("CodeIgniter\\Commands\\Generators\\Views\\{$this->template}", $data, ['debug' => false]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs pseudo-variables contained within view file.
+     */
+    protected function parseTemplate(string $class, array $search = [], array $replace = [], array $data = []): string
+    {
+        // Retrieves the namespace part from the fully qualified class name.
+        $namespace = trim(implode('\\', array_slice(explode('\\', $class), 0, -1)), '\\');
+        $search[]  = '<@php';
+        $search[]  = '{namespace}';
+        $search[]  = '{class}';
+        $replace[] = '<?php';
+        $replace[] = $namespace;
+        $replace[] = str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class);
+
+        return str_replace($search, $replace, $this->renderTemplate($data));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the contents for class being generated, doing all
+     * the replacements necessary, and alphabetically sorts the
+     * imports for a given template.
+     */
+    protected function buildContent(string $class): string
+    {
+        $template = $this->prepare($class);
+
+        if ($this->sortImports && preg_match('/(?P<imports>(?:^use [^;]+;$\n?)+)/m', $template, $match)) {
+            $imports = explode("\n", trim($match['imports']));
+            sort($imports);
+
+            return str_replace(trim($match['imports']), implode("\n", $imports), $template);
+        }
+
+        return $template;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the file path from the class name.
+     */
+    protected function buildPath(string $class): string
+    {
+        $namespace = trim(str_replace('/', '\\', $this->getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE), '\\');
+
+        // Check if the namespace is actually defined and we are not just typing gibberish.
+        $base = Services::autoloader()->getNamespace($namespace);
+
+        if (! $base = reset($base)) {
+            CLI::error(lang('CLI.namespaceNotDefined', [$namespace]), 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $base = realpath($base) ?: $base;
+        $file = $base . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . str_replace('\\', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, trim(str_replace($namespace . '\\', '', $class), '\\')) . '.php';
+
+        return implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, array_slice(explode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $file), 0, -1)) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $this->basename($file);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows child generators to modify the internal `$hasClassName` flag.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function setHasClassName(bool $hasClassName)
+    {
+        $this->hasClassName = $hasClassName;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows child generators to modify the internal `$sortImports` flag.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function setSortImports(bool $sortImports)
+    {
+        $this->sortImports = $sortImports;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows child generators to modify the internal `$enabledSuffixing` flag.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function setEnabledSuffixing(bool $enabledSuffixing)
+    {
+        $this->enabledSuffixing = $enabledSuffixing;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a single command-line option. Returns TRUE if the option exists,
+     * but doesn't have a value, and is simply acting as a flag.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function getOption(string $name)
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($name, $this->params)) {
+            return CLI::getOption($name);
+        }
+
+        return $this->params[$name] ?? true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95e07ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions\CacheException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCache;
+use Config\Cache;
+
+/**
+ * A factory for loading the desired
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactoryTest
+ */
+class CacheFactory
+{
+    /**
+     * The class to use when mocking
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $mockClass = MockCache::class;
+
+    /**
+     * The service to inject the mock as
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $mockServiceName = 'cache';
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to create the desired cache handler, based upon the
+     *
+     * @return CacheInterface
+     */
+    public static function getHandler(Cache $config, ?string $handler = null, ?string $backup = null)
+    {
+        if (! isset($config->validHandlers) || $config->validHandlers === []) {
+            throw CacheException::forInvalidHandlers();
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($config->handler) || ! isset($config->backupHandler)) {
+            throw CacheException::forNoBackup();
+        }
+
+        $handler = ! empty($handler) ? $handler : $config->handler;
+        $backup  = ! empty($backup) ? $backup : $config->backupHandler;
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($handler, $config->validHandlers) || ! array_key_exists($backup, $config->validHandlers)) {
+            throw CacheException::forHandlerNotFound();
+        }
+
+        $adapter = new $config->validHandlers[$handler]($config);
+
+        if (! $adapter->isSupported()) {
+            $adapter = new $config->validHandlers[$backup]($config);
+
+            if (! $adapter->isSupported()) {
+                // Fall back to the dummy adapter.
+                $adapter = new $config->validHandlers['dummy']();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If $adapter->initialization throws a CriticalError exception, we will attempt to
+        // use the $backup handler, if that also fails, we resort to the dummy handler.
+        try {
+            $adapter->initialize();
+        } catch (CriticalError $e) {
+            log_message('critical', $e . ' Resorting to using ' . $backup . ' handler.');
+
+            // get the next best cache handler (or dummy if the $backup also fails)
+            $adapter = self::getHandler($config, $backup, 'dummy');
+        }
+
+        return $adapter;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php b/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23ea709d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/CacheInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
+
+/**
+ * Cache interface
+ */
+interface CacheInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes care of any handler-specific setup that must be done.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initialize();
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to fetch an item from the cache store.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Cache item name
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function get(string $key);
+
+    /**
+     * Saves an item to the cache store.
+     *
+     * @param string                                  $key   Cache item name
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value The data to save
+     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time To Live, in seconds (default 60)
+     *
+     * @return bool Success or failure
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60);
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a specific item from the cache store.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Cache item name
+     *
+     * @return bool Success or failure
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key);
+
+    /**
+     * Performs atomic incrementation of a raw stored value.
+     *
+     * @param string $key    Cache ID
+     * @param int    $offset Step/value to increase by
+     *
+     * @return bool|int
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1);
+
+    /**
+     * Performs atomic decrementation of a raw stored value.
+     *
+     * @param string $key    Cache ID
+     * @param int    $offset Step/value to increase by
+     *
+     * @return bool|int
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1);
+
+    /**
+     * Will delete all items in the entire cache.
+     *
+     * @return bool Success or failure
+     */
+    public function clean();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns information on the entire cache.
+     *
+     * The information returned and the structure of the data
+     * varies depending on the handler.
+     *
+     * @return array|false|object|null
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns detailed information about the specific item in the cache.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Cache item name.
+     *
+     * @return array|false|null
+     *                          Returns null if the item does not exist, otherwise array<string, mixed>
+     *                          with at least the 'expire' key for absolute epoch expiry (or null).
+     *                          Some handlers may return false when an item does not exist, which is deprecated.
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the driver is supported on this system.
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool;
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php b/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3445590c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Exceptions/CacheException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * CacheException
+ */
+class CacheException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when handler has no permission to write cache.
+     *
+     * @return CacheException
+     */
+    public static function forUnableToWrite(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cache.unableToWrite', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when an unrecognized handler is used.
+     *
+     * @return CacheException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidHandlers()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cache.invalidHandlers'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when no backup handler is setup in config.
+     *
+     * @return CacheException
+     */
+    public static function forNoBackup()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cache.noBackup'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when specified handler was not found.
+     *
+     * @return CacheException
+     */
+    public static function forHandlerNotFound()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cache.handlerNotFound'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/Cache/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..067e8aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all framework-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ *
+ * @deprecated 4.1.2
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d78d0b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache\FileVarExportHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+
+final class FactoriesCache
+{
+    /**
+     * @var CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler
+     */
+    private $cache;
+
+    /**
+     * @param CacheInterface|FileVarExportHandler|null $cache
+     */
+    public function __construct($cache = null)
+    {
+        $this->cache = $cache ?? new FileVarExportHandler();
+    }
+
+    public function save(string $component): void
+    {
+        if (! Factories::isUpdated($component)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $data = Factories::getComponentInstances($component);
+
+        $this->cache->save($this->getCacheKey($component), $data, 3600 * 24);
+    }
+
+    private function getCacheKey(string $component): string
+    {
+        return 'FactoriesCache_' . $component;
+    }
+
+    public function load(string $component): bool
+    {
+        $key = $this->getCacheKey($component);
+
+        if (! $data = $this->cache->get($key)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        Factories::setComponentInstances($component, $data);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function delete(string $component): void
+    {
+        $this->cache->delete($this->getCacheKey($component));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7cee5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache;
+
+final class FileVarExportHandler
+{
+    private string $path = WRITEPATH . 'cache';
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $val
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $val): void
+    {
+        $val = var_export($val, true);
+
+        // Write to temp file first to ensure atomicity
+        $tmp = $this->path . "/{$key}." . uniqid('', true) . '.tmp';
+        file_put_contents($tmp, '<?php return ' . $val . ';', LOCK_EX);
+
+        rename($tmp, $this->path . "/{$key}");
+    }
+
+    public function delete(string $key): void
+    {
+        @unlink($this->path . "/{$key}");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        return @include $this->path . "/{$key}";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c12b330b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Exception;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for cache handling
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\BaseHandlerTest
+ */
+abstract class BaseHandler implements CacheInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Reserved characters that cannot be used in a key or tag. May be overridden by the config.
+     * From https://github.com/symfony/cache-contracts/blob/c0446463729b89dd4fa62e9aeecc80287323615d/ItemInterface.php#L43
+     *
+     * @deprecated in favor of the Cache config
+     */
+    public const RESERVED_CHARACTERS = '{}()/\@:';
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum key length.
+     */
+    public const MAX_KEY_LENGTH = PHP_INT_MAX;
+
+    /**
+     * Prefix to apply to cache keys.
+     * May not be used by all handlers.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $prefix;
+
+    /**
+     * Validates a cache key according to PSR-6.
+     * Keys that exceed MAX_KEY_LENGTH are hashed.
+     * From https://github.com/symfony/cache/blob/7b024c6726af21fd4984ac8d1eae2b9f3d90de88/CacheItem.php#L158
+     *
+     * @param string $key    The key to validate
+     * @param string $prefix Optional prefix to include in length calculations
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $key is not valid
+     */
+    public static function validateKey($key, $prefix = ''): string
+    {
+        if (! is_string($key)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cache key must be a string');
+        }
+        if ($key === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cache key cannot be empty.');
+        }
+
+        $reserved = config(Cache::class)->reservedCharacters ?? self::RESERVED_CHARACTERS;
+        if ($reserved && strpbrk($key, $reserved) !== false) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cache key contains reserved characters ' . $reserved);
+        }
+
+        // If the key with prefix exceeds the length then return the hashed version
+        return strlen($prefix . $key) > static::MAX_KEY_LENGTH ? $prefix . md5($key) : $prefix . $key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an item from the cache, or execute the given Closure and store the result.
+     *
+     * @param string  $key      Cache item name
+     * @param int     $ttl      Time to live
+     * @param Closure $callback Callback return value
+     * @phpstan-param Closure(): mixed $callback
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function remember(string $key, int $ttl, Closure $callback)
+    {
+        $value = $this->get($key);
+
+        if ($value !== null) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->save($key, $value = $callback(), $ttl);
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes items from the cache store matching a given pattern.
+     *
+     * @param string $pattern Cache items glob-style pattern
+     *
+     * @return int|never
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2d4fb06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use Closure;
+
+/**
+ * Dummy cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\DummyHandlerTest
+ */
+class DummyHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function remember(string $key, int $ttl, Closure $callback)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e22543d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Exceptions\CacheException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * File system cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\FileHandlerTest
+ */
+class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Maximum key length.
+     */
+    public const MAX_KEY_LENGTH = 255;
+
+    /**
+     * Where to store cached files on the disk.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * Mode for the stored files.
+     * Must be chmod-safe (octal).
+     *
+     * @var int
+     *
+     * @see https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.chmod.php
+     */
+    protected $mode;
+
+    /**
+     * Note: Use `CacheFactory::getHandler()` to instantiate.
+     *
+     * @throws CacheException
+     */
+    public function __construct(Cache $config)
+    {
+        if (! property_exists($config, 'file')) {
+            $config->file = [
+                'storePath' => $config->storePath ?? WRITEPATH . 'cache',
+                'mode'      => 0640,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $this->path = ! empty($config->file['storePath']) ? $config->file['storePath'] : WRITEPATH . 'cache';
+        $this->path = rtrim($this->path, '/') . '/';
+
+        if (! is_really_writable($this->path)) {
+            throw CacheException::forUnableToWrite($this->path);
+        }
+
+        $this->mode   = $config->file['mode'] ?? 0640;
+        $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $key  = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $data = $this->getItem($key);
+
+        return is_array($data) ? $data['data'] : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        $contents = [
+            'time' => Time::now()->getTimestamp(),
+            'ttl'  => $ttl,
+            'data' => $value,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->writeFile($this->path . $key, serialize($contents))) {
+            try {
+                chmod($this->path . $key, $this->mode);
+
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                log_message('debug', 'Failed to set mode on cache file: ' . $e);
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return is_file($this->path . $key) && unlink($this->path . $key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        $deleted = 0;
+
+        foreach (glob($this->path . $pattern, GLOB_NOSORT) as $filename) {
+            if (is_file($filename) && @unlink($filename)) {
+                $deleted++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $deleted;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $tmp = $this->getItem($key);
+
+        if ($tmp === false) {
+            $tmp = ['data' => 0, 'ttl' => 60];
+        }
+
+        ['data' => $value, 'ttl' => $ttl] = $tmp;
+
+        if (! is_int($value)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $value += $offset;
+
+        return $this->save($key, $value, $ttl) ? $value : false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        return $this->increment($key, -$offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return $this->deleteFiles($this->path, false, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return $this->getDirFileInfo($this->path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        if (false === $data = $this->getItem($key)) {
+            return false; // @TODO This will return null in a future release
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'expire' => $data['ttl'] > 0 ? $data['time'] + $data['ttl'] : null,
+            'mtime'  => filemtime($this->path . $key),
+            'data'   => $data['data'],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return is_writable($this->path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the heavy lifting of actually retrieving the file and
+     * verifying it's age.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|false
+     * @phpstan-return array{data: mixed, ttl: int, time: int}|false
+     */
+    protected function getItem(string $filename)
+    {
+        if (! is_file($this->path . $filename)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $data = @unserialize(file_get_contents($this->path . $filename));
+
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($data['ttl']) || ! is_int($data['ttl'])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($data['time']) || ! is_int($data['time'])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($data['ttl'] > 0 && Time::now()->getTimestamp() > $data['time'] + $data['ttl']) {
+            @unlink($this->path . $filename);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a file to disk, or returns false if not successful.
+     *
+     * @param string $path
+     * @param string $data
+     * @param string $mode
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function writeFile($path, $data, $mode = 'wb')
+    {
+        if (($fp = @fopen($path, $mode)) === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
+
+        for ($result = $written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+            if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+        fclose($fp);
+
+        return is_int($result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
+     * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
+     * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
+     * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
+     *
+     * @param string $path   File path
+     * @param bool   $delDir Whether to delete any directories found in the path
+     * @param bool   $htdocs Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
+     * @param int    $_level Current directory depth level (default: 0; internal use only)
+     */
+    protected function deleteFiles(string $path, bool $delDir = false, bool $htdocs = false, int $_level = 0): bool
+    {
+        // Trim the trailing slash
+        $path = rtrim($path, '/\\');
+
+        if (! $currentDir = @opendir($path)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        while (false !== ($filename = @readdir($currentDir))) {
+            if ($filename !== '.' && $filename !== '..') {
+                if (is_dir($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename) && $filename[0] !== '.') {
+                    $this->deleteFiles($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename, $delDir, $htdocs, $_level + 1);
+                } elseif ($htdocs !== true || ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename)) {
+                    @unlink($path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $filename);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        closedir($currentDir);
+
+        return ($delDir === true && $_level > 0) ? @rmdir($path) : true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
+     * filesize, dates, and permissions
+     *
+     * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+     *
+     * @param string $sourceDir    Path to source
+     * @param bool   $topLevelOnly Look only at the top level directory specified?
+     * @param bool   $_recursion   Internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    protected function getDirFileInfo(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $_recursion = false)
+    {
+        static $_filedata = [];
+        $relativePath     = $sourceDir;
+
+        if ($fp = @opendir($sourceDir)) {
+            // reset the array and make sure $source_dir has a trailing slash on the initial call
+            if ($_recursion === false) {
+                $_filedata = [];
+                $sourceDir = rtrim(realpath($sourceDir) ?: $sourceDir, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+
+            // Used to be foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
+            while (false !== ($file = readdir($fp))) {
+                if (is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.' && $topLevelOnly === false) {
+                    $this->getDirFileInfo($sourceDir . $file . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $topLevelOnly, true);
+                } elseif (! is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.') {
+                    $_filedata[$file]                  = $this->getFileInfo($sourceDir . $file);
+                    $_filedata[$file]['relative_path'] = $relativePath;
+                }
+            }
+
+            closedir($fp);
+
+            return $_filedata;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
+     * Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
+     * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
+     * Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
+     *
+     * @param string       $file           Path to file
+     * @param array|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    protected function getFileInfo(string $file, $returnedValues = ['name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'])
+    {
+        if (! is_file($file)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($returnedValues)) {
+            $returnedValues = explode(',', $returnedValues);
+        }
+
+        $fileInfo = [];
+
+        foreach ($returnedValues as $key) {
+            switch ($key) {
+                case 'name':
+                    $fileInfo['name'] = basename($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'server_path':
+                    $fileInfo['server_path'] = $file;
+                    break;
+
+                case 'size':
+                    $fileInfo['size'] = filesize($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'date':
+                    $fileInfo['date'] = filemtime($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'readable':
+                    $fileInfo['readable'] = is_readable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'writable':
+                    $fileInfo['writable'] = is_writable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'executable':
+                    $fileInfo['executable'] = is_executable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'fileperms':
+                    $fileInfo['fileperms'] = fileperms($file);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $fileInfo;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8658906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Exception;
+use Memcache;
+use Memcached;
+
+/**
+ * Mamcached cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\MemcachedHandlerTest
+ */
+class MemcachedHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * The memcached object
+     *
+     * @var Memcache|Memcached
+     */
+    protected $memcached;
+
+    /**
+     * Memcached Configuration
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $config = [
+        'host'   => '127.0.0.1',
+        'port'   => 11211,
+        'weight' => 1,
+        'raw'    => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Note: Use `CacheFactory::getHandler()` to instantiate.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+
+        $this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config->memcached);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the connection to Memcache(d) if present.
+     */
+    public function __destruct()
+    {
+        if ($this->memcached instanceof Memcached) {
+            $this->memcached->quit();
+        } elseif ($this->memcached instanceof Memcache) {
+            $this->memcached->close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        try {
+            if (class_exists(Memcached::class)) {
+                // Create new instance of Memcached
+                $this->memcached = new Memcached();
+                if ($this->config['raw']) {
+                    $this->memcached->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, true);
+                }
+
+                // Add server
+                $this->memcached->addServer(
+                    $this->config['host'],
+                    $this->config['port'],
+                    $this->config['weight']
+                );
+
+                // attempt to get status of servers
+                $stats = $this->memcached->getStats();
+
+                // $stats should be an associate array with a key in the format of host:port.
+                // If it doesn't have the key, we know the server is not working as expected.
+                if (! isset($stats[$this->config['host'] . ':' . $this->config['port']])) {
+                    throw new CriticalError('Cache: Memcached connection failed.');
+                }
+            } elseif (class_exists(Memcache::class)) {
+                // Create new instance of Memcache
+                $this->memcached = new Memcache();
+
+                // Check if we can connect to the server
+                $canConnect = $this->memcached->connect(
+                    $this->config['host'],
+                    $this->config['port']
+                );
+
+                // If we can't connect, throw a CriticalError exception
+                if ($canConnect === false) {
+                    throw new CriticalError('Cache: Memcache connection failed.');
+                }
+
+                // Add server, third parameter is persistence and defaults to TRUE.
+                $this->memcached->addServer(
+                    $this->config['host'],
+                    $this->config['port'],
+                    true,
+                    $this->config['weight']
+                );
+            } else {
+                throw new CriticalError('Cache: Not support Memcache(d) extension.');
+            }
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            throw new CriticalError('Cache: Memcache(d) connection refused (' . $e->getMessage() . ').');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $data = [];
+        $key  = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        if ($this->memcached instanceof Memcached) {
+            $data = $this->memcached->get($key);
+
+            // check for unmatched key
+            if ($this->memcached->getResultCode() === Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        } elseif ($this->memcached instanceof Memcache) {
+            $flags = false;
+            $data  = $this->memcached->get($key, $flags);
+
+            // check for unmatched key (i.e. $flags is untouched)
+            if ($flags === false) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return is_array($data) ? $data[0] : $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        if (! $this->config['raw']) {
+            $value = [
+                $value,
+                Time::now()->getTimestamp(),
+                $ttl,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->memcached instanceof Memcached) {
+            return $this->memcached->set($key, $value, $ttl);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->memcached instanceof Memcache) {
+            return $this->memcached->set($key, $value, 0, $ttl);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return $this->memcached->delete($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Memcached. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        if (! $this->config['raw']) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return $this->memcached->increment($key, $offset, $offset, 60);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        if (! $this->config['raw']) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        // FIXME: third parameter isn't other handler actions.
+
+        return $this->memcached->decrement($key, $offset, $offset, 60);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return $this->memcached->flush();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return $this->memcached->getStats();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        $key    = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $stored = $this->memcached->get($key);
+
+        // if not an array, don't try to count for PHP7.2
+        if (! is_array($stored) || count($stored) !== 3) {
+            return false; // @TODO This will return null in a future release
+        }
+
+        [$data, $time, $limit] = $stored;
+
+        return [
+            'expire' => $limit > 0 ? $time + $limit : null,
+            'mtime'  => $time,
+            'data'   => $data,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return extension_loaded('memcached') || extension_loaded('memcache');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..986d083e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Exception;
+use Predis\Client;
+use Predis\Collection\Iterator\Keyspace;
+
+/**
+ * Predis cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\PredisHandlerTest
+ */
+class PredisHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Default config
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $config = [
+        'scheme'   => 'tcp',
+        'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
+        'password' => null,
+        'port'     => 6379,
+        'timeout'  => 0,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Predis connection
+     *
+     * @var Client
+     */
+    protected $redis;
+
+    /**
+     * Note: Use `CacheFactory::getHandler()` to instantiate.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+
+        if (isset($config->redis)) {
+            $this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config->redis);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        try {
+            $this->redis = new Client($this->config, ['prefix' => $this->prefix]);
+            $this->redis->time();
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            throw new CriticalError('Cache: Predis connection refused (' . $e->getMessage() . ').');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        $data = array_combine(
+            ['__ci_type', '__ci_value'],
+            $this->redis->hmget($key, ['__ci_type', '__ci_value'])
+        );
+
+        if (! isset($data['__ci_type'], $data['__ci_value']) || $data['__ci_value'] === false) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        switch ($data['__ci_type']) {
+            case 'array':
+            case 'object':
+                return unserialize($data['__ci_value']);
+
+            case 'boolean':
+            case 'integer':
+            case 'double': // Yes, 'double' is returned and NOT 'float'
+            case 'string':
+            case 'NULL':
+                return settype($data['__ci_value'], $data['__ci_type']) ? $data['__ci_value'] : null;
+
+            case 'resource':
+            default:
+                return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        switch ($dataType = gettype($value)) {
+            case 'array':
+            case 'object':
+                $value = serialize($value);
+                break;
+
+            case 'boolean':
+            case 'integer':
+            case 'double': // Yes, 'double' is returned and NOT 'float'
+            case 'string':
+            case 'NULL':
+                break;
+
+            case 'resource':
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->redis->hmset($key, ['__ci_type' => $dataType, '__ci_value' => $value])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($ttl !== 0) {
+            $this->redis->expireat($key, Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        return $this->redis->del($key) === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        $matchedKeys = [];
+
+        foreach (new Keyspace($this->redis, $pattern) as $key) {
+            $matchedKeys[] = $key;
+        }
+
+        return $this->redis->del($matchedKeys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        return $this->redis->hincrby($key, 'data', $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        return $this->redis->hincrby($key, 'data', -$offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return $this->redis->flushdb()->getPayload() === 'OK';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return $this->redis->info();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key);
+
+        $data = array_combine(['__ci_value'], $this->redis->hmget($key, ['__ci_value']));
+
+        if (isset($data['__ci_value']) && $data['__ci_value'] !== false) {
+            $time = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+            $ttl  = $this->redis->ttl($key);
+
+            return [
+                'expire' => $ttl > 0 ? $time + $ttl : null,
+                'mtime'  => $time,
+                'data'   => $data['__ci_value'],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return class_exists(Client::class);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42b44cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\CriticalError;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Redis;
+use RedisException;
+
+/**
+ * Redis cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\RedisHandlerTest
+ */
+class RedisHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Default config
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $config = [
+        'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
+        'password' => null,
+        'port'     => 6379,
+        'timeout'  => 0,
+        'database' => 0,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Redis connection
+     *
+     * @var Redis|null
+     */
+    protected $redis;
+
+    /**
+     * Note: Use `CacheFactory::getHandler()` to instantiate.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+
+        $this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config->redis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the connection to Redis if present.
+     */
+    public function __destruct()
+    {
+        if (isset($this->redis)) {
+            $this->redis->close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        $config = $this->config;
+
+        $this->redis = new Redis();
+
+        try {
+            // Note:: If Redis is your primary cache choice, and it is "offline", every page load will end up been delayed by the timeout duration.
+            // I feel like some sort of temporary flag should be set, to indicate that we think Redis is "offline", allowing us to bypass the timeout for a set period of time.
+
+            if (! $this->redis->connect($config['host'], ($config['host'][0] === '/' ? 0 : $config['port']), $config['timeout'])) {
+                // Note:: I'm unsure if log_message() is necessary, however I'm not 100% comfortable removing it.
+                log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis connection failed. Check your configuration.');
+
+                throw new CriticalError('Cache: Redis connection failed. Check your configuration.');
+            }
+
+            if (isset($config['password']) && ! $this->redis->auth($config['password'])) {
+                log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis authentication failed.');
+
+                throw new CriticalError('Cache: Redis authentication failed.');
+            }
+
+            if (isset($config['database']) && ! $this->redis->select($config['database'])) {
+                log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis select database failed.');
+
+                throw new CriticalError('Cache: Redis select database failed.');
+            }
+        } catch (RedisException $e) {
+            throw new CriticalError('Cache: RedisException occurred with message (' . $e->getMessage() . ').');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $key  = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $data = $this->redis->hMGet($key, ['__ci_type', '__ci_value']);
+
+        if (! isset($data['__ci_type'], $data['__ci_value']) || $data['__ci_value'] === false) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        switch ($data['__ci_type']) {
+            case 'array':
+            case 'object':
+                return unserialize($data['__ci_value']);
+
+            case 'boolean':
+            case 'integer':
+            case 'double': // Yes, 'double' is returned and NOT 'float'
+            case 'string':
+            case 'NULL':
+                return settype($data['__ci_value'], $data['__ci_type']) ? $data['__ci_value'] : null;
+
+            case 'resource':
+            default:
+                return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        switch ($dataType = gettype($value)) {
+            case 'array':
+            case 'object':
+                $value = serialize($value);
+                break;
+
+            case 'boolean':
+            case 'integer':
+            case 'double': // Yes, 'double' is returned and NOT 'float'
+            case 'string':
+            case 'NULL':
+                break;
+
+            case 'resource':
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->redis->hMSet($key, ['__ci_type' => $dataType, '__ci_value' => $value])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($ttl !== 0) {
+            $this->redis->expireAt($key, Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return $this->redis->del($key) === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        $matchedKeys = [];
+        $iterator    = null;
+
+        do {
+            // Scan for some keys
+            $keys = $this->redis->scan($iterator, $pattern);
+
+            // Redis may return empty results, so protect against that
+            if ($keys !== false) {
+                foreach ($keys as $key) {
+                    $matchedKeys[] = $key;
+                }
+            }
+        } while ($iterator > 0);
+
+        return $this->redis->del($matchedKeys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return $this->redis->hIncrBy($key, '__ci_value', $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        return $this->increment($key, -$offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return $this->redis->flushDB();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return $this->redis->info();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        $value = $this->get($key);
+
+        if ($value !== null) {
+            $time = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+            $ttl  = $this->redis->ttl(static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix));
+
+            return [
+                'expire' => $ttl > 0 ? $time + $ttl : null,
+                'mtime'  => $time,
+                'data'   => $value,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return extension_loaded('redis');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1ea45de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/WincacheHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Cache handler for WinCache from Microsoft & IIS.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class WincacheHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Note: Use `CacheFactory::getHandler()` to instantiate.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $this->prefix = $config->prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $key     = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $success = false;
+
+        $data = wincache_ucache_get($key, $success);
+
+        // Success returned by reference from wincache_ucache_get()
+        return $success ? $data : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return wincache_ucache_set($key, $value, $ttl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return wincache_ucache_delete($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        throw new Exception('The deleteMatching method is not implemented for Wincache. You must select File, Redis or Predis handlers to use it.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return wincache_ucache_inc($key, $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return wincache_ucache_dec($key, $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        return wincache_ucache_clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return wincache_ucache_info(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        if ($stored = wincache_ucache_info(false, $key)) {
+            $age      = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['age_seconds'];
+            $ttl      = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['ttl_seconds'];
+            $hitcount = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['hitcount'];
+
+            return [
+                'expire'   => $ttl > 0 ? Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl : null,
+                'hitcount' => $hitcount,
+                'age'      => $age,
+                'ttl'      => $ttl,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return false; // @TODO This will return null in a future release
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return extension_loaded('wincache') && ini_get('wincache.ucenabled');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f66284a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Cache as CacheConfig;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Web Page Caching
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\ResponseCacheTest
+ */
+final class ResponseCache
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether to take the URL query string into consideration when generating
+     * output cache files. Valid options are:
+     *
+     *    false      = Disabled
+     *    true       = Enabled, take all query parameters into account.
+     *                 Please be aware that this may result in numerous cache
+     *                 files generated for the same page over and over again.
+     *    array('q') = Enabled, but only take into account the specified list
+     *                 of query parameters.
+     *
+     * @var bool|string[]
+     */
+    private $cacheQueryString = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cache time to live.
+     *
+     * @var int seconds
+     */
+    private int $ttl = 0;
+
+    private CacheInterface $cache;
+
+    public function __construct(CacheConfig $config, CacheInterface $cache)
+    {
+        $this->cacheQueryString = $config->cacheQueryString;
+        $this->cache            = $cache;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setTtl(int $ttl)
+    {
+        $this->ttl = $ttl;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the cache key to use from the current request.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     *
+     * @internal for testing purposes only
+     */
+    public function generateCacheKey($request): string
+    {
+        if ($request instanceof CLIRequest) {
+            return md5($request->getPath());
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $request->getUri();
+
+        $query = $this->cacheQueryString
+            ? $uri->getQuery(is_array($this->cacheQueryString) ? ['only' => $this->cacheQueryString] : [])
+            : '';
+
+        return md5($uri->setFragment('')->setQuery($query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Caches the response.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     */
+    public function make($request, ResponseInterface $response): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->ttl === 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $headers = [];
+
+        foreach ($response->headers() as $header) {
+            $headers[$header->getName()] = $header->getValueLine();
+        }
+
+        return $this->cache->save(
+            $this->generateCacheKey($request),
+            serialize(['headers' => $headers, 'output' => $response->getBody()]),
+            $this->ttl
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cached response for the request.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     */
+    public function get($request, ResponseInterface $response): ?ResponseInterface
+    {
+        if ($cachedResponse = $this->cache->get($this->generateCacheKey($request))) {
+            $cachedResponse = unserialize($cachedResponse);
+
+            if (
+                ! is_array($cachedResponse)
+                || ! isset($cachedResponse['output'])
+                || ! isset($cachedResponse['headers'])
+            ) {
+                throw new Exception('Error unserializing page cache');
+            }
+
+            $headers = $cachedResponse['headers'];
+            $output  = $cachedResponse['output'];
+
+            // Clear all default headers
+            foreach (array_keys($response->headers()) as $key) {
+                $response->removeHeader($key);
+            }
+
+            // Set cached headers
+            foreach ($headers as $name => $value) {
+                $response->setHeader($name, $value);
+            }
+
+            $response->setBody($output);
+
+            return $response;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/CodeIgniter.php b/system/CodeIgniter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f9f6e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1164 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\ResponseCache;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\DownloadResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponsableInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RedirectException as DeprecatedRedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Config\Feature;
+use Config\Kint as KintConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+use Kint;
+use Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer;
+use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
+use Locale;
+use LogicException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * This class is the core of the framework, and will analyse the
+ * request, route it to a controller, and send back the response.
+ * Of course, there are variations to that flow, but this is the brains.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CodeIgniterTest
+ */
+class CodeIgniter
+{
+    /**
+     * The current version of CodeIgniter Framework
+     */
+    public const CI_VERSION = '4.4.3';
+
+    /**
+     * App startup time.
+     *
+     * @var float|null
+     */
+    protected $startTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Total app execution time
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $totalTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Main application configuration
+     *
+     * @var App
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Timer instance.
+     *
+     * @var Timer
+     */
+    protected $benchmark;
+
+    /**
+     * Current request.
+     *
+     * @var CLIRequest|IncomingRequest|null
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Current response.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * Router to use.
+     *
+     * @var Router
+     */
+    protected $router;
+
+    /**
+     * Controller to use.
+     *
+     * @var Closure|string
+     */
+    protected $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * Controller method to invoke.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $method;
+
+    /**
+     * Output handler to use.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $output;
+
+    /**
+     * Cache expiration time
+     *
+     * @var int seconds
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to ResponseCache::$ttl. No longer used.
+     */
+    protected static $cacheTTL = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Request path to use.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * Should the Response instance "pretend"
+     * to keep from setting headers/cookies/etc
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $useSafeOutput = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Context
+     *  web:     Invoked by HTTP request
+     *  php-cli: Invoked by CLI via `php public/index.php`
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var 'php-cli'|'web'
+     */
+    protected ?string $context = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to enable Control Filters.
+     */
+    protected bool $enableFilters = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to return Response object or send response.
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected bool $returnResponse = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Application output buffering level
+     */
+    protected int $bufferLevel;
+
+    /**
+     * Web Page Caching
+     */
+    protected ResponseCache $pageCache;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(App $config)
+    {
+        $this->startTime = microtime(true);
+        $this->config    = $config;
+
+        $this->pageCache = Services::responsecache();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles some basic app and environment setup.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        // Define environment variables
+        $this->bootstrapEnvironment();
+
+        // Setup Exception Handling
+        Services::exceptions()->initialize();
+
+        // Run this check for manual installations
+        if (! is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
+            $this->resolvePlatformExtensions(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        // Set default locale on the server
+        Locale::setDefault($this->config->defaultLocale ?? 'en');
+
+        // Set default timezone on the server
+        date_default_timezone_set($this->config->appTimezone ?? 'UTC');
+
+        $this->initializeKint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks system for missing required PHP extensions.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws FrameworkException
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected function resolvePlatformExtensions()
+    {
+        $requiredExtensions = [
+            'intl',
+            'json',
+            'mbstring',
+        ];
+
+        $missingExtensions = [];
+
+        foreach ($requiredExtensions as $extension) {
+            if (! extension_loaded($extension)) {
+                $missingExtensions[] = $extension;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($missingExtensions !== []) {
+            throw FrameworkException::forMissingExtension(implode(', ', $missingExtensions));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes Kint
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function initializeKint()
+    {
+        if (CI_DEBUG) {
+            $this->autoloadKint();
+            $this->configureKint();
+        } elseif (class_exists(Kint::class)) {
+            // In case that Kint is already loaded via Composer.
+            Kint::$enabled_mode = false;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        helper('kint');
+    }
+
+    private function autoloadKint(): void
+    {
+        // If we have KINT_DIR it means it's already loaded via composer
+        if (! defined('KINT_DIR')) {
+            spl_autoload_register(function ($class) {
+                $class = explode('\\', $class);
+
+                if (array_shift($class) !== 'Kint') {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                $file = SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Kint/' . implode('/', $class) . '.php';
+
+                if (is_file($file)) {
+                    require_once $file;
+                }
+            });
+
+            require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Kint/init.php';
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function configureKint(): void
+    {
+        $config = config(KintConfig::class);
+
+        Kint::$depth_limit         = $config->maxDepth;
+        Kint::$display_called_from = $config->displayCalledFrom;
+        Kint::$expanded            = $config->expanded;
+
+        if (! empty($config->plugins) && is_array($config->plugins)) {
+            Kint::$plugins = $config->plugins;
+        }
+
+        $csp = Services::csp();
+        if ($csp->enabled()) {
+            RichRenderer::$js_nonce  = $csp->getScriptNonce();
+            RichRenderer::$css_nonce = $csp->getStyleNonce();
+        }
+
+        RichRenderer::$theme  = $config->richTheme;
+        RichRenderer::$folder = $config->richFolder;
+        RichRenderer::$sort   = $config->richSort;
+        if (! empty($config->richObjectPlugins) && is_array($config->richObjectPlugins)) {
+            RichRenderer::$value_plugins = $config->richObjectPlugins;
+        }
+        if (! empty($config->richTabPlugins) && is_array($config->richTabPlugins)) {
+            RichRenderer::$tab_plugins = $config->richTabPlugins;
+        }
+
+        CliRenderer::$cli_colors         = $config->cliColors;
+        CliRenderer::$force_utf8         = $config->cliForceUTF8;
+        CliRenderer::$detect_width       = $config->cliDetectWidth;
+        CliRenderer::$min_terminal_width = $config->cliMinWidth;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Launch the application!
+     *
+     * This is "the loop" if you will. The main entry point into the script
+     * that gets the required class instances, fires off the filters,
+     * tries to route the response, loads the controller and generally
+     * makes all the pieces work together.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     */
+    public function run(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, bool $returnResponse = false)
+    {
+        if ($this->context === null) {
+            throw new LogicException(
+                'Context must be set before run() is called. If you are upgrading from 4.1.x, '
+                . 'you need to merge `public/index.php` and `spark` file from `vendor/codeigniter4/framework`.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->pageCache->setTtl(0);
+        $this->bufferLevel = ob_get_level();
+
+        $this->startBenchmark();
+
+        $this->getRequestObject();
+        $this->getResponseObject();
+
+        $this->spoofRequestMethod();
+
+        try {
+            $this->response = $this->handleRequest($routes, config(Cache::class), $returnResponse);
+        } catch (ResponsableInterface|DeprecatedRedirectException $e) {
+            $this->outputBufferingEnd();
+            if ($e instanceof DeprecatedRedirectException) {
+                $e = new RedirectException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+
+            $this->response = $e->getResponse();
+        } catch (PageNotFoundException $e) {
+            $this->response = $this->display404errors($e);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->outputBufferingEnd();
+
+            throw $e;
+        }
+
+        if ($returnResponse) {
+            return $this->response;
+        }
+
+        $this->sendResponse();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set our Response instance to "pretend" mode so that things like
+     * cookies and headers are not actually sent, allowing PHP 7.2+ to
+     * not complain when ini_set() function is used.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    public function useSafeOutput(bool $safe = true)
+    {
+        $this->useSafeOutput = $safe;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoked via php-cli command?
+     */
+    private function isPhpCli(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->context === 'php-cli';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Web access?
+     */
+    private function isWeb(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->context === 'web';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables Controller Filters.
+     */
+    public function disableFilters(): void
+    {
+        $this->enableFilters = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the main request logic and fires the controller.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     *
+     * @throws PageNotFoundException
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     *
+     * @deprecated $returnResponse is deprecated.
+     */
+    protected function handleRequest(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes, Cache $cacheConfig, bool $returnResponse = false)
+    {
+        $this->forceSecureAccess();
+
+        if ($this->request instanceof IncomingRequest && strtolower($this->request->getMethod()) === 'cli') {
+            return $this->response->setStatusCode(405)->setBody('Method Not Allowed');
+        }
+
+        Events::trigger('pre_system');
+
+        // Check for a cached page. Execution will stop
+        // if the page has been cached.
+        if (($response = $this->displayCache($cacheConfig)) instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            return $response;
+        }
+
+        $routeFilter = $this->tryToRouteIt($routes);
+
+        $uri = $this->determinePath();
+
+        if ($this->enableFilters) {
+            // Start up the filters
+            $filters = Services::filters();
+
+            // If any filters were specified within the routes file,
+            // we need to ensure it's active for the current request
+            if ($routeFilter !== null) {
+                $multipleFiltersEnabled = config(Feature::class)->multipleFilters ?? false;
+                if ($multipleFiltersEnabled) {
+                    $filters->enableFilters($routeFilter, 'before');
+                    $filters->enableFilters($routeFilter, 'after');
+                } else {
+                    // for backward compatibility
+                    $filters->enableFilter($routeFilter, 'before');
+                    $filters->enableFilter($routeFilter, 'after');
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Run "before" filters
+            $this->benchmark->start('before_filters');
+            $possibleResponse = $filters->run($uri, 'before');
+            $this->benchmark->stop('before_filters');
+
+            // If a ResponseInterface instance is returned then send it back to the client and stop
+            if ($possibleResponse instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                $this->outputBufferingEnd();
+
+                return $possibleResponse;
+            }
+
+            if ($possibleResponse instanceof IncomingRequest || $possibleResponse instanceof CLIRequest) {
+                $this->request = $possibleResponse;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $returned = $this->startController();
+
+        // Closure controller has run in startController().
+        if (! is_callable($this->controller)) {
+            $controller = $this->createController();
+
+            if (! method_exists($controller, '_remap') && ! is_callable([$controller, $this->method], false)) {
+                throw PageNotFoundException::forMethodNotFound($this->method);
+            }
+
+            // Is there a "post_controller_constructor" event?
+            Events::trigger('post_controller_constructor');
+
+            $returned = $this->runController($controller);
+        } else {
+            $this->benchmark->stop('controller_constructor');
+            $this->benchmark->stop('controller');
+        }
+
+        // If $returned is a string, then the controller output something,
+        // probably a view, instead of echoing it directly. Send it along
+        // so it can be used with the output.
+        $this->gatherOutput($cacheConfig, $returned);
+
+        if ($this->enableFilters) {
+            $filters = Services::filters();
+            $filters->setResponse($this->response);
+
+            // After filter debug toolbar requires 'total_execution'.
+            $this->totalTime = $this->benchmark->getElapsedTime('total_execution');
+
+            // Run "after" filters
+            $this->benchmark->start('after_filters');
+            $response = $filters->run($uri, 'after');
+            $this->benchmark->stop('after_filters');
+
+            if ($response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                $this->response = $response;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Skip unnecessary processing for special Responses.
+        if (
+            ! $this->response instanceof DownloadResponse
+            && ! $this->response instanceof RedirectResponse
+        ) {
+            // Cache it without the performance metrics replaced
+            // so that we can have live speed updates along the way.
+            // Must be run after filters to preserve the Response headers.
+            $this->pageCache->make($this->request, $this->response);
+
+            // Update the performance metrics
+            $body = $this->response->getBody();
+            if ($body !== null) {
+                $output = $this->displayPerformanceMetrics($body);
+                $this->response->setBody($output);
+            }
+
+            // Save our current URI as the previous URI in the session
+            // for safer, more accurate use with `previous_url()` helper function.
+            $this->storePreviousURL(current_url(true));
+        }
+
+        unset($uri);
+
+        // Is there a post-system event?
+        Events::trigger('post_system');
+
+        return $this->response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * You can load different configurations depending on your
+     * current environment. Setting the environment also influences
+     * things like logging and error reporting.
+     *
+     * This can be set to anything, but default usage is:
+     *
+     *     development
+     *     testing
+     *     production
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to index.php and spark.
+     */
+    protected function detectEnvironment()
+    {
+        // Make sure ENVIRONMENT isn't already set by other means.
+        if (! defined('ENVIRONMENT')) {
+            define('ENVIRONMENT', env('CI_ENVIRONMENT', 'production'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load any custom boot files based upon the current environment.
+     *
+     * If no boot file exists, we shouldn't continue because something
+     * is wrong. At the very least, they should have error reporting setup.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function bootstrapEnvironment()
+    {
+        if (is_file(APPPATH . 'Config/Boot/' . ENVIRONMENT . '.php')) {
+            require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Boot/' . ENVIRONMENT . '.php';
+        } else {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', true, 503);
+            echo 'The application environment is not set correctly.';
+
+            exit(EXIT_ERROR); // EXIT_ERROR
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start the Benchmark
+     *
+     * The timer is used to display total script execution both in the
+     * debug toolbar, and potentially on the displayed page.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function startBenchmark()
+    {
+        if ($this->startTime === null) {
+            $this->startTime = microtime(true);
+        }
+
+        $this->benchmark = Services::timer();
+        $this->benchmark->start('total_execution', $this->startTime);
+        $this->benchmark->start('bootstrap');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a Request object to be used for this request.
+     * Used when running certain tests.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setRequest($request)
+    {
+        $this->request = $request;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get our Request object, (either IncomingRequest or CLIRequest).
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function getRequestObject()
+    {
+        if ($this->request instanceof Request) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->isPhpCli()) {
+            Services::createRequest($this->config, true);
+        } else {
+            Services::createRequest($this->config);
+        }
+
+        $this->request = Services::request();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get our Response object, and set some default values, including
+     * the HTTP protocol version and a default successful response.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function getResponseObject()
+    {
+        $this->response = Services::response($this->config);
+
+        if ($this->isWeb()) {
+            $this->response->setProtocolVersion($this->request->getProtocolVersion());
+        }
+
+        // Assume success until proven otherwise.
+        $this->response->setStatusCode(200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Force Secure Site Access? If the config value 'forceGlobalSecureRequests'
+     * is true, will enforce that all requests to this site are made through
+     * HTTPS. Will redirect the user to the current page with HTTPS, as well
+     * as set the HTTP Strict Transport Security header for those browsers
+     * that support it.
+     *
+     * @param int $duration How long the Strict Transport Security
+     *                      should be enforced for this URL.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function forceSecureAccess($duration = 31_536_000)
+    {
+        if ($this->config->forceGlobalSecureRequests !== true) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        force_https($duration, $this->request, $this->response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a response has been cached for the given URI.
+     *
+     * @return false|ResponseInterface
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 The parameter $config is deprecated. No longer used.
+     */
+    public function displayCache(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $cachedResponse = $this->pageCache->get($this->request, $this->response);
+        if ($cachedResponse instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            $this->response = $cachedResponse;
+
+            $this->totalTime = $this->benchmark->getElapsedTime('total_execution');
+            $output          = $this->displayPerformanceMetrics($cachedResponse->getBody());
+            $this->response->setBody($output);
+
+            return $this->response;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells the app that the final output should be cached.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to ResponseCache::setTtl(). No longer used.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function cache(int $time)
+    {
+        static::$cacheTTL = $time;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Caches the full response from the current request. Used for
+     * full-page caching for very high performance.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used.
+     */
+    public function cachePage(Cache $config)
+    {
+        $headers = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->response->headers() as $header) {
+            $headers[$header->getName()] = $header->getValueLine();
+        }
+
+        return cache()->save($this->generateCacheName($config), serialize(['headers' => $headers, 'output' => $this->output]), static::$cacheTTL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array with our basic performance stats collected.
+     */
+    public function getPerformanceStats(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'startTime' => $this->startTime,
+            'totalTime' => $this->totalTime,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the cache name to use for our full-page caching.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used.
+     */
+    protected function generateCacheName(Cache $config): string
+    {
+        if ($this->request instanceof CLIRequest) {
+            return md5($this->request->getPath());
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $this->request->getUri();
+
+        $query = $config->cacheQueryString
+            ? $uri->getQuery(is_array($config->cacheQueryString) ? ['only' => $config->cacheQueryString] : [])
+            : '';
+
+        return md5($uri->setFragment('')->setQuery($query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the elapsed_time tag.
+     */
+    public function displayPerformanceMetrics(string $output): string
+    {
+        return str_replace('{elapsed_time}', (string) $this->totalTime, $output);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to Route It - As it sounds like, works with the router to
+     * match a route against the current URI. If the route is a
+     * "redirect route", will also handle the redirect.
+     *
+     * @param RouteCollectionInterface|null $routes A collection interface to use in place
+     *                                              of the config file.
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]|null Route filters, that is, the filters specified in the routes file
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    protected function tryToRouteIt(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null)
+    {
+        if ($routes === null) {
+            $routes = Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+        }
+
+        // $routes is defined in Config/Routes.php
+        $this->router = Services::router($routes, $this->request);
+
+        $path = $this->determinePath();
+
+        $this->benchmark->stop('bootstrap');
+        $this->benchmark->start('routing');
+
+        $this->outputBufferingStart();
+
+        $this->controller = $this->router->handle($path);
+        $this->method     = $this->router->methodName();
+
+        // If a {locale} segment was matched in the final route,
+        // then we need to set the correct locale on our Request.
+        if ($this->router->hasLocale()) {
+            $this->request->setLocale($this->router->getLocale());
+        }
+
+        $this->benchmark->stop('routing');
+
+        // for backward compatibility
+        $multipleFiltersEnabled = config(Feature::class)->multipleFilters ?? false;
+        if (! $multipleFiltersEnabled) {
+            return $this->router->getFilter();
+        }
+
+        return $this->router->getFilters();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the path to use for us to try to route to, based
+     * on the CLI/IncomingRequest path.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function determinePath()
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->path)) {
+            return $this->path;
+        }
+
+        return method_exists($this->request, 'getPath') ? $this->request->getPath() : $this->request->getUri()->getPath();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows the request path to be set from outside the class,
+     * instead of relying on CLIRequest or IncomingRequest for the path.
+     *
+     * This is not used now.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path)
+    {
+        $this->path = $path;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Now that everything has been setup, this method attempts to run the
+     * controller method and make the script go. If it's not able to, will
+     * show the appropriate Page Not Found error.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    protected function startController()
+    {
+        $this->benchmark->start('controller');
+        $this->benchmark->start('controller_constructor');
+
+        // Is it routed to a Closure?
+        if (is_object($this->controller) && (get_class($this->controller) === 'Closure')) {
+            $controller = $this->controller;
+
+            return $controller(...$this->router->params());
+        }
+
+        // No controller specified - we don't know what to do now.
+        if (empty($this->controller)) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forEmptyController();
+        }
+
+        // Try to autoload the class
+        if (! class_exists($this->controller, true) || $this->method[0] === '_') {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound($this->controller, $this->method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates the controller class.
+     *
+     * @return Controller
+     */
+    protected function createController()
+    {
+        assert(is_string($this->controller));
+
+        $class = new $this->controller();
+        $class->initController($this->request, $this->response, Services::logger());
+
+        $this->benchmark->stop('controller_constructor');
+
+        return $class;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the controller, allowing for _remap methods to function.
+     *
+     * CI4 supports three types of requests:
+     *  1. Web: URI segments become parameters, sent to Controllers via Routes,
+     *      output controlled by Headers to browser
+     *  2. PHP CLI: accessed by CLI via php public/index.php, arguments become URI segments,
+     *      sent to Controllers via Routes, output varies
+     *
+     * @param Controller $class
+     *
+     * @return false|ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    protected function runController($class)
+    {
+        // This is a Web request or PHP CLI request
+        $params = $this->router->params();
+
+        $output = method_exists($class, '_remap')
+            ? $class->_remap($this->method, ...$params)
+            : $class->{$this->method}(...$params);
+
+        $this->benchmark->stop('controller');
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays a 404 Page Not Found error. If set, will try to
+     * call the 404Override controller/method that was set in routing config.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     */
+    protected function display404errors(PageNotFoundException $e)
+    {
+        // Is there a 404 Override available?
+        if ($override = $this->router->get404Override()) {
+            $returned = null;
+
+            if ($override instanceof Closure) {
+                echo $override($e->getMessage());
+            } elseif (is_array($override)) {
+                $this->benchmark->start('controller');
+                $this->benchmark->start('controller_constructor');
+
+                $this->controller = $override[0];
+                $this->method     = $override[1];
+
+                $controller = $this->createController();
+                $returned   = $this->runController($controller);
+            }
+
+            unset($override);
+
+            $cacheConfig = config(Cache::class);
+            $this->gatherOutput($cacheConfig, $returned);
+
+            return $this->response;
+        }
+
+        // Display 404 Errors
+        $this->response->setStatusCode($e->getCode());
+
+        $this->outputBufferingEnd();
+
+        // Throws new PageNotFoundException and remove exception message on production.
+        throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound(
+            (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production' || ! $this->isWeb()) ? $e->getMessage() : null
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gathers the script output from the buffer, replaces some execution
+     * time tag in the output and displays the debug toolbar, if required.
+     *
+     * @param Cache|null                    $cacheConfig Deprecated. No longer used.
+     * @param ResponseInterface|string|null $returned
+     *
+     * @deprecated $cacheConfig is deprecated.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function gatherOutput(?Cache $cacheConfig = null, $returned = null)
+    {
+        $this->output = $this->outputBufferingEnd();
+
+        if ($returned instanceof DownloadResponse) {
+            $this->response = $returned;
+
+            return;
+        }
+        // If the controller returned a response object,
+        // we need to grab the body from it so it can
+        // be added to anything else that might have been
+        // echoed already.
+        // We also need to save the instance locally
+        // so that any status code changes, etc, take place.
+        if ($returned instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            $this->response = $returned;
+            $returned       = $returned->getBody();
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($returned)) {
+            $this->output .= $returned;
+        }
+
+        $this->response->setBody($this->output);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If we have a session object to use, store the current URI
+     * as the previous URI. This is called just prior to sending the
+     * response to the client, and will make it available next request.
+     *
+     * This helps provider safer, more reliable previous_url() detection.
+     *
+     * @param string|URI $uri
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function storePreviousURL($uri)
+    {
+        // Ignore CLI requests
+        if (! $this->isWeb()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Ignore AJAX requests
+        if (method_exists($this->request, 'isAJAX') && $this->request->isAJAX()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Ignore unroutable responses
+        if ($this->response instanceof DownloadResponse || $this->response instanceof RedirectResponse) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Ignore non-HTML responses
+        if (strpos($this->response->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'text/html') === false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // This is mainly needed during testing...
+        if (is_string($uri)) {
+            $uri = new URI($uri);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($_SESSION)) {
+            session()->set('_ci_previous_url', URI::createURIString(
+                $uri->getScheme(),
+                $uri->getAuthority(),
+                $uri->getPath(),
+                $uri->getQuery(),
+                $uri->getFragment()
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies the Request Object to use a different method if a POST
+     * variable called _method is found.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function spoofRequestMethod()
+    {
+        // Only works with POSTED forms
+        if (strtolower($this->request->getMethod()) !== 'post') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $method = $this->request->getPost('_method');
+
+        if (empty($method)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Only allows PUT, PATCH, DELETE
+        if (in_array(strtoupper($method), ['PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE'], true)) {
+            $this->request = $this->request->setMethod($method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the output of this request back to the client.
+     * This is what they've been waiting for!
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function sendResponse()
+    {
+        $this->response->send();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exits the application, setting the exit code for CLI-based applications
+     * that might be watching.
+     *
+     * Made into a separate method so that it can be mocked during testing
+     * without actually stopping script execution.
+     *
+     * @param int $code
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer Used. Moved to index.php.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function callExit($code)
+    {
+        exit($code); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the app context.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param 'php-cli'|'web' $context
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setContext(string $context)
+    {
+        $this->context = $context;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    protected function outputBufferingStart(): void
+    {
+        $this->bufferLevel = ob_get_level();
+        ob_start();
+    }
+
+    protected function outputBufferingEnd(): string
+    {
+        $buffer = '';
+
+        while (ob_get_level() > $this->bufferLevel) {
+            $buffer .= ob_get_contents();
+            ob_end_clean();
+        }
+
+        return $buffer;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Cache/ClearCache.php b/system/Commands/Cache/ClearCache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b903425b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Cache/ClearCache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Cache;
+
+/**
+ * Clears current cache.
+ */
+class ClearCache extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * Command grouping.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Cache';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'cache:clear';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Clears the current system caches.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'cache:clear [<driver>]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'driver' => 'The cache driver to use',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the cache
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $config  = config(Cache::class);
+        $handler = $params[0] ?? $config->handler;
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($handler, $config->validHandlers)) {
+            CLI::error($handler . ' is not a valid cache handler.');
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $config->handler = $handler;
+        $cache           = CacheFactory::getHandler($config);
+
+        if (! $cache->clean()) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error('Error while clearing the cache.');
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        CLI::write(CLI::color('Cache cleared.', 'green'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Cache/InfoCache.php b/system/Commands/Cache/InfoCache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dc2504b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Cache/InfoCache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Cache;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cache;
+
+/**
+ * Shows information on the cache.
+ */
+class InfoCache extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * Command grouping.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Cache';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'cache:info';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Shows file cache information in the current system.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'cache:info';
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the cache
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $config = config(Cache::class);
+        helper('number');
+
+        if ($config->handler !== 'file') {
+            CLI::error('This command only supports the file cache handler.');
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $cache  = CacheFactory::getHandler($config);
+        $caches = $cache->getCacheInfo();
+        $tbody  = [];
+
+        foreach ($caches as $key => $field) {
+            $tbody[] = [
+                $key,
+                clean_path($field['server_path']),
+                number_to_size($field['size']),
+                Time::createFromTimestamp($field['date']),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $thead = [
+            CLI::color('Name', 'green'),
+            CLI::color('Server Path', 'green'),
+            CLI::color('Size', 'green'),
+            CLI::color('Date', 'green'),
+        ];
+
+        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php b/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d103d97f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/CreateDatabase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3\Connection;
+use Config\Database;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new database.
+ */
+class CreateDatabase extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'db:create';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Create a new database schema.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'db:create <db_name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'db_name' => 'The database name to use',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's options
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--ext' => 'File extension of the database file for SQLite3. Can be `db` or `sqlite`. Defaults to `db`.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new database.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $name = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (empty($name)) {
+            $name = CLI::prompt('Database name', null, 'required'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $config = config(Database::class);
+
+            // Set to an empty database to prevent connection errors.
+            $group = ENVIRONMENT === 'testing' ? 'tests' : $config->defaultGroup;
+
+            $config->{$group}['database'] = '';
+
+            $db = Database::connect();
+
+            // Special SQLite3 handling
+            if ($db instanceof Connection) {
+                $ext = $params['ext'] ?? CLI::getOption('ext') ?? 'db';
+
+                if (! in_array($ext, ['db', 'sqlite'], true)) {
+                    $ext = CLI::prompt('Please choose a valid file extension', ['db', 'sqlite']); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                if ($name !== ':memory:') {
+                    $name = str_replace(['.db', '.sqlite'], '', $name) . ".{$ext}";
+                }
+
+                $config->{$group}['DBDriver'] = 'SQLite3';
+                $config->{$group}['database'] = $name;
+
+                if ($name !== ':memory:') {
+                    $dbName = strpos($name, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) === false ? WRITEPATH . $name : $name;
+
+                    if (is_file($dbName)) {
+                        CLI::error("Database \"{$dbName}\" already exists.", 'light_gray', 'red');
+                        CLI::newLine();
+
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    unset($dbName);
+                }
+
+                // Connect to new SQLite3 to create new database
+                $db = Database::connect(null, false);
+                $db->connect();
+
+                if (! is_file($db->getDatabase()) && $name !== ':memory:') {
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                    CLI::error('Database creation failed.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+                    CLI::newLine();
+
+                    return;
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+                }
+            } elseif (! Database::forge()->createDatabase($name)) {
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                CLI::error('Database creation failed.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+                CLI::newLine();
+
+                return;
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+
+            CLI::write("Database \"{$name}\" successfully created.", 'green');
+            CLI::newLine();
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->showError($e);
+        } finally {
+            Factories::reset('config');
+            Database::connect(null, false);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/Migrate.php b/system/Commands/Database/Migrate.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcf71cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/Migrate.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Services;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Runs all new migrations.
+ */
+class Migrate extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'migrate';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Locates and runs all new migrations against the database.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'migrate [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-n'    => 'Set migration namespace',
+        '-g'    => 'Set database group',
+        '--all' => 'Set for all namespaces, will ignore (-n) option',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that all migrations have been run.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $runner = Services::migrations();
+        $runner->clearCliMessages();
+
+        CLI::write(lang('Migrations.latest'), 'yellow');
+
+        $namespace = $params['n'] ?? CLI::getOption('n');
+        $group     = $params['g'] ?? CLI::getOption('g');
+
+        try {
+            if (array_key_exists('all', $params) || CLI::getOption('all')) {
+                $runner->setNamespace(null);
+            } elseif ($namespace) {
+                $runner->setNamespace($namespace);
+            }
+
+            if (! $runner->latest($group)) {
+                CLI::error(lang('Migrations.generalFault'), 'light_gray', 'red'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $messages = $runner->getCliMessages();
+
+            foreach ($messages as $message) {
+                CLI::write($message);
+            }
+
+            CLI::write(lang('Migrations.migrated'), 'green');
+
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->showError($e);
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRefresh.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRefresh.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..689c7542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRefresh.php
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * Does a rollback followed by a latest to refresh the current state
+ * of the database.
+ */
+class MigrateRefresh extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'migrate:refresh';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Does a rollback followed by a latest to refresh the current state of the database.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'migrate:refresh [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-n'    => 'Set migration namespace',
+        '-g'    => 'Set database group',
+        '--all' => 'Set latest for all namespace, will ignore (-n) option',
+        '-f'    => 'Force command - this option allows you to bypass the confirmation question when running this command in a production environment',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Does a rollback followed by a latest to refresh the current state
+     * of the database.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $params['b'] = 0;
+
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'production') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $force = array_key_exists('f', $params) || CLI::getOption('f');
+
+            if (! $force && CLI::prompt(lang('Migrations.refreshConfirm'), ['y', 'n']) === 'n') {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $params['f'] = null;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        $this->call('migrate:rollback', $params);
+        $this->call('migrate', $params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c104a81f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Services;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Runs all of the migrations in reverse order, until they have
+ * all been unapplied.
+ */
+class MigrateRollback extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'migrate:rollback';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Runs the "down" method for all migrations in the last batch.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'migrate:rollback [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-b' => 'Specify a batch to roll back to; e.g. "3" to return to batch #3',
+        '-f' => 'Force command - this option allows you to bypass the confirmation question when running this command in a production environment',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Runs all of the migrations in reverse order, until they have
+     * all been unapplied.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'production') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $force = array_key_exists('f', $params) || CLI::getOption('f');
+
+            if (! $force && CLI::prompt(lang('Migrations.rollBackConfirm'), ['y', 'n']) === 'n') {
+                return;
+            }
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        $runner = Services::migrations();
+
+        try {
+            $batch = $params['b'] ?? CLI::getOption('b') ?? $runner->getLastBatch() - 1;
+            CLI::write(lang('Migrations.rollingBack') . ' ' . $batch, 'yellow');
+
+            if (! $runner->regress($batch)) {
+                CLI::error(lang('Migrations.generalFault'), 'light_gray', 'red'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $messages = $runner->getCliMessages();
+
+            foreach ($messages as $message) {
+                CLI::write($message);
+            }
+
+            CLI::write('Done rolling back migrations.', 'green');
+
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->showError($e);
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af3cbacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Displays a list of all migrations and whether they've been run or not.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Database\MigrateStatusTest
+ */
+class MigrateStatus extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'migrate:status';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Displays a list of all migrations and whether they\'ve been run or not.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'migrate:status [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-g' => 'Set database group',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Namespaces to ignore when looking for migrations.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $ignoredNamespaces = [
+        'CodeIgniter',
+        'Config',
+        'Kint',
+        'Laminas\ZendFrameworkBridge',
+        'Laminas\Escaper',
+        'Psr\Log',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays a list of all migrations and whether they've been run or not.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $runner     = Services::migrations();
+        $paramGroup = $params['g'] ?? CLI::getOption('g');
+
+        // Get all namespaces
+        $namespaces = Services::autoloader()->getNamespace();
+
+        // Collection of migration status
+        $status = [];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($namespaces) as $namespace) {
+            if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+                // Make Tests\\Support discoverable for testing
+                $this->ignoredNamespaces[] = 'Tests\Support'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if (in_array($namespace, $this->ignoredNamespaces, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (APP_NAMESPACE !== 'App' && $namespace === 'App') {
+                continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $migrations = $runner->findNamespaceMigrations($namespace);
+
+            if (empty($migrations)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $runner->setNamespace($namespace);
+            $history = $runner->getHistory((string) $paramGroup);
+            ksort($migrations);
+
+            foreach ($migrations as $uid => $migration) {
+                $migrations[$uid]->name = mb_substr($migration->name, mb_strpos($migration->name, $uid . '_'));
+
+                $date  = '---';
+                $group = '---';
+                $batch = '---';
+
+                foreach ($history as $row) {
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                    if ($runner->getObjectUid($row) !== $migration->uid) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $date  = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $row->time);
+                    $group = $row->group;
+                    $batch = $row->batch;
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+                }
+
+                $status[] = [
+                    $namespace,
+                    $migration->version,
+                    $migration->name,
+                    $group,
+                    $date,
+                    $batch,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $status) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error(lang('Migrations.noneFound'), 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        $headers = [
+            CLI::color(lang('Migrations.namespace'), 'yellow'),
+            CLI::color(lang('Migrations.version'), 'yellow'),
+            CLI::color(lang('Migrations.filename'), 'yellow'),
+            CLI::color(lang('Migrations.group'), 'yellow'),
+            CLI::color(str_replace(': ', '', lang('Migrations.on')), 'yellow'),
+            CLI::color(lang('Migrations.batch'), 'yellow'),
+        ];
+
+        CLI::table($status, $headers);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/Seed.php b/system/Commands/Database/Seed.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adfdd0a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/Seed.php
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
+use Config\Database;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Runs the specified Seeder file to populate the database
+ * with some data.
+ */
+class Seed extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'db:seed';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Runs the specified seeder to populate known data into the database.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'db:seed <seeder_name>';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'seeder_name' => 'The seeder name to run',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Passes to Seeder to populate the database.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $seeder   = new Seeder(new Database());
+        $seedName = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (empty($seedName)) {
+            $seedName = CLI::prompt(lang('Migrations.migSeeder'), null, 'required'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $seeder->call($seedName);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $this->showError($e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07aa60c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use Config\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Get table data if it exists in the database.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Database\ShowTableInfoTest
+ */
+class ShowTableInfo extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'db:table';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Retrieves information on the selected table.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = <<<'EOL'
+        db:table [<table_name>] [options]
+
+          Examples:
+            db:table --show
+            db:table --metadata
+            db:table my_table --metadata
+            db:table my_table
+            db:table my_table --limit-rows 5 --limit-field-value 10 --desc
+        EOL;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'table_name' => 'The table name to show info',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's options
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--show'              => 'Lists the names of all database tables.',
+        '--metadata'          => 'Retrieves list containing field information.',
+        '--desc'              => 'Sorts the table rows in DESC order.',
+        '--limit-rows'        => 'Limits the number of rows. Default: 10.',
+        '--limit-field-value' => 'Limits the length of field values. Default: 15.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @phpstan-var  list<list<string|int>> Table Data.
+     */
+    private array $tbody;
+
+    private BaseConnection $db;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool Sort the table rows in DESC order or not.
+     */
+    private bool $sortDesc = false;
+
+    private string $DBPrefix;
+
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->db       = Database::connect();
+        $this->DBPrefix = $this->db->getPrefix();
+
+        $tables = $this->db->listTables();
+
+        if (array_key_exists('desc', $params)) {
+            $this->sortDesc = true;
+        }
+
+        if ($tables === []) {
+            CLI::error('Database has no tables!', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('show', $params)) {
+            $this->showAllTables($tables);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $tableName       = $params[0] ?? null;
+        $limitRows       = (int) ($params['limit-rows'] ?? 10);
+        $limitFieldValue = (int) ($params['limit-field-value'] ?? 15);
+
+        if (! in_array($tableName, $tables, true)) {
+            $tableNameNo = CLI::promptByKey(
+                ['Here is the list of your database tables:', 'Which table do you want to see?'],
+                $tables,
+                'required'
+            );
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            $tableName = $tables[$tableNameNo];
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('metadata', $params)) {
+            $this->showFieldMetaData($tableName);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->showDataOfTable($tableName, $limitRows, $limitFieldValue);
+    }
+
+    private function removeDBPrefix(): void
+    {
+        $this->db->setPrefix('');
+    }
+
+    private function restoreDBPrefix(): void
+    {
+        $this->db->setPrefix($this->DBPrefix);
+    }
+
+    private function showDataOfTable(string $tableName, int $limitRows, int $limitFieldValue)
+    {
+        CLI::write("Data of Table \"{$tableName}\":", 'black', 'yellow');
+        CLI::newLine();
+
+        $this->removeDBPrefix();
+        $thead = $this->db->getFieldNames($tableName);
+        $this->restoreDBPrefix();
+
+        // If there is a field named `id`, sort by it.
+        $sortField = null;
+        if (in_array('id', $thead, true)) {
+            $sortField = 'id';
+        }
+
+        $this->tbody = $this->makeTableRows($tableName, $limitRows, $limitFieldValue, $sortField);
+        CLI::table($this->tbody, $thead);
+    }
+
+    private function showAllTables(array $tables)
+    {
+        CLI::write('The following is a list of the names of all database tables:', 'black', 'yellow');
+        CLI::newLine();
+
+        $thead       = ['ID', 'Table Name', 'Num of Rows', 'Num of Fields'];
+        $this->tbody = $this->makeTbodyForShowAllTables($tables);
+
+        CLI::table($this->tbody, $thead);
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+
+    private function makeTbodyForShowAllTables(array $tables): array
+    {
+        $this->removeDBPrefix();
+
+        foreach ($tables  as $id => $tableName) {
+            $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($tableName);
+            $db    = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM {$table}");
+
+            $this->tbody[] = [
+                $id + 1,
+                $tableName,
+                $db->getNumRows(),
+                $db->getFieldCount(),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $this->restoreDBPrefix();
+
+        if ($this->sortDesc) {
+            krsort($this->tbody);
+        }
+
+        return $this->tbody;
+    }
+
+    private function makeTableRows(
+        string $tableName,
+        int $limitRows,
+        int $limitFieldValue,
+        ?string $sortField = null
+    ): array {
+        $this->tbody = [];
+
+        $this->removeDBPrefix();
+        $builder = $this->db->table($tableName);
+        $builder->limit($limitRows);
+        if ($sortField !== null) {
+            $builder->orderBy($sortField, $this->sortDesc ? 'DESC' : 'ASC');
+        }
+        $rows = $builder->get()->getResultArray();
+        $this->restoreDBPrefix();
+
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $row = array_map(
+                static fn ($item): string => mb_strlen((string) $item) > $limitFieldValue
+                    ? mb_substr((string) $item, 0, $limitFieldValue) . '...'
+                    : (string) $item,
+                $row
+            );
+            $this->tbody[] = $row;
+        }
+
+        if ($sortField === null && $this->sortDesc) {
+            krsort($this->tbody);
+        }
+
+        return $this->tbody;
+    }
+
+    private function showFieldMetaData(string $tableName): void
+    {
+        CLI::write("List of Metadata Information in Table \"{$tableName}\":", 'black', 'yellow');
+        CLI::newLine();
+
+        $thead = ['Field Name', 'Type', 'Max Length', 'Nullable', 'Default', 'Primary Key'];
+
+        $this->removeDBPrefix();
+        $fields = $this->db->getFieldData($tableName);
+        $this->restoreDBPrefix();
+
+        foreach ($fields as $row) {
+            $this->tbody[] = [
+                $row->name,
+                $row->type,
+                $row->max_length,
+                isset($row->nullable) ? $this->setYesOrNo($row->nullable) : 'n/a',
+                $row->default,
+                isset($row->primary_key) ? $this->setYesOrNo($row->primary_key) : 'n/a',
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->sortDesc) {
+            krsort($this->tbody);
+        }
+
+        CLI::table($this->tbody, $thead);
+    }
+
+    private function setYesOrNo(bool $fieldValue): string
+    {
+        if ($fieldValue) {
+            return CLI::color('Yes', 'green');
+        }
+
+        return CLI::color('No', 'red');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php b/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5837bfb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Encryption/GenerateKey.php
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Encryption;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv;
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Encryption;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a new encryption key.
+ */
+class GenerateKey extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The Command's group.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Encryption';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'key:generate';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'key:generate [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new encryption key and writes it in an `.env` file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The command's options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--force'  => 'Force overwrite existing key in `.env` file.',
+        '--length' => 'The length of the random string that should be returned in bytes. Defaults to 32.',
+        '--prefix' => 'Prefix to prepend to encoded key (either hex2bin or base64). Defaults to hex2bin.',
+        '--show'   => 'Shows the generated key in the terminal instead of storing in the `.env` file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute the command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $prefix = $params['prefix'] ?? CLI::getOption('prefix');
+
+        if (in_array($prefix, [null, true], true)) {
+            $prefix = 'hex2bin';
+        } elseif (! in_array($prefix, ['hex2bin', 'base64'], true)) {
+            $prefix = CLI::prompt('Please provide a valid prefix to use.', ['hex2bin', 'base64'], 'required'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $length = $params['length'] ?? CLI::getOption('length');
+
+        if (in_array($length, [null, true], true)) {
+            $length = 32;
+        }
+
+        $encodedKey = $this->generateRandomKey($prefix, $length);
+
+        if (array_key_exists('show', $params) || (bool) CLI::getOption('show')) {
+            CLI::write($encodedKey, 'yellow');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->setNewEncryptionKey($encodedKey, $params)) {
+            CLI::write('Error in setting new encryption key to .env file.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // force DotEnv to reload the new env vars
+        putenv('encryption.key');
+        unset($_ENV['encryption.key'], $_SERVER['encryption.key']);
+        $dotenv = new DotEnv(ROOTPATH);
+        $dotenv->load();
+
+        CLI::write('Application\'s new encryption key was successfully set.', 'green');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a key and encodes it.
+     */
+    protected function generateRandomKey(string $prefix, int $length): string
+    {
+        $key = Encryption::createKey($length);
+
+        if ($prefix === 'hex2bin') {
+            return 'hex2bin:' . bin2hex($key);
+        }
+
+        return 'base64:' . base64_encode($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the new encryption key in your .env file.
+     */
+    protected function setNewEncryptionKey(string $key, array $params): bool
+    {
+        $currentKey = env('encryption.key', '');
+
+        if ($currentKey !== '' && ! $this->confirmOverwrite($params)) {
+            // Not yet testable since it requires keyboard input
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return $this->writeNewEncryptionKeyToFile($currentKey, $key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether to overwrite existing encryption key.
+     */
+    protected function confirmOverwrite(array $params): bool
+    {
+        return (array_key_exists('force', $params) || CLI::getOption('force')) || CLI::prompt('Overwrite existing key?', ['n', 'y']) === 'y';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the new encryption key to .env file.
+     */
+    protected function writeNewEncryptionKeyToFile(string $oldKey, string $newKey): bool
+    {
+        $baseEnv = ROOTPATH . 'env';
+        $envFile = ROOTPATH . '.env';
+
+        if (! is_file($envFile)) {
+            if (! is_file($baseEnv)) {
+                CLI::write('Both default shipped `env` file and custom `.env` are missing.', 'yellow');
+                CLI::write('Here\'s your new key instead: ' . CLI::color($newKey, 'yellow'));
+                CLI::newLine();
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            copy($baseEnv, $envFile);
+        }
+
+        $oldFileContents = (string) file_get_contents($envFile);
+        $replacementKey  = "\nencryption.key = {$newKey}";
+
+        if (strpos($oldFileContents, 'encryption.key') === false) {
+            return file_put_contents($envFile, $replacementKey, FILE_APPEND) !== false;
+        }
+
+        $newFileContents = preg_replace($this->keyPattern($oldKey), $replacementKey, $oldFileContents);
+
+        if ($newFileContents === $oldFileContents) {
+            $newFileContents = preg_replace(
+                '/^[#\s]*encryption.key[=\s]*(?:hex2bin\:[a-f0-9]{64}|base64\:(?:[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{4})*(?:[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{2}==|[A-Za-z0-9+\/]{3}=)?)$/m',
+                $replacementKey,
+                $oldFileContents
+            );
+        }
+
+        return file_put_contents($envFile, $newFileContents) !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the regex of the current encryption key.
+     */
+    protected function keyPattern(string $oldKey): string
+    {
+        $escaped = preg_quote($oldKey, '/');
+
+        if ($escaped !== '') {
+            $escaped = "[{$escaped}]*";
+        }
+
+        return "/^[#\\s]*encryption.key[=\\s]*{$escaped}$/m";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdb819d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/CellGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton Cell and its view.
+ */
+class CellGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:cell';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new Cell file and its view.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:cell <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The cell class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Cell';
+        $this->directory = 'Cells';
+
+        $params = array_merge($params, ['suffix' => null]);
+
+        $this->template      = 'cell.tpl.php';
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.cell';
+        $this->generateClass($params);
+
+        $this->name          = 'make:cell_view';
+        $this->template      = 'cell_view.tpl.php';
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.viewName.cell';
+
+        $className = $this->qualifyClassName();
+        $viewName  = decamelize(class_basename($className));
+        $viewName  = preg_replace('/([a-z][a-z0-9_\/\\\\]+)(_cell)$/i', '$1', $viewName) ?? $viewName;
+        $namespace = substr($className, 0, strrpos($className, '\\') + 1);
+
+        $this->generateView($namespace . $viewName, $params);
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ccae13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/CommandGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton command file.
+ */
+class CommandGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:command';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new spark command.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:command <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The command class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--command'   => 'The command name. Default: "command:name"',
+        '--type'      => 'The command type. Options [basic, generator]. Default: "basic".',
+        '--group'     => 'The command group. Default: [basic -> "CodeIgniter", generator -> "Generators"].',
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserCommand).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Command';
+        $this->directory = 'Commands';
+        $this->template  = 'command.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.command';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $command = $this->getOption('command');
+        $group   = $this->getOption('group');
+        $type    = $this->getOption('type');
+
+        $command = is_string($command) ? $command : 'command:name';
+        $type    = is_string($type) ? $type : 'basic';
+
+        if (! in_array($type, ['basic', 'generator'], true)) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $type = CLI::prompt(lang('CLI.generator.commandType'), ['basic', 'generator'], 'required');
+            CLI::newLine();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($group)) {
+            $group = $type === 'generator' ? 'Generators' : 'CodeIgniter';
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate(
+            $class,
+            ['{group}', '{command}'],
+            [$group, $command],
+            ['type' => $type]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ConfigGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ConfigGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..606af47b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ConfigGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton config file.
+ */
+class ConfigGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:config';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new config file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:config <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The config class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserConfig).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Config';
+        $this->directory = 'Config';
+        $this->template  = 'config.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.config';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $namespace = $this->getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE;
+
+        if ($namespace === APP_NAMESPACE) {
+            $class = substr($class, strlen($namespace . '\\'));
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate($class);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f27c77ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ControllerGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceController;
+use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourcePresenter;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton controller file.
+ */
+class ControllerGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:controller';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new controller file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:controller <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The controller class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--bare'      => 'Extends from CodeIgniter\Controller instead of BaseController.',
+        '--restful'   => 'Extends from a RESTful resource, Options: [controller, presenter]. Default: "controller".',
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserController).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Controller';
+        $this->directory = 'Controllers';
+        $this->template  = 'controller.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.controller';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $bare = $this->getOption('bare');
+        $rest = $this->getOption('restful');
+
+        $useStatement = trim(APP_NAMESPACE, '\\') . '\Controllers\BaseController';
+        $extends      = 'BaseController';
+
+        // Gets the appropriate parent class to extend.
+        if ($bare || $rest) {
+            if ($bare) {
+                $useStatement = Controller::class;
+                $extends      = 'Controller';
+            } elseif ($rest) {
+                $rest = is_string($rest) ? $rest : 'controller';
+
+                if (! in_array($rest, ['controller', 'presenter'], true)) {
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                    $rest = CLI::prompt(lang('CLI.generator.parentClass'), ['controller', 'presenter'], 'required');
+                    CLI::newLine();
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+                }
+
+                if ($rest === 'controller') {
+                    $useStatement = ResourceController::class;
+                    $extends      = 'ResourceController';
+                } elseif ($rest === 'presenter') {
+                    $useStatement = ResourcePresenter::class;
+                    $extends      = 'ResourcePresenter';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate(
+            $class,
+            ['{useStatement}', '{extends}'],
+            [$useStatement, $extends],
+            ['type' => $rest]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/EntityGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/EntityGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cd84785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/EntityGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton Entity file.
+ */
+class EntityGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:entity';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new entity file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:entity <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The entity class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserEntity).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Entity';
+        $this->directory = 'Entities';
+        $this->template  = 'entity.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.entity';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/FilterGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/FilterGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02060b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/FilterGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton Filter file.
+ */
+class FilterGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:filter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new filter file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:filter <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The filter class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserFilter).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Filter';
+        $this->directory = 'Filters';
+        $this->template  = 'filter.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.filter';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrateCreate.php b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrateCreate.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b493534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrateCreate.php
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated class for the migration creation command.
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use make:migration instead.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class MigrateCreate extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'migrate:create';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = '[DEPRECATED] Creates a new migration file. Please use "make:migration" instead.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'migrate:create <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's arguments.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The migration file name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's options.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Defaults to APP_NAMESPACE',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing files.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        // Resolve arguments before passing to make:migration
+        $params[0] ??= CLI::getSegment(2);
+
+        $params['namespace'] ??= CLI::getOption('namespace') ?? APP_NAMESPACE;
+
+        if (array_key_exists('force', $params) || CLI::getOption('force')) {
+            $params['force'] = null;
+        }
+
+        $this->call('make:migration', $params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82428a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\Migrations;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton migration file.
+ */
+class MigrationGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:migration';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new migration file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:migration <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The migration class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--session'   => 'Generates the migration file for database sessions.',
+        '--table'     => 'Table name to use for database sessions. Default: "ci_sessions".',
+        '--dbgroup'   => 'Database group to use for database sessions. Default: "default".',
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserMigration).',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Migration';
+        $this->directory = 'Database\Migrations';
+        $this->template  = 'migration.tpl.php';
+
+        if (array_key_exists('session', $params) || CLI::getOption('session')) {
+            $table     = $params['table'] ?? CLI::getOption('table') ?? 'ci_sessions';
+            $params[0] = "_create_{$table}_table";
+        }
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.migration';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $data            = [];
+        $data['session'] = false;
+
+        if ($this->getOption('session')) {
+            $table   = $this->getOption('table');
+            $DBGroup = $this->getOption('dbgroup');
+
+            $data['session']  = true;
+            $data['table']    = is_string($table) ? $table : 'ci_sessions';
+            $data['DBGroup']  = is_string($DBGroup) ? $DBGroup : 'default';
+            $data['DBDriver'] = config(Database::class)->{$data['DBGroup']}['DBDriver'];
+
+            /** @var SessionConfig|null $session */
+            $session = config(SessionConfig::class);
+
+            $data['matchIP'] = $session->matchIP;
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate($class, [], [], $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change file basename before saving.
+     */
+    protected function basename(string $filename): string
+    {
+        return gmdate(config(Migrations::class)->timestampFormat) . basename($filename);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ModelGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ModelGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb0a1aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ModelGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton Model file.
+ */
+class ModelGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:model';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new model file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:model <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The model class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--table'     => 'Supply a table name. Default: "the lowercased plural of the class name".',
+        '--dbgroup'   => 'Database group to use. Default: "default".',
+        '--return'    => 'Return type, Options: [array, object, entity]. Default: "array".',
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserModel).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Model';
+        $this->directory = 'Models';
+        $this->template  = 'model.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.model';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare options and do the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $table   = $this->getOption('table');
+        $dbGroup = $this->getOption('dbgroup');
+        $return  = $this->getOption('return');
+
+        $baseClass = class_basename($class);
+
+        if (preg_match('/^(\S+)Model$/i', $baseClass, $match) === 1) {
+            $baseClass = $match[1];
+        }
+
+        $table  = is_string($table) ? $table : plural(strtolower($baseClass));
+        $return = is_string($return) ? $return : 'array';
+
+        if (! in_array($return, ['array', 'object', 'entity'], true)) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $return = CLI::prompt(lang('CLI.generator.returnType'), ['array', 'object', 'entity'], 'required');
+            CLI::newLine();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        if ($return === 'entity') {
+            $return = str_replace('Models', 'Entities', $class);
+
+            if (preg_match('/^(\S+)Model$/i', $return, $match) === 1) {
+                $return = $match[1];
+
+                if ($this->getOption('suffix')) {
+                    $return .= 'Entity';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $return = '\\' . trim($return, '\\') . '::class';
+            $this->call('make:entity', array_merge([$baseClass], $this->params));
+        } else {
+            $return = "'{$return}'";
+        }
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate($class, ['{dbGroup}', '{table}', '{return}'], [$dbGroup, $table, $return], compact('dbGroup'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ScaffoldGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ScaffoldGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..351ee009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ScaffoldGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a complete set of scaffold files.
+ */
+class ScaffoldGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:scaffold';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a complete set of scaffold files.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:scaffold <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The class name',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--bare'      => 'Add the "--bare" option to controller component.',
+        '--restful'   => 'Add the "--restful" option to controller component.',
+        '--table'     => 'Add the "--table" option to the model component.',
+        '--dbgroup'   => 'Add the "--dbgroup" option to model component.',
+        '--return'    => 'Add the "--return" option to the model component.',
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name.',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->params = $params;
+
+        $options = [];
+
+        if ($this->getOption('namespace')) {
+            $options['namespace'] = $this->getOption('namespace');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getOption('suffix')) {
+            $options['suffix'] = null;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getOption('force')) {
+            $options['force'] = null;
+        }
+
+        $controllerOpts = [];
+
+        if ($this->getOption('bare')) {
+            $controllerOpts['bare'] = null;
+        } elseif ($this->getOption('restful')) {
+            $controllerOpts['restful'] = $this->getOption('restful');
+        }
+
+        $modelOpts = [
+            'table'   => $this->getOption('table'),
+            'dbgroup' => $this->getOption('dbgroup'),
+            'return'  => $this->getOption('return'),
+        ];
+
+        $class = $params[0] ?? CLI::getSegment(2);
+
+        // Call those commands!
+        $this->call('make:controller', array_merge([$class], $controllerOpts, $options));
+        $this->call('make:model', array_merge([$class], $modelOpts, $options));
+        $this->call('make:migration', array_merge([$class], $options));
+        $this->call('make:seeder', array_merge([$class], $options));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/SeederGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/SeederGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09a1037f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/SeederGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton seeder file.
+ */
+class SeederGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:seeder';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new seeder file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:seeder <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The seeder class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserSeeder).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Seeder';
+        $this->directory = 'Database\Seeds';
+        $this->template  = 'seeder.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.seeder';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a04527e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Migrations;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a migration file for database sessions.
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use `make:migration --session` instead.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class SessionMigrationGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'session:migration';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = '[DEPRECATED] Generates the migration file for database sessions, Please use  "make:migration --session" instead.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'session:migration [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-t' => 'Supply a table name.',
+        '-g' => 'Database group to use. Default: "default".',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Migration';
+        $this->directory = 'Database\Migrations';
+        $this->template  = 'migration.tpl.php';
+
+        $table = 'ci_sessions';
+
+        if (array_key_exists('t', $params) || CLI::getOption('t')) {
+            $table = $params['t'] ?? CLI::getOption('t');
+        }
+
+        $params[0] = "_create_{$table}_table";
+
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs the necessary replacements.
+     */
+    protected function prepare(string $class): string
+    {
+        $data            = [];
+        $data['session'] = true;
+        $data['table']   = $this->getOption('t');
+        $data['DBGroup'] = $this->getOption('g');
+        $data['matchIP'] = config(App::class)->sessionMatchIP ?? false;
+
+        $data['table']   = is_string($data['table']) ? $data['table'] : 'ci_sessions';
+        $data['DBGroup'] = is_string($data['DBGroup']) ? $data['DBGroup'] : 'default';
+
+        return $this->parseTemplate($class, [], [], $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change file basename before saving.
+     */
+    protected function basename(string $filename): string
+    {
+        return gmdate(config(Migrations::class)->timestampFormat) . basename($filename);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/ValidationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/ValidationGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c58ca5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/ValidationGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Generators;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Generates a skeleton Validation file.
+ */
+class ValidationGenerator extends BaseCommand
+{
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Generators';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'make:validation';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Generates a new validation file.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'make:validation <name> [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'name' => 'The validation class name.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--namespace' => 'Set root namespace. Default: "APP_NAMESPACE".',
+        '--suffix'    => 'Append the component title to the class name (e.g. User => UserValidation).',
+        '--force'     => 'Force overwrite existing file.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $this->component = 'Validation';
+        $this->directory = 'Validation';
+        $this->template  = 'validation.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->classNameLang = 'CLI.generator.className.validation';
+        $this->execute($params);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f20c0785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\View\Cells\Cell;
+
+class {class} extends Cell
+{
+    //
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell_view.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell_view.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9866dc2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/cell_view.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<div>
+    <!-- Your HTML here -->
+</div>
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/command.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/command.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfbdcc4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/command.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+<?php if ($type === 'generator'): ?>
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\GeneratorTrait;
+<?php endif ?>
+
+class {class} extends BaseCommand
+{
+<?php if ($type === 'generator'): ?>
+    use GeneratorTrait;
+
+<?php endif ?>
+    /**
+     * The Command's Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = '{group}';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = '{command}';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = '';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = '{command} [arguments] [options]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     *
+     * @param array $params
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+<?php if ($type === 'generator'): ?>
+        $this->component = 'Command';
+        $this->directory = 'Commands';
+        $this->template  = 'command.tpl.php';
+
+        $this->execute($params);
+<?php else: ?>
+        //
+<?php endif ?>
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/config.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/config.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31c60cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/config.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+
+class {class} extends BaseConfig
+{
+    //
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/controller.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/controller.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de4447c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/controller.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use {useStatement};
+
+class {class} extends {extends}
+{
+<?php if ($type === 'controller'): ?>
+    /**
+     * Return an array of resource objects, themselves in array format
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function index()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the properties of a resource object
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function show($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a new resource object, with default properties
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function new()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new resource object, from "posted" parameters
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function create()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the editable properties of a resource object
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function edit($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add or update a model resource, from "posted" properties
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function update($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete the designated resource object from the model
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function delete($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+<?php elseif ($type === 'presenter'): ?>
+    /**
+     * Present a view of resource objects
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function index()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to present a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param mixed $id
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function show($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to present a new single resource object
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function new()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the creation/insertion of a new resource object.
+     * This should be a POST.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function create()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to edit the properties of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param mixed $id
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function edit($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the updating, full or partial, of a specific resource object.
+     * This should be a POST.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $id
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function update($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to confirm the deletion of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param mixed $id
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function remove($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the deletion of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param mixed $id
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function delete($id = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+<?php else: ?>
+    public function index()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+<?php endif ?>
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/entity.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/entity.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c74c776f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/entity.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+
+class {class} extends Entity
+{
+    protected $datamap = [];
+    protected $dates   = ['created_at', 'updated_at', 'deleted_at'];
+    protected $casts   = [];
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/filter.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/filter.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c080e920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/filter.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+class {class} implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Do whatever processing this filter needs to do.
+     * By default it should not return anything during
+     * normal execution. However, when an abnormal state
+     * is found, it should return an instance of
+     * CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response. If it does, script
+     * execution will end and that Response will be
+     * sent back to the client, allowing for error pages,
+     * redirects, etc.
+     *
+     * @param RequestInterface $request
+     * @param array|null       $arguments
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows After filters to inspect and modify the response
+     * object as needed. This method does not allow any way
+     * to stop execution of other after filters, short of
+     * throwing an Exception or Error.
+     *
+     * @param RequestInterface  $request
+     * @param ResponseInterface $response
+     * @param array|null        $arguments
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        //
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..321895e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/migration.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class {class} extends Migration
+{
+<?php if ($session): ?>
+    protected $DBGroup = '<?= $DBGroup ?>';
+
+    public function up()
+    {
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'id' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 128, 'null' => false],
+<?php if ($DBDriver === 'MySQLi'): ?>
+            'ip_address' => ['type' => 'VARCHAR', 'constraint' => 45, 'null' => false],
+            'timestamp timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL',
+            'data' => ['type' => 'BLOB', 'null' => false],
+ <?php elseif ($DBDriver === 'Postgre'): ?>
+            'ip_address inet NOT NULL',
+            'timestamp timestamptz DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL',
+            "data bytea DEFAULT '' NOT NULL",
+<?php endif; ?>
+        ]);
+<?php if ($matchIP) : ?>
+        $this->forge->addKey(['id', 'ip_address'], true);
+<?php else: ?>
+        $this->forge->addKey('id', true);
+<?php endif ?>
+        $this->forge->addKey('timestamp');
+        $this->forge->createTable('<?= $table ?>', true);
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('<?= $table ?>', true);
+    }
+<?php else: ?>
+    public function up()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+<?php endif ?>
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/model.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/model.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9b9c99e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/model.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class {class} extends Model
+{
+<?php if (is_string($dbGroup)): ?>
+    protected $DBGroup          = '{dbGroup}';
+<?php endif; ?>
+    protected $table            = '{table}';
+    protected $primaryKey       = 'id';
+    protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
+    protected $returnType       = {return};
+    protected $useSoftDeletes   = false;
+    protected $protectFields    = true;
+    protected $allowedFields    = [];
+
+    // Dates
+    protected $useTimestamps = false;
+    protected $dateFormat    = 'datetime';
+    protected $createdField  = 'created_at';
+    protected $updatedField  = 'updated_at';
+    protected $deletedField  = 'deleted_at';
+
+    // Validation
+    protected $validationRules      = [];
+    protected $validationMessages   = [];
+    protected $skipValidation       = false;
+    protected $cleanValidationRules = true;
+
+    // Callbacks
+    protected $allowCallbacks = true;
+    protected $beforeInsert   = [];
+    protected $afterInsert    = [];
+    protected $beforeUpdate   = [];
+    protected $afterUpdate    = [];
+    protected $beforeFind     = [];
+    protected $afterFind      = [];
+    protected $beforeDelete   = [];
+    protected $afterDelete    = [];
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/seeder.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/seeder.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f216280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/seeder.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
+
+class {class} extends Seeder
+{
+    public function run()
+    {
+        //
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/Views/validation.tpl.php b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/validation.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e040a748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/Views/validation.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<@php
+
+namespace {namespace};
+
+class {class}
+{
+    // public function custom_rule(): bool
+    // {
+    //     return true;
+    // }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Help.php b/system/Commands/Help.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74dcbeab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Help.php
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+
+/**
+ * CI Help command for the spark script.
+ *
+ * Lists the basic usage information for the spark script,
+ * and provides a way to list help for other commands.
+ */
+class Help extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'help';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Displays basic usage information.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'help [<command_name>]';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'command_name' => 'The command name [default: "help"]',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the help for spark commands.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $command = array_shift($params);
+        $command ??= 'help';
+        $commands = $this->commands->getCommands();
+
+        if (! $this->commands->verifyCommand($command, $commands)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $class = new $commands[$command]['class']($this->logger, $this->commands);
+        $class->showHelp();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearDebugbar.php b/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearDebugbar.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da6f76a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearDebugbar.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Housekeeping;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * ClearDebugbar Command
+ */
+class ClearDebugbar extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Housekeeping';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'debugbar:clear';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'debugbar:clear';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Clears all debugbar JSON files.';
+
+    /**
+     * Actually runs the command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        helper('filesystem');
+
+        if (! delete_files(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar')) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error('Error deleting the debugbar JSON files.');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        CLI::write('Debugbar cleared.', 'green');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearLogs.php b/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearLogs.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb2489c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Housekeeping/ClearLogs.php
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Housekeeping;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * ClearLogs command.
+ */
+class ClearLogs extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'Housekeeping';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'logs:clear';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Clears all log files.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'logs:clear [option';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--force' => 'Force delete of all logs files without prompting.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Actually execute a command.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $force = array_key_exists('force', $params) || CLI::getOption('force');
+
+        if (! $force && CLI::prompt('Are you sure you want to delete the logs?', ['n', 'y']) === 'n') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error('Deleting logs aborted.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::error('If you want, use the "-force" option to force delete all log files.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        helper('filesystem');
+
+        if (! delete_files(WRITEPATH . 'logs', false, true)) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            CLI::error('Error in deleting the logs files.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        CLI::write('Logs cleared.', 'green');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/ListCommands.php b/system/Commands/ListCommands.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c808322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/ListCommands.php
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * CI Help command for the spark script.
+ *
+ * Lists the basic usage information for the spark script,
+ * and provides a way to list help for other commands.
+ */
+class ListCommands extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'list';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Lists the available commands.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'list';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--simple' => 'Prints a list of the commands with no other info',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $commands = $this->commands->getCommands();
+        ksort($commands);
+
+        // Check for 'simple' format
+        return array_key_exists('simple', $params) || CLI::getOption('simple')
+            ? $this->listSimple($commands)
+            : $this->listFull($commands);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lists the commands with accompanying info.
+     */
+    protected function listFull(array $commands)
+    {
+        // Sort into buckets by group
+        $groups = [];
+
+        foreach ($commands as $title => $command) {
+            if (! isset($groups[$command['group']])) {
+                $groups[$command['group']] = [];
+            }
+
+            $groups[$command['group']][$title] = $command;
+        }
+
+        $length = max(array_map('strlen', array_keys($commands)));
+
+        ksort($groups);
+
+        // Display it all...
+        foreach ($groups as $group => $commands) {
+            CLI::write($group, 'yellow');
+
+            foreach ($commands as $name => $command) {
+                $name   = $this->setPad($name, $length, 2, 2);
+                $output = CLI::color($name, 'green');
+
+                if (isset($command['description'])) {
+                    $output .= CLI::wrap($command['description'], 125, strlen($name));
+                }
+
+                CLI::write($output);
+            }
+
+            if ($group !== array_key_last($groups)) {
+                CLI::newLine();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lists the commands only.
+     */
+    protected function listSimple(array $commands)
+    {
+        foreach (array_keys($commands) as $title) {
+            CLI::write($title);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php b/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dc9e5dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Server/Serve.php
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Server;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+
+/**
+ * Launch the PHP development server
+ *
+ * Not testable, as it throws phpunit for a loop :-/
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class Serve extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * Group
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'serve';
+
+    /**
+     * Description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Launches the CodeIgniter PHP-Development Server.';
+
+    /**
+     * Usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'serve';
+
+    /**
+     * Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The current port offset.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $portOffset = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The max number of ports to attempt to serve from
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $tries = 10;
+
+    /**
+     * Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '--php'  => 'The PHP Binary [default: "PHP_BINARY"]',
+        '--host' => 'The HTTP Host [default: "localhost"]',
+        '--port' => 'The HTTP Host Port [default: "8080"]',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Run the server
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        // Collect any user-supplied options and apply them.
+        $php  = escapeshellarg(CLI::getOption('php') ?? PHP_BINARY);
+        $host = CLI::getOption('host') ?? 'localhost';
+        $port = (int) (CLI::getOption('port') ?? 8080) + $this->portOffset;
+
+        // Get the party started.
+        CLI::write('CodeIgniter development server started on http://' . $host . ':' . $port, 'green');
+        CLI::write('Press Control-C to stop.');
+
+        // Set the Front Controller path as Document Root.
+        $docroot = escapeshellarg(FCPATH);
+
+        // Mimic Apache's mod_rewrite functionality with user settings.
+        $rewrite = escapeshellarg(__DIR__ . '/rewrite.php');
+
+        // Call PHP's built-in webserver, making sure to set our
+        // base path to the public folder, and to use the rewrite file
+        // to ensure our environment is set and it simulates basic mod_rewrite.
+        passthru($php . ' -S ' . $host . ':' . $port . ' -t ' . $docroot . ' ' . $rewrite, $status);
+
+        if ($status && $this->portOffset < $this->tries) {
+            $this->portOffset++;
+
+            $this->run($params);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Server/rewrite.php b/system/Commands/Server/rewrite.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45a10936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Server/rewrite.php
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * CodeIgniter PHP-Development Server Rewrite Rules
+ *
+ * This script works with the CLI serve command to help run a seamless
+ * development server based around PHP's built-in development
+ * server. This file simply tries to mimic Apache's mod_rewrite
+ * functionality so the site will operate as normal.
+ */
+
+// @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+// Avoid this file run when listing commands
+if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli') {
+    return;
+}
+
+$uri = urldecode(
+    parse_url('https://codeigniter.com' . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH) ?? ''
+);
+
+// All request handle by index.php file.
+$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '/index.php';
+
+// Full path
+$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . ltrim($uri, '/');
+
+// If $path is an existing file or folder within the public folder
+// then let the request handle it like normal.
+if ($uri !== '/' && (is_file($path) || is_dir($path))) {
+    return false;
+}
+
+unset($uri, $path);
+
+// Otherwise, we'll load the index file and let
+// the framework handle the request from here.
+require_once $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'index.php';
+// @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b844e7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Environment.php
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv;
+
+/**
+ * Command to display the current environment,
+ * or set a new one in the `.env` file.
+ */
+final class Environment extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'env';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Retrieves the current environment, or set a new one.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'env [<environment>]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'environment' => '[Optional] The new environment to set. If none is provided, this will print the current environment.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Allowed values for environment. `testing` is excluded
+     * since spark won't work on it.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     */
+    private static array $knownTypes = [
+        'production',
+        'development',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        if ($params === []) {
+            CLI::write(sprintf('Your environment is currently set as %s.', CLI::color($_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] ?? ENVIRONMENT, 'green')));
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $env = strtolower(array_shift($params));
+
+        if ($env === 'testing') {
+            CLI::error('The "testing" environment is reserved for PHPUnit testing.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::error('You will not be able to run spark under a "testing" environment.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($env, self::$knownTypes, true)) {
+            CLI::error(sprintf('Invalid environment type "%s". Expected one of "%s".', $env, implode('" and "', self::$knownTypes)), 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->writeNewEnvironmentToEnvFile($env)) {
+            CLI::error('Error in writing new environment to .env file.', 'light_gray', 'red');
+            CLI::newLine();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // force DotEnv to reload the new environment
+        // however we cannot redefine the ENVIRONMENT constant
+        putenv('CI_ENVIRONMENT');
+        unset($_ENV['CI_ENVIRONMENT'], $_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT']);
+        (new DotEnv(ROOTPATH))->load();
+
+        CLI::write(sprintf('Environment is successfully changed to "%s".', $env), 'green');
+        CLI::write('The ENVIRONMENT constant will be changed in the next script execution.');
+        CLI::newLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://regex101.com/r/4sSORp/1 for the regex in action
+     */
+    private function writeNewEnvironmentToEnvFile(string $newEnv): bool
+    {
+        $baseEnv = ROOTPATH . 'env';
+        $envFile = ROOTPATH . '.env';
+
+        if (! is_file($envFile)) {
+            if (! is_file($baseEnv)) {
+                CLI::write('Both default shipped `env` file and custom `.env` are missing.', 'yellow');
+                CLI::write('It is impossible to write the new environment type.', 'yellow');
+                CLI::newLine();
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            copy($baseEnv, $envFile);
+        }
+
+        $pattern = preg_quote($_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] ?? ENVIRONMENT, '/');
+        $pattern = sprintf('/^[#\s]*CI_ENVIRONMENT[=\s]+%s$/m', $pattern);
+
+        return file_put_contents(
+            $envFile,
+            preg_replace($pattern, "\nCI_ENVIRONMENT = {$newEnv}", file_get_contents($envFile), -1, $count)
+        ) !== false && $count > 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2eb2fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterCollector;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Check filters for a route.
+ */
+class FilterCheck extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'filter:check';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Check filters for a route.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'filter:check <HTTP method> <route>';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'method' => 'The HTTP method. get, post, put, etc.',
+        'route'  => 'The route (URI path) to check filtes.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @return int exit code
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $tbody = [];
+        if (! isset($params[0], $params[1])) {
+            CLI::error('You must specify a HTTP verb and a route.');
+            CLI::write('  Usage: ' . $this->usage);
+            CLI::write('Example: filter:check get /');
+            CLI::write('         filter:check put products/1');
+
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        $method = strtolower($params[0]);
+        $route  = $params[1];
+
+        // Load Routes
+        Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+
+        $filterCollector = new FilterCollector();
+
+        $filters = $filterCollector->get($method, $route);
+
+        // PageNotFoundException
+        if ($filters['before'] === ['<unknown>']) {
+            CLI::error(
+                "Can't find a route: " .
+                CLI::color(
+                    '"' . strtoupper($method) . ' ' . $route . '"',
+                    'black',
+                    'light_gray'
+                ),
+            );
+
+            return EXIT_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        $tbody[] = [
+            strtoupper($method),
+            $route,
+            implode(' ', $filters['before']),
+            implode(' ', $filters['after']),
+        ];
+
+        $thead = [
+            'Method',
+            'Route',
+            'Before Filters',
+            'After Filters',
+        ];
+
+        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef37736c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Lists namespaces set in Config\Autoload with their
+ * full server path. Helps you to verify that you have
+ * the namespaces setup correctly.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\NamespacesTest
+ */
+class Namespaces extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'namespaces';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Verifies your namespaces are setup correctly.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'namespaces';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-c' => 'Show only CodeIgniter config namespaces.',
+        '-r' => 'Show raw path strings.',
+        '-m' => 'Specify max length of the path strings to output. Default: 60.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $params['m'] = (int) ($params['m'] ?? 60);
+
+        $tbody = array_key_exists('c', $params) ? $this->outputCINamespaces($params) : $this->outputAllNamespaces($params);
+
+        $thead = [
+            'Namespace',
+            'Path',
+            'Found?',
+        ];
+
+        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
+    }
+
+    private function outputAllNamespaces(array $params): array
+    {
+        $maxLength = $params['m'];
+
+        $autoloader = Services::autoloader();
+
+        $tbody = [];
+
+        foreach ($autoloader->getNamespace() as $ns => $paths) {
+            foreach ($paths as $path) {
+                if (array_key_exists('r', $params)) {
+                    $pathOutput = $this->truncate($path, $maxLength);
+                } else {
+                    $pathOutput = $this->truncate(clean_path($path), $maxLength);
+                }
+
+                $tbody[] = [
+                    $ns,
+                    $pathOutput,
+                    is_dir($path) ? 'Yes' : 'MISSING',
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tbody;
+    }
+
+    private function truncate(string $string, int $max): string
+    {
+        $length = strlen($string);
+
+        if ($length > $max) {
+            return substr($string, 0, $max - 3) . '...';
+        }
+
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    private function outputCINamespaces(array $params): array
+    {
+        $maxLength = $params['m'];
+
+        $config = new Autoload();
+
+        $tbody = [];
+
+        foreach ($config->psr4 as $ns => $paths) {
+            if (array_key_exists('r', $params)) {
+                $pathOutput = $this->truncate($paths, $maxLength);
+            } else {
+                $pathOutput = $this->truncate(clean_path($paths), $maxLength);
+            }
+
+            foreach ((array) $paths as $path) {
+                $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
+
+                $tbody[] = [
+                    $ns,
+                    $pathOutput,
+                    is_dir($path) ? 'Yes' : 'MISSING',
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tbody;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfed0472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Publish.php
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
+
+/**
+ * Discovers all Publisher classes from the "Publishers/" directory
+ * across namespaces. Executes `publish()` from each instance, parsing
+ * each result.
+ */
+class Publish extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'publish';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Discovers and executes all predefined Publisher classes.';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'publish [<directory>]';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's arguments
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [
+        'directory' => '[Optional] The directory to scan within each namespace. Default: "Publishers".',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $directory = array_shift($params) ?? 'Publishers';
+
+        if ([] === $publishers = Publisher::discover($directory)) {
+            CLI::write(lang('Publisher.publishMissing', [$directory]));
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($publishers as $publisher) {
+            if ($publisher->publish()) {
+                CLI::write(lang('Publisher.publishSuccess', [
+                    get_class($publisher),
+                    count($publisher->getPublished()),
+                    $publisher->getDestination(),
+                ]), 'green');
+            } else {
+                CLI::error(lang('Publisher.publishFailure', [
+                    get_class($publisher),
+                    $publisher->getDestination(),
+                ]), 'light_gray', 'red');
+
+                foreach ($publisher->getErrors() as $file => $exception) {
+                    CLI::write($file);
+                    CLI::error($exception->getMessage());
+                    CLI::newLine();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3693ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouteCollector;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\AutoRouteCollector as AutoRouteCollectorImproved;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterCollector;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\SampleURIGenerator;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\DefinedRouteCollector;
+use Config\Feature;
+use Config\Routing;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Lists all the routes. This will include any Routes files
+ * that can be discovered, and will include routes that are not defined
+ * in routes files, but are instead discovered through auto-routing.
+ */
+class Routes extends BaseCommand
+{
+    /**
+     * The group the command is lumped under
+     * when listing commands.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * The Command's name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name = 'routes';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's short description
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $description = 'Displays all routes.';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's usage
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $usage = 'routes';
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Arguments
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * the Command's Options
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $options = [
+        '-h'     => 'Sort by Handler.',
+        '--host' => 'Specify hostname in request URI.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the help for the spark cli script itself.
+     */
+    public function run(array $params)
+    {
+        $sortByHandler = array_key_exists('h', $params);
+        $host          = $params['host'] ?? null;
+
+        // Set HTTP_HOST
+        if ($host) {
+            $request              = Services::request();
+            $_SERVER              = $request->getServer();
+            $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] = $host;
+            $request->setGlobal('server', $_SERVER);
+        }
+
+        $collection = Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+
+        // Reset HTTP_HOST
+        if ($host) {
+            unset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
+        }
+
+        $methods = [
+            'get',
+            'head',
+            'post',
+            'patch',
+            'put',
+            'delete',
+            'options',
+            'trace',
+            'connect',
+            'cli',
+        ];
+
+        $tbody           = [];
+        $uriGenerator    = new SampleURIGenerator();
+        $filterCollector = new FilterCollector();
+
+        $definedRouteCollector = new DefinedRouteCollector($collection);
+
+        foreach ($definedRouteCollector->collect() as $route) {
+            $sampleUri = $uriGenerator->get($route['route']);
+            $filters   = $filterCollector->get($route['method'], $sampleUri);
+
+            $routeName = ($route['route'] === $route['name']) ? '»' : $route['name'];
+
+            $tbody[] = [
+                strtoupper($route['method']),
+                $route['route'],
+                $routeName,
+                $route['handler'],
+                implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['before'])),
+                implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['after'])),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if ($collection->shouldAutoRoute()) {
+            $autoRoutesImproved = config(Feature::class)->autoRoutesImproved ?? false;
+
+            if ($autoRoutesImproved) {
+                $autoRouteCollector = new AutoRouteCollectorImproved(
+                    $collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
+                    $collection->getDefaultController(),
+                    $collection->getDefaultMethod(),
+                    $methods,
+                    $collection->getRegisteredControllers('*')
+                );
+
+                $autoRoutes = $autoRouteCollector->get();
+
+                // Check for Module Routes.
+                if ($routingConfig = config(Routing::class)) {
+                    foreach ($routingConfig->moduleRoutes as $uri => $namespace) {
+                        $autoRouteCollector = new AutoRouteCollectorImproved(
+                            $namespace,
+                            $collection->getDefaultController(),
+                            $collection->getDefaultMethod(),
+                            $methods,
+                            $collection->getRegisteredControllers('*'),
+                            $uri
+                        );
+
+                        $autoRoutes = [...$autoRoutes, ...$autoRouteCollector->get()];
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                $autoRouteCollector = new AutoRouteCollector(
+                    $collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
+                    $collection->getDefaultController(),
+                    $collection->getDefaultMethod()
+                );
+
+                $autoRoutes = $autoRouteCollector->get();
+
+                foreach ($autoRoutes as &$routes) {
+                    // There is no `auto` method, but it is intentional not to get route filters.
+                    $filters = $filterCollector->get('auto', $uriGenerator->get($routes[1]));
+
+                    $routes[] = implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['before']));
+                    $routes[] = implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['after']));
+                }
+            }
+
+            $tbody = [...$tbody, ...$autoRoutes];
+        }
+
+        $thead = [
+            'Method',
+            'Route',
+            'Name',
+            $sortByHandler ? 'Handler ↓' : 'Handler',
+            'Before Filters',
+            'After Filters',
+        ];
+
+        // Sort by Handler.
+        if ($sortByHandler) {
+            usort($tbody, static fn ($handler1, $handler2) => strcmp($handler1[3], $handler2[3]));
+        }
+
+        if ($host) {
+            CLI::write('Host: ' . $host);
+        }
+
+        CLI::table($tbody, $thead);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee331332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+/**
+ * Collects data for auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouteCollectorTest
+ */
+final class AutoRouteCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string namespace to search
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    private string $defaultController;
+    private string $defaultMethod;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $namespace namespace to search
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $namespace, string $defaultController, string $defaultMethod)
+    {
+        $this->namespace         = $namespace;
+        $this->defaultController = $defaultController;
+        $this->defaultMethod     = $defaultMethod;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<int, array<int, string>>
+     * @phpstan-return list<list<string>>
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        $finder = new ControllerFinder($this->namespace);
+        $reader = new ControllerMethodReader($this->namespace);
+
+        $tbody = [];
+
+        foreach ($finder->find() as $class) {
+            $output = $reader->read(
+                $class,
+                $this->defaultController,
+                $this->defaultMethod
+            );
+
+            foreach ($output as $item) {
+                $tbody[] = [
+                    'auto',
+                    $item['route'],
+                    '',
+                    $item['handler'],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tbody;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b9089ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\ControllerFinder;
+use CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterCollector;
+
+/**
+ * Collects data for Auto Routing Improved.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\AutoRouteCollectorTest
+ */
+final class AutoRouteCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string namespace to search
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    private string $defaultController;
+    private string $defaultMethod;
+    private array $httpMethods;
+
+    /**
+     * List of controllers in Defined Routes that should not be accessed via Auto-Routing.
+     *
+     * @var class-string[]
+     */
+    private array $protectedControllers;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string URI prefix for Module Routing
+     */
+    private string $prefix;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $namespace namespace to search
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        string $namespace,
+        string $defaultController,
+        string $defaultMethod,
+        array $httpMethods,
+        array $protectedControllers,
+        string $prefix = ''
+    ) {
+        $this->namespace            = $namespace;
+        $this->defaultController    = $defaultController;
+        $this->defaultMethod        = $defaultMethod;
+        $this->httpMethods          = $httpMethods;
+        $this->protectedControllers = $protectedControllers;
+        $this->prefix               = $prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<int, array<int, string>>
+     * @phpstan-return list<list<string>>
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        $finder = new ControllerFinder($this->namespace);
+        $reader = new ControllerMethodReader($this->namespace, $this->httpMethods);
+
+        $tbody = [];
+
+        foreach ($finder->find() as $class) {
+            // Exclude controllers in Defined Routes.
+            if (in_array('\\' . $class, $this->protectedControllers, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $routes = $reader->read(
+                $class,
+                $this->defaultController,
+                $this->defaultMethod
+            );
+
+            if ($routes === []) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $routes = $this->addFilters($routes);
+
+            foreach ($routes as $item) {
+                $route = $item['route'] . $item['route_params'];
+
+                // For module routing
+                if ($this->prefix !== '' && $route === '/') {
+                    $route = $this->prefix;
+                } elseif ($this->prefix !== '') {
+                    $route = $this->prefix . '/' . $route;
+                }
+
+                $tbody[] = [
+                    strtoupper($item['method']) . '(auto)',
+                    $route,
+                    '',
+                    $item['handler'],
+                    $item['before'],
+                    $item['after'],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tbody;
+    }
+
+    private function addFilters($routes)
+    {
+        $filterCollector = new FilterCollector(true);
+
+        foreach ($routes as &$route) {
+            $routePath = $route['route'];
+
+            // For module routing
+            if ($this->prefix !== '' && $route === '/') {
+                $routePath = $this->prefix;
+            } elseif ($this->prefix !== '') {
+                $routePath = $this->prefix . '/' . $routePath;
+            }
+
+            // Search filters for the URI with all params
+            $sampleUri      = $this->generateSampleUri($route);
+            $filtersLongest = $filterCollector->get($route['method'], $routePath . $sampleUri);
+
+            // Search filters for the URI without optional params
+            $sampleUri       = $this->generateSampleUri($route, false);
+            $filtersShortest = $filterCollector->get($route['method'], $routePath . $sampleUri);
+
+            // Get common array elements
+            $filters['before'] = array_intersect($filtersLongest['before'], $filtersShortest['before']);
+            $filters['after']  = array_intersect($filtersLongest['after'], $filtersShortest['after']);
+
+            $route['before'] = implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['before']));
+            $route['after']  = implode(' ', array_map('class_basename', $filters['after']));
+        }
+
+        return $routes;
+    }
+
+    private function generateSampleUri(array $route, bool $longest = true): string
+    {
+        $sampleUri = '';
+
+        if (isset($route['params'])) {
+            $i = 1;
+
+            foreach ($route['params'] as $required) {
+                if ($longest && ! $required) {
+                    $sampleUri .= '/' . $i++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sampleUri;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8b6912d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved;
+
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * Reads a controller and returns a list of auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\ControllerMethodReaderTest
+ */
+final class ControllerMethodReader
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string the default namespace
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    private array $httpMethods;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $namespace the default namespace
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $namespace, array $httpMethods)
+    {
+        $this->namespace   = $namespace;
+        $this->httpMethods = $httpMethods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns found route info in the controller.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $class
+     *
+     * @return array<int, array<string, array|string>>
+     * @phpstan-return list<array<string, string|array>>
+     */
+    public function read(string $class, string $defaultController = 'Home', string $defaultMethod = 'index'): array
+    {
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+        if ($reflection->isAbstract()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $classname      = $reflection->getName();
+        $classShortname = $reflection->getShortName();
+
+        $output     = [];
+        $classInUri = $this->getUriByClass($classname);
+
+        foreach ($reflection->getMethods(ReflectionMethod::IS_PUBLIC) as $method) {
+            $methodName = $method->getName();
+
+            foreach ($this->httpMethods as $httpVerb) {
+                if (strpos($methodName, $httpVerb) === 0) {
+                    // Remove HTTP verb prefix.
+                    $methodInUri = lcfirst(substr($methodName, strlen($httpVerb)));
+
+                    // Check if it is the default method.
+                    if ($methodInUri === $defaultMethod) {
+                        $routeForDefaultController = $this->getRouteForDefaultController(
+                            $classShortname,
+                            $defaultController,
+                            $classInUri,
+                            $classname,
+                            $methodName,
+                            $httpVerb,
+                            $method
+                        );
+
+                        if ($routeForDefaultController !== []) {
+                            // The controller is the default controller. It only
+                            // has a route for the default method. Other methods
+                            // will not be routed even if they exist.
+                            $output = [...$output, ...$routeForDefaultController];
+
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        [$params, $routeParams] = $this->getParameters($method);
+
+                        // Route for the default method.
+                        $output[] = [
+                            'method'       => $httpVerb,
+                            'route'        => $classInUri,
+                            'route_params' => $routeParams,
+                            'handler'      => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+                            'params'       => $params,
+                        ];
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $route = $classInUri . '/' . $methodInUri;
+
+                    [$params, $routeParams] = $this->getParameters($method);
+
+                    // If it is the default controller, the method will not be
+                    // routed.
+                    if ($classShortname === $defaultController) {
+                        $route = 'x ' . $route;
+                    }
+
+                    $output[] = [
+                        'method'       => $httpVerb,
+                        'route'        => $route,
+                        'route_params' => $routeParams,
+                        'handler'      => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+                        'params'       => $params,
+                    ];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    private function getParameters(ReflectionMethod $method): array
+    {
+        $params      = [];
+        $routeParams = '';
+        $refParams   = $method->getParameters();
+
+        foreach ($refParams as $param) {
+            $required = true;
+            if ($param->isOptional()) {
+                $required = false;
+
+                $routeParams .= '[/..]';
+            } else {
+                $routeParams .= '/..';
+            }
+
+            // [variable_name => required?]
+            $params[$param->getName()] = $required;
+        }
+
+        return [$params, $routeParams];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $classname
+     *
+     * @return string URI path part from the folder(s) and controller
+     */
+    private function getUriByClass(string $classname): string
+    {
+        // remove the namespace
+        $pattern = '/' . preg_quote($this->namespace, '/') . '/';
+        $class   = ltrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $classname), '\\');
+
+        $classParts = explode('\\', $class);
+        $classPath  = '';
+
+        foreach ($classParts as $part) {
+            // make the first letter lowercase, because auto routing makes
+            // the URI path's first letter uppercase and search the controller
+            $classPath .= lcfirst($part) . '/';
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($classPath, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a route for the default controller.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-return list<array>
+     */
+    private function getRouteForDefaultController(
+        string $classShortname,
+        string $defaultController,
+        string $uriByClass,
+        string $classname,
+        string $methodName,
+        string $httpVerb,
+        ReflectionMethod $method
+    ): array {
+        $output = [];
+
+        if ($classShortname === $defaultController) {
+            $pattern                = '#' . preg_quote(lcfirst($defaultController), '#') . '\z#';
+            $routeWithoutController = rtrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $uriByClass), '/');
+            $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController ?: '/';
+
+            [$params, $routeParams] = $this->getParameters($method);
+
+            if ($routeWithoutController === '/' && $routeParams !== '') {
+                $routeWithoutController = '';
+            }
+
+            $output[] = [
+                'method'       => $httpVerb,
+                'route'        => $routeWithoutController,
+                'route_params' => $routeParams,
+                'handler'      => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+                'params'       => $params,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f801d531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Finds all controllers in a namespace for auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\ControllerFinderTest
+ */
+final class ControllerFinder
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string namespace to search
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    private FileLocator $locator;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $namespace namespace to search
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $namespace)
+    {
+        $this->namespace = $namespace;
+        $this->locator   = Services::locator();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     * @phpstan-return class-string[]
+     */
+    public function find(): array
+    {
+        $nsArray = explode('\\', trim($this->namespace, '\\'));
+        $count   = count($nsArray);
+        $ns      = '';
+        $files   = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
+            $ns .= '\\' . array_shift($nsArray);
+            $path = implode('\\', $nsArray);
+
+            $files = $this->locator->listNamespaceFiles($ns, $path);
+
+            if ($files !== []) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $classes = [];
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if (\is_file($file)) {
+                $classnameOrEmpty = $this->locator->getClassname($file);
+
+                if ($classnameOrEmpty !== '') {
+                    /** @phpstan-var class-string $classname */
+                    $classname = $classnameOrEmpty;
+
+                    $classes[] = $classname;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $classes;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb0152de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * Reads a controller and returns a list of auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\ControllerMethodReaderTest
+ */
+final class ControllerMethodReader
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string the default namespace
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $namespace the default namespace
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $namespace)
+    {
+        $this->namespace = $namespace;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $class
+     *
+     * @return array<int, array{route: string, handler: string}>
+     * @phpstan-return list<array{route: string, handler: string}>
+     */
+    public function read(string $class, string $defaultController = 'Home', string $defaultMethod = 'index'): array
+    {
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+        if ($reflection->isAbstract()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $classname      = $reflection->getName();
+        $classShortname = $reflection->getShortName();
+
+        $output     = [];
+        $uriByClass = $this->getUriByClass($classname);
+
+        if ($this->hasRemap($reflection)) {
+            $methodName = '_remap';
+
+            $routeWithoutController = $this->getRouteWithoutController(
+                $classShortname,
+                $defaultController,
+                $uriByClass,
+                $classname,
+                $methodName
+            );
+            $output = [...$output, ...$routeWithoutController];
+
+            $output[] = [
+                'route'   => $uriByClass . '[/...]',
+                'handler' => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+            ];
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($reflection->getMethods(ReflectionMethod::IS_PUBLIC) as $method) {
+            $methodName = $method->getName();
+
+            $route = $uriByClass . '/' . $methodName;
+
+            // Exclude BaseController and initController
+            // See system/Config/Routes.php
+            if (preg_match('#\AbaseController.*#', $route) === 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (preg_match('#.*/initController\z#', $route) === 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($methodName === $defaultMethod) {
+                $routeWithoutController = $this->getRouteWithoutController(
+                    $classShortname,
+                    $defaultController,
+                    $uriByClass,
+                    $classname,
+                    $methodName
+                );
+                $output = [...$output, ...$routeWithoutController];
+
+                $output[] = [
+                    'route'   => $uriByClass,
+                    'handler' => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+                ];
+            }
+
+            $output[] = [
+                'route'   => $route . '[/...]',
+                'handler' => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the class has a _remap() method.
+     */
+    private function hasRemap(ReflectionClass $class): bool
+    {
+        if ($class->hasMethod('_remap')) {
+            $remap = $class->getMethod('_remap');
+
+            return $remap->isPublic();
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $classname
+     *
+     * @return string URI path part from the folder(s) and controller
+     */
+    private function getUriByClass(string $classname): string
+    {
+        // remove the namespace
+        $pattern = '/' . preg_quote($this->namespace, '/') . '/';
+        $class   = ltrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $classname), '\\');
+
+        $classParts = explode('\\', $class);
+        $classPath  = '';
+
+        foreach ($classParts as $part) {
+            // make the first letter lowercase, because auto routing makes
+            // the URI path's first letter uppercase and search the controller
+            $classPath .= lcfirst($part) . '/';
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($classPath, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a route without default controller.
+     */
+    private function getRouteWithoutController(
+        string $classShortname,
+        string $defaultController,
+        string $uriByClass,
+        string $classname,
+        string $methodName
+    ): array {
+        $output = [];
+
+        if ($classShortname === $defaultController) {
+            $pattern                = '#' . preg_quote(lcfirst($defaultController), '#') . '\z#';
+            $routeWithoutController = rtrim(preg_replace($pattern, '', $uriByClass), '/');
+            $routeWithoutController = $routeWithoutController ?: '/';
+
+            $output[] = [
+                'route'   => $routeWithoutController,
+                'handler' => '\\' . $classname . '::' . $methodName,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01d228a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
+use Config\Filters as FiltersConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Collects filters for a route.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterCollectorTest
+ */
+final class FilterCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether to reset Defined Routes.
+     *
+     * If set to true, route filters are not found.
+     */
+    private bool $resetRoutes;
+
+    public function __construct(bool $resetRoutes = false)
+    {
+        $this->resetRoutes = $resetRoutes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $method HTTP method
+     * @param string $uri    URI path to find filters for
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of filter alias or classname
+     */
+    public function get(string $method, string $uri): array
+    {
+        if ($method === 'cli') {
+            return [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $request = Services::incomingrequest(null, false);
+        $request->setMethod($method);
+
+        $router  = $this->createRouter($request);
+        $filters = $this->createFilters($request);
+
+        $finder = new FilterFinder($router, $filters);
+
+        return $finder->find($uri);
+    }
+
+    private function createRouter(Request $request): Router
+    {
+        $routes = Services::routes();
+
+        if ($this->resetRoutes) {
+            $routes->resetRoutes();
+        }
+
+        return new Router($routes, $request);
+    }
+
+    private function createFilters(Request $request): Filters
+    {
+        $config = config(FiltersConfig::class);
+
+        return new Filters($config, $request, Services::response());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e5da617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
+use Config\Feature;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Finds filters.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterFinderTest
+ */
+final class FilterFinder
+{
+    private Router $router;
+    private Filters $filters;
+
+    public function __construct(?Router $router = null, ?Filters $filters = null)
+    {
+        $this->router  = $router ?? Services::router();
+        $this->filters = $filters ?? Services::filters();
+    }
+
+    private function getRouteFilters(string $uri): array
+    {
+        $this->router->handle($uri);
+
+        $multipleFiltersEnabled = config(Feature::class)->multipleFilters ?? false;
+        if (! $multipleFiltersEnabled) {
+            $filter = $this->router->getFilter();
+
+            return $filter === null ? [] : [$filter];
+        }
+
+        return $this->router->getFilters();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $uri URI path to find filters for
+     *
+     * @return array{before: list<string>, after: list<string>} array of filter alias or classname
+     */
+    public function find(string $uri): array
+    {
+        $this->filters->reset();
+
+        // Add route filters
+        try {
+            $routeFilters = $this->getRouteFilters($uri);
+            $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'before');
+            $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, 'after');
+
+            $this->filters->initialize($uri);
+
+            return $this->filters->getFilters();
+        } catch (RedirectException $e) {
+            return [
+                'before' => [],
+                'after'  => [],
+            ];
+        } catch (PageNotFoundException $e) {
+            return [
+                'before' => ['<unknown>'],
+                'after'  => ['<unknown>'],
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38b333fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+
+/**
+ * Generate a sample URI path from route key regex.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\SampleURIGeneratorTest
+ */
+final class SampleURIGenerator
+{
+    private RouteCollection $routes;
+
+    /**
+     * Sample URI path for placeholder.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    private array $samples = [
+        'any'      => '123/abc',
+        'segment'  => 'abc_123',
+        'alphanum' => 'abc123',
+        'num'      => '123',
+        'alpha'    => 'abc',
+        'hash'     => 'abc_123',
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(?RouteCollection $routes = null)
+    {
+        $this->routes = $routes ?? Services::routes();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $routeKey route key regex
+     *
+     * @return string sample URI path
+     */
+    public function get(string $routeKey): string
+    {
+        $sampleUri = $routeKey;
+
+        foreach ($this->routes->getPlaceholders() as $placeholder => $regex) {
+            $sample = $this->samples[$placeholder] ?? '::unknown::';
+
+            $sampleUri = str_replace('(' . $regex . ')', $sample, $sampleUri);
+        }
+
+        // auto route
+        return str_replace('[/...]', '/1/2/3/4/5', $sampleUri);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Common.php b/system/Common.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80dca72c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Common.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1280 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\TestLogger;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\DocTypes;
+use Config\Logger;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\View;
+use Laminas\Escaper\Escaper;
+
+// Services Convenience Functions
+
+if (! function_exists('app_timezone')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the timezone the application has been set to display
+     * dates in. This might be different than the timezone set
+     * at the server level, as you often want to stores dates in UTC
+     * and convert them on the fly for the user.
+     */
+    function app_timezone(): string
+    {
+        $config = config(App::class);
+
+        return $config->appTimezone;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('cache')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience method that provides access to the Cache
+     * object. If no parameter is provided, will return the object,
+     * otherwise, will attempt to return the cached value.
+     *
+     * Examples:
+     *    cache()->save('foo', 'bar');
+     *    $foo = cache('bar');
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|CacheInterface|float|int|object|string|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($key is null ? CacheInterface : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
+     */
+    function cache(?string $key = null)
+    {
+        $cache = Services::cache();
+
+        // No params - return cache object
+        if ($key === null) {
+            return $cache;
+        }
+
+        // Still here? Retrieve the value.
+        return $cache->get($key);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('clean_path')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to clean paths for
+     * a nicer looking output. Useful for exception
+     * handling, error logging, etc.
+     */
+    function clean_path(string $path): string
+    {
+        // Resolve relative paths
+        try {
+            $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
+        } catch (ErrorException|ValueError $e) {
+            $path = 'error file path: ' . urlencode($path);
+        }
+
+        switch (true) {
+            case strpos($path, APPPATH) === 0:
+                return 'APPPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(APPPATH));
+
+            case strpos($path, SYSTEMPATH) === 0:
+                return 'SYSTEMPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(SYSTEMPATH));
+
+            case strpos($path, FCPATH) === 0:
+                return 'FCPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(FCPATH));
+
+            case defined('VENDORPATH') && strpos($path, VENDORPATH) === 0:
+                return 'VENDORPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(VENDORPATH));
+
+            case strpos($path, ROOTPATH) === 0:
+                return 'ROOTPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(ROOTPATH));
+
+            default:
+                return $path;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('command')) {
+    /**
+     * Runs a single command.
+     * Input expected in a single string as would
+     * be used on the command line itself:
+     *
+     *  > command('migrate:create SomeMigration');
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    function command(string $command)
+    {
+        $runner      = service('commands');
+        $regexString = '([^\s]+?)(?:\s|(?<!\\\\)"|(?<!\\\\)\'|$)';
+        $regexQuoted = '(?:"([^"\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^"\\\\]*)*)"|\'([^\'\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^\'\\\\]*)*)\')';
+
+        $args   = [];
+        $length = strlen($command);
+        $cursor = 0;
+
+        /**
+         * Adopted from Symfony's `StringInput::tokenize()` with few changes.
+         *
+         * @see https://github.com/symfony/symfony/blob/master/src/Symfony/Component/Console/Input/StringInput.php
+         */
+        while ($cursor < $length) {
+            if (preg_match('/\s+/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
+                // nothing to do
+            } elseif (preg_match('/' . $regexQuoted . '/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
+                $args[] = stripcslashes(substr($match[0], 1, strlen($match[0]) - 2));
+            } elseif (preg_match('/' . $regexString . '/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
+                $args[] = stripcslashes($match[1]);
+            } else {
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
+                    'Unable to parse input near "... %s ...".',
+                    substr($command, $cursor, 10)
+                ));
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+
+            $cursor += strlen($match[0]);
+        }
+
+        $command     = array_shift($args);
+        $params      = [];
+        $optionValue = false;
+
+        foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
+            if (mb_strpos($arg, '-') !== 0) {
+                if ($optionValue) {
+                    // if this was an option value, it was already
+                    // included in the previous iteration
+                    $optionValue = false;
+                } else {
+                    // add to segments if not starting with '-'
+                    // and not an option value
+                    $params[] = $arg;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $arg   = ltrim($arg, '-');
+            $value = null;
+
+            if (isset($args[$i + 1]) && mb_strpos($args[$i + 1], '-') !== 0) {
+                $value       = $args[$i + 1];
+                $optionValue = true;
+            }
+
+            $params[$arg] = $value;
+        }
+
+        ob_start();
+        $runner->run($command, $params);
+
+        return ob_get_clean();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('config')) {
+    /**
+     * More simple way of getting config instances from Factories
+     *
+     * @template ConfigTemplate of BaseConfig
+     *
+     * @param class-string<ConfigTemplate>|string $name
+     *
+     * @return ConfigTemplate|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ConfigTemplate> ? ConfigTemplate : object|null)
+     */
+    function config(string $name, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        return Factories::config($name, ['getShared' => $getShared]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('cookie')) {
+    /**
+     * Simpler way to create a new Cookie instance.
+     *
+     * @param string $name    Name of the cookie
+     * @param string $value   Value of the cookie
+     * @param array  $options Array of options to be passed to the cookie
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    function cookie(string $name, string $value = '', array $options = []): Cookie
+    {
+        return new Cookie($name, $value, $options);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('cookies')) {
+    /**
+     * Fetches the global `CookieStore` instance held by `Response`.
+     *
+     * @param Cookie[] $cookies   If `getGlobal` is false, this is passed to CookieStore's constructor
+     * @param bool     $getGlobal If false, creates a new instance of CookieStore
+     */
+    function cookies(array $cookies = [], bool $getGlobal = true): CookieStore
+    {
+        if ($getGlobal) {
+            return Services::response()->getCookieStore();
+        }
+
+        return new CookieStore($cookies);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csrf_token')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF token name.
+     * Can be used in Views when building hidden inputs manually,
+     * or used in javascript vars when using APIs.
+     */
+    function csrf_token(): string
+    {
+        return Services::security()->getTokenName();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csrf_header')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF header name.
+     * Can be used in Views by adding it to the meta tag
+     * or used in javascript to define a header name when using APIs.
+     */
+    function csrf_header(): string
+    {
+        return Services::security()->getHeaderName();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csrf_hash')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the current hash value for the CSRF protection.
+     * Can be used in Views when building hidden inputs manually,
+     * or used in javascript vars for API usage.
+     */
+    function csrf_hash(): string
+    {
+        return Services::security()->getHash();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csrf_field')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates a hidden input field for use within manually generated forms.
+     */
+    function csrf_field(?string $id = null): string
+    {
+        return '<input type="hidden"' . (! empty($id) ? ' id="' . esc($id, 'attr') . '"' : '') . ' name="' . csrf_token() . '" value="' . csrf_hash() . '"' . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csrf_meta')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates a meta tag for use within javascript calls.
+     */
+    function csrf_meta(?string $id = null): string
+    {
+        return '<meta' . (! empty($id) ? ' id="' . esc($id, 'attr') . '"' : '') . ' name="' . csrf_header() . '" content="' . csrf_hash() . '"' . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csp_style_nonce')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates a nonce attribute for style tag.
+     */
+    function csp_style_nonce(): string
+    {
+        $csp = Services::csp();
+
+        if (! $csp->enabled()) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return 'nonce="' . $csp->getStyleNonce() . '"';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('csp_script_nonce')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates a nonce attribute for script tag.
+     */
+    function csp_script_nonce(): string
+    {
+        $csp = Services::csp();
+
+        if (! $csp->enabled()) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return 'nonce="' . $csp->getScriptNonce() . '"';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('db_connect')) {
+    /**
+     * Grabs a database connection and returns it to the user.
+     *
+     * This is a convenience wrapper for \Config\Database::connect()
+     * and supports the same parameters. Namely:
+     *
+     * When passing in $db, you may pass any of the following to connect:
+     * - group name
+     * - existing connection instance
+     * - array of database configuration values
+     *
+     * If $getShared === false then a new connection instance will be provided,
+     * otherwise it will all calls will return the same instance.
+     *
+     * @param array|ConnectionInterface|string|null $db
+     *
+     * @return BaseConnection
+     */
+    function db_connect($db = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        return Database::connect($db, $getShared);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('env')) {
+    /**
+     * Allows user to retrieve values from the environment
+     * variables that have been set. Especially useful for
+     * retrieving values set from the .env file for
+     * use in config files.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $default
+     *
+     * @return bool|string|null
+     */
+    function env(string $key, $default = null)
+    {
+        $value = $_ENV[$key] ?? $_SERVER[$key] ?? getenv($key);
+
+        // Not found? Return the default value
+        if ($value === false) {
+            return $default;
+        }
+
+        // Handle any boolean values
+        switch (strtolower($value)) {
+            case 'true':
+                return true;
+
+            case 'false':
+                return false;
+
+            case 'empty':
+                return '';
+
+            case 'null':
+                return null;
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('esc')) {
+    /**
+     * Performs simple auto-escaping of data for security reasons.
+     * Might consider making this more complex at a later date.
+     *
+     * If $data is a string, then it simply escapes and returns it.
+     * If $data is an array, then it loops over it, escaping each
+     * 'value' of the key/value pairs.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $data
+     * @phpstan-param 'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     * @param string|null $encoding Current encoding for escaping.
+     *                              If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
+     *                              pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    function esc($data, string $context = 'html', ?string $encoding = null)
+    {
+        if (is_array($data)) {
+            foreach ($data as &$value) {
+                $value = esc($value, $context);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($data)) {
+            $context = strtolower($context);
+
+            // Provide a way to NOT escape data since
+            // this could be called automatically by
+            // the View library.
+            if ($context === 'raw') {
+                return $data;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($context, ['html', 'js', 'css', 'url', 'attr'], true)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid escape context provided.');
+            }
+
+            $method = $context === 'attr' ? 'escapeHtmlAttr' : 'escape' . ucfirst($context);
+
+            static $escaper;
+            if (! $escaper) {
+                $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
+            }
+
+            if ($encoding && $escaper->getEncoding() !== $encoding) {
+                $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
+            }
+
+            $data = $escaper->{$method}($data);
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('force_https')) {
+    /**
+     * Used to force a page to be accessed in via HTTPS.
+     * Uses a standard redirect, plus will set the HSTS header
+     * for modern browsers that support, which gives best
+     * protection against man-in-the-middle attacks.
+     *
+     * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
+     *
+     * @param int $duration How long should the SSL header be set for? (in seconds)
+     *                      Defaults to 1 year.
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    function force_https(
+        int $duration = 31_536_000,
+        ?RequestInterface $request = null,
+        ?ResponseInterface $response = null
+    ): void {
+        $request ??= Services::request();
+
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $response ??= Services::response();
+
+        if ((ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && (is_cli() || $request->isSecure()))
+            || $request->getServer('HTTPS') === 'test'
+        ) {
+            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        // If the session status is active, we should regenerate
+        // the session ID for safety sake.
+        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE) {
+            Services::session()->regenerate(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $baseURL = config(App::class)->baseURL;
+
+        if (strpos($baseURL, 'https://') === 0) {
+            $authority = substr($baseURL, strlen('https://'));
+        } elseif (strpos($baseURL, 'http://') === 0) {
+            $authority = substr($baseURL, strlen('http://'));
+        } else {
+            $authority = $baseURL;
+        }
+
+        $uri = URI::createURIString(
+            'https',
+            $authority,
+            $request->getUri()->getPath(), // Absolute URIs should use a "/" for an empty path
+            $request->getUri()->getQuery(),
+            $request->getUri()->getFragment()
+        );
+
+        // Set an HSTS header
+        $response->setHeader('Strict-Transport-Security', 'max-age=' . $duration)
+            ->redirect($uri)
+            ->setStatusCode(307)
+            ->setBody('')
+            ->getCookieStore()
+            ->clear();
+
+        throw new RedirectException($response);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('function_usable')) {
+    /**
+     * Function usable
+     *
+     * Executes a function_exists() check, and if the Suhosin PHP
+     * extension is loaded - checks whether the function that is
+     * checked might be disabled in there as well.
+     *
+     * This is useful as function_exists() will return FALSE for
+     * functions disabled via the *disable_functions* php.ini
+     * setting, but not for *suhosin.executor.func.blacklist* and
+     * *suhosin.executor.disable_eval*. These settings will just
+     * terminate script execution if a disabled function is executed.
+     *
+     * The above described behavior turned out to be a bug in Suhosin,
+     * but even though a fix was committed for 0.9.34 on 2012-02-12,
+     * that version is yet to be released. This function will therefore
+     * be just temporary, but would probably be kept for a few years.
+     *
+     * @see   http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/
+     *
+     * @param string $functionName Function to check for
+     *
+     * @return bool TRUE if the function exists and is safe to call,
+     *              FALSE otherwise.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore This is too exotic
+     */
+    function function_usable(string $functionName): bool
+    {
+        static $_suhosin_func_blacklist;
+
+        if (function_exists($functionName)) {
+            if (! isset($_suhosin_func_blacklist)) {
+                $_suhosin_func_blacklist = extension_loaded('suhosin') ? explode(',', trim(ini_get('suhosin.executor.func.blacklist'))) : [];
+            }
+
+            return ! in_array($functionName, $_suhosin_func_blacklist, true);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('helper')) {
+    /**
+     * Loads a helper file into memory. Supports namespaced helpers,
+     * both in and out of the 'Helpers' directory of a namespaced directory.
+     *
+     * Will load ALL helpers of the matching name, in the following order:
+     *   1. app/Helpers
+     *   2. {namespace}/Helpers
+     *   3. system/Helpers
+     *
+     * @param array|string $filenames
+     *
+     * @throws FileNotFoundException
+     */
+    function helper($filenames): void
+    {
+        static $loaded = [];
+
+        $loader = Services::locator();
+
+        if (! is_array($filenames)) {
+            $filenames = [$filenames];
+        }
+
+        // Store a list of all files to include...
+        $includes = [];
+
+        foreach ($filenames as $filename) {
+            // Store our system and application helper
+            // versions so that we can control the load ordering.
+            $systemHelper  = null;
+            $appHelper     = null;
+            $localIncludes = [];
+
+            if (strpos($filename, '_helper') === false) {
+                $filename .= '_helper';
+            }
+
+            // Check if this helper has already been loaded
+            if (in_array($filename, $loaded, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // If the file is namespaced, we'll just grab that
+            // file and not search for any others
+            if (strpos($filename, '\\') !== false) {
+                $path = $loader->locateFile($filename, 'Helpers');
+
+                if (empty($path)) {
+                    throw FileNotFoundException::forFileNotFound($filename);
+                }
+
+                $includes[] = $path;
+                $loaded[]   = $filename;
+            } else {
+                // No namespaces, so search in all available locations
+                $paths = $loader->search('Helpers/' . $filename);
+
+                foreach ($paths as $path) {
+                    if (strpos($path, APPPATH . 'Helpers' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) === 0) {
+                        $appHelper = $path;
+                    } elseif (strpos($path, SYSTEMPATH . 'Helpers' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) === 0) {
+                        $systemHelper = $path;
+                    } else {
+                        $localIncludes[] = $path;
+                        $loaded[]        = $filename;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // App-level helpers should override all others
+                if (! empty($appHelper)) {
+                    $includes[] = $appHelper;
+                    $loaded[]   = $filename;
+                }
+
+                // All namespaced files get added in next
+                $includes = [...$includes, ...$localIncludes];
+
+                // And the system default one should be added in last.
+                if (! empty($systemHelper)) {
+                    $includes[] = $systemHelper;
+                    $loaded[]   = $filename;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now actually include all of the files
+        foreach ($includes as $path) {
+            include_once $path;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('is_cli')) {
+    /**
+     * Check if PHP was invoked from the command line.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore Cannot be tested fully as PHPUnit always run in php-cli
+     */
+    function is_cli(): bool
+    {
+        if (in_array(PHP_SAPI, ['cli', 'phpdbg'], true)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // PHP_SAPI could be 'cgi-fcgi', 'fpm-fcgi'.
+        // See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/5393
+        return ! isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) && ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('is_really_writable')) {
+    /**
+     * Tests for file writability
+     *
+     * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
+     * the file, based on the read-only attribute. is_writable() is also unreliable
+     * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
+     *
+     * @see https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=54709
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore Not practical to test, as travis runs on linux
+     */
+    function is_really_writable(string $file): bool
+    {
+        // If we're on a Unix server we call is_writable
+        if (! is_windows()) {
+            return is_writable($file);
+        }
+
+        /* For Windows servers and safe_mode "on" installations we'll actually
+         * write a file then read it. Bah...
+         */
+        if (is_dir($file)) {
+            $file = rtrim($file, '/') . '/' . bin2hex(random_bytes(16));
+            if (($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            fclose($fp);
+            @chmod($file, 0777);
+            @unlink($file);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_file($file) || ($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        fclose($fp);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('is_windows')) {
+    /**
+     * Detect if platform is running in Windows.
+     */
+    function is_windows(?bool $mock = null): bool
+    {
+        static $mocked;
+
+        if (func_num_args() === 1) {
+            $mocked = $mock;
+        }
+
+        return $mocked ?? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('lang')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to translate a string or array of them and format
+     * the result with the intl extension's MessageFormatter.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    function lang(string $line, array $args = [], ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $language = Services::language();
+
+        // Get active locale
+        $activeLocale = $language->getLocale();
+
+        if ($locale && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
+            $language->setLocale($locale);
+        }
+
+        $line = $language->getLine($line, $args);
+
+        if ($locale && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
+            // Reset to active locale
+            $language->setLocale($activeLocale);
+        }
+
+        return $line;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('log_message')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience/compatibility method for logging events through
+     * the Log system.
+     *
+     * Allowed log levels are:
+     *  - emergency
+     *  - alert
+     *  - critical
+     *  - error
+     *  - warning
+     *  - notice
+     *  - info
+     *  - debug
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    function log_message(string $level, string $message, array $context = [])
+    {
+        // When running tests, we want to always ensure that the
+        // TestLogger is running, which provides utilities for
+        // for asserting that logs were called in the test code.
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $logger = new TestLogger(new Logger());
+
+            return $logger->log($level, $message, $context);
+        }
+
+        return Services::logger(true)->log($level, $message, $context); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('model')) {
+    /**
+     * More simple way of getting model instances from Factories
+     *
+     * @template ModelTemplate of Model
+     *
+     * @param class-string<ModelTemplate>|string $name
+     *
+     * @return ModelTemplate|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ModelTemplate> ? ModelTemplate : object|null)
+     */
+    function model(string $name, bool $getShared = true, ?ConnectionInterface &$conn = null)
+    {
+        return Factories::models($name, ['getShared' => $getShared], $conn);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('old')) {
+    /**
+     * Provides access to "old input" that was set in the session
+     * during a redirect()->withInput().
+     *
+     * @param string|null  $default
+     * @param false|string $escape
+     * @phpstan-param false|'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url' $escape
+     *
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    function old(string $key, $default = null, $escape = 'html')
+    {
+        // Ensure the session is loaded
+        if (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_NONE && ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+            session(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        $value = $request->getOldInput($key);
+
+        // Return the default value if nothing
+        // found in the old input.
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return $default;
+        }
+
+        return $escape === false ? $value : esc($value, $escape);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('redirect')) {
+    /**
+     * Convenience method that works with the current global $request and
+     * $router instances to redirect using named/reverse-routed routes
+     * to determine the URL to go to.
+     *
+     * If more control is needed, you must use $response->redirect explicitly.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $route Route name or Controller::method
+     */
+    function redirect(?string $route = null): RedirectResponse
+    {
+        $response = Services::redirectresponse(null, true);
+
+        if (! empty($route)) {
+            return $response->route($route);
+        }
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_solidus')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates the solidus character (`/`) depending on the HTML5 compatibility flag in `Config\DocTypes`
+     *
+     * @param DocTypes|null $docTypesConfig New config. For testing purpose only.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    function _solidus(?DocTypes $docTypesConfig = null): string
+    {
+        static $docTypes = null;
+
+        if ($docTypesConfig !== null) {
+            $docTypes = $docTypesConfig;
+        }
+
+        $docTypes ??= new DocTypes();
+
+        if ($docTypes->html5 ?? false) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return ' /';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters')) {
+    /**
+     * Remove Invisible Characters
+     *
+     * This prevents sandwiching null characters
+     * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
+     */
+    function remove_invisible_characters(string $str, bool $urlEncoded = true): string
+    {
+        $nonDisplayables = [];
+
+        // every control character except newline (dec 10),
+        // carriage return (dec 13) and horizontal tab (dec 09)
+        if ($urlEncoded) {
+            $nonDisplayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/';  // url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
+            $nonDisplayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/';   // url encoded 16-31
+        }
+
+        $nonDisplayables[] = '/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]+/S';   // 00-08, 11, 12, 14-31, 127
+
+        do {
+            $str = preg_replace($nonDisplayables, '', $str, -1, $count);
+        } while ($count);
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('request')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the shared Request.
+     *
+     * @return CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     */
+    function request()
+    {
+        return Services::request();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('response')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the shared Response.
+     */
+    function response(): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return Services::response();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('route_to')) {
+    /**
+     * Given a route name or controller/method string and any params,
+     * will attempt to build the relative URL to the
+     * matching route.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This requires the controller/method to
+     * have a route defined in the routes Config file.
+     *
+     * @param string     $method    Route name or Controller::method
+     * @param int|string ...$params One or more parameters to be passed to the route.
+     *                              The last parameter allows you to set the locale.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The route (URI path relative to baseURL) or false if not found.
+     */
+    function route_to(string $method, ...$params)
+    {
+        return Services::routes()->reverseRoute($method, ...$params);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('session')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience method for accessing the session instance,
+     * or an item that has been set in the session.
+     *
+     * Examples:
+     *    session()->set('foo', 'bar');
+     *    $foo = session('bar');
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|Session|string|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($val is null ? Session : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
+     */
+    function session(?string $val = null)
+    {
+        $session = Services::session();
+
+        // Returning a single item?
+        if (is_string($val)) {
+            return $session->get($val);
+        }
+
+        return $session;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('service')) {
+    /**
+     * Allows cleaner access to the Services Config file.
+     * Always returns a SHARED instance of the class, so
+     * calling the function multiple times should always
+     * return the same instance.
+     *
+     * These are equal:
+     *  - $timer = service('timer')
+     *  - $timer = \CodeIgniter\Config\Services::timer();
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null ...$params
+     */
+    function service(string $name, ...$params): ?object
+    {
+        return Services::$name(...$params);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('single_service')) {
+    /**
+     * Always returns a new instance of the class.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null ...$params
+     */
+    function single_service(string $name, ...$params): ?object
+    {
+        $service = Services::serviceExists($name);
+
+        if ($service === null) {
+            // The service is not defined anywhere so just return.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $method = new ReflectionMethod($service, $name);
+        $count  = $method->getNumberOfParameters();
+        $mParam = $method->getParameters();
+
+        if ($count === 1) {
+            // This service needs only one argument, which is the shared
+            // instance flag, so let's wrap up and pass false here.
+            return $service::$name(false);
+        }
+
+        // Fill in the params with the defaults, but stop before the last
+        for ($startIndex = count($params); $startIndex <= $count - 2; $startIndex++) {
+            $params[$startIndex] = $mParam[$startIndex]->getDefaultValue();
+        }
+
+        // Ensure the last argument will not create a shared instance
+        $params[$count - 1] = false;
+
+        return $service::$name(...$params);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('slash_item')) {
+    // Unlike CI3, this function is placed here because
+    // it's not a config, or part of a config.
+    /**
+     * Fetch a config file item with slash appended (if not empty)
+     *
+     * @param string $item Config item name
+     *
+     * @return string|null The configuration item or NULL if
+     *                     the item doesn't exist
+     */
+    function slash_item(string $item): ?string
+    {
+        $config = config(App::class);
+
+        if (! property_exists($config, $item)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $configItem = $config->{$item};
+
+        if (! is_scalar($configItem)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(sprintf(
+                'Cannot convert "%s::$%s" of type "%s" to type "string".',
+                App::class,
+                $item,
+                gettype($configItem)
+            ));
+        }
+
+        $configItem = trim((string) $configItem);
+
+        if ($configItem === '') {
+            return $configItem;
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($configItem, '/') . '/';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('stringify_attributes')) {
+    /**
+     * Stringify attributes for use in HTML tags.
+     *
+     * Helper function used to convert a string, array, or object
+     * of attributes to a string.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function stringify_attributes($attributes, bool $js = false): string
+    {
+        $atts = '';
+
+        if (empty($attributes)) {
+            return $atts;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($attributes)) {
+            return ' ' . $attributes;
+        }
+
+        $attributes = (array) $attributes;
+
+        foreach ($attributes as $key => $val) {
+            $atts .= ($js) ? $key . '=' . esc($val, 'js') . ',' : ' ' . $key . '="' . esc($val) . '"';
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($atts, ',');
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('timer')) {
+    /**
+     * A convenience method for working with the timer.
+     * If no parameter is passed, it will return the timer instance.
+     * If callable is passed, it measures time of callable and
+     * returns its return value if any.
+     * Otherwise will start or stop the timer intelligently.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param (callable(): mixed)|null $callable
+     *
+     * @return Timer
+     */
+    function timer(?string $name = null, ?callable $callable = null)
+    {
+        $timer = Services::timer();
+
+        if (empty($name)) {
+            return $timer;
+        }
+
+        if ($callable !== null) {
+            return $timer->record($name, $callable);
+        }
+
+        if ($timer->has($name)) {
+            return $timer->stop($name);
+        }
+
+        return $timer->start($name);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('view')) {
+    /**
+     * Grabs the current RendererInterface-compatible class
+     * and tells it to render the specified view. Simply provides
+     * a convenience method that can be used in Controllers,
+     * libraries, and routed closures.
+     *
+     * NOTE: Does not provide any escaping of the data, so that must
+     * all be handled manually by the developer.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Options for saveData or third-party extensions.
+     */
+    function view(string $name, array $data = [], array $options = []): string
+    {
+        $renderer = Services::renderer();
+
+        $config   = config(View::class);
+        $saveData = $config->saveData;
+
+        if (array_key_exists('saveData', $options)) {
+            $saveData = (bool) $options['saveData'];
+            unset($options['saveData']);
+        }
+
+        return $renderer->setData($data, 'raw')->render($name, $options, $saveData);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('view_cell')) {
+    /**
+     * View cells are used within views to insert HTML chunks that are managed
+     * by other classes.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $params
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    function view_cell(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $cacheName = null): string
+    {
+        return Services::viewcell()
+            ->render($library, $params, $ttl, $cacheName);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * These helpers come from Laravel so will not be
+ * re-tested and can be ignored safely.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/laravel/framework/blob/8.x/src/Illuminate/Support/helpers.php
+ */
+if (! function_exists('class_basename')) {
+    /**
+     * Get the class "basename" of the given object / class.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $class
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    function class_basename($class)
+    {
+        $class = is_object($class) ? get_class($class) : $class;
+
+        return basename(str_replace('\\', '/', $class));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('class_uses_recursive')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns all traits used by a class, its parent classes and trait of their traits.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $class
+     *
+     * @return array
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    function class_uses_recursive($class)
+    {
+        if (is_object($class)) {
+            $class = get_class($class);
+        }
+
+        $results = [];
+
+        foreach (array_reverse(class_parents($class)) + [$class => $class] as $class) {
+            $results += trait_uses_recursive($class);
+        }
+
+        return array_unique($results);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('trait_uses_recursive')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns all traits used by a trait and its traits.
+     *
+     * @param string $trait
+     *
+     * @return array
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    function trait_uses_recursive($trait)
+    {
+        $traits = class_uses($trait) ?: [];
+
+        foreach ($traits as $trait) {
+            $traits += trait_uses_recursive($trait);
+        }
+
+        return $traits;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ComposerScripts.php b/system/ComposerScripts.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b95bdf54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ComposerScripts.php
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use FilesystemIterator;
+use RecursiveDirectoryIterator;
+use RecursiveIteratorIterator;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+/**
+ * This class is used by Composer during installs and updates
+ * to move files to locations within the system folder so that end-users
+ * do not need to use Composer to install a package, but can simply
+ * download.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class ComposerScripts
+{
+    /**
+     * Path to the ThirdParty directory.
+     */
+    private static string $path = __DIR__ . '/ThirdParty/';
+
+    /**
+     * Direct dependencies of CodeIgniter to copy
+     * contents to `system/ThirdParty/`.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, string>>
+     */
+    private static array $dependencies = [
+        'kint-src' => [
+            'license' => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/kint-php/kint/LICENSE',
+            'from'    => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/kint-php/kint/src/',
+            'to'      => __DIR__ . '/ThirdParty/Kint/',
+        ],
+        'kint-resources' => [
+            'from' => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/kint-php/kint/resources/',
+            'to'   => __DIR__ . '/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/',
+        ],
+        'escaper' => [
+            'license' => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/laminas/laminas-escaper/LICENSE.md',
+            'from'    => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/laminas/laminas-escaper/src/',
+            'to'      => __DIR__ . '/ThirdParty/Escaper/',
+        ],
+        'psr-log' => [
+            'license' => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/psr/log/LICENSE',
+            'from'    => __DIR__ . '/../vendor/psr/log/Psr/Log/',
+            'to'      => __DIR__ . '/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/',
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * This static method is called by Composer after every update event,
+     * i.e., `composer install`, `composer update`, `composer remove`.
+     */
+    public static function postUpdate()
+    {
+        self::recursiveDelete(self::$path);
+
+        foreach (self::$dependencies as $key => $dependency) {
+            // Kint may be removed.
+            if (! is_dir($dependency['from']) && strpos($key, 'kint') === 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            self::recursiveMirror($dependency['from'], $dependency['to']);
+
+            if (isset($dependency['license'])) {
+                $license = basename($dependency['license']);
+                copy($dependency['license'], $dependency['to'] . '/' . $license);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self::copyKintInitFiles();
+        self::recursiveDelete(self::$dependencies['psr-log']['to'] . 'Test/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively remove the contents of the previous `system/ThirdParty`.
+     */
+    private static function recursiveDelete(string $directory): void
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($directory)) {
+            echo sprintf('Cannot recursively delete "%s" as it does not exist.', $directory) . PHP_EOL;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
+        foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+            new RecursiveDirectoryIterator(rtrim($directory, '\\/'), FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST
+        ) as $file) {
+            $path = $file->getPathname();
+
+            if ($file->isDir()) {
+                @rmdir($path);
+            } else {
+                @unlink($path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively copy the files and directories of the origin directory
+     * into the target directory, i.e. "mirror" its contents.
+     */
+    private static function recursiveMirror(string $originDir, string $targetDir): void
+    {
+        $originDir = rtrim($originDir, '\\/');
+        $targetDir = rtrim($targetDir, '\\/');
+
+        if (! is_dir($originDir)) {
+            echo sprintf('The origin directory "%s" was not found.', $originDir);
+
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        if (is_dir($targetDir)) {
+            echo sprintf('The target directory "%s" is existing. Run %s::recursiveDelete(\'%s\') first.', $targetDir, self::class, $targetDir);
+
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        if (! @mkdir($targetDir, 0755, true)) {
+            echo sprintf('Cannot create the target directory: "%s"', $targetDir) . PHP_EOL;
+
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        $dirLen = strlen($originDir);
+
+        /** @var SplFileInfo $file */
+        foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+            new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($originDir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+        ) as $file) {
+            $origin = $file->getPathname();
+            $target = $targetDir . substr($origin, $dirLen);
+
+            if ($file->isDir()) {
+                @mkdir($target, 0755);
+            } else {
+                @copy($origin, $target);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy Kint's init files into `system/ThirdParty/Kint/`
+     */
+    private static function copyKintInitFiles(): void
+    {
+        $originDir = self::$dependencies['kint-src']['from'] . '../';
+        $targetDir = self::$dependencies['kint-src']['to'];
+
+        foreach (['init.php', 'init_helpers.php'] as $kintInit) {
+            @copy($originDir . $kintInit, $targetDir . $kintInit);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php b/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da08dd6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/AutoloadConfig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use Laminas\Escaper\Escaper;
+use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\ExceptionInterface;
+use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\InvalidArgumentException as EscaperInvalidArgumentException;
+use Laminas\Escaper\Exception\RuntimeException;
+use Psr\Log\AbstractLogger;
+use Psr\Log\InvalidArgumentException;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerAwareInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerAwareTrait;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerTrait;
+use Psr\Log\LogLevel;
+use Psr\Log\NullLogger;
+
+/**
+ * AUTOLOADER CONFIGURATION
+ *
+ * This file defines the namespaces and class maps so the Autoloader
+ * can find the files as needed.
+ */
+class AutoloadConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Namespaces
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * This maps the locations of any namespaces in your application to
+     * their location on the file system. These are used by the autoloader
+     * to locate files the first time they have been instantiated.
+     *
+     * The '/app' and '/system' directories are already mapped for you.
+     * you may change the name of the 'App' namespace if you wish,
+     * but this should be done prior to creating any namespaced classes,
+     * else you will need to modify all of those classes for this to work.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<int, string>|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, string|list<string>>
+     */
+    public $psr4 = [];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Class Map
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * The class map provides a map of class names and their exact
+     * location on the drive. Classes loaded in this manner will have
+     * slightly faster performance because they will not have to be
+     * searched for within one or more directories as they would if they
+     * were being autoloaded through a namespace.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public $classmap = [];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Files
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * The files array provides a list of paths to __non-class__ files
+     * that will be autoloaded. This can be useful for bootstrap operations
+     * or for loading functions.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    public $files = [];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Namespaces
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * This maps the locations of any namespaces in your application to
+     * their location on the file system. These are used by the autoloader
+     * to locate files the first time they have been instantiated.
+     *
+     * Do not change the name of the CodeIgniter namespace or your application
+     * will break.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $corePsr4 = [
+        'CodeIgniter' => SYSTEMPATH,
+        'App'         => APPPATH, // To ensure filters, etc still found,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Class Map
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * The class map provides a map of class names and their exact
+     * location on the drive. Classes loaded in this manner will have
+     * slightly faster performance because they will not have to be
+     * searched for within one or more directories as they would if they
+     * were being autoloaded through a namespace.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $coreClassmap = [
+        AbstractLogger::class                  => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/AbstractLogger.php',
+        InvalidArgumentException::class        => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/InvalidArgumentException.php',
+        LoggerAwareInterface::class            => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareInterface.php',
+        LoggerAwareTrait::class                => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareTrait.php',
+        LoggerInterface::class                 => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php',
+        LoggerTrait::class                     => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerTrait.php',
+        LogLevel::class                        => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LogLevel.php',
+        NullLogger::class                      => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/PSR/Log/NullLogger.php',
+        ExceptionInterface::class              => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/ExceptionInterface.php',
+        EscaperInvalidArgumentException::class => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/InvalidArgumentException.php',
+        RuntimeException::class                => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/RuntimeException.php',
+        Escaper::class                         => SYSTEMPATH . 'ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Core Files
+     * -------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * List of files from the framework to be autoloaded early.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     */
+    protected $coreFiles = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Merge the built-in and developer-configured psr4 and classmap,
+     * with preference to the developer ones.
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        if (isset($_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT']) && $_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] === 'testing') {
+            $this->psr4['Tests\Support']                  = SUPPORTPATH;
+            $this->classmap['CodeIgniter\Log\TestLogger'] = SYSTEMPATH . 'Test/TestLogger.php';
+            $this->classmap['CIDatabaseTestCase']         = SYSTEMPATH . 'Test/CIDatabaseTestCase.php';
+        }
+
+        $this->psr4     = array_merge($this->corePsr4, $this->psr4);
+        $this->classmap = array_merge($this->coreClassmap, $this->classmap);
+        $this->files    = [...$this->coreFiles, ...$this->files];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/BaseConfig.php b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5dd6cde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use Config\Encryption;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Services;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Class BaseConfig
+ *
+ * Not intended to be used on its own, this class will attempt to
+ * automatically populate the child class' properties with values
+ * from the environment.
+ *
+ * These can be set within the .env file.
+ *
+ * @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfigTest
+ */
+class BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * An optional array of classes that will act as Registrars
+     * for rapidly setting config class properties.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $registrars = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to override properties by Env vars and Registrars.
+     */
+    public static bool $override = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Has module discovery happened yet?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $didDiscovery = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The modules configuration.
+     *
+     * @var Modules|null
+     */
+    protected static $moduleConfig;
+
+    public static function __set_state(array $array)
+    {
+        static::$override = false;
+        $obj              = new static();
+        static::$override = true;
+
+        $properties = array_keys(get_object_vars($obj));
+
+        foreach ($properties as $property) {
+            $obj->{$property} = $array[$property];
+        }
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @internal For testing purposes only.
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public static function setModules(Modules $modules): void
+    {
+        static::$moduleConfig = $modules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @internal For testing purposes only.
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public static function reset(): void
+    {
+        static::$registrars   = [];
+        static::$override     = true;
+        static::$didDiscovery = false;
+        static::$moduleConfig = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will attempt to get environment variables with names
+     * that match the properties of the child class.
+     *
+     * The "shortPrefix" is the lowercase-only config class name.
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        static::$moduleConfig ??= new Modules();
+
+        if (! static::$override) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->registerProperties();
+
+        $properties  = array_keys(get_object_vars($this));
+        $prefix      = static::class;
+        $slashAt     = strrpos($prefix, '\\');
+        $shortPrefix = strtolower(substr($prefix, $slashAt === false ? 0 : $slashAt + 1));
+
+        foreach ($properties as $property) {
+            $this->initEnvValue($this->{$property}, $property, $prefix, $shortPrefix);
+
+            if ($this instanceof Encryption && $property === 'key') {
+                if (strpos($this->{$property}, 'hex2bin:') === 0) {
+                    // Handle hex2bin prefix
+                    $this->{$property} = hex2bin(substr($this->{$property}, 8));
+                } elseif (strpos($this->{$property}, 'base64:') === 0) {
+                    // Handle base64 prefix
+                    $this->{$property} = base64_decode(substr($this->{$property}, 7), true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialization an environment-specific configuration setting
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|string|null $property
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function initEnvValue(&$property, string $name, string $prefix, string $shortPrefix)
+    {
+        if (is_array($property)) {
+            foreach (array_keys($property) as $key) {
+                $this->initEnvValue($property[$key], "{$name}.{$key}", $prefix, $shortPrefix);
+            }
+        } elseif (($value = $this->getEnvValue($name, $prefix, $shortPrefix)) !== false && $value !== null) {
+            if ($value === 'false') {
+                $value = false;
+            } elseif ($value === 'true') {
+                $value = true;
+            }
+            if (is_bool($value)) {
+                $property = $value;
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $value = trim($value, '\'"');
+
+            if (is_int($property)) {
+                $value = (int) $value;
+            } elseif (is_float($property)) {
+                $value = (float) $value;
+            }
+
+            $property = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve an environment-specific configuration setting
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    protected function getEnvValue(string $property, string $prefix, string $shortPrefix)
+    {
+        $shortPrefix        = ltrim($shortPrefix, '\\');
+        $underscoreProperty = str_replace('.', '_', $property);
+
+        switch (true) {
+            case array_key_exists("{$shortPrefix}.{$property}", $_ENV):
+                return $_ENV["{$shortPrefix}.{$property}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$shortPrefix}_{$underscoreProperty}", $_ENV):
+                return $_ENV["{$shortPrefix}_{$underscoreProperty}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$shortPrefix}.{$property}", $_SERVER):
+                return $_SERVER["{$shortPrefix}.{$property}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$shortPrefix}_{$underscoreProperty}", $_SERVER):
+                return $_SERVER["{$shortPrefix}_{$underscoreProperty}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$prefix}.{$property}", $_ENV):
+                return $_ENV["{$prefix}.{$property}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$prefix}_{$underscoreProperty}", $_ENV):
+                return $_ENV["{$prefix}_{$underscoreProperty}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$prefix}.{$property}", $_SERVER):
+                return $_SERVER["{$prefix}.{$property}"];
+
+            case array_key_exists("{$prefix}_{$underscoreProperty}", $_SERVER):
+                return $_SERVER["{$prefix}_{$underscoreProperty}"];
+
+            default:
+                $value = getenv("{$shortPrefix}.{$property}");
+                $value = $value === false ? getenv("{$shortPrefix}_{$underscoreProperty}") : $value;
+                $value = $value === false ? getenv("{$prefix}.{$property}") : $value;
+                $value = $value === false ? getenv("{$prefix}_{$underscoreProperty}") : $value;
+
+                return $value === false ? null : $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides external libraries a simple way to register one or more
+     * options into a config file.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function registerProperties()
+    {
+        if (! static::$moduleConfig->shouldDiscover('registrars')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! static::$didDiscovery) {
+            $locator         = Services::locator();
+            $registrarsFiles = $locator->search('Config/Registrar.php');
+
+            foreach ($registrarsFiles as $file) {
+                $className            = $locator->getClassname($file);
+                static::$registrars[] = new $className();
+            }
+
+            static::$didDiscovery = true;
+        }
+
+        $shortName = (new ReflectionClass($this))->getShortName();
+
+        // Check the registrar class for a method named after this class' shortName
+        foreach (static::$registrars as $callable) {
+            // ignore non-applicable registrars
+            if (! method_exists($callable, $shortName)) {
+                continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $properties = $callable::$shortName();
+
+            if (! is_array($properties)) {
+                throw new RuntimeException('Registrars must return an array of properties and their values.');
+            }
+
+            foreach ($properties as $property => $value) {
+                if (isset($this->{$property}) && is_array($this->{$property}) && is_array($value)) {
+                    $this->{$property} = array_merge($this->{$property}, $value);
+                } else {
+                    $this->{$property} = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/BaseService.php b/system/Config/BaseService.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22daf7b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/BaseService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\Autoloader;
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\ResponseCache;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\Commands;
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Exceptions;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Iterator;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar;
+use CodeIgniter\Email\Email;
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Format;
+use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Honeypot;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ContentSecurityPolicy;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Negotiate;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactory;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers\BaseHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\Pager;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Security;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use CodeIgniter\Superglobals;
+use CodeIgniter\Throttle\Throttler;
+use CodeIgniter\Typography\Typography;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Cell;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Parser;
+use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\View\View;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Config\ContentSecurityPolicy as CSPConfig;
+use Config\Encryption;
+use Config\Exceptions as ConfigExceptions;
+use Config\Filters as ConfigFilters;
+use Config\Format as ConfigFormat;
+use Config\Honeypot as ConfigHoneyPot;
+use Config\Images;
+use Config\Migrations;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Pager as ConfigPager;
+use Config\Services as AppServices;
+use Config\Toolbar as ConfigToolbar;
+use Config\Validation as ConfigValidation;
+use Config\View as ConfigView;
+
+/**
+ * Services Configuration file.
+ *
+ * Services are simply other classes/libraries that the system uses
+ * to do its job. This is used by CodeIgniter to allow the core of the
+ * framework to be swapped out easily without affecting the usage within
+ * the rest of your application.
+ *
+ * This is used in place of a Dependency Injection container primarily
+ * due to its simplicity, which allows a better long-term maintenance
+ * of the applications built on top of CodeIgniter. A bonus side-effect
+ * is that IDEs are able to determine what class you are calling
+ * whereas with DI Containers there usually isn't a way for them to do this.
+ *
+ * Warning: To allow overrides by service providers do not use static calls,
+ * instead call out to \Config\Services (imported as AppServices).
+ *
+ * @see http://blog.ircmaxell.com/2015/11/simple-easy-risk-and-change.html
+ * @see http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy
+ *
+ * @method static CacheInterface             cache(Cache $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static CLIRequest                 clirequest(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static CodeIgniter                codeigniter(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Commands                   commands($getShared = true)
+ * @method static void                       createRequest(App $config, bool $isCli = false)
+ * @method static ContentSecurityPolicy      csp(CSPConfig $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static CURLRequest                curlrequest($options = [], ResponseInterface $response = null, App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Email                      email($config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static EncrypterInterface         encrypter(Encryption $config = null, $getShared = false)
+ * @method static Exceptions                 exceptions(ConfigExceptions $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Filters                    filters(ConfigFilters $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Format                     format(ConfigFormat $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Honeypot                   honeypot(ConfigHoneyPot $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static BaseHandler                image($handler = null, Images $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static IncomingRequest            incomingrequest(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Iterator                   iterator($getShared = true)
+ * @method static Language                   language($locale = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Logger                     logger($getShared = true)
+ * @method static MigrationRunner            migrations(Migrations $config = null, ConnectionInterface $db = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Negotiate                  negotiator(RequestInterface $request = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Pager                      pager(ConfigPager $config = null, RendererInterface $view = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Parser                     parser($viewPath = null, ConfigView $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static RedirectResponse           redirectresponse(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static View                       renderer($viewPath = null, ConfigView $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static IncomingRequest|CLIRequest request(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static ResponseInterface          response(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static ResponseCache              responsecache(?Cache $config = null, ?CacheInterface $cache = null, bool $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Router                     router(RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, Request $request = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static RouteCollection            routes($getShared = true)
+ * @method static Security                   security(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Session                    session(App $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static SiteURIFactory             siteurifactory(App $config = null, Superglobals $superglobals = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Superglobals               superglobals(array $server = null, array $get = null, bool $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Throttler                  throttler($getShared = true)
+ * @method static Timer                      timer($getShared = true)
+ * @method static Toolbar                    toolbar(ConfigToolbar $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Typography                 typography($getShared = true)
+ * @method static URI                        uri($uri = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static ValidationInterface        validation(ConfigValidation $config = null, $getShared = true)
+ * @method static Cell                       viewcell($getShared = true)
+ */
+class BaseService
+{
+    /**
+     * Cache for instance of any services that
+     * have been requested as a "shared" instance.
+     * Keys should be lowercase service names.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $instances = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Mock objects for testing which are returned if exist.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $mocks = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Have we already discovered other Services?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $discovered = false;
+
+    /**
+     * A cache of other service classes we've found.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $services = [];
+
+    /**
+     * A cache of the names of services classes found.
+     *
+     * @var array<string>
+     */
+    private static array $serviceNames = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a shared instance of any of the class' services.
+     *
+     * $key must be a name matching a service.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null ...$params
+     *
+     * @return object
+     */
+    protected static function getSharedInstance(string $key, ...$params)
+    {
+        $key = strtolower($key);
+
+        // Returns mock if exists
+        if (isset(static::$mocks[$key])) {
+            return static::$mocks[$key];
+        }
+
+        if (! isset(static::$instances[$key])) {
+            // Make sure $getShared is false
+            $params[] = false;
+
+            static::$instances[$key] = AppServices::$key(...$params);
+        }
+
+        return static::$instances[$key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Autoloader class is the central class that handles our
+     * spl_autoload_register method, and helper methods.
+     *
+     * @return Autoloader
+     */
+    public static function autoloader(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            if (empty(static::$instances['autoloader'])) {
+                static::$instances['autoloader'] = new Autoloader();
+            }
+
+            return static::$instances['autoloader'];
+        }
+
+        return new Autoloader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The file locator provides utility methods for looking for non-classes
+     * within namespaced folders, as well as convenience methods for
+     * loading 'helpers', and 'libraries'.
+     *
+     * @return FileLocator
+     */
+    public static function locator(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            if (empty(static::$instances['locator'])) {
+                static::$instances['locator'] = new FileLocator(static::autoloader());
+            }
+
+            return static::$mocks['locator'] ?? static::$instances['locator'];
+        }
+
+        return new FileLocator(static::autoloader());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides the ability to perform case-insensitive calling of service
+     * names.
+     *
+     * @return object|null
+     */
+    public static function __callStatic(string $name, array $arguments)
+    {
+        $service = static::serviceExists($name);
+
+        if ($service === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $service::$name(...$arguments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the requested service is defined and return the declaring
+     * class. Return null if not found.
+     */
+    public static function serviceExists(string $name): ?string
+    {
+        static::buildServicesCache();
+        $services = array_merge(self::$serviceNames, [Services::class]);
+        $name     = strtolower($name);
+
+        foreach ($services as $service) {
+            if (method_exists($service, $name)) {
+                return $service;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset shared instances and mocks for testing.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function reset(bool $initAutoloader = true)
+    {
+        static::$mocks     = [];
+        static::$instances = [];
+
+        if ($initAutoloader) {
+            static::autoloader()->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets any mock and shared instances for a single service.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function resetSingle(string $name)
+    {
+        $name = strtolower($name);
+        unset(static::$mocks[$name], static::$instances[$name]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inject mock object for testing.
+     *
+     * @param object $mock
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function injectMock(string $name, $mock)
+    {
+        static::$mocks[strtolower($name)] = $mock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will scan all psr4 namespaces registered with system to look
+     * for new Config\Services files. Caches a copy of each one, then
+     * looks for the service method in each, returning an instance of
+     * the service, if available.
+     *
+     * @return object|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected static function discoverServices(string $name, array $arguments)
+    {
+        if (! static::$discovered) {
+            if ((new Modules())->shouldDiscover('services')) {
+                $locator = static::locator();
+                $files   = $locator->search('Config/Services');
+
+                if (empty($files)) {
+                    // no files at all found - this would be really, really bad
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                // Get instances of all service classes and cache them locally.
+                foreach ($files as $file) {
+                    $classname = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+                    if (! in_array($classname, [Services::class], true)) {
+                        static::$services[] = new $classname();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            static::$discovered = true;
+        }
+
+        if (! static::$services) {
+            // we found stuff, but no services - this would be really bad
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Try to find the desired service method
+        foreach (static::$services as $class) {
+            if (method_exists($class, $name)) {
+                return $class::$name(...$arguments);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected static function buildServicesCache(): void
+    {
+        if (! static::$discovered) {
+            if ((new Modules())->shouldDiscover('services')) {
+                $locator = static::locator();
+                $files   = $locator->search('Config/Services');
+
+                // Get instances of all service classes and cache them locally.
+                foreach ($files as $file) {
+                    $classname = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+                    if ($classname !== Services::class) {
+                        self::$serviceNames[] = $classname;
+                        static::$services[]   = new $classname();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            static::$discovered = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Config.php b/system/Config/Config.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90a6b7ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Config.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::config()
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\ConfigTest
+ */
+class Config
+{
+    /**
+     * Create new configuration instances or return
+     * a shared instance
+     *
+     * @param string $name      Configuration name
+     * @param bool   $getShared Use shared instance
+     *
+     * @return object|null
+     */
+    public static function get(string $name, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        return Factories::config($name, ['getShared' => $getShared]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method for injecting mock instances while testing.
+     *
+     * @param object $instance
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function injectMock(string $name, $instance)
+    {
+        Factories::injectMock('config', $name, $instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the static arrays
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function reset()
+    {
+        Factories::reset('config');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/DotEnv.php b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05ecab90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Environment-specific configuration
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnvTest
+ */
+class DotEnv
+{
+    /**
+     * The directory where the .env file can be located.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the path to our file.
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $path, string $file = '.env')
+    {
+        $this->path = rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The main entry point, will load the .env file and process it
+     * so that we end up with all settings in the PHP environment vars
+     * (i.e. getenv(), $_ENV, and $_SERVER)
+     */
+    public function load(): bool
+    {
+        $vars = $this->parse();
+
+        return $vars !== null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the .env file into an array of key => value
+     */
+    public function parse(): ?array
+    {
+        // We don't want to enforce the presence of a .env file, they should be optional.
+        if (! is_file($this->path)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Ensure the file is readable
+        if (! is_readable($this->path)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("The .env file is not readable: {$this->path}");
+        }
+
+        $vars = [];
+
+        $lines = file($this->path, FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);
+
+        foreach ($lines as $line) {
+            // Is it a comment?
+            if (strpos(trim($line), '#') === 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // If there is an equal sign, then we know we are assigning a variable.
+            if (strpos($line, '=') !== false) {
+                [$name, $value] = $this->normaliseVariable($line);
+                $vars[$name]    = $value;
+                $this->setVariable($name, $value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $vars;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the variable into the environment. Will parse the string
+     * first to look for {name}={value} pattern, ensure that nested
+     * variables are handled, and strip it of single and double quotes.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function setVariable(string $name, string $value = '')
+    {
+        if (! getenv($name, true)) {
+            putenv("{$name}={$value}");
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_ENV[$name])) {
+            $_ENV[$name] = $value;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_SERVER[$name])) {
+            $_SERVER[$name] = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses for assignment, cleans the $name and $value, and ensures
+     * that nested variables are handled.
+     */
+    public function normaliseVariable(string $name, string $value = ''): array
+    {
+        // Split our compound string into its parts.
+        if (strpos($name, '=') !== false) {
+            [$name, $value] = explode('=', $name, 2);
+        }
+
+        $name  = trim($name);
+        $value = trim($value);
+
+        // Sanitize the name
+        $name = preg_replace('/^export[ \t]++(\S+)/', '$1', $name);
+        $name = str_replace(['\'', '"'], '', $name);
+
+        // Sanitize the value
+        $value = $this->sanitizeValue($value);
+        $value = $this->resolveNestedVariables($value);
+
+        return [$name, $value];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Strips quotes from the environment variable value.
+     *
+     * This was borrowed from the excellent phpdotenv with very few changes.
+     * https://github.com/vlucas/phpdotenv
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function sanitizeValue(string $value): string
+    {
+        if (! $value) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        // Does it begin with a quote?
+        if (strpbrk($value[0], '"\'') !== false) {
+            // value starts with a quote
+            $quote = $value[0];
+
+            $regexPattern = sprintf(
+                '/^
+                %1$s          # match a quote at the start of the value
+                (             # capturing sub-pattern used
+                 (?:          # we do not need to capture this
+                 [^%1$s\\\\] # any character other than a quote or backslash
+                 |\\\\\\\\   # or two backslashes together
+                 |\\\\%1$s   # or an escaped quote e.g \"
+                 )*           # as many characters that match the previous rules
+                )             # end of the capturing sub-pattern
+                %1$s          # and the closing quote
+                .*$           # and discard any string after the closing quote
+                /mx',
+                $quote
+            );
+
+            $value = preg_replace($regexPattern, '$1', $value);
+            $value = str_replace("\\{$quote}", $quote, $value);
+            $value = str_replace('\\\\', '\\', $value);
+        } else {
+            $parts = explode(' #', $value, 2);
+            $value = trim($parts[0]);
+
+            // Unquoted values cannot contain whitespace
+            if (preg_match('/\s+/', $value) > 0) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('.env values containing spaces must be surrounded by quotes.');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Resolve the nested variables.
+     *
+     * Look for ${varname} patterns in the variable value and replace with an existing
+     * environment variable.
+     *
+     * This was borrowed from the excellent phpdotenv with very few changes.
+     * https://github.com/vlucas/phpdotenv
+     */
+    protected function resolveNestedVariables(string $value): string
+    {
+        if (strpos($value, '$') !== false) {
+            $value = preg_replace_callback(
+                '/\${([a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+)}/',
+                function ($matchedPatterns) {
+                    $nestedVariable = $this->getVariable($matchedPatterns[1]);
+
+                    if ($nestedVariable === null) {
+                        return $matchedPatterns[0];
+                    }
+
+                    return $nestedVariable;
+                },
+                $value
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Search the different places for environment variables and return first value found.
+     *
+     * This was borrowed from the excellent phpdotenv with very few changes.
+     * https://github.com/vlucas/phpdotenv
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    protected function getVariable(string $name)
+    {
+        switch (true) {
+            case array_key_exists($name, $_ENV):
+                return $_ENV[$name];
+
+            case array_key_exists($name, $_SERVER):
+                return $_SERVER[$name];
+
+            default:
+                $value = getenv($name);
+
+                // switch getenv default to null
+                return $value === false ? null : $value;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Factories.php b/system/Config/Factories.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8eb68b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Factories.php
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Factories for creating instances.
+ *
+ * Factories allow dynamic loading of components by their path
+ * and name. The "shared instance" implementation provides a
+ * large performance boost and helps keep code clean of lengthy
+ * instantiation checks.
+ *
+ * @method static BaseConfig|null config(...$arguments)
+ * @method static Model|null      models(string $alias, array $options = [], ?ConnectionInterface &$conn = null)
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\FactoriesTest
+ */
+class Factories
+{
+    /**
+     * Store of component-specific options, usually
+     * from CodeIgniter\Config\Factory.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, bool|string|null>>
+     */
+    protected static $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Explicit options for the Config
+     * component to prevent logic loops.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, bool|string|null>
+     */
+    private static array $configOptions = [
+        'component'  => 'config',
+        'path'       => 'Config',
+        'instanceOf' => null,
+        'getShared'  => true,
+        'preferApp'  => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Mapping of class aliases to their true Fully Qualified Class Name (FQCN).
+     *
+     * Class aliases can be:
+     *     - FQCN. E.g., 'App\Lib\SomeLib'
+     *     - short classname. E.g., 'SomeLib'
+     *     - short classname with sub-directories. E.g., 'Sub/SomeLib'
+     *
+     * [component => [alias => FQCN]]
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, string>>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<string, class-string>>
+     */
+    protected static $aliases = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Store for instances of any component that
+     * has been requested as "shared".
+     *
+     * A multi-dimensional array with components as
+     * keys to the array of name-indexed instances.
+     *
+     * [component => [FQCN => instance]]
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string, object>>
+     * @phpstan-var  array<string, array<class-string, object>>
+     */
+    protected static $instances = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the component instances are updated?
+     *
+     * @var array<string, true> [component => true]
+     *
+     * @internal For caching only
+     */
+    protected static $updated = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Define the class to load. You can *override* the concrete class.
+     *
+     * @param string $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     * @param string $alias     Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     * @param string $classname FQCN to be loaded
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $classname FQCN to be loaded
+     */
+    public static function define(string $component, string $alias, string $classname): void
+    {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        if (isset(self::$aliases[$component][$alias])) {
+            if (self::$aliases[$component][$alias] === $classname) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                'Already defined in Factories: ' . $component . ' ' . $alias . ' -> ' . self::$aliases[$component][$alias]
+            );
+        }
+
+        if (! class_exists($classname)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('No such class: ' . $classname);
+        }
+
+        // Force a configuration to exist for this component.
+        // Otherwise, getOptions() will reset the component.
+        self::getOptions($component);
+
+        self::$aliases[$component][$alias] = $classname;
+        self::$updated[$component]         = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads instances based on the method component name. Either
+     * creates a new instance or returns an existing shared instance.
+     *
+     * @return object|null
+     */
+    public static function __callStatic(string $component, array $arguments)
+    {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        // First argument is the class alias, second is options
+        $alias   = trim(array_shift($arguments), '\\ ');
+        $options = array_shift($arguments) ?? [];
+
+        // Determine the component-specific options
+        $options = array_merge(self::getOptions($component), $options);
+
+        if (! $options['getShared']) {
+            if (isset(self::$aliases[$component][$alias])) {
+                $class = self::$aliases[$component][$alias];
+
+                return new $class(...$arguments);
+            }
+
+            // Try to locate the class
+            $class = self::locateClass($options, $alias);
+            if ($class !== null) {
+                return new $class(...$arguments);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Check for an existing definition
+        $instance = self::getDefinedInstance($options, $alias, $arguments);
+        if ($instance !== null) {
+            return $instance;
+        }
+
+        // Try to locate the class
+        if (! $class = self::locateClass($options, $alias)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        self::createInstance($options['component'], $class, $arguments);
+        self::setAlias($options['component'], $alias, $class);
+
+        return self::$instances[$options['component']][$class];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the defined instance. If not exists, creates new one.
+     *
+     * @return object|null
+     */
+    private static function getDefinedInstance(array $options, string $alias, array $arguments)
+    {
+        // The alias is already defined.
+        if (isset(self::$aliases[$options['component']][$alias])) {
+            $class = self::$aliases[$options['component']][$alias];
+
+            // Need to verify if the shared instance matches the request
+            if (self::verifyInstanceOf($options, $class)) {
+                // Check for an existing instance
+                if (isset(self::$instances[$options['component']][$class])) {
+                    return self::$instances[$options['component']][$class];
+                }
+
+                self::createInstance($options['component'], $class, $arguments);
+
+                return self::$instances[$options['component']][$class];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Try to locate the class
+        if (! $class = self::locateClass($options, $alias)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Check for an existing instance for the class
+        if (isset(self::$instances[$options['component']][$class])) {
+            self::setAlias($options['component'], $alias, $class);
+
+            return self::$instances[$options['component']][$class];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the shared instance.
+     */
+    private static function createInstance(string $component, string $class, array $arguments): void
+    {
+        self::$instances[$component][$class] = new $class(...$arguments);
+        self::$updated[$component]           = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets alias
+     */
+    private static function setAlias(string $component, string $alias, string $class): void
+    {
+        self::$aliases[$component][$alias] = $class;
+        self::$updated[$component]         = true;
+
+        // If a short classname is specified, also register FQCN to share the instance.
+        if (! isset(self::$aliases[$component][$class]) && ! self::isNamespaced($alias)) {
+            self::$aliases[$component][$class] = $class;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is the component Config?
+     *
+     * @param string $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     */
+    private static function isConfig(string $component): bool
+    {
+        return $component === 'config';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a component class
+     *
+     * @param array  $options The array of component-specific directives
+     * @param string $alias   Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     */
+    protected static function locateClass(array $options, string $alias): ?string
+    {
+        // Check for low-hanging fruit
+        if (
+            class_exists($alias, false)
+            && self::verifyPreferApp($options, $alias)
+            && self::verifyInstanceOf($options, $alias)
+        ) {
+            return $alias;
+        }
+
+        // Determine the relative class names we need
+        $basename = self::getBasename($alias);
+        $appname  = self::isConfig($options['component'])
+            ? 'Config\\' . $basename
+            : rtrim(APP_NAMESPACE, '\\') . '\\' . $options['path'] . '\\' . $basename;
+
+        // If an App version was requested then see if it verifies
+        if (
+            // preferApp is used only for no namespaced class.
+            ! self::isNamespaced($alias)
+            && $options['preferApp'] && class_exists($appname)
+            && self::verifyInstanceOf($options, $alias)
+        ) {
+            return $appname;
+        }
+
+        // If we have ruled out an App version and the class exists then try it
+        if (class_exists($alias) && self::verifyInstanceOf($options, $alias)) {
+            return $alias;
+        }
+
+        // Have to do this the hard way...
+        $locator = Services::locator();
+
+        // Check if the class alias was namespaced
+        if (self::isNamespaced($alias)) {
+            if (! $file = $locator->locateFile($alias, $options['path'])) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            $files = [$file];
+        }
+        // No namespace? Search for it
+        // Check all namespaces, prioritizing App and modules
+        elseif (! $files = $locator->search($options['path'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $alias)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Check all files for a valid class
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $class = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+            if ($class && self::verifyInstanceOf($options, $class)) {
+                return $class;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is the class alias namespaced or not?
+     *
+     * @param string $alias Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     */
+    private static function isNamespaced(string $alias): bool
+    {
+        return strpos($alias, '\\') !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a class & config satisfy the "preferApp" option
+     *
+     * @param array  $options The array of component-specific directives
+     * @param string $alias   Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     */
+    protected static function verifyPreferApp(array $options, string $alias): bool
+    {
+        // Anything without that restriction passes
+        if (! $options['preferApp']) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Special case for Config since its App namespace is actually \Config
+        if (self::isConfig($options['component'])) {
+            return strpos($alias, 'Config') === 0;
+        }
+
+        return strpos($alias, APP_NAMESPACE) === 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a class & config satisfy the "instanceOf" option
+     *
+     * @param array  $options The array of component-specific directives
+     * @param string $alias   Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     */
+    protected static function verifyInstanceOf(array $options, string $alias): bool
+    {
+        // Anything without that restriction passes
+        if (! $options['instanceOf']) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return is_a($alias, $options['instanceOf'], true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the component-specific configuration
+     *
+     * @param string $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     *
+     * @return array<string, bool|string|null>
+     *
+     * @internal For testing only
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public static function getOptions(string $component): array
+    {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        // Check for a stored version
+        if (isset(self::$options[$component])) {
+            return self::$options[$component];
+        }
+
+        $values = self::isConfig($component)
+            // Handle Config as a special case to prevent logic loops
+            ? self::$configOptions
+            // Load values from the best Factory configuration (will include Registrars)
+            : config('Factory')->{$component} ?? [];
+
+        // The setOptions() reset the component. So getOptions() may reset
+        // the component.
+        return self::setOptions($component, $values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes, stores, and returns the configuration for a specific component
+     *
+     * @param string $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     * @param array  $values    option values
+     *
+     * @return array<string, bool|string|null> The result after applying defaults and normalization
+     */
+    public static function setOptions(string $component, array $values): array
+    {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        // Allow the config to replace the component name, to support "aliases"
+        $values['component'] = strtolower($values['component'] ?? $component);
+
+        // Reset this component so instances can be rediscovered with the updated config
+        self::reset($values['component']);
+
+        // If no path was available then use the component
+        $values['path'] = trim($values['path'] ?? ucfirst($values['component']), '\\ ');
+
+        // Add defaults for any missing values
+        $values = array_merge(Factory::$default, $values);
+
+        // Store the result to the supplied name and potential alias
+        self::$options[$component]           = $values;
+        self::$options[$values['component']] = $values;
+
+        return $values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the static arrays, optionally just for one component
+     *
+     * @param string|null $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function reset(?string $component = null)
+    {
+        if ($component !== null) {
+            unset(
+                self::$options[$component],
+                self::$aliases[$component],
+                self::$instances[$component],
+                self::$updated[$component]
+            );
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self::$options   = [];
+        self::$aliases   = [];
+        self::$instances = [];
+        self::$updated   = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method for injecting mock instances
+     *
+     * @param string $component Lowercase, plural component name
+     * @param string $alias     Class alias. See the $aliases property.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @internal For testing only
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public static function injectMock(string $component, string $alias, object $instance)
+    {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        // Force a configuration to exist for this component
+        self::getOptions($component);
+
+        $class = get_class($instance);
+
+        self::$instances[$component][$class] = $instance;
+        self::$aliases[$component][$alias]   = $class;
+
+        if (self::isConfig($component)) {
+            if (self::isNamespaced($alias)) {
+                self::$aliases[$component][self::getBasename($alias)] = $class;
+            } else {
+                self::$aliases[$component]['Config\\' . $alias] = $class;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a basename from a class alias, namespaced or not.
+     *
+     * @internal For testing only
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public static function getBasename(string $alias): string
+    {
+        // Determine the basename
+        if ($basename = strrchr($alias, '\\')) {
+            return substr($basename, 1);
+        }
+
+        return $alias;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets component data for caching.
+     *
+     * @internal For caching only
+     */
+    public static function getComponentInstances(string $component): array
+    {
+        if (! isset(self::$aliases[$component])) {
+            return [
+                'options'   => [],
+                'aliases'   => [],
+                'instances' => [],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'options'   => self::$options[$component],
+            'aliases'   => self::$aliases[$component],
+            'instances' => self::$instances[$component],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets component data
+     *
+     * @internal For caching only
+     */
+    public static function setComponentInstances(string $component, array $data): void
+    {
+        self::$options[$component]   = $data['options'];
+        self::$aliases[$component]   = $data['aliases'];
+        self::$instances[$component] = $data['instances'];
+
+        unset(self::$updated[$component]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the component instances are updated?
+     *
+     * @internal For caching only
+     */
+    public static function isUpdated(string $component): bool
+    {
+        return isset(self::$updated[$component]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Factory.php b/system/Config/Factory.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5889bf4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Factory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+/**
+ * Factories Configuration file.
+ *
+ * Provides overriding directives for how
+ * Factories should handle discovery and
+ * instantiation of specific components.
+ * Each property should correspond to the
+ * lowercase, plural component name.
+ */
+class Factory extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Supplies a default set of options to merge for
+     * all unspecified factory components.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $default = [
+        'component'  => null,
+        'path'       => null,
+        'instanceOf' => null,
+        'getShared'  => true,
+        'preferApp'  => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies that Models should always favor child
+     * classes to allow easy extension of module Models.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $models = [
+        'preferApp' => true,
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/ForeignCharacters.php b/system/Config/ForeignCharacters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8569f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/ForeignCharacters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+/**
+ * Describes foreign characters for transliteration with the text helper.
+ */
+class ForeignCharacters
+{
+    /**
+     * The list of foreign characters.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    public $characterList = [
+        '/ä|æ|ǽ/'                                                     => 'ae',
+        '/ö|œ/'                                                       => 'oe',
+        '/ü/'                                                         => 'ue',
+        '/Ä/'                                                         => 'Ae',
+        '/Ü/'                                                         => 'Ue',
+        '/Ö/'                                                         => 'Oe',
+        '/À|Á|Â|Ã|Ä|Å|Ǻ|Ā|Ă|Ą|Ǎ|Α|Ά|Ả|Ạ|Ầ|Ẫ|Ẩ|Ậ|Ằ|Ắ|Ẵ|Ẳ|Ặ|А/'         => 'A',
+        '/à|á|â|ã|å|ǻ|ā|ă|ą|ǎ|ª|α|ά|ả|ạ|ầ|ấ|ẫ|ẩ|ậ|ằ|ắ|ẵ|ẳ|ặ|а/'       => 'a',
+        '/Б/'                                                         => 'B',
+        '/б/'                                                         => 'b',
+        '/Ç|Ć|Ĉ|Ċ|Č/'                                                 => 'C',
+        '/ç|ć|ĉ|ċ|č/'                                                 => 'c',
+        '/Д/'                                                         => 'D',
+        '/д/'                                                         => 'd',
+        '/Ð|Ď|Đ|Δ/'                                                   => 'Dj',
+        '/ð|ď|đ|δ/'                                                   => 'dj',
+        '/È|É|Ê|Ë|Ē|Ĕ|Ė|Ę|Ě|Ε|Έ|Ẽ|Ẻ|Ẹ|Ề|Ế|Ễ|Ể|Ệ|Е|Э/'                 => 'E',
+        '/è|é|ê|ë|ē|ĕ|ė|ę|ě|έ|ε|ẽ|ẻ|ẹ|ề|ế|ễ|ể|ệ|е|э/'                 => 'e',
+        '/Ф/'                                                         => 'F',
+        '/ф/'                                                         => 'f',
+        '/Ĝ|Ğ|Ġ|Ģ|Γ|Г|Ґ/'                                             => 'G',
+        '/ĝ|ğ|ġ|ģ|γ|г|ґ/'                                             => 'g',
+        '/Ĥ|Ħ/'                                                       => 'H',
+        '/ĥ|ħ/'                                                       => 'h',
+        '/Ì|Í|Î|Ï|Ĩ|Ī|Ĭ|Ǐ|Į|İ|Η|Ή|Ί|Ι|Ϊ|Ỉ|Ị|И|Ы/'                     => 'I',
+        '/ì|í|î|ï|ĩ|ī|ĭ|ǐ|į|ı|η|ή|ί|ι|ϊ|ỉ|ị|и|ы|ї/'                   => 'i',
+        '/Ĵ/'                                                         => 'J',
+        '/ĵ/'                                                         => 'j',
+        '/Ķ|Κ|К/'                                                     => 'K',
+        '/ķ|κ|к/'                                                     => 'k',
+        '/Ĺ|Ļ|Ľ|Ŀ|Ł|Λ|Л/'                                             => 'L',
+        '/ĺ|ļ|ľ|ŀ|ł|λ|л/'                                             => 'l',
+        '/М/'                                                         => 'M',
+        '/м/'                                                         => 'm',
+        '/Ñ|Ń|Ņ|Ň|Ν|Н/'                                               => 'N',
+        '/ñ|ń|ņ|ň|ʼn|ν|н/'                                             => 'n',
+        '/Ò|Ó|Ô|Õ|Ō|Ŏ|Ǒ|Ő|Ơ|Ø|Ǿ|Ο|Ό|Ω|Ώ|Ỏ|Ọ|Ồ|Ố|Ỗ|Ổ|Ộ|Ờ|Ớ|Ỡ|Ở|Ợ|О/'   => 'O',
+        '/ò|ó|ô|õ|ō|ŏ|ǒ|ő|ơ|ø|ǿ|º|ο|ό|ω|ώ|ỏ|ọ|ồ|ố|ỗ|ổ|ộ|ờ|ớ|ỡ|ở|ợ|о/' => 'o',
+        '/П/'                                                         => 'P',
+        '/п/'                                                         => 'p',
+        '/Ŕ|Ŗ|Ř|Ρ|Р/'                                                 => 'R',
+        '/ŕ|ŗ|ř|ρ|р/'                                                 => 'r',
+        '/Ś|Ŝ|Ş|Ș|Š|Σ|С/'                                             => 'S',
+        '/ś|ŝ|ş|ș|š|ſ|σ|ς|с/'                                         => 's',
+        '/Ț|Ţ|Ť|Ŧ|τ|Т/'                                               => 'T',
+        '/ț|ţ|ť|ŧ|т/'                                                 => 't',
+        '/Ù|Ú|Û|Ũ|Ū|Ŭ|Ů|Ű|Ų|Ư|Ǔ|Ǖ|Ǘ|Ǚ|Ǜ|Ũ|Ủ|Ụ|Ừ|Ứ|Ữ|Ử|Ự|У/'           => 'U',
+        '/ù|ú|û|ũ|ū|ŭ|ů|ű|ų|ư|ǔ|ǖ|ǘ|ǚ|ǜ|υ|ύ|ϋ|ủ|ụ|ừ|ứ|ữ|ử|ự|у/'       => 'u',
+        '/Ƴ|Ɏ|Ỵ|Ẏ|Ӳ|Ӯ|Ў|Ý|Ÿ|Ŷ|Υ|Ύ|Ϋ|Ỳ|Ỹ|Ỷ|Ỵ|Й/'                       => 'Y',
+        '/ẙ|ʏ|ƴ|ɏ|ỵ|ẏ|ӳ|ӯ|ў|ý|ÿ|ŷ|ỳ|ỹ|ỷ|ỵ|й/'                         => 'y',
+        '/В/'                                                         => 'V',
+        '/в/'                                                         => 'v',
+        '/Ŵ/'                                                         => 'W',
+        '/ŵ/'                                                         => 'w',
+        '/Ź|Ż|Ž|Ζ|З/'                                                 => 'Z',
+        '/ź|ż|ž|ζ|з/'                                                 => 'z',
+        '/Æ|Ǽ/'                                                       => 'AE',
+        '/ß/'                                                         => 'ss',
+        '/IJ/'                                                         => 'IJ',
+        '/ij/'                                                         => 'ij',
+        '/Œ/'                                                         => 'OE',
+        '/ƒ/'                                                         => 'f',
+        '/ξ/'                                                         => 'ks',
+        '/π/'                                                         => 'p',
+        '/β/'                                                         => 'v',
+        '/μ/'                                                         => 'm',
+        '/ψ/'                                                         => 'ps',
+        '/Ё/'                                                         => 'Yo',
+        '/ё/'                                                         => 'yo',
+        '/Є/'                                                         => 'Ye',
+        '/є/'                                                         => 'ye',
+        '/Ї/'                                                         => 'Yi',
+        '/Ж/'                                                         => 'Zh',
+        '/ж/'                                                         => 'zh',
+        '/Х/'                                                         => 'Kh',
+        '/х/'                                                         => 'kh',
+        '/Ц/'                                                         => 'Ts',
+        '/ц/'                                                         => 'ts',
+        '/Ч/'                                                         => 'Ch',
+        '/ч/'                                                         => 'ch',
+        '/Ш/'                                                         => 'Sh',
+        '/ш/'                                                         => 'sh',
+        '/Щ/'                                                         => 'Shch',
+        '/щ/'                                                         => 'shch',
+        '/Ъ|ъ|Ь|ь/'                                                   => '',
+        '/Ю/'                                                         => 'Yu',
+        '/ю/'                                                         => 'yu',
+        '/Я/'                                                         => 'Ya',
+        '/я/'                                                         => 'ya',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Publisher.php b/system/Config/Publisher.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa04e24c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Publisher.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+/**
+ * Publisher Configuration
+ *
+ * Defines basic security restrictions for the Publisher class
+ * to prevent abuse by injecting malicious files into a project.
+ */
+class Publisher extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * A list of allowed destinations with a (pseudo-)regex
+     * of allowed files for each destination.
+     * Attempts to publish to directories not in this list will
+     * result in a PublisherException. Files that do no fit the
+     * pattern will cause copy/merge to fail.
+     *
+     * @var array<string,string>
+     */
+    public $restrictions = [
+        ROOTPATH => '*',
+        FCPATH   => '#\.(?css|js|map|htm?|xml|json|webmanifest|tff|eot|woff?|gif|jpe?g|tiff?|png|webp|bmp|ico|svg)$#i',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Disables Registrars to prevent modules from altering the restrictions.
+     */
+    final protected function registerProperties(): void
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Routing.php b/system/Config/Routing.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..409bcf09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Routing.php
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+/**
+ * Routing configuration
+ */
+class Routing extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * An array of files that contain route definitions.
+     * Route files are read in order, with the first match
+     * found taking precedence.
+     *
+     * Default: APPPATH . 'Config/Routes.php'
+     */
+    public array $routeFiles = [
+        APPPATH . 'Routes.php',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The default namespace to use for Controllers when no other
+     * namespace has been specified.
+     *
+     * Default: 'App\Controllers'
+     */
+    public string $defaultNamespace = 'App\Controllers';
+
+    /**
+     * The default controller to use when no other controller has been
+     * specified.
+     *
+     * Default: 'Home'
+     */
+    public string $defaultController = 'Home';
+
+    /**
+     * The default method to call on the controller when no other
+     * method has been set in the route.
+     *
+     * Default: 'index'
+     */
+    public string $defaultMethod = 'index';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to translate dashes in URIs to underscores.
+     * Primarily useful when using the auto-routing.
+     *
+     * Default: false
+     */
+    public bool $translateURIDashes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the class/method that should be called if routing doesn't
+     * find a match. It can be either a closure or the controller/method
+     * name exactly like a route is defined: Users::index
+     *
+     * This setting is passed to the Router class and handled there.
+     *
+     * If you want to use a closure, you will have to set it in the
+     * class constructor or the routes file by calling:
+     *
+     * $routes->set404Override(function() {
+     *    // Do something here
+     * });
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  public $override404 = 'App\Errors::show404';
+     */
+    public ?string $override404 = null;
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, the system will attempt to match the URI against
+     * Controllers by matching each segment against folders/files
+     * in APPPATH/Controllers, when a match wasn't found against
+     * defined routes.
+     *
+     * If FALSE, will stop searching and do NO automatic routing.
+     */
+    public bool $autoRoute = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, will enable the use of the 'prioritize' option
+     * when defining routes.
+     *
+     * Default: false
+     */
+    public bool $prioritize = false;
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/Services.php b/system/Config/Services.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ffb9e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/Services.php
@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactory;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\ResponseCache;
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\Commands;
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Exceptions;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Iterator;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar;
+use CodeIgniter\Email\Email;
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Encryption;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Format;
+use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Honeypot;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ContentSecurityPolicy;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Negotiate;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactory;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers\BaseHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\Pager;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Router;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Security;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\MySQLiHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\PostgreHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use CodeIgniter\Superglobals;
+use CodeIgniter\Throttle\Throttler;
+use CodeIgniter\Typography\Typography;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\Validation;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Cell;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Parser;
+use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\View\View;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Cache;
+use Config\ContentSecurityPolicy as ContentSecurityPolicyConfig;
+use Config\ContentSecurityPolicy as CSPConfig;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\Email as EmailConfig;
+use Config\Encryption as EncryptionConfig;
+use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
+use Config\Filters as FiltersConfig;
+use Config\Format as FormatConfig;
+use Config\Honeypot as HoneypotConfig;
+use Config\Images;
+use Config\Logger as LoggerConfig;
+use Config\Migrations;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Pager as PagerConfig;
+use Config\Paths;
+use Config\Routing;
+use Config\Security as SecurityConfig;
+use Config\Services as AppServices;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use Config\Toolbar as ToolbarConfig;
+use Config\Validation as ValidationConfig;
+use Config\View as ViewConfig;
+use Locale;
+
+/**
+ * Services Configuration file.
+ *
+ * Services are simply other classes/libraries that the system uses
+ * to do its job. This is used by CodeIgniter to allow the core of the
+ * framework to be swapped out easily without affecting the usage within
+ * the rest of your application.
+ *
+ * This is used in place of a Dependency Injection container primarily
+ * due to its simplicity, which allows a better long-term maintenance
+ * of the applications built on top of CodeIgniter. A bonus side-effect
+ * is that IDEs are able to determine what class you are calling
+ * whereas with DI Containers there usually isn't a way for them to do this.
+ *
+ * @see http://blog.ircmaxell.com/2015/11/simple-easy-risk-and-change.html
+ * @see http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\ServicesTest
+ */
+class Services extends BaseService
+{
+    /**
+     * The cache class provides a simple way to store and retrieve
+     * complex data for later.
+     *
+     * @return CacheInterface
+     */
+    public static function cache(?Cache $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('cache', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(Cache::class);
+
+        return CacheFactory::getHandler($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The CLI Request class provides for ways to interact with
+     * a command line request.
+     *
+     * @return CLIRequest
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function clirequest(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('clirequest', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+
+        return new CLIRequest($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CodeIgniter, the core of the framework.
+     *
+     * @return CodeIgniter
+     */
+    public static function codeigniter(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('codeigniter', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+
+        return new CodeIgniter($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The commands utility for running and working with CLI commands.
+     *
+     * @return Commands
+     */
+    public static function commands(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('commands');
+        }
+
+        return new Commands();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Content Security Policy
+     *
+     * @return ContentSecurityPolicy
+     */
+    public static function csp(?CSPConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('csp', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(ContentSecurityPolicyConfig::class);
+
+        return new ContentSecurityPolicy($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The CURL Request class acts as a simple HTTP client for interacting
+     * with other servers, typically through APIs.
+     *
+     * @return CURLRequest
+     */
+    public static function curlrequest(array $options = [], ?ResponseInterface $response = null, ?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared === true) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('curlrequest', $options, $response, $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+        $response ??= new Response($config);
+
+        return new CURLRequest(
+            $config,
+            new URI($options['base_uri'] ?? null),
+            $response,
+            $options
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Email class allows you to send email via mail, sendmail, SMTP.
+     *
+     * @param array|EmailConfig|null $config
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public static function email($config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('email', $config);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($config) || ! (is_array($config) || $config instanceof EmailConfig)) {
+            $config = config(EmailConfig::class);
+        }
+
+        return new Email($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Encryption class provides two-way encryption.
+     *
+     * @param bool $getShared
+     *
+     * @return EncrypterInterface Encryption handler
+     */
+    public static function encrypter(?EncryptionConfig $config = null, $getShared = false)
+    {
+        if ($getShared === true) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('encrypter', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(EncryptionConfig::class);
+        $encryption = new Encryption($config);
+
+        return $encryption->initialize($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Exceptions class holds the methods that handle:
+     *
+     *  - set_exception_handler
+     *  - set_error_handler
+     *  - register_shutdown_function
+     *
+     * @return Exceptions
+     */
+    public static function exceptions(
+        ?ExceptionsConfig $config = null,
+        bool $getShared = true
+    ) {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('exceptions', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(ExceptionsConfig::class);
+
+        return new Exceptions($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters allow you to run tasks before and/or after a controller
+     * is executed. During before filters, the request can be modified,
+     * and actions taken based on the request, while after filters can
+     * act on or modify the response itself before it is sent to the client.
+     *
+     * @return Filters
+     */
+    public static function filters(?FiltersConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('filters', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(FiltersConfig::class);
+
+        return new Filters($config, AppServices::request(), AppServices::response());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Format class is a convenient place to create Formatters.
+     *
+     * @return Format
+     */
+    public static function format(?FormatConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('format', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(FormatConfig::class);
+
+        return new Format($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Honeypot provides a secret input on forms that bots should NOT
+     * fill in, providing an additional safeguard when accepting user input.
+     *
+     * @return Honeypot
+     */
+    public static function honeypot(?HoneypotConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('honeypot', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(HoneypotConfig::class);
+
+        return new Honeypot($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Acts as a factory for ImageHandler classes and returns an instance
+     * of the handler. Used like Services::image()->withFile($path)->rotate(90)->save();
+     *
+     * @return BaseHandler
+     */
+    public static function image(?string $handler = null, ?Images $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('image', $handler, $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(Images::class);
+        assert($config instanceof Images);
+
+        $handler = $handler ?: $config->defaultHandler;
+        $class   = $config->handlers[$handler];
+
+        return new $class($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Iterator class provides a simple way of looping over a function
+     * and timing the results and memory usage. Used when debugging and
+     * optimizing applications.
+     *
+     * @return Iterator
+     */
+    public static function iterator(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('iterator');
+        }
+
+        return new Iterator();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Responsible for loading the language string translations.
+     *
+     * @return Language
+     */
+    public static function language(?string $locale = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('language', $locale)->setLocale($locale);
+        }
+
+        if (AppServices::request() instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            $requestLocale = AppServices::request()->getLocale();
+        } else {
+            $requestLocale = Locale::getDefault();
+        }
+
+        // Use '?:' for empty string check
+        $locale = $locale ?: $requestLocale;
+
+        return new Language($locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Logger class is a PSR-3 compatible Logging class that supports
+     * multiple handlers that process the actual logging.
+     *
+     * @return Logger
+     */
+    public static function logger(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('logger');
+        }
+
+        return new Logger(config(LoggerConfig::class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the appropriate Migration runner.
+     *
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public static function migrations(?Migrations $config = null, ?ConnectionInterface $db = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('migrations', $config, $db);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(Migrations::class);
+
+        return new MigrationRunner($config, $db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Negotiate class provides the content negotiation features for
+     * working the request to determine correct language, encoding, charset,
+     * and more.
+     *
+     * @return Negotiate
+     */
+    public static function negotiator(?RequestInterface $request = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('negotiator', $request);
+        }
+
+        $request ??= AppServices::request();
+
+        return new Negotiate($request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the ResponseCache.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseCache
+     */
+    public static function responsecache(?Cache $config = null, ?CacheInterface $cache = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('responsecache', $config, $cache);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(Cache::class);
+        $cache ??= AppServices::cache();
+
+        return new ResponseCache($config, $cache);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the appropriate pagination handler.
+     *
+     * @return Pager
+     */
+    public static function pager(?PagerConfig $config = null, ?RendererInterface $view = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('pager', $config, $view);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(PagerConfig::class);
+        $view ??= AppServices::renderer(null, null, false);
+
+        return new Pager($config, $view);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Parser is a simple template parser.
+     *
+     * @return Parser
+     */
+    public static function parser(?string $viewPath = null, ?ViewConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('parser', $viewPath, $config);
+        }
+
+        $viewPath = $viewPath ?: (new Paths())->viewDirectory;
+        $config ??= config(ViewConfig::class);
+
+        return new Parser($config, $viewPath, AppServices::locator(), CI_DEBUG, AppServices::logger());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Renderer class is the class that actually displays a file to the user.
+     * The default View class within CodeIgniter is intentionally simple, but this
+     * service could easily be replaced by a template engine if the user needed to.
+     *
+     * @return View
+     */
+    public static function renderer(?string $viewPath = null, ?ViewConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('renderer', $viewPath, $config);
+        }
+
+        $viewPath = $viewPath ?: (new Paths())->viewDirectory;
+        $config ??= config(ViewConfig::class);
+
+        return new View($config, $viewPath, AppServices::locator(), CI_DEBUG, AppServices::logger());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current Request object.
+     *
+     * createRequest() injects IncomingRequest or CLIRequest.
+     *
+     * @return CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     *
+     * @deprecated The parameter $config and $getShared are deprecated.
+     */
+    public static function request(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('request', $config);
+        }
+
+        // @TODO remove the following code for backward compatibility
+        return AppServices::incomingrequest($config, $getShared);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the current Request object, either IncomingRequest or CLIRequest.
+     *
+     * This method is called from CodeIgniter::getRequestObject().
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function createRequest(App $config, bool $isCli = false): void
+    {
+        if ($isCli) {
+            $request = AppServices::clirequest($config);
+        } else {
+            $request = AppServices::incomingrequest($config);
+
+            // guess at protocol if needed
+            $request->setProtocolVersion($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] ?? 'HTTP/1.1');
+        }
+
+        // Inject the request object into Services::request().
+        static::$instances['request'] = $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The IncomingRequest class models an HTTP request.
+     *
+     * @return IncomingRequest
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function incomingrequest(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('request', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+
+        return new IncomingRequest(
+            $config,
+            AppServices::uri(),
+            'php://input',
+            new UserAgent()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Response class models an HTTP response.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    public static function response(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('response', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+
+        return new Response($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Redirect class provides nice way of working with redirects.
+     *
+     * @return RedirectResponse
+     */
+    public static function redirectresponse(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('redirectresponse', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+        $response = new RedirectResponse($config);
+        $response->setProtocolVersion(AppServices::request()->getProtocolVersion());
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Routes service is a class that allows for easily building
+     * a collection of routes.
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollection
+     */
+    public static function routes(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('routes');
+        }
+
+        return new RouteCollection(AppServices::locator(), config(Modules::class), config(Routing::class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Router class uses a RouteCollection's array of routes, and determines
+     * the correct Controller and Method to execute.
+     *
+     * @return Router
+     */
+    public static function router(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes = null, ?Request $request = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('router', $routes, $request);
+        }
+
+        $routes ??= AppServices::routes();
+        $request ??= AppServices::request();
+
+        return new Router($routes, $request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Security class provides a few handy tools for keeping the site
+     * secure, most notably the CSRF protection tools.
+     *
+     * @return Security
+     */
+    public static function security(?SecurityConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('security', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(SecurityConfig::class);
+
+        return new Security($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the session manager.
+     *
+     * @return Session
+     */
+    public static function session(?SessionConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('session', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(SessionConfig::class);
+
+        $logger = AppServices::logger();
+
+        $driverName = $config->driver;
+
+        if ($driverName === DatabaseHandler::class) {
+            $DBGroup = $config->DBGroup ?? config(Database::class)->defaultGroup;
+            $db      = Database::connect($DBGroup);
+
+            $driver = $db->getPlatform();
+
+            if ($driver === 'MySQLi') {
+                $driverName = MySQLiHandler::class;
+            } elseif ($driver === 'Postgre') {
+                $driverName = PostgreHandler::class;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $driver = new $driverName($config, AppServices::request()->getIPAddress());
+        $driver->setLogger($logger);
+
+        $session = new Session($driver, $config);
+        $session->setLogger($logger);
+
+        if (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_NONE) {
+            $session->start();
+        }
+
+        return $session;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Factory for SiteURI.
+     *
+     * @return SiteURIFactory
+     */
+    public static function siteurifactory(
+        ?App $config = null,
+        ?Superglobals $superglobals = null,
+        bool $getShared = true
+    ) {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('siteurifactory', $config, $superglobals);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config('App');
+        $superglobals ??= AppServices::superglobals();
+
+        return new SiteURIFactory($config, $superglobals);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Superglobals.
+     *
+     * @return Superglobals
+     */
+    public static function superglobals(
+        ?array $server = null,
+        ?array $get = null,
+        bool $getShared = true
+    ) {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('superglobals', $server, $get);
+        }
+
+        return new Superglobals($server, $get);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Throttler class provides a simple method for implementing
+     * rate limiting in your applications.
+     *
+     * @return Throttler
+     */
+    public static function throttler(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('throttler');
+        }
+
+        return new Throttler(AppServices::cache());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Timer class provides a simple way to Benchmark portions of your
+     * application.
+     *
+     * @return Timer
+     */
+    public static function timer(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('timer');
+        }
+
+        return new Timer();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the debug toolbar.
+     *
+     * @return Toolbar
+     */
+    public static function toolbar(?ToolbarConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('toolbar', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(ToolbarConfig::class);
+
+        return new Toolbar($config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The URI class provides a way to model and manipulate URIs.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri The URI string
+     *
+     * @return URI The current URI if $uri is null.
+     */
+    public static function uri(?string $uri = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('uri', $uri);
+        }
+
+        if ($uri === null) {
+            $appConfig = config(App::class);
+            $factory   = AppServices::siteurifactory($appConfig, AppServices::superglobals());
+
+            return $factory->createFromGlobals();
+        }
+
+        return new URI($uri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Validation class provides tools for validating input data.
+     *
+     * @return ValidationInterface
+     */
+    public static function validation(?ValidationConfig $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('validation', $config);
+        }
+
+        $config ??= config(ValidationConfig::class);
+
+        return new Validation($config, AppServices::renderer());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * View cells are intended to let you insert HTML into view
+     * that has been generated by any callable in the system.
+     *
+     * @return Cell
+     */
+    public static function viewcell(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('viewcell');
+        }
+
+        return new Cell(AppServices::cache());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Typography class provides a way to format text in semantically relevant ways.
+     *
+     * @return Typography
+     */
+    public static function typography(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        if ($getShared) {
+            return static::getSharedInstance('typography');
+        }
+
+        return new Typography();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Config/View.php b/system/Config/View.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a6a6404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Config/View.php
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\View\ViewDecoratorInterface;
+
+/**
+ * View configuration
+ *
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
+ */
+class View extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * When false, the view method will clear the data between each
+     * call.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $saveData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Parser Filters map a filter name with any PHP callable. When the
+     * Parser prepares a variable for display, it will chain it
+     * through the filters in the order defined, inserting any parameters.
+     *
+     * To prevent potential abuse, all filters MUST be defined here
+     * in order for them to be available for use within the Parser.
+     *
+     * @psalm-suppress UndefinedDocblockClass
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
+     */
+    public $filters = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Parser Plugins provide a way to extend the functionality provided
+     * by the core Parser by creating aliases that will be replaced with
+     * any callable. Can be single or tag pair.
+     *
+     * @psalm-suppress UndefinedDocblockClass
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
+     */
+    public $plugins = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Built-in View filters.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
+     */
+    protected $coreFilters = [
+        'abs'            => '\abs',
+        'capitalize'     => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::capitalize',
+        'date'           => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::date',
+        'date_modify'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::date_modify',
+        'default'        => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::default',
+        'esc'            => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::esc',
+        'excerpt'        => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::excerpt',
+        'highlight'      => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::highlight',
+        'highlight_code' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::highlight_code',
+        'limit_words'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::limit_words',
+        'limit_chars'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::limit_chars',
+        'local_currency' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::local_currency',
+        'local_number'   => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::local_number',
+        'lower'          => '\strtolower',
+        'nl2br'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::nl2br',
+        'number_format'  => '\number_format',
+        'prose'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::prose',
+        'round'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::round',
+        'strip_tags'     => '\strip_tags',
+        'title'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::title',
+        'upper'          => '\strtoupper',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Built-in View plugins.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
+     */
+    protected $corePlugins = [
+        'csp_script_nonce'  => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspScriptNonce',
+        'csp_style_nonce'   => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspStyleNonce',
+        'current_url'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::currentURL',
+        'previous_url'      => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::previousURL',
+        'mailto'            => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::mailto',
+        'safe_mailto'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::safeMailto',
+        'lang'              => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::lang',
+        'validation_errors' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::validationErrors',
+        'route'             => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::route',
+        'siteURL'           => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::siteURL',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * View Decorators are class methods that will be run in sequence to
+     * have a chance to alter the generated output just prior to caching
+     * the results.
+     *
+     * All classes must implement CodeIgniter\View\ViewDecoratorInterface
+     *
+     * @var class-string<ViewDecoratorInterface>[]
+     */
+    public array $decorators = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Merge the built-in and developer-configured filters and plugins,
+     * with preference to the developer ones.
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->filters = array_merge($this->coreFilters, $this->filters);
+        $this->plugins = array_merge($this->corePlugins, $this->plugins);
+
+        parent::__construct();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Controller.php b/system/Controller.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45fe0e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Controller.php
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Validation;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Class Controller
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\ControllerTest
+ */
+class Controller
+{
+    /**
+     * Helpers that will be automatically loaded on class instantiation.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $helpers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of the main Request object.
+     *
+     * @var RequestInterface
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of the main response object.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of logger to use.
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Should enforce HTTPS access for all methods in this controller.
+     *
+     * @var int Number of seconds to set HSTS header
+     */
+    protected $forceHTTPS = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Once validation has been run, will hold the Validation instance.
+     *
+     * @var ValidationInterface
+     */
+    protected $validator;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     */
+    public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
+    {
+        $this->request  = $request;
+        $this->response = $response;
+        $this->logger   = $logger;
+
+        if ($this->forceHTTPS > 0) {
+            $this->forceHTTPS($this->forceHTTPS);
+        }
+
+        // Autoload helper files.
+        helper($this->helpers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to use when you need to ensure that a single
+     * method is reached only via HTTPS. If it isn't, then a redirect
+     * will happen back to this method and HSTS header will be sent
+     * to have modern browsers transform requests automatically.
+     *
+     * @param int $duration The number of seconds this link should be
+     *                      considered secure for. Only with HSTS header.
+     *                      Default value is 1 year.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     */
+    protected function forceHTTPS(int $duration = 31_536_000)
+    {
+        force_https($duration, $this->request, $this->response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * How long to cache the current page for.
+     *
+     * @params int $time time to live in seconds.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function cachePage(int $time)
+    {
+        Services::responsecache()->setTtl($time);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles "auto-loading" helper files.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `helper` function instead of using this method.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function loadHelpers()
+    {
+        if (empty($this->helpers)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        helper($this->helpers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A shortcut to performing validation on Request data.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $rules
+     * @param array        $messages An array of custom error messages
+     */
+    protected function validate($rules, array $messages = []): bool
+    {
+        $this->setValidator($rules, $messages);
+
+        return $this->validator->withRequest($this->request)->run();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A shortcut to performing validation on any input data.
+     *
+     * @param array        $data     The data to validate
+     * @param array|string $rules
+     * @param array        $messages An array of custom error messages
+     * @param string|null  $dbGroup  The database group to use
+     */
+    protected function validateData(array $data, $rules, array $messages = [], ?string $dbGroup = null): bool
+    {
+        $this->setValidator($rules, $messages);
+
+        return $this->validator->run($data, null, $dbGroup);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $rules
+     */
+    private function setValidator($rules, array $messages): void
+    {
+        $this->validator = Services::validation();
+
+        // If you replace the $rules array with the name of the group
+        if (is_string($rules)) {
+            $validation = config(Validation::class);
+
+            // If the rule wasn't found in the \Config\Validation, we
+            // should throw an exception so the developer can find it.
+            if (! isset($validation->{$rules})) {
+                throw ValidationException::forRuleNotFound($rules);
+            }
+
+            // If no error message is defined, use the error message in the Config\Validation file
+            if (! $messages) {
+                $errorName = $rules . '_errors';
+                $messages  = $validation->{$errorName} ?? [];
+            }
+
+            $rules = $validation->{$rules};
+        }
+
+        $this->validator->setRules($rules, $messages);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php b/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93f6031e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie;
+
+use DateTimeInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for a fresh Cookie instance with selected attribute(s)
+ * only changed from the original instance.
+ */
+interface CloneableCookieInterface extends CookieInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new cookie prefix.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withPrefix(string $prefix = '');
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new name.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withName(string $name);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with new value.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withValue(string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new cookie expires time.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|int|string $expires
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withExpires($expires);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie that will expire the cookie from the browser.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withExpired();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie that will virtually never expire from the browser.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @deprecated See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6413
+     */
+    public function withNeverExpiring();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new path on the server the cookie is available.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withPath(?string $path);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new domain the cookie is available.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withDomain(?string $domain);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new "Secure" attribute.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withSecure(bool $secure = true);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new "HttpOnly" attribute
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withHTTPOnly(bool $httponly = true);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with a new "SameSite" attribute.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withSameSite(string $samesite);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Cookie with URL encoding option updated.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withRaw(bool $raw = true);
+}
diff --git a/system/Cookie/Cookie.php b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69e40017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie;
+
+use ArrayAccess;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * A `Cookie` class represents an immutable HTTP cookie value object.
+ *
+ * Being immutable, modifying one or more of its attributes will return
+ * a new `Cookie` instance, rather than modifying itself. Users should
+ * reassign this new instance to a new variable to capture it.
+ *
+ * ```php
+ * $cookie = new Cookie('test_cookie', 'test_value');
+ * $cookie->getName(); // test_cookie
+ *
+ * $cookie->withName('prod_cookie');
+ * $cookie->getName(); // test_cookie
+ *
+ * $cookie2 = $cookie->withName('prod_cookie');
+ * $cookie2->getName(); // prod_cookie
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @template-implements ArrayAccess<string, bool|int|string>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieTest
+ */
+class Cookie implements ArrayAccess, CloneableCookieInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $prefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $value;
+
+    /**
+     * @var int Unix timestamp
+     */
+    protected $expires;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path = '/';
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $domain = '';
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $secure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $httponly = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $samesite = self::SAMESITE_LAX;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $raw = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Default attributes for a Cookie object. The keys here are the
+     * lowercase attribute names. Do not camelCase!
+     *
+     * @var array<string, bool|int|string>
+     */
+    private static array $defaults = [
+        'prefix'   => '',
+        'expires'  => 0,
+        'path'     => '/',
+        'domain'   => '',
+        'secure'   => false,
+        'httponly' => true,
+        'samesite' => self::SAMESITE_LAX,
+        'raw'      => false,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * A cookie name can be any US-ASCII characters, except control characters,
+     * spaces, tabs, or separator characters.
+     *
+     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie#attributes
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-2.2
+     */
+    private static string $reservedCharsList = "=,; \t\r\n\v\f()<>@:\\\"/[]?{}";
+
+    /**
+     * Set the default attributes to a Cookie instance by injecting
+     * the values from the `CookieConfig` config or an array.
+     *
+     * This method is called from Response::__construct().
+     *
+     * @param array<string, bool|int|string>|CookieConfig $config
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed> The old defaults array. Useful for resetting.
+     */
+    public static function setDefaults($config = [])
+    {
+        $oldDefaults = self::$defaults;
+        $newDefaults = [];
+
+        if ($config instanceof CookieConfig) {
+            $newDefaults = [
+                'prefix'   => $config->prefix,
+                'expires'  => $config->expires,
+                'path'     => $config->path,
+                'domain'   => $config->domain,
+                'secure'   => $config->secure,
+                'httponly' => $config->httponly,
+                'samesite' => $config->samesite,
+                'raw'      => $config->raw,
+            ];
+        } elseif (is_array($config)) {
+            $newDefaults = $config;
+        }
+
+        // This array union ensures that even if passed `$config` is not
+        // `CookieConfig` or `array`, no empty defaults will occur.
+        self::$defaults = $newDefaults + $oldDefaults;
+
+        return $oldDefaults;
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new Cookie instance from a `Set-Cookie` header.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    public static function fromHeaderString(string $cookie, bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        $data        = self::$defaults;
+        $data['raw'] = $raw;
+
+        $parts = preg_split('/\;[\s]*/', $cookie);
+        $part  = explode('=', array_shift($parts), 2);
+
+        $name  = $raw ? $part[0] : urldecode($part[0]);
+        $value = isset($part[1]) ? ($raw ? $part[1] : urldecode($part[1])) : '';
+        unset($part);
+
+        foreach ($parts as $part) {
+            if (strpos($part, '=') !== false) {
+                [$attr, $val] = explode('=', $part);
+            } else {
+                $attr = $part;
+                $val  = true;
+            }
+
+            $data[strtolower($attr)] = $val;
+        }
+
+        return new static($name, $value, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new Cookie instance.
+     *
+     * @param string                         $name    The cookie's name
+     * @param string                         $value   The cookie's value
+     * @param array<string, bool|int|string> $options The cookie's options
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    final public function __construct(string $name, string $value = '', array $options = [])
+    {
+        $options += self::$defaults;
+
+        $options['expires'] = static::convertExpiresTimestamp($options['expires']);
+
+        // If both `Expires` and `Max-Age` are set, `Max-Age` has precedence.
+        if (isset($options['max-age']) && is_numeric($options['max-age'])) {
+            $options['expires'] = Time::now()->getTimestamp() + (int) $options['max-age'];
+            unset($options['max-age']);
+        }
+
+        // to preserve backward compatibility with array-based cookies in previous CI versions
+        $prefix = ($options['prefix'] === '') ? self::$defaults['prefix'] : $options['prefix'];
+        $path   = $options['path'] ?: self::$defaults['path'];
+        $domain = $options['domain'] ?: self::$defaults['domain'];
+
+        // empty string SameSite should use the default for browsers
+        $samesite = $options['samesite'] ?: self::$defaults['samesite'];
+
+        $raw      = $options['raw'];
+        $secure   = $options['secure'];
+        $httponly = $options['httponly'];
+
+        $this->validateName($name, $raw);
+        $this->validatePrefix($prefix, $secure, $path, $domain);
+        $this->validateSameSite($samesite, $secure);
+
+        $this->prefix   = $prefix;
+        $this->name     = $name;
+        $this->value    = $value;
+        $this->expires  = static::convertExpiresTimestamp($options['expires']);
+        $this->path     = $path;
+        $this->domain   = $domain;
+        $this->secure   = $secure;
+        $this->httponly = $httponly;
+        $this->samesite = ucfirst(strtolower($samesite));
+        $this->raw      = $raw;
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // GETTERS
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getId(): string
+    {
+        return implode(';', [$this->getPrefixedName(), $this->getPath(), $this->getDomain()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return $this->prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getPrefixedName(): string
+    {
+        $name = $this->getPrefix();
+
+        if ($this->isRaw()) {
+            $name .= $this->getName();
+        } else {
+            $search  = str_split(self::$reservedCharsList);
+            $replace = array_map('rawurlencode', $search);
+
+            $name .= str_replace($search, $replace, $this->getName());
+        }
+
+        return $name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getValue(): string
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getExpiresTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        return $this->expires;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getExpiresString(): string
+    {
+        return gmdate(self::EXPIRES_FORMAT, $this->expires);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isExpired(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->expires === 0 || $this->expires < Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getMaxAge(): int
+    {
+        $maxAge = $this->expires - Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+
+        return $maxAge >= 0 ? $maxAge : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getDomain(): string
+    {
+        return $this->domain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isSecure(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->secure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isHTTPOnly(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->httponly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getSameSite(): string
+    {
+        return $this->samesite;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function isRaw(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->raw;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function getOptions(): array
+    {
+        // This is the order of options in `setcookie`. DO NOT CHANGE.
+        return [
+            'expires'  => $this->expires,
+            'path'     => $this->path,
+            'domain'   => $this->domain,
+            'secure'   => $this->secure,
+            'httponly' => $this->httponly,
+            'samesite' => $this->samesite ?: ucfirst(self::SAMESITE_LAX),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // CLONING
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withPrefix(string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        $this->validatePrefix($prefix, $this->secure, $this->path, $this->domain);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->prefix = $prefix;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withName(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->validateName($name, $this->raw);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->name = $name;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withValue(string $value)
+    {
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->value = $value;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withExpires($expires)
+    {
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->expires = static::convertExpiresTimestamp($expires);
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withExpired()
+    {
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->expires = 0;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6413
+     */
+    public function withNeverExpiring()
+    {
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->expires = Time::now()->getTimestamp() + 5 * YEAR;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withPath(?string $path)
+    {
+        $path = $path ?: self::$defaults['path'];
+        $this->validatePrefix($this->prefix, $this->secure, $path, $this->domain);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->path = $path;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withDomain(?string $domain)
+    {
+        $domain ??= self::$defaults['domain'];
+        $this->validatePrefix($this->prefix, $this->secure, $this->path, $domain);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->domain = $domain;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withSecure(bool $secure = true)
+    {
+        $this->validatePrefix($this->prefix, $secure, $this->path, $this->domain);
+        $this->validateSameSite($this->samesite, $secure);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->secure = $secure;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withHTTPOnly(bool $httponly = true)
+    {
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->httponly = $httponly;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withSameSite(string $samesite)
+    {
+        $this->validateSameSite($samesite, $this->secure);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->samesite = ucfirst(strtolower($samesite));
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function withRaw(bool $raw = true)
+    {
+        $this->validateName($this->name, $raw);
+
+        $cookie = clone $this;
+
+        $cookie->raw = $raw;
+
+        return $cookie;
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // ARRAY ACCESS FOR BC
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Whether an offset exists.
+     *
+     * @param string $offset
+     */
+    public function offsetExists($offset): bool
+    {
+        return $offset === 'expire' ? true : property_exists($this, $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Offset to retrieve.
+     *
+     * @param string $offset
+     *
+     * @return bool|int|string
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function offsetGet($offset)
+    {
+        if (! $this->offsetExists($offset)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('Undefined offset "%s".', $offset));
+        }
+
+        return $offset === 'expire' ? $this->expires : $this->{$offset};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Offset to set.
+     *
+     * @param string          $offset
+     * @param bool|int|string $value
+     *
+     * @throws LogicException
+     */
+    public function offsetSet($offset, $value): void
+    {
+        throw new LogicException(sprintf('Cannot set values of properties of %s as it is immutable.', static::class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Offset to unset.
+     *
+     * @param string $offset
+     *
+     * @throws LogicException
+     */
+    public function offsetUnset($offset): void
+    {
+        throw new LogicException(sprintf('Cannot unset values of properties of %s as it is immutable.', static::class));
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // CONVERTERS
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function toHeaderString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->__toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function __toString()
+    {
+        $cookieHeader = [];
+
+        if ($this->getValue() === '') {
+            $cookieHeader[] = $this->getPrefixedName() . '=deleted';
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'Expires=' . gmdate(self::EXPIRES_FORMAT, 0);
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'Max-Age=0';
+        } else {
+            $value = $this->isRaw() ? $this->getValue() : rawurlencode($this->getValue());
+
+            $cookieHeader[] = sprintf('%s=%s', $this->getPrefixedName(), $value);
+
+            if ($this->getExpiresTimestamp() !== 0) {
+                $cookieHeader[] = 'Expires=' . $this->getExpiresString();
+                $cookieHeader[] = 'Max-Age=' . $this->getMaxAge();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getPath() !== '') {
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'Path=' . $this->getPath();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getDomain() !== '') {
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'Domain=' . $this->getDomain();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->isSecure()) {
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'Secure';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->isHTTPOnly()) {
+            $cookieHeader[] = 'HttpOnly';
+        }
+
+        $samesite = $this->getSameSite();
+
+        if ($samesite === '') {
+            // modern browsers warn in console logs that an empty SameSite attribute
+            // will be given the `Lax` value
+            $samesite = self::SAMESITE_LAX;
+        }
+
+        $cookieHeader[] = 'SameSite=' . ucfirst(strtolower($samesite));
+
+        return implode('; ', $cookieHeader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function toArray(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'name'   => $this->name,
+            'value'  => $this->value,
+            'prefix' => $this->prefix,
+            'raw'    => $this->raw,
+        ] + $this->getOptions();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts expires time to Unix format.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|int|string $expires
+     */
+    protected static function convertExpiresTimestamp($expires = 0): int
+    {
+        if ($expires instanceof DateTimeInterface) {
+            $expires = $expires->format('U');
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($expires) && ! is_int($expires)) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidExpiresTime(gettype($expires));
+        }
+
+        if (! is_numeric($expires)) {
+            $expires = strtotime($expires);
+
+            if ($expires === false) {
+                throw CookieException::forInvalidExpiresValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $expires > 0 ? (int) $expires : 0;
+    }
+
+    // =========================================================================
+    // VALIDATION
+    // =========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the cookie name per RFC 2616.
+     *
+     * If `$raw` is true, names should not contain invalid characters
+     * as `setrawcookie()` will reject this.
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    protected function validateName(string $name, bool $raw): void
+    {
+        if ($raw && strpbrk($name, self::$reservedCharsList) !== false) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidCookieName($name);
+        }
+
+        if ($name === '') {
+            throw CookieException::forEmptyCookieName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the special prefixes if some attribute requirements are met.
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    protected function validatePrefix(string $prefix, bool $secure, string $path, string $domain): void
+    {
+        if (strpos($prefix, '__Secure-') === 0 && ! $secure) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidSecurePrefix();
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($prefix, '__Host-') === 0 && (! $secure || $domain !== '' || $path !== '/')) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidHostPrefix();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the `SameSite` to be within the allowed types.
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     *
+     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie/SameSite
+     */
+    protected function validateSameSite(string $samesite, bool $secure): void
+    {
+        if ($samesite === '') {
+            $samesite = self::$defaults['samesite'];
+        }
+
+        if ($samesite === '') {
+            $samesite = self::SAMESITE_LAX;
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array(strtolower($samesite), self::ALLOWED_SAMESITE_VALUES, true)) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidSameSite($samesite);
+        }
+
+        if (strtolower($samesite) === self::SAMESITE_NONE && ! $secure) {
+            throw CookieException::forInvalidSameSiteNone();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php b/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a21d6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cookie/CookieInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for a value object representation of an HTTP cookie.
+ *
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie
+ */
+interface CookieInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Cookies will be sent in all contexts, i.e in responses to both
+     * first-party and cross-origin requests. If `SameSite=None` is set,
+     * the cookie `Secure` attribute must also be set (or the cookie will be blocked).
+     */
+    public const SAMESITE_NONE = 'none';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookies are not sent on normal cross-site subrequests (for example to
+     * load images or frames into a third party site), but are sent when a
+     * user is navigating to the origin site (i.e. when following a link).
+     */
+    public const SAMESITE_LAX = 'lax';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookies will only be sent in a first-party context and not be sent
+     * along with requests initiated by third party websites.
+     */
+    public const SAMESITE_STRICT = 'strict';
+
+    /**
+     * RFC 6265 allowed values for the "SameSite" attribute.
+     *
+     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie/SameSite
+     */
+    public const ALLOWED_SAMESITE_VALUES = [
+        self::SAMESITE_NONE,
+        self::SAMESITE_LAX,
+        self::SAMESITE_STRICT,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Expires date format.
+     *
+     * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Date
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.1.2
+     */
+    public const EXPIRES_FORMAT = 'D, d-M-Y H:i:s T';
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a unique identifier for the cookie consisting
+     * of its prefixed name, path, and domain.
+     */
+    public function getId(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cookie prefix.
+     */
+    public function getPrefix(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cookie name.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cookie name prepended with the prefix, if any.
+     */
+    public function getPrefixedName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the cookie value.
+     */
+    public function getValue(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the time in Unix timestamp the cookie expires.
+     */
+    public function getExpiresTimestamp(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the formatted expires time.
+     */
+    public function getExpiresString(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the cookie is expired.
+     */
+    public function isExpired(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "Max-Age" cookie attribute.
+     */
+    public function getMaxAge(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "Path" cookie attribute.
+     */
+    public function getPath(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "Domain" cookie attribute.
+     */
+    public function getDomain(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "Secure" cookie attribute.
+     *
+     * Checks if the cookie is only sent to the server when a request is made
+     * with the `https:` scheme (except on `localhost`), and therefore is more
+     * resistent to man-in-the-middle attacks.
+     */
+    public function isSecure(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "HttpOnly" cookie attribute.
+     *
+     * Checks if JavaScript is forbidden from accessing the cookie.
+     */
+    public function isHTTPOnly(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "SameSite" cookie attribute.
+     */
+    public function getSameSite(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the cookie should be sent with no URL encoding.
+     */
+    public function isRaw(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the options that are passable to the `setcookie` variant
+     * available on PHP 7.3+
+     *
+     * @return array<string, bool|int|string>
+     */
+    public function getOptions(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Cookie as a header value.
+     */
+    public function toHeaderString(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the string representation of the Cookie object.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the array representation of the Cookie object.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, bool|int|string>
+     */
+    public function toArray(): array;
+}
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d893a4ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie;
+
+use ArrayIterator;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use Countable;
+use IteratorAggregate;
+use Traversable;
+
+/**
+ * The CookieStore object represents an immutable collection of `Cookie` value objects.
+ *
+ * @implements IteratorAggregate<string, Cookie>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStoreTest
+ */
+class CookieStore implements Countable, IteratorAggregate
+{
+    /**
+     * The cookie collection.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, Cookie>
+     */
+    protected $cookies = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a CookieStore from an array of `Set-Cookie` headers.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $headers
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    public static function fromCookieHeaders(array $headers, bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        /**
+         * @var Cookie[] $cookies
+         */
+        $cookies = array_filter(array_map(static function (string $header) use ($raw) {
+            try {
+                return Cookie::fromHeaderString($header, $raw);
+            } catch (CookieException $e) {
+                log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }, $headers));
+
+        return new static($cookies);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Cookie[] $cookies
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    final public function __construct(array $cookies)
+    {
+        $this->validateCookies($cookies);
+
+        foreach ($cookies as $cookie) {
+            $this->cookies[$cookie->getId()] = $cookie;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a `Cookie` object identified by name and
+     * prefix is present in the collection.
+     */
+    public function has(string $name, string $prefix = '', ?string $value = null): bool
+    {
+        $name = $prefix . $name;
+
+        foreach ($this->cookies as $cookie) {
+            if ($cookie->getPrefixedName() !== $name) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($value === null) {
+                return true; // for BC
+            }
+
+            return $cookie->getValue() === $value;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves an instance of `Cookie` identified by a name and prefix.
+     * This throws an exception if not found.
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    public function get(string $name, string $prefix = ''): Cookie
+    {
+        $name = $prefix . $name;
+
+        foreach ($this->cookies as $cookie) {
+            if ($cookie->getPrefixedName() === $name) {
+                return $cookie;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw CookieException::forUnknownCookieInstance([$name, $prefix]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Store a new cookie and return a new collection. The original collection
+     * is left unchanged.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function put(Cookie $cookie)
+    {
+        $store = clone $this;
+
+        $store->cookies[$cookie->getId()] = $cookie;
+
+        return $store;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a cookie from a collection and returns an updated collection.
+     * The original collection is left unchanged.
+     *
+     * Removing a cookie from the store **DOES NOT** delete it from the browser.
+     * If you intend to delete a cookie *from the browser*, you must put an empty
+     * value cookie with the same name to the store.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function remove(string $name, string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        $default = Cookie::setDefaults();
+
+        $id = implode(';', [$prefix . $name, $default['path'], $default['domain']]);
+
+        $store = clone $this;
+
+        foreach (array_keys($store->cookies) as $index) {
+            if ($index === $id) {
+                unset($store->cookies[$index]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $store;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dispatches all cookies in store.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Response should dispatch cookies.
+     */
+    public function dispatch(): void
+    {
+        foreach ($this->cookies as $cookie) {
+            $name    = $cookie->getPrefixedName();
+            $value   = $cookie->getValue();
+            $options = $cookie->getOptions();
+
+            if ($cookie->isRaw()) {
+                $this->setRawCookie($name, $value, $options);
+            } else {
+                $this->setCookie($name, $value, $options);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all cookie instances in store.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, Cookie>
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        return $this->cookies;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the cookie collection.
+     */
+    public function clear(): void
+    {
+        $this->cookies = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Cookie count in this collection.
+     */
+    public function count(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->cookies);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the iterator for the cookie collection.
+     *
+     * @return Traversable<string, Cookie>
+     */
+    public function getIterator(): Traversable
+    {
+        return new ArrayIterator($this->cookies);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates all cookies passed to be instances of Cookie.
+     *
+     * @throws CookieException
+     */
+    protected function validateCookies(array $cookies): void
+    {
+        foreach ($cookies as $index => $cookie) {
+            $type = is_object($cookie) ? get_class($cookie) : gettype($cookie);
+
+            if (! $cookie instanceof Cookie) {
+                throw CookieException::forInvalidCookieInstance([static::class, Cookie::class, $type, $index]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracted call to `setrawcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    protected function setRawCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
+    {
+        setrawcookie($name, $value, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracted call to `setcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    protected function setCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
+    {
+        setcookie($name, $value, $options);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Cookie/Exceptions/CookieException.php b/system/Cookie/Exceptions/CookieException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e69a0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Cookie/Exceptions/CookieException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+/**
+ * CookieException is thrown for invalid cookies initialization and management.
+ */
+class CookieException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown for invalid type given for the "Expires" attribute.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidExpiresTime(string $type)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidExpiresTime', [$type]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the value provided for "Expires" is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidExpiresValue()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidExpiresValue'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the cookie name contains invalid characters per RFC 2616.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidCookieName(string $name)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidCookieName', [$name]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the cookie name is empty.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forEmptyCookieName()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.emptyCookieName'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when using the `__Secure-` prefix but the `Secure` attribute
+     * is not set to true.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSecurePrefix()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidSecurePrefix'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when using the `__Host-` prefix but the `Secure` flag is not
+     * set, the `Domain` is set, and the `Path` is not `/`.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidHostPrefix()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidHostPrefix'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the `SameSite` attribute given is not of the valid types.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSameSite(string $sameSite)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidSameSite', [$sameSite]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the `SameSite` attribute is set to `None` but the `Secure`
+     * attribute is not set.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSameSiteNone()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidSameSiteNone'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the `CookieStore` class is filled with invalid Cookie objects.
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string> $data
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidCookieInstance(array $data)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.invalidCookieInstance', $data));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the queried Cookie object does not exist in the cookie collection.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $data
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forUnknownCookieInstance(array $data)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cookie.unknownCookieInstance', $data));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30202032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,3525 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use CodeIgniter\Traits\ConditionalTrait;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Class BaseBuilder
+ *
+ * Provides the core Query Builder methods.
+ * Database-specific Builders might need to override
+ * certain methods to make them work.
+ */
+class BaseBuilder
+{
+    use ConditionalTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Reset DELETE data flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $resetDeleteData = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB SELECT data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBSelect = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB DISTINCT flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $QBDistinct = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB FROM data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBFrom = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB JOIN data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBJoin = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB WHERE data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBWhere = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB GROUP BY data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $QBGroupBy = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB HAVING data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBHaving = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB keys
+     * list of column names.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    protected $QBKeys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB LIMIT data
+     *
+     * @var bool|int
+     */
+    protected $QBLimit = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB OFFSET data
+     *
+     * @var bool|int
+     */
+    protected $QBOffset = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB ORDER BY data
+     *
+     * @var array|string|null
+     */
+    public $QBOrderBy = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB UNION data
+     *
+     * @var array<string>
+     */
+    protected array $QBUnion = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB NO ESCAPE data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $QBNoEscape = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB data sets
+     *
+     * @var array[]|string[]
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, string>|list<list<string|int>>
+     */
+    protected $QBSet = [];
+
+    /**
+     * QB WHERE group started flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $QBWhereGroupStarted = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB WHERE group count
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $QBWhereGroupCount = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Ignore data that cause certain
+     * exceptions, for example in case of
+     * duplicate keys.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $QBIgnore = false;
+
+    /**
+     * QB Options data
+     * Holds additional options and data used to render SQL
+     * and is reset by resetWrite()
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var array{
+     *   updateFieldsAdditional?: array,
+     *   tableIdentity?: string,
+     *   updateFields?: array,
+     *   constraints?: array,
+     *   setQueryAsData?: string,
+     *   sql?: string,
+     *   alias?: string
+     * }
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $QBOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * A reference to the database connection.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of the primary table for this instance.
+     * Tracked separately because $QBFrom gets escaped
+     * and prefixed.
+     *
+     * When $tableName to the constructor has multiple tables,
+     * the value is empty string.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $tableName;
+
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY random keyword
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $randomKeyword = [
+        'RAND()',
+        'RAND(%d)',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * COUNT string
+     *
+     * @used-by CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+     * @used-by BaseBuilder::count_all_results()
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $countString = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the named parameters and
+     * their values for later binding
+     * in the Query object.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $binds = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the key count for named parameters
+     * in the Query object.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $bindsKeyCount = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Some databases, like SQLite, do not by default
+     * allow limiting of delete clauses.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $canLimitDeletes = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Some databases do not by default
+     * allow limit update queries with WHERE.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $canLimitWhereUpdates = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies which sql statements
+     * support the ignore option.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Builder testing mode status.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $testMode = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Tables relation types
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $joinTypes = [
+        'LEFT',
+        'RIGHT',
+        'OUTER',
+        'INNER',
+        'LEFT OUTER',
+        'RIGHT OUTER',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Strings that determine if a string represents a literal value or a field name
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $isLiteralStr = [];
+
+    /**
+     * RegExp used to get operators
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $pregOperators = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param array|string $tableName tablename or tablenames with or without aliases
+     *
+     * Examples of $tableName: `mytable`, `jobs j`, `jobs j, users u`, `['jobs j','users u']`
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function __construct($tableName, ConnectionInterface $db, ?array $options = null)
+    {
+        if (empty($tableName)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('A table must be specified when creating a new Query Builder.');
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @var BaseConnection $db
+         */
+        $this->db = $db;
+
+        // If it contains `,`, it has multiple tables
+        if (is_string($tableName) && strpos($tableName, ',') === false) {
+            $this->tableName = $tableName;  // @TODO remove alias if exists
+        } else {
+            $this->tableName = '';
+        }
+
+        $this->from($tableName);
+
+        if (! empty($options)) {
+            foreach ($options as $key => $value) {
+                if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+                    $this->{$key} = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current database connection
+     *
+     * @return BaseConnection|ConnectionInterface
+     */
+    public function db(): ConnectionInterface
+    {
+        return $this->db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a test mode status.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function testMode(bool $mode = true)
+    {
+        $this->testMode = $mode;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the name of the primary table.
+     */
+    public function getTable(): string
+    {
+        return $this->tableName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of bind values and their
+     * named parameters for binding in the Query object later.
+     */
+    public function getBinds(): array
+    {
+        return $this->binds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ignore
+     *
+     * Set ignore Flag for next insert,
+     * update or delete query.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function ignore(bool $ignore = true)
+    {
+        $this->QBIgnore = $ignore;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SELECT portion of the query
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $select
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function select($select = '*', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        // If the escape value was not set, we will base it on the global setting
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        if ($select instanceof RawSql) {
+            $this->QBSelect[] = $select;
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($select)) {
+            $select = $escape === false ? [$select] : explode(',', $select);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($select as $val) {
+            $val = trim($val);
+
+            if ($val !== '') {
+                $this->QBSelect[] = $val;
+
+                /*
+                 * When doing 'SELECT NULL as field_alias FROM table'
+                 * null gets taken as a field, and therefore escaped
+                 * with backticks.
+                 * This prevents NULL being escaped
+                 * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/1169
+                 */
+                if (mb_stripos(trim($val), 'NULL') === 0) {
+                    $escape = false;
+                }
+
+                $this->QBNoEscape[] = $escape;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a SELECT MAX(field) portion of a query
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function selectMax(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+    {
+        return $this->maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a SELECT MIN(field) portion of a query
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function selectMin(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+    {
+        return $this->maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias, 'MIN');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a SELECT AVG(field) portion of a query
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function selectAvg(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+    {
+        return $this->maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias, 'AVG');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a SELECT SUM(field) portion of a query
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function selectSum(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+    {
+        return $this->maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias, 'SUM');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a SELECT COUNT(field) portion of a query
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function selectCount(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+    {
+        return $this->maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias, 'COUNT');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a subquery to the selection
+     */
+    public function selectSubquery(BaseBuilder $subquery, string $as): self
+    {
+        $this->QBSelect[] = $this->buildSubquery($subquery, true, $as);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * SELECT [MAX|MIN|AVG|SUM|COUNT]()
+     *
+     * @used-by selectMax()
+     * @used-by selectMin()
+     * @used-by selectAvg()
+     * @used-by selectSum()
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    protected function maxMinAvgSum(string $select = '', string $alias = '', string $type = 'MAX')
+    {
+        if ($select === '') {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyInputGiven('Select');
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($select, ',') !== false) {
+            throw DataException::forInvalidArgument('column name not separated by comma');
+        }
+
+        $type = strtoupper($type);
+
+        if (! in_array($type, ['MAX', 'MIN', 'AVG', 'SUM', 'COUNT'], true)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('Invalid function type: ' . $type);
+        }
+
+        if ($alias === '') {
+            $alias = $this->createAliasFromTable(trim($select));
+        }
+
+        $sql = $type . '(' . $this->db->protectIdentifiers(trim($select)) . ') AS ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($alias));
+
+        $this->QBSelect[]   = $sql;
+        $this->QBNoEscape[] = null;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the alias name based on the table
+     */
+    protected function createAliasFromTable(string $item): string
+    {
+        if (strpos($item, '.') !== false) {
+            $item = explode('.', $item);
+
+            return end($item);
+        }
+
+        return $item;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a flag which tells the query string compiler to add DISTINCT
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function distinct(bool $val = true)
+    {
+        $this->QBDistinct = $val;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the FROM portion of the query
+     *
+     * @param array|string $from
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function from($from, bool $overwrite = false): self
+    {
+        if ($overwrite === true) {
+            $this->QBFrom = [];
+            $this->db->setAliasedTables([]);
+        }
+
+        foreach ((array) $from as $table) {
+            if (strpos($table, ',') !== false) {
+                $this->from(explode(',', $table));
+            } else {
+                $table = trim($table);
+
+                if ($table === '') {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->trackAliases($table);
+                $this->QBFrom[] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param BaseBuilder $from  Expected subquery
+     * @param string      $alias Subquery alias
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function fromSubquery(BaseBuilder $from, string $alias): self
+    {
+        $table = $this->buildSubquery($from, true, $alias);
+
+        $this->db->addTableAlias($alias);
+        $this->QBFrom[] = $table;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
+     *
+     * @param RawSql|string $cond
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function join(string $table, $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if ($type !== '') {
+            $type = strtoupper(trim($type));
+
+            if (! in_array($type, $this->joinTypes, true)) {
+                $type = '';
+            } else {
+                $type .= ' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
+        // in the protectIdentifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+        $this->trackAliases($table);
+
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        // Do we want to escape the table name?
+        if ($escape === true) {
+            $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+        }
+
+        if ($cond instanceof RawSql) {
+            $this->QBJoin[] = $type . 'JOIN ' . $table . ' ON ' . $cond;
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->hasOperator($cond)) {
+            $cond = ' USING (' . ($escape ? $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($cond) : $cond) . ')';
+        } elseif ($escape === false) {
+            $cond = ' ON ' . $cond;
+        } else {
+            // Split multiple conditions
+            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+                $conditions = [];
+                $joints     = $joints[0];
+                array_unshift($joints, ['', 0]);
+
+                for ($i = count($joints) - 1, $pos = strlen($cond); $i >= 0; $i--) {
+                    $joints[$i][1] += strlen($joints[$i][0]); // offset
+                    $conditions[$i] = substr($cond, $joints[$i][1], $pos - $joints[$i][1]);
+                    $pos            = $joints[$i][1] - strlen($joints[$i][0]);
+                    $joints[$i]     = $joints[$i][0];
+                }
+                ksort($conditions);
+            } else {
+                $conditions = [$cond];
+                $joints     = [''];
+            }
+
+            $cond = ' ON ';
+
+            foreach ($conditions as $i => $condition) {
+                $operator = $this->getOperator($condition);
+
+                $cond .= $joints[$i];
+                $cond .= preg_match('/(\(*)?([\[\]\w\.\'-]+)' . preg_quote($operator, '/') . '(.*)/i', $condition, $match) ? $match[1] . $this->db->protectIdentifiers($match[2]) . $operator . $this->db->protectIdentifiers($match[3]) : $condition;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Assemble the JOIN statement
+        $this->QBJoin[] = $type . 'JOIN ' . $table . $cond;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $key
+     * @param mixed               $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function where($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->whereHaving('QBWhere', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OR WHERE
+     *
+     * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $key
+     * @param mixed               $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orWhere($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->whereHaving('QBWhere', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @used-by where()
+     * @used-by orWhere()
+     * @used-by having()
+     * @used-by orHaving()
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $key
+     * @param mixed               $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function whereHaving(string $qbKey, $key, $value = null, string $type = 'AND ', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        $rawSqlOnly = false;
+
+        if ($key instanceof RawSql) {
+            if ($value === null) {
+                $keyValue   = [(string) $key => $key];
+                $rawSqlOnly = true;
+            } else {
+                $keyValue = [(string) $key => $value];
+            }
+        } elseif (! is_array($key)) {
+            $keyValue = [$key => $value];
+        } else {
+            $keyValue = $key;
+        }
+
+        // If the escape value was not set will base it on the global setting
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($keyValue as $k => $v) {
+            $prefix = empty($this->{$qbKey}) ? $this->groupGetType('') : $this->groupGetType($type);
+
+            if ($rawSqlOnly === true) {
+                $k  = '';
+                $op = '';
+            } elseif ($v !== null) {
+                $op = $this->getOperatorFromWhereKey($k);
+
+                if (! empty($op)) {
+                    $k = trim($k);
+
+                    end($op);
+                    $op = trim(current($op));
+
+                    // Does the key end with operator?
+                    if (substr($k, -strlen($op)) === $op) {
+                        $k  = rtrim(substr($k, 0, -strlen($op)));
+                        $op = " {$op}";
+                    } else {
+                        $op = '';
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    $op = ' =';
+                }
+
+                if ($this->isSubquery($v)) {
+                    $v = $this->buildSubquery($v, true);
+                } else {
+                    $bind = $this->setBind($k, $v, $escape);
+                    $v    = " :{$bind}:";
+                }
+            } elseif (! $this->hasOperator($k) && $qbKey !== 'QBHaving') {
+                // value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
+                $op = ' IS NULL';
+            } elseif (
+                // The key ends with !=, =, <>, IS, IS NOT
+                preg_match(
+                    '/\s*(!?=|<>|IS(?:\s+NOT)?)\s*$/i',
+                    $k,
+                    $match,
+                    PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE
+                )
+            ) {
+                $k  = substr($k, 0, $match[0][1]);
+                $op = $match[1][0] === '=' ? ' IS NULL' : ' IS NOT NULL';
+            } else {
+                $op = '';
+            }
+
+            if ($v instanceof RawSql) {
+                $this->{$qbKey}[] = [
+                    'condition' => $v->with($prefix . $k . $op . $v),
+                    'escape'    => $escape,
+                ];
+            } else {
+                $this->{$qbKey}[] = [
+                    'condition' => $prefix . $k . $op . $v,
+                    'escape'    => $escape,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function whereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, false, 'AND ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orWhereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, false, 'OR ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function whereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, true, 'AND ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orWhereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, true, 'OR ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a HAVING field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function havingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, false, 'AND ', $escape, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a HAVING field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orHavingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, false, 'OR ', $escape, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a HAVING field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function havingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, true, 'AND ', $escape, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a HAVING field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+     * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|string $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orHavingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->_whereIn($key, $values, true, 'OR ', $escape, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @used-by WhereIn()
+     * @used-by orWhereIn()
+     * @used-by whereNotIn()
+     * @used-by orWhereNotIn()
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseBuilder|Closure|null $values The values searched on, or anonymous function with subquery
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function _whereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, bool $not = false, string $type = 'AND ', ?bool $escape = null, string $clause = 'QBWhere')
+    {
+        if (empty($key) || ! is_string($key)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('%s() expects $key to be a non-empty string', debug_backtrace(0, 2)[1]['function']));
+        }
+
+        if ($values === null || (! is_array($values) && ! $this->isSubquery($values))) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('%s() expects $values to be of type array or closure', debug_backtrace(0, 2)[1]['function']));
+        }
+
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        $ok = $key;
+
+        if ($escape === true) {
+            $key = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($key);
+        }
+
+        $not = ($not) ? ' NOT' : '';
+
+        if ($this->isSubquery($values)) {
+            $whereIn = $this->buildSubquery($values, true);
+            $escape  = false;
+        } else {
+            $whereIn = array_values($values);
+        }
+
+        $ok = $this->setBind($ok, $whereIn, $escape);
+
+        $prefix = empty($this->{$clause}) ? $this->groupGetType('') : $this->groupGetType($type);
+
+        $whereIn = [
+            'condition' => "{$prefix}{$key}{$not} IN :{$ok}:",
+            'escape'    => false,
+        ];
+
+        $this->{$clause}[] = $whereIn;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function like($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, '', $escape, $insensitiveSearch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function notLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT', $escape, $insensitiveSearch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, '', $escape, $insensitiveSearch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orNotLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT', $escape, $insensitiveSearch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function havingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, '', $escape, $insensitiveSearch, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function notHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT', $escape, $insensitiveSearch, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, '', $escape, $insensitiveSearch, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orNotHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+    {
+        return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT', $escape, $insensitiveSearch, 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @used-by like()
+     * @used-by orLike()
+     * @used-by notLike()
+     * @used-by orNotLike()
+     * @used-by havingLike()
+     * @used-by orHavingLike()
+     * @used-by notHavingLike()
+     * @used-by orNotHavingLike()
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $field
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function _like($field, string $match = '', string $type = 'AND ', string $side = 'both', string $not = '', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false, string $clause = 'QBWhere')
+    {
+        $escape = is_bool($escape) ? $escape : $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        $side   = strtolower($side);
+
+        if ($field instanceof RawSql) {
+            $k                 = (string) $field;
+            $v                 = $match;
+            $insensitiveSearch = false;
+
+            $prefix = empty($this->{$clause}) ? $this->groupGetType('') : $this->groupGetType($type);
+
+            if ($side === 'none') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($field->getBindingKey(), $v, $escape);
+            } elseif ($side === 'before') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($field->getBindingKey(), "%{$v}", $escape);
+            } elseif ($side === 'after') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($field->getBindingKey(), "{$v}%", $escape);
+            } else {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($field->getBindingKey(), "%{$v}%", $escape);
+            }
+
+            $likeStatement = $this->_like_statement($prefix, $k, $not, $bind, $insensitiveSearch);
+
+            // some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
+            if ($escape === true && $this->db->likeEscapeStr !== '') {
+                $likeStatement .= sprintf($this->db->likeEscapeStr, $this->db->likeEscapeChar);
+            }
+
+            $this->{$clause}[] = [
+                'condition' => $field->with($likeStatement),
+                'escape'    => $escape,
+            ];
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $keyValue = ! is_array($field) ? [$field => $match] : $field;
+
+        foreach ($keyValue as $k => $v) {
+            if ($insensitiveSearch === true) {
+                $v = strtolower($v);
+            }
+
+            $prefix = empty($this->{$clause}) ? $this->groupGetType('') : $this->groupGetType($type);
+
+            if ($side === 'none') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($k, $v, $escape);
+            } elseif ($side === 'before') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($k, "%{$v}", $escape);
+            } elseif ($side === 'after') {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($k, "{$v}%", $escape);
+            } else {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($k, "%{$v}%", $escape);
+            }
+
+            $likeStatement = $this->_like_statement($prefix, $k, $not, $bind, $insensitiveSearch);
+
+            // some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
+            if ($escape === true && $this->db->likeEscapeStr !== '') {
+                $likeStatement .= sprintf($this->db->likeEscapeStr, $this->db->likeEscapeChar);
+            }
+
+            $this->{$clause}[] = [
+                'condition' => $likeStatement,
+                'escape'    => $escape,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform independent LIKE statement builder.
+     */
+    protected function _like_statement(?string $prefix, string $column, ?string $not, string $bind, bool $insensitiveSearch = false): string
+    {
+        if ($insensitiveSearch === true) {
+            return "{$prefix} LOWER(" . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($column) . ") {$not} LIKE :{$bind}:";
+        }
+
+        return "{$prefix} {$column} {$not} LIKE :{$bind}:";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add UNION statement
+     *
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function union($union)
+    {
+        return $this->addUnionStatement($union);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add UNION ALL statement
+     *
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function unionAll($union)
+    {
+        return $this->addUnionStatement($union, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @used-by union()
+     * @used-by unionAll()
+     *
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $union
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function addUnionStatement($union, bool $all = false)
+    {
+        $this->QBUnion[] = "\nUNION "
+            . ($all ? 'ALL ' : '')
+            . 'SELECT * FROM '
+            . $this->buildSubquery($union, true, 'uwrp' . (count($this->QBUnion) + 1));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function groupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group, but ORs the group
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('', 'OR ');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group, but NOTs the group
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function notGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('NOT ');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group, but OR NOTs the group
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orNotGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('NOT ', 'OR ');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ends a query group
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function groupEnd()
+    {
+        return $this->groupEndPrepare();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group for HAVING clause.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function havingGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('', 'AND ', 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group for HAVING clause, but ORs the group.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orHavingGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('', 'OR ', 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group for HAVING clause, but NOTs the group.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function notHavingGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('NOT ', 'AND ', 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a query group for HAVING clause, but OR NOTs the group.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orNotHavingGroupStart()
+    {
+        return $this->groupStartPrepare('NOT ', 'OR ', 'QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ends a query group for HAVING clause.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function havingGroupEnd()
+    {
+        return $this->groupEndPrepare('QBHaving');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepate a query group start.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function groupStartPrepare(string $not = '', string $type = 'AND ', string $clause = 'QBWhere')
+    {
+        $type = $this->groupGetType($type);
+
+        $this->QBWhereGroupStarted = true;
+        $prefix                    = empty($this->{$clause}) ? '' : $type;
+        $where                     = [
+            'condition' => $prefix . $not . str_repeat(' ', ++$this->QBWhereGroupCount) . ' (',
+            'escape'    => false,
+        ];
+
+        $this->{$clause}[] = $where;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepate a query group end.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function groupEndPrepare(string $clause = 'QBWhere')
+    {
+        $this->QBWhereGroupStarted = false;
+        $where                     = [
+            'condition' => str_repeat(' ', $this->QBWhereGroupCount--) . ')',
+            'escape'    => false,
+        ];
+
+        $this->{$clause}[] = $where;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @used-by groupStart()
+     * @used-by _like()
+     * @used-by whereHaving()
+     * @used-by _whereIn()
+     * @used-by havingGroupStart()
+     */
+    protected function groupGetType(string $type): string
+    {
+        if ($this->QBWhereGroupStarted) {
+            $type                      = '';
+            $this->QBWhereGroupStarted = false;
+        }
+
+        return $type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $by
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function groupBy($by, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($by)) {
+            $by = ($escape === true) ? explode(',', $by) : [$by];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($by as $val) {
+            $val = trim($val);
+
+            if ($val !== '') {
+                $val = [
+                    'field'  => $val,
+                    'escape' => $escape,
+                ];
+
+                $this->QBGroupBy[] = $val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $key
+     * @param mixed               $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function having($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->whereHaving('QBHaving', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $key
+     * @param mixed               $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orHaving($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        return $this->whereHaving('QBHaving', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $direction ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function orderBy(string $orderBy, string $direction = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        $qbOrderBy = [];
+        if (empty($orderBy)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+
+        if ($direction === 'RANDOM') {
+            $direction = '';
+            $orderBy   = ctype_digit($orderBy) ? sprintf($this->randomKeyword[1], $orderBy) : $this->randomKeyword[0];
+            $escape    = false;
+        } elseif ($direction !== '') {
+            $direction = in_array($direction, ['ASC', 'DESC'], true) ? ' ' . $direction : '';
+        }
+
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        if ($escape === false) {
+            $qbOrderBy[] = [
+                'field'     => $orderBy,
+                'direction' => $direction,
+                'escape'    => false,
+            ];
+        } else {
+            $qbOrderBy = [];
+
+            foreach (explode(',', $orderBy) as $field) {
+                $qbOrderBy[] = ($direction === '' && preg_match('/\s+(ASC|DESC)$/i', rtrim($field), $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+                    ? [
+                        'field'     => ltrim(substr($field, 0, $match[0][1])),
+                        'direction' => ' ' . $match[1][0],
+                        'escape'    => true,
+                    ]
+                    : [
+                        'field'     => trim($field),
+                        'direction' => $direction,
+                        'escape'    => true,
+                    ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->QBOrderBy = array_merge($this->QBOrderBy, $qbOrderBy);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function limit(?int $value = null, ?int $offset = 0)
+    {
+        if ($value !== null) {
+            $this->QBLimit = $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($offset)) {
+            $this->QBOffset = $offset;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the OFFSET value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function offset(int $offset)
+    {
+        if (! empty($offset)) {
+            $this->QBOffset = (int) $offset;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause.
+     */
+    protected function _limit(string $sql, bool $offsetIgnore = false): string
+    {
+        return $sql . ' LIMIT ' . ($offsetIgnore === false && $this->QBOffset ? $this->QBOffset . ', ' : '') . $this->QBLimit;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows key/value pairs to be set for insert(), update() or replace().
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $key    Field name, or an array of field/value pairs
+     * @param mixed               $value  Field value, if $key is a single field
+     * @param bool|null           $escape Whether to escape values
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function set($key, $value = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        $key = $this->objectToArray($key);
+
+        if (! is_array($key)) {
+            $key = [$key => $value];
+        }
+
+        $escape = is_bool($escape) ? $escape : $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+
+        foreach ($key as $k => $v) {
+            if ($escape) {
+                $bind = $this->setBind($k, $v, $escape);
+
+                $this->QBSet[$this->db->protectIdentifiers($k, false)] = ":{$bind}:";
+            } else {
+                $this->QBSet[$this->db->protectIdentifiers($k, false)] = $v;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the previously set() data, alternatively resetting it if needed.
+     */
+    public function getSetData(bool $clean = false): array
+    {
+        $data = $this->QBSet;
+
+        if ($clean) {
+            $this->QBSet = [];
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a SELECT query string and returns the sql.
+     */
+    public function getCompiledSelect(bool $reset = true): string
+    {
+        $select = $this->compileSelect();
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+        }
+
+        return $this->compileFinalQuery($select);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a finalized, compiled query string with the bindings
+     * inserted and prefixes swapped out.
+     */
+    protected function compileFinalQuery(string $sql): string
+    {
+        $query = new Query($this->db);
+        $query->setQuery($sql, $this->binds, false);
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->swapPre) && ! empty($this->db->DBPrefix)) {
+            $query->swapPrefix($this->db->DBPrefix, $this->db->swapPre);
+        }
+
+        return $query->getQuery();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the select statement based on the other functions called
+     * and runs the query
+     *
+     * @return false|ResultInterface
+     */
+    public function get(?int $limit = null, int $offset = 0, bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        if ($limit !== null) {
+            $this->limit($limit, $offset);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->testMode
+            ? $this->getCompiledSelect($reset)
+            : $this->db->query($this->compileSelect(), $this->binds, false);
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+
+            // Clear our binds so we don't eat up memory
+            $this->binds = [];
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+     * the particular table
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public function countAll(bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->countString . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers('numrows') . ' FROM ' .
+            $this->db->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+
+        if (empty($query->getResult())) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $query = $query->getRow();
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+        }
+
+        return (int) $query->numrows;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records
+     * returned by an Query Builder query.
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public function countAllResults(bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        // ORDER BY usage is often problematic here (most notably
+        // on Microsoft SQL Server) and ultimately unnecessary
+        // for selecting COUNT(*) ...
+        $orderBy = [];
+
+        if (! empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            $orderBy = $this->QBOrderBy;
+
+            $this->QBOrderBy = null;
+        }
+
+        // We cannot use a LIMIT when getting the single row COUNT(*) result
+        $limit = $this->QBLimit;
+
+        $this->QBLimit = false;
+
+        if ($this->QBDistinct === true || ! empty($this->QBGroupBy)) {
+            // We need to backup the original SELECT in case DBPrefix is used
+            $select = $this->QBSelect;
+            $sql    = $this->countString . $this->db->protectIdentifiers('numrows') . "\nFROM (\n" . $this->compileSelect() . "\n) CI_count_all_results";
+
+            // Restore SELECT part
+            $this->QBSelect = $select;
+            unset($select);
+        } else {
+            $sql = $this->compileSelect($this->countString . $this->db->protectIdentifiers('numrows'));
+        }
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+        } elseif (! isset($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            $this->QBOrderBy = $orderBy;
+        }
+
+        // Restore the LIMIT setting
+        $this->QBLimit = $limit;
+
+        $row = ! $result instanceof ResultInterface ? null : $result->getRow();
+
+        if (empty($row)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        return (int) $row->numrows;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the set conditions and returns the sql statement
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getCompiledQBWhere()
+    {
+        return $this->QBWhere;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows the where clause, limit and offset to be added directly
+     *
+     * @param array|string $where
+     *
+     * @return ResultInterface
+     */
+    public function getWhere($where = null, ?int $limit = null, ?int $offset = 0, bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        if ($where !== null) {
+            $this->where($where);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($limit)) {
+            $this->limit($limit, $offset);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->testMode
+            ? $this->getCompiledSelect($reset)
+            : $this->db->query($this->compileSelect(), $this->binds, false);
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+
+            // Clear our binds so we don't eat up memory
+            $this->binds = [];
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch insert/update/upsert strings and runs the queries
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function batchExecute(string $renderMethod, int $batchSize = 100)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->QBSet)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException(trim($renderMethod, '_') . '() has no data.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($this->QBFrom[0], true, null, false);
+
+        $affectedRows = 0;
+        $savedSQL     = [];
+        $cnt          = count($this->QBSet);
+
+        // batch size 0 for unlimited
+        if ($batchSize === 0) {
+            $batchSize = $cnt;
+        }
+
+        for ($i = 0, $total = $cnt; $i < $total; $i += $batchSize) {
+            $QBSet = array_slice($this->QBSet, $i, $batchSize);
+
+            $sql = $this->{$renderMethod}($table, $this->QBKeys, $QBSet);
+
+            if ($sql === '') {
+                return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->testMode) {
+                $savedSQL[] = $sql;
+            } else {
+                $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+                $affectedRows += $this->db->affectedRows();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+        }
+
+        return $this->testMode ? $savedSQL : $affectedRows;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows a row or multiple rows to be set for batch inserts/upserts/updates
+     *
+     * @param array|object $set
+     * @param string       $alias alias for sql table
+     *
+     * @return $this|null
+     */
+    public function setData($set, ?bool $escape = null, string $alias = '')
+    {
+        if (empty($set)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('setData() has no data.');
+            }
+
+            return null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $this->setAlias($alias);
+
+        // this allows to set just one row at a time
+        if (is_object($set) || (! is_array(current($set)) && ! is_object(current($set)))) {
+            $set = [$set];
+        }
+
+        $set = $this->batchObjectToArray($set);
+
+        $escape = is_bool($escape) ? $escape : $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+
+        $keys = array_keys($this->objectToArray(current($set)));
+        sort($keys);
+
+        foreach ($set as $row) {
+            $row = $this->objectToArray($row);
+            if (array_diff($keys, array_keys($row)) !== [] || array_diff(array_keys($row), $keys) !== []) {
+                // batchExecute() function returns an error on an empty array
+                $this->QBSet[] = [];
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ksort($row); // puts $row in the same order as our keys
+
+            $clean = [];
+
+            foreach ($row as $rowValue) {
+                $clean[] = $escape ? $this->db->escape($rowValue) : $rowValue;
+            }
+
+            $row = $clean;
+
+            $this->QBSet[] = $row;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($keys as $k) {
+            $k = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($k, false);
+
+            if (! in_array($k, $this->QBKeys, true)) {
+                $this->QBKeys[] = $k;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an upsert query and returns the sql
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function getCompiledUpsert()
+    {
+        [$currentTestMode, $this->testMode] = [$this->testMode, true];
+
+        $sql = implode(";\n", $this->upsert());
+
+        $this->testMode = $currentTestMode;
+
+        return $this->compileFinalQuery($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts call to batchUpsert
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $set
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of affected rows or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function upsert($set = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        // if set() has been used merge QBSet with binds and then setData()
+        if ($set === null && ! is_array(current($this->QBSet))) {
+            $set = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->QBSet as $field => $value) {
+                $k = trim($field, $this->db->escapeChar);
+                // use binds if available else use QBSet value but with RawSql to avoid escape
+                $set[$k] = isset($this->binds[$k]) ? $this->binds[$k][0] : new RawSql($value);
+            }
+
+            $this->binds = [];
+
+            $this->resetRun([
+                'QBSet'  => [],
+                'QBKeys' => [],
+            ]);
+
+            $this->setData($set, true); // unescaped items are RawSql now
+        } elseif ($set !== null) {
+            $this->setData($set, $escape);
+        } // else setData() has already been used and we need to do nothing
+
+        return $this->batchExecute('_upsertBatch');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch upsert strings and runs the queries
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $set a dataset
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of affected rows or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function upsertBatch($set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $sql = $this->_upsertBatch($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBKeys, []);
+
+            if ($sql === '') {
+                return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->testMode === false) {
+                $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+            }
+
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->affectedRows();
+        }
+
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->setData($set, $escape);
+        }
+
+        return $this->batchExecute('_upsertBatch', $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific upsertBatch string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @used-by batchExecute
+     *
+     * @param string   $table Protected table name
+     * @param string[] $keys  QBKeys
+     * @phpstan-param list<string> $keys QBKeys
+     * @param array<array<int|string>> $values QBSet
+     * @phpstan-param list<list<string|int>> $values QBSet
+     */
+    protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? $this->updateFields($keys)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? [];
+
+            $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\n{:_table_:}ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE\n" . implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        ' = ' . $value :
+                        ' = VALUES(' . $value . ')'),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'] . "\n";
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values)) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set table alias for dataset pseudo table.
+     */
+    private function setAlias(string $alias): BaseBuilder
+    {
+        if ($alias !== '') {
+            $this->db->addTableAlias($alias);
+            $this->QBOptions['alias'] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($alias);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets update fields for upsert, update
+     *
+     * @param RawSql[]|string|string[] $set
+     * @param bool                     $addToDefault adds update fields to the default ones
+     * @param array|null               $ignore       ignores items in set
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function updateFields($set, bool $addToDefault = false, ?array $ignore = null)
+    {
+        if (! empty($set)) {
+            if (! is_array($set)) {
+                $set = explode(',', $set);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($set as $key => $value) {
+                if (! ($value instanceof RawSql)) {
+                    $value = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($value);
+                }
+
+                if (is_numeric($key)) {
+                    $key = $value;
+                }
+
+                if ($ignore === null || ! in_array($key, $ignore, true)) {
+                    if ($addToDefault) {
+                        $this->QBOptions['updateFieldsAdditional'][$this->db->protectIdentifiers($key)] = $value;
+                    } else {
+                        $this->QBOptions['updateFields'][$this->db->protectIdentifiers($key)] = $value;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($addToDefault === false && isset($this->QBOptions['updateFieldsAdditional'], $this->QBOptions['updateFields'])) {
+                $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] = array_merge($this->QBOptions['updateFields'], $this->QBOptions['updateFieldsAdditional']);
+
+                unset($this->QBOptions['updateFieldsAdditional']);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets constraints for batch upsert, update
+     *
+     * @param array|RawSql|string $set a string of columns, key value pairs, or RawSql
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function onConstraint($set)
+    {
+        if (! empty($set)) {
+            if (is_string($set)) {
+                $set = explode(',', $set);
+
+                $set = array_map(static fn ($key) => trim($key), $set);
+            }
+
+            if ($set instanceof RawSql) {
+                $set = [$set];
+            }
+
+            foreach ($set as $key => $value) {
+                if (! ($value instanceof RawSql)) {
+                    $value = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($value);
+                }
+
+                if (is_string($key)) {
+                    $key = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($key);
+                }
+
+                $this->QBOptions['constraints'][$key] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets data source as a query for insertBatch()/updateBatch()/upsertBatch()/deleteBatch()
+     *
+     * @param BaseBuilder|RawSql $query
+     * @param array|string|null  $columns an array or comma delimited string of columns
+     */
+    public function setQueryAsData($query, ?string $alias = null, $columns = null): BaseBuilder
+    {
+        if (is_string($query)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('$query parameter must be BaseBuilder or RawSql class.');
+        }
+
+        if ($query instanceof BaseBuilder) {
+            $query = $query->getCompiledSelect();
+        } elseif ($query instanceof RawSql) {
+            $query = $query->__toString();
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($query)) {
+            if ($columns !== null && is_string($columns)) {
+                $columns = explode(',', $columns);
+                $columns = array_map(static fn ($key) => trim($key), $columns);
+            }
+
+            $columns = (array) $columns;
+
+            if ($columns === []) {
+                $columns = $this->fieldsFromQuery($query);
+            }
+
+            if ($alias !== null) {
+                $this->setAlias($alias);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($columns as $key => $value) {
+                $columns[$key] = $this->db->escapeChar . $value . $this->db->escapeChar;
+            }
+
+            $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'] = $query;
+            $this->QBKeys                      = $columns;
+            $this->QBSet                       = [];
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets column names from a select query
+     */
+    protected function fieldsFromQuery(string $sql): array
+    {
+        return $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM (' . $sql . ') _u_ LIMIT 1')->getFieldNames();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts value array of array to array of strings
+     */
+    protected function formatValues(array $values): array
+    {
+        return array_map(static fn ($index) => '(' . implode(',', $index) . ')', $values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch insert strings and runs the queries
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $set a dataset
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     */
+    public function insertBatch($set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $sql = $this->_insertBatch($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBKeys, []);
+
+            if ($sql === '') {
+                return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->testMode === false) {
+                $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+            }
+
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->affectedRows();
+        }
+
+        if ($set !== null && $set !== []) {
+            $this->setData($set, $escape);
+        }
+
+        return $this->batchExecute('_insertBatch', $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+     *
+     * @used-by batchExecute
+     *
+     * @param string   $table Protected table name
+     * @param string[] $keys  QBKeys
+     * @phpstan-param list<string> $keys QBKeys
+     * @param array<array<int|string>> $values QBSet
+     * @phpstan-param list<list<string|int>> $values QBSet
+     */
+    protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $sql = 'INSERT ' . $this->compileIgnore('insert') . 'INTO ' . $table
+                . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values));
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch inserts
+     *
+     * @param mixed $key
+     *
+     * @return $this|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public function setInsertBatch($key, string $value = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($key)) {
+            $key = [[$key => $value]];
+        }
+
+        return $this->setData($key, $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an insert query and returns the sql
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function getCompiledInsert(bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        if ($this->validateInsert() === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_insert(
+            $this->db->protectIdentifiers(
+                $this->removeAlias($this->QBFrom[0]),
+                true,
+                null,
+                false
+            ),
+            array_keys($this->QBSet),
+            array_values($this->QBSet)
+        );
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+        }
+
+        return $this->compileFinalQuery($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an insert string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $set
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function insert($set = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->set($set, '', $escape);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->validateInsert() === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_insert(
+            $this->db->protectIdentifiers(
+                $this->removeAlias($this->QBFrom[0]),
+                true,
+                $escape,
+                false
+            ),
+            array_keys($this->QBSet),
+            array_values($this->QBSet)
+        );
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            $result = $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+
+            // Clear our binds so we don't eat up memory
+            $this->binds = [];
+
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @internal This is a temporary solution.
+     *
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/5376
+     *
+     * @TODO Fix a root cause, and this method should be removed.
+     */
+    protected function removeAlias(string $from): string
+    {
+        if (strpos($from, ' ') !== false) {
+            // if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
+            $from = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $from);
+
+            $parts = explode(' ', $from);
+            $from  = $parts[0];
+        }
+
+        return $from;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is used by both insert() and getCompiledInsert() to
+     * validate that the there data is actually being set and that table
+     * has been chosen to be inserted into.
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function validateInsert(): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($this->QBSet)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must use the "set" method to insert an entry.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @param string $table Protected table name
+     */
+    protected function _insert(string $table, array $keys, array $unescapedKeys): string
+    {
+        return 'INSERT ' . $this->compileIgnore('insert') . 'INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ') VALUES (' . implode(', ', $unescapedKeys) . ')';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a replace into string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function replace(?array $set = null)
+    {
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->set($set);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->QBSet)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must use the "set" method to update an entry.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->_replace($table, array_keys($this->QBSet), array_values($this->QBSet));
+
+        $this->resetWrite();
+
+        return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @param string $table Protected table name
+     */
+    protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        return 'REPLACE INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ') VALUES (' . implode(', ', $values) . ')';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+     * about operator precedence.
+     *
+     * Note: This is only used (and overridden) by MySQL and SQLSRV.
+     */
+    protected function _fromTables(): string
+    {
+        return implode(', ', $this->QBFrom);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an update query and returns the sql
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    public function getCompiledUpdate(bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        if ($this->validateUpdate() === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBSet);
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+        }
+
+        return $this->compileFinalQuery($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an update string and runs the query.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null        $set
+     * @param array|RawSql|string|null $where
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function update($set = null, $where = null, ?int $limit = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->set($set);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->validateUpdate() === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($where !== null) {
+            $this->where($where);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($limit)) {
+            if (! $this->canLimitWhereUpdates) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This driver does not allow LIMITs on UPDATE queries using WHERE.');
+            }
+
+            $this->limit($limit);
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBSet);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            $result = $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+
+            if ($result !== false) {
+                // Clear our binds so we don't eat up memory
+                $this->binds = [];
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @param string $table Protected table name
+     */
+    protected function _update(string $table, array $values): string
+    {
+        $valStr = [];
+
+        foreach ($values as $key => $val) {
+            $valStr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+        }
+
+        return 'UPDATE ' . $this->compileIgnore('update') . $table . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $valStr)
+            . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            . $this->compileOrderBy()
+            . ($this->QBLimit ? $this->_limit(' ', true) : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is used by both update() and getCompiledUpdate() to
+     * validate that data is actually being set and that a table has been
+     * chosen to be updated.
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function validateUpdate(): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($this->QBSet)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must use the "set" method to update an entry.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets data and calls batchExecute to run queries
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null        $set         a dataset
+     * @param array|RawSql|string|null $constraints
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     */
+    public function updateBatch($set = null, $constraints = null, int $batchSize = 100)
+    {
+        $this->onConstraint($constraints);
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $sql = $this->_updateBatch($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBKeys, []);
+
+            if ($sql === '') {
+                return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->testMode === false) {
+                $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+            }
+
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->affectedRows();
+        }
+
+        if ($set !== null && $set !== []) {
+            $this->setData($set, true);
+        }
+
+        return $this->batchExecute('_updateBatch', $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @used-by batchExecute
+     *
+     * @param string   $table Protected table name
+     * @param string[] $keys  QBKeys
+     * @phpstan-param list<string> $keys QBKeys
+     * @param array[] $values QBSet
+     * @phpstan-param list<list<string|int>> $values QBSet
+     */
+    protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch updates.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                [];
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '_u';
+
+            $sql = 'UPDATE ' . $this->compileIgnore('update') . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        ' = ' . $value :
+                        ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "FROM (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'WHERE ' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        ($value instanceof RawSql && is_string($key))
+                        ?
+                        $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $value
+                        :
+                        (
+                            $value instanceof RawSql
+                            ?
+                            $value
+                            :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch updating
+     *
+     * @param array|object $key
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public function setUpdateBatch($key, string $index = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if ($index !== '') {
+            $this->onConstraint($index);
+        }
+
+        $this->setData($key, $escape);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete string and runs "DELETE FROM table"
+     *
+     * @return bool|string TRUE on success, FALSE on failure, string on testMode
+     */
+    public function emptyTable()
+    {
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->_delete($table);
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $this->resetWrite();
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a truncate string and runs the query
+     * If the database does not support the truncate() command
+     * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+     *
+     * @return bool|string TRUE on success, FALSE on failure, string on testMode
+     */
+    public function truncate()
+    {
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->_truncate($table);
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $this->resetWrite();
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+     * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+     *
+     * @param string $table Protected table name
+     */
+    protected function _truncate(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'TRUNCATE ' . $table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete query string and returns the sql
+     */
+    public function getCompiledDelete(bool $reset = true): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->testMode()->delete('', null, $reset);
+        $this->testMode(false);
+
+        return $this->compileFinalQuery($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @param mixed $where
+     *
+     * @return bool|string Returns a string if in test mode.
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function delete($where = '', ?int $limit = null, bool $resetData = true)
+    {
+        $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($this->QBFrom[0], true, null, false);
+
+        if ($where !== '') {
+            $this->where($where);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->QBWhere)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_delete($this->removeAlias($table));
+
+        if (! empty($limit)) {
+            $this->QBLimit = $limit;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->QBLimit)) {
+            if (! $this->canLimitDeletes) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('SQLite3 does not allow LIMITs on DELETE queries.');
+            }
+
+            $sql = $this->_limit($sql, true);
+        }
+
+        if ($resetData) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+        }
+
+        return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets data and calls batchExecute to run queries
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $set         a dataset
+     * @param array|RawSql|null $constraints
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     */
+    public function deleteBatch($set = null, $constraints = null, int $batchSize = 100)
+    {
+        $this->onConstraint($constraints);
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $sql = $this->_deleteBatch($this->QBFrom[0], $this->QBKeys, []);
+
+            if ($sql === '') {
+                return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->testMode === false) {
+                $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+            }
+
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->affectedRows();
+        }
+
+        if ($set !== null && $set !== []) {
+            $this->setData($set, true);
+        }
+
+        return $this->batchExecute('_deleteBatch', $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @used-by batchExecute
+     *
+     * @param string   $table Protected table name
+     * @param string[] $keys  QBKeys
+     * @phpstan-param list<string> $keys QBKeys
+     * @param array<array<int|string>> $values QBSet
+     * @phpstan-param list<list<string|int>> $values QBSet
+     */
+    protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch deletes.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '_u';
+
+            $sql = 'DELETE ' . $table . ' FROM ' . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "INNER JOIN (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'ON ' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        $value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        $value :
+                        (
+                            is_string($key) ?
+                            $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            );
+
+            // convert binds in where
+            foreach ($this->QBWhere as $key => $where) {
+                foreach ($this->binds as $field => $bind) {
+                    $this->QBWhere[$key]['condition'] = str_replace(':' . $field . ':', $bind[0], $where['condition']);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $sql .= ' ' . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere');
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = trim($sql);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increments a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function increment(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], [$column => "{$column} + {$value}"]);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrements a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], [$column => "{$column}-{$value}"]);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @param string $table Protected table name
+     */
+    protected function _delete(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'DELETE ' . $this->compileIgnore('delete') . 'FROM ' . $table . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used to track SQL statements written with aliased tables.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $table The table to inspect
+     *
+     * @return string|void
+     */
+    protected function trackAliases($table)
+    {
+        if (is_array($table)) {
+            foreach ($table as $t) {
+                $this->trackAliases($t);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Does the string contain a comma?  If so, we need to separate
+        // the string into discreet statements
+        if (strpos($table, ',') !== false) {
+            return $this->trackAliases(explode(',', $table));
+        }
+
+        // if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
+        if (strpos($table, ' ') !== false) {
+            // if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
+            $table = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $table);
+
+            // Grab the alias
+            $table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
+
+            // Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
+            $this->db->addTableAlias($table);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compile the SELECT statement
+     *
+     * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
+     * Should not be called directly.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $selectOverride
+     */
+    protected function compileSelect($selectOverride = false): string
+    {
+        if ($selectOverride !== false) {
+            $sql = $selectOverride;
+        } else {
+            $sql = (! $this->QBDistinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+
+            if (empty($this->QBSelect)) {
+                $sql .= '*';
+            } elseif ($this->QBSelect[0] instanceof RawSql) {
+                $sql .= (string) $this->QBSelect[0];
+            } else {
+                // Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
+                // The reason we protect identifiers here rather than in the select() function
+                // is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
+                foreach ($this->QBSelect as $key => $val) {
+                    $noEscape             = $this->QBNoEscape[$key] ?? null;
+                    $this->QBSelect[$key] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($val, false, $noEscape);
+                }
+
+                $sql .= implode(', ', $this->QBSelect);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->QBFrom)) {
+            $sql .= "\nFROM " . $this->_fromTables();
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->QBJoin)) {
+            $sql .= "\n" . implode("\n", $this->QBJoin);
+        }
+
+        $sql .= $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            . $this->compileGroupBy()
+            . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBHaving')
+            . $this->compileOrderBy();
+
+        if ($this->QBLimit) {
+            $sql = $this->_limit($sql . "\n");
+        }
+
+        return $this->unionInjection($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the ignore option is supported by
+     * the Database Driver for the specific statement.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function compileIgnore(string $statement)
+    {
+        if ($this->QBIgnore && isset($this->supportedIgnoreStatements[$statement])) {
+            return trim($this->supportedIgnoreStatements[$statement]) . ' ';
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes identifiers in WHERE and HAVING statements at execution time.
+     *
+     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+     * where(), orWhere(), having(), orHaving are called prior to from(),
+     * join() and prefixTable is added only if needed.
+     *
+     * @param string $qbKey 'QBWhere' or 'QBHaving'
+     *
+     * @return string SQL statement
+     */
+    protected function compileWhereHaving(string $qbKey): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->{$qbKey})) {
+            foreach ($this->{$qbKey} as &$qbkey) {
+                // Is this condition already compiled?
+                if (is_string($qbkey)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ($qbkey instanceof RawSql) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ($qbkey['condition'] instanceof RawSql) {
+                    $qbkey = $qbkey['condition'];
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ($qbkey['escape'] === false) {
+                    $qbkey = $qbkey['condition'];
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Split multiple conditions
+                $conditions = preg_split(
+                    '/((?:^|\s+)AND\s+|(?:^|\s+)OR\s+)/i',
+                    $qbkey['condition'],
+                    -1,
+                    PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+                );
+
+                foreach ($conditions as &$condition) {
+                    if (($op = $this->getOperator($condition)) === false
+                        || ! preg_match('/^(\(?)(.*)(' . preg_quote($op, '/') . ')\s*(.*(?<!\)))?(\)?)$/i', $condition, $matches)
+                    ) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    // $matches = array(
+                    //	0 => '(test <= foo)',	/* the whole thing */
+                    //	1 => '(',		/* optional */
+                    //	2 => 'test',		/* the field name */
+                    //	3 => ' <= ',		/* $op */
+                    //	4 => 'foo',		/* optional, if $op is e.g. 'IS NULL' */
+                    //	5 => ')'		/* optional */
+                    // );
+
+                    if (! empty($matches[4])) {
+                        $protectIdentifiers = false;
+                        if (strpos($matches[4], '.') !== false) {
+                            $protectIdentifiers = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (strpos($matches[4], ':') === false) {
+                            $matches[4] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers(trim($matches[4]), false, $protectIdentifiers);
+                        }
+
+                        $matches[4] = ' ' . $matches[4];
+                    }
+
+                    $condition = $matches[1] . $this->db->protectIdentifiers(trim($matches[2]))
+                        . ' ' . trim($matches[3]) . $matches[4] . $matches[5];
+                }
+
+                $qbkey = implode('', $conditions);
+            }
+
+            return ($qbKey === 'QBHaving' ? "\nHAVING " : "\nWHERE ")
+                . implode("\n", $this->{$qbKey});
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes identifiers in GROUP BY statements at execution time.
+     *
+     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+     * groupBy() is called prior to from(), join() and prefixTable is added
+     * only if needed.
+     */
+    protected function compileGroupBy(): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->QBGroupBy)) {
+            foreach ($this->QBGroupBy as &$groupBy) {
+                // Is it already compiled?
+                if (is_string($groupBy)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $groupBy = ($groupBy['escape'] === false || $this->isLiteral($groupBy['field']))
+                    ? $groupBy['field']
+                    : $this->db->protectIdentifiers($groupBy['field']);
+            }
+
+            return "\nGROUP BY " . implode(', ', $this->QBGroupBy);
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes identifiers in ORDER BY statements at execution time.
+     *
+     * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+     * orderBy() is called prior to from(), join() and prefixTable is added
+     * only if needed.
+     */
+    protected function compileOrderBy(): string
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->QBOrderBy) && ! empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            foreach ($this->QBOrderBy as &$orderBy) {
+                if ($orderBy['escape'] !== false && ! $this->isLiteral($orderBy['field'])) {
+                    $orderBy['field'] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($orderBy['field']);
+                }
+
+                $orderBy = $orderBy['field'] . $orderBy['direction'];
+            }
+
+            return $this->QBOrderBy = "\nORDER BY " . implode(', ', $this->QBOrderBy);
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            return $this->QBOrderBy;
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    protected function unionInjection(string $sql): string
+    {
+        if ($this->QBUnion === []) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        return 'SELECT * FROM (' . $sql . ') '
+            . ($this->db->protectIdentifiers ? $this->db->escapeIdentifiers('uwrp0') : 'uwrp0')
+            . implode("\n", $this->QBUnion);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+     *
+     * @param array|object $object
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function objectToArray($object)
+    {
+        if (! is_object($object)) {
+            return $object;
+        }
+
+        if ($object instanceof RawSql) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('RawSql "' . $object . '" cannot be used here.');
+        }
+
+        $array = [];
+
+        foreach (get_object_vars($object) as $key => $val) {
+            if ((! is_object($val) || $val instanceof RawSql) && ! is_array($val)) {
+                $array[$key] = $val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+     *
+     * @param array|object $object
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function batchObjectToArray($object)
+    {
+        if (! is_object($object)) {
+            return $object;
+        }
+
+        $array  = [];
+        $out    = get_object_vars($object);
+        $fields = array_keys($out);
+
+        foreach ($fields as $val) {
+            $i = 0;
+
+            foreach ($out[$val] as $data) {
+                $array[$i++][$val] = $data;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a string represents a literal value or a field name
+     */
+    protected function isLiteral(string $str): bool
+    {
+        $str = trim($str);
+
+        if (empty($str)
+            || ctype_digit($str)
+            || (string) (float) $str === $str
+            || in_array(strtoupper($str), ['TRUE', 'FALSE'], true)
+        ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->isLiteralStr === []) {
+            $this->isLiteralStr = $this->db->escapeChar !== '"' ? ['"', "'"] : ["'"];
+        }
+
+        return in_array($str[0], $this->isLiteralStr, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Publicly-visible method to reset the QB values.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function resetQuery()
+    {
+        $this->resetSelect();
+        $this->resetWrite();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+     *
+     * @param array $qbResetItems An array of fields to reset
+     */
+    protected function resetRun(array $qbResetItems)
+    {
+        foreach ($qbResetItems as $item => $defaultValue) {
+            $this->{$item} = $defaultValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+     */
+    protected function resetSelect()
+    {
+        $this->resetRun([
+            'QBSelect'   => [],
+            'QBJoin'     => [],
+            'QBWhere'    => [],
+            'QBGroupBy'  => [],
+            'QBHaving'   => [],
+            'QBOrderBy'  => [],
+            'QBNoEscape' => [],
+            'QBDistinct' => false,
+            'QBLimit'    => false,
+            'QBOffset'   => false,
+            'QBUnion'    => [],
+        ]);
+
+        if (! empty($this->db)) {
+            $this->db->setAliasedTables([]);
+        }
+
+        // Reset QBFrom part
+        if (! empty($this->QBFrom)) {
+            $this->from(array_shift($this->QBFrom), true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the query builder "write" values.
+     *
+     * Called by the insert() update() insertBatch() updateBatch() and delete() functions
+     */
+    protected function resetWrite()
+    {
+        $this->resetRun([
+            'QBSet'     => [],
+            'QBJoin'    => [],
+            'QBWhere'   => [],
+            'QBOrderBy' => [],
+            'QBKeys'    => [],
+            'QBLimit'   => false,
+            'QBIgnore'  => false,
+            'QBOptions' => [],
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
+     */
+    protected function hasOperator(string $str): bool
+    {
+        return preg_match(
+            '/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i',
+            trim($str)
+        ) === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the SQL string operator
+     *
+     * @return array|false|string
+     */
+    protected function getOperator(string $str, bool $list = false)
+    {
+        if ($this->pregOperators === []) {
+            $_les = $this->db->likeEscapeStr !== ''
+                ? '\s+' . preg_quote(trim(sprintf($this->db->likeEscapeStr, $this->db->likeEscapeChar)), '/')
+                : '';
+            $this->pregOperators = [
+                '\s*(?:<|>|!)?=\s*', // =, <=, >=, !=
+                '\s*<>?\s*',         // <, <>
+                '\s*>\s*',           // >
+                '\s+IS NULL',             // IS NULL
+                '\s+IS NOT NULL',         // IS NOT NULL
+                '\s+EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',     // EXISTS (sql)
+                '\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\(.*\)', // NOT EXISTS(sql)
+                '\s+BETWEEN\s+',          // BETWEEN value AND value
+                '\s+IN\s*\(.*\)',         // IN (list)
+                '\s+NOT IN\s*\(.*\)',     // NOT IN (list)
+                '\s+LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $_les . ')?',     // LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+                '\s+NOT LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $_les . ')?', // NOT LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return preg_match_all(
+            '/' . implode('|', $this->pregOperators) . '/i',
+            $str,
+            $match
+        ) ? ($list ? $match[0] : $match[0][0]) : false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the SQL string operator from where key
+     *
+     * @return array<int, string>|false
+     * @phpstan-return list<string>|false
+     */
+    private function getOperatorFromWhereKey(string $whereKey)
+    {
+        $whereKey = trim($whereKey);
+
+        $pregOperators = [
+            '\s*(?:<|>|!)?=',         // =, <=, >=, !=
+            '\s*<>?',                 // <, <>
+            '\s*>',                   // >
+            '\s+IS NULL',             // IS NULL
+            '\s+IS NOT NULL',         // IS NOT NULL
+            '\s+EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',     // EXISTS (sql)
+            '\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\(.*\)', // NOT EXISTS (sql)
+            '\s+BETWEEN\s+',          // BETWEEN value AND value
+            '\s+IN\s*\(.*\)',         // IN (list)
+            '\s+NOT IN\s*\(.*\)',     // NOT IN (list)
+            '\s+LIKE',                // LIKE
+            '\s+NOT LIKE',            // NOT LIKE
+        ];
+
+        return preg_match_all(
+            '/' . implode('|', $pregOperators) . '/i',
+            $whereKey,
+            $match
+        ) ? $match[0] : false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores a bind value after ensuring that it's unique.
+     * While it might be nicer to have named keys for our binds array
+     * with PHP 7+ we get a huge memory/performance gain with indexed
+     * arrays instead, so lets take advantage of that here.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    protected function setBind(string $key, $value = null, bool $escape = true): string
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($key, $this->binds)) {
+            $this->binds[$key] = [
+                $value,
+                $escape,
+            ];
+
+            return $key;
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($key, $this->bindsKeyCount)) {
+            $this->bindsKeyCount[$key] = 1;
+        }
+
+        $count = $this->bindsKeyCount[$key]++;
+
+        $this->binds[$key . '.' . $count] = [
+            $value,
+            $escape,
+        ];
+
+        return $key . '.' . $count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a clone of a Base Builder with reset query builder values.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    protected function cleanClone()
+    {
+        return (clone $this)->from([], true)->resetQuery();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    protected function isSubquery($value): bool
+    {
+        return $value instanceof BaseBuilder || $value instanceof Closure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param BaseBuilder|Closure $builder
+     * @param bool                $wrapped Wrap the subquery in brackets
+     * @param string              $alias   Subquery alias
+     */
+    protected function buildSubquery($builder, bool $wrapped = false, string $alias = ''): string
+    {
+        if ($builder instanceof Closure) {
+            $builder($builder = $this->db->newQuery());
+        }
+
+        if ($builder === $this) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('The subquery cannot be the same object as the main query object.');
+        }
+
+        $subquery = strtr($builder->getCompiledSelect(false), "\n", ' ');
+
+        if ($wrapped) {
+            $subquery = '(' . $subquery . ')';
+            $alias    = trim($alias);
+
+            if ($alias !== '') {
+                $subquery .= ' ' . ($this->db->protectIdentifiers ? $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($alias) : $alias);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $subquery;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1116d396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1770 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use stdClass;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * @property array      $aliasedTables
+ * @property string     $charset
+ * @property bool       $compress
+ * @property float      $connectDuration
+ * @property float      $connectTime
+ * @property string     $database
+ * @property string     $DBCollat
+ * @property bool       $DBDebug
+ * @property string     $DBDriver
+ * @property string     $DBPrefix
+ * @property string     $DSN
+ * @property array|bool $encrypt
+ * @property array      $failover
+ * @property string     $hostname
+ * @property Query      $lastQuery
+ * @property string     $password
+ * @property bool       $pConnect
+ * @property int|string $port
+ * @property bool       $pretend
+ * @property string     $queryClass
+ * @property array      $reservedIdentifiers
+ * @property bool       $strictOn
+ * @property string     $subdriver
+ * @property string     $swapPre
+ * @property int        $transDepth
+ * @property bool       $transFailure
+ * @property bool       $transStatus
+ *
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TResult
+ *
+ * @implements ConnectionInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnectionTest
+ */
+abstract class BaseConnection implements ConnectionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Data Source Name / Connect string
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DSN;
+
+    /**
+     * Database port
+     *
+     * @var int|string
+     */
+    protected $port = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Hostname
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $hostname;
+
+    /**
+     * Username
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $username;
+
+    /**
+     * Password
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $password;
+
+    /**
+     * Database name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $database;
+
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBDriver = 'MySQLi';
+
+    /**
+     * Sub-driver
+     *
+     * @used-by CI_DB_pdo_driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $subdriver;
+
+    /**
+     * Table prefix
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBPrefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Persistent connection flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $pConnect = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to throw Exception or not when an error occurs.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $DBDebug = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Character set
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $charset = 'utf8';
+
+    /**
+     * Collation
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBCollat = 'utf8_general_ci';
+
+    /**
+     * Swap Prefix
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $swapPre = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Encryption flag/data
+     *
+     * @var array|bool
+     */
+    protected $encrypt = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Compression flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $compress = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Strict ON flag
+     *
+     * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $strictOn;
+
+    /**
+     * Settings for a failover connection.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $failover = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The last query object that was executed
+     * on this connection.
+     *
+     * @var Query
+     */
+    protected $lastQuery;
+
+    /**
+     * Connection ID
+     *
+     * @var false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-var false|TConnection
+     */
+    public $connID = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Result ID
+     *
+     * @var false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-var false|TResult
+     */
+    public $resultID = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Protect identifiers flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $protectIdentifiers = true;
+
+    /**
+     * List of reserved identifiers
+     *
+     * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $reservedIdentifiers = ['*'];
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '"';
+
+    /**
+     * ESCAPE statement string
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $likeEscapeStr = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+
+    /**
+     * ESCAPE character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $likeEscapeChar = '!';
+
+    /**
+     * RegExp used to escape identifiers
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $pregEscapeChar = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds previously looked up data
+     * for performance reasons.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $dataCache = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Microtime when connection was made
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $connectTime = 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * How long it took to establish connection.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $connectDuration = 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, no queries will actually be
+     * run against the database.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $pretend = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Transaction enabled flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $transEnabled = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Strict transaction mode flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $transStrict = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Transaction depth level
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $transDepth = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Transaction status flag
+     *
+     * Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $transStatus = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Transaction failure flag
+     *
+     * Used with transactions to determine if a transaction has failed.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $transFailure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to throw exceptions during transaction
+     */
+    protected bool $transException = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Array of table aliases.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $aliasedTables = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Query Class
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $queryClass = Query::class;
+
+    /**
+     * Saves our connection settings.
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $params)
+    {
+        foreach ($params as $key => $value) {
+            if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+                $this->{$key} = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $queryClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Query', static::class);
+
+        if (class_exists($queryClass)) {
+            $this->queryClass = $queryClass;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->failover !== []) {
+            // If there is a failover database, connect now to do failover.
+            // Otherwise, Query Builder creates SQL statement with the main database config
+            // (DBPrefix) even when the main database is down.
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the database connection/settings.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        /* If an established connection is available, then there's
+         * no need to connect and select the database.
+         *
+         * Depending on the database driver, conn_id can be either
+         * boolean TRUE, a resource or an object.
+         */
+        if ($this->connID) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->connectTime = microtime(true);
+        $connectionErrors  = [];
+
+        try {
+            // Connect to the database and set the connection ID
+            $this->connID = $this->connect($this->pConnect);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $connectionErrors[] = sprintf('Main connection [%s]: %s', $this->DBDriver, $e->getMessage());
+            log_message('error', 'Error connecting to the database: ' . $e);
+        }
+
+        // No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
+        if (! $this->connID) {
+            // Check if there is a failover set
+            if (! empty($this->failover) && is_array($this->failover)) {
+                // Go over all the failovers
+                foreach ($this->failover as $index => $failover) {
+                    // Replace the current settings with those of the failover
+                    foreach ($failover as $key => $val) {
+                        if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+                            $this->{$key} = $val;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    try {
+                        // Try to connect
+                        $this->connID = $this->connect($this->pConnect);
+                    } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                        $connectionErrors[] = sprintf('Failover #%d [%s]: %s', ++$index, $this->DBDriver, $e->getMessage());
+                        log_message('error', 'Error connecting to the database: ' . $e);
+                    }
+
+                    // If a connection is made break the foreach loop
+                    if ($this->connID) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // We still don't have a connection?
+            if (! $this->connID) {
+                throw new DatabaseException(sprintf(
+                    'Unable to connect to the database.%s%s',
+                    PHP_EOL,
+                    implode(PHP_EOL, $connectionErrors)
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->connectDuration = microtime(true) - $this->connectTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     */
+    public function close()
+    {
+        if ($this->connID) {
+            $this->_close();
+            $this->connID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent way method for closing the connection.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    abstract protected function _close();
+
+    /**
+     * Create a persistent database connection.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     */
+    public function persistentConnect()
+    {
+        return $this->connect(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the actual connection object. If both a 'read' and 'write'
+     * connection has been specified, you can pass either term in to
+     * get that connection. If you pass either alias in and only a single
+     * connection is present, it must return the sole connection.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return TConnection
+     */
+    public function getConnection(?string $alias = null)
+    {
+        // @todo work with read/write connections
+        return $this->connID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the current database being used.
+     */
+    public function getDatabase(): string
+    {
+        return empty($this->database) ? '' : $this->database;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set DB Prefix
+     *
+     * Set's the DB Prefix to something new without needing to reconnect
+     *
+     * @param string $prefix The prefix
+     */
+    public function setPrefix(string $prefix = ''): string
+    {
+        return $this->DBPrefix = $prefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the database prefix.
+     */
+    public function getPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return $this->DBPrefix;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the platform in use (MySQLi, Postgre, SQLite3, OCI8, etc)
+     */
+    public function getPlatform(): string
+    {
+        return $this->DBDriver;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Table Aliases to use. These are typically
+     * collected during use of the Builder, and set here
+     * so queries are built correctly.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setAliasedTables(array $aliases)
+    {
+        $this->aliasedTables = $aliases;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a table alias to our list.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addTableAlias(string $table)
+    {
+        if (! in_array($table, $this->aliasedTables, true)) {
+            $this->aliasedTables[] = $table;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     */
+    abstract protected function execute(string $sql);
+
+    /**
+     * Orchestrates a query against the database. Queries must use
+     * Database\Statement objects to store the query and build it.
+     * This method works with the cache.
+     *
+     * Should automatically handle different connections for read/write
+     * queries if needed.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $binds
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|bool|Query BaseResult when “read” type query, bool when “write” type query, Query when prepared query
+     * @phpstan-return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
+     *
+     * @todo BC set $queryClass default as null in 4.1
+     */
+    public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, string $queryClass = '')
+    {
+        $queryClass = $queryClass ?: $this->queryClass;
+
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @var Query $query
+         */
+        $query = new $queryClass($this);
+
+        $query->setQuery($sql, $binds, $setEscapeFlags);
+
+        if (! empty($this->swapPre) && ! empty($this->DBPrefix)) {
+            $query->swapPrefix($this->DBPrefix, $this->swapPre);
+        }
+
+        $startTime = microtime(true);
+
+        // Always save the last query so we can use
+        // the getLastQuery() method.
+        $this->lastQuery = $query;
+
+        // If $pretend is true, then we just want to return
+        // the actual query object here. There won't be
+        // any results to return.
+        if ($this->pretend) {
+            $query->setDuration($startTime);
+
+            return $query;
+        }
+
+        // Run the query for real
+        try {
+            $exception      = null;
+            $this->resultID = $this->simpleQuery($query->getQuery());
+        } catch (DatabaseException $exception) {
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->resultID === false) {
+            $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
+
+            // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
+            if ($this->transDepth !== 0) {
+                $this->transStatus = false;
+            }
+
+            if (
+                $this->DBDebug
+                && (
+                    // Not in transactions
+                    $this->transDepth === 0
+                    // In transactions, do not throw exception by default.
+                    || $this->transException
+                )
+            ) {
+                // We call this function in order to roll-back queries
+                // if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
+                // the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
+                // transactions to remain in limbo.
+                while ($this->transDepth !== 0) {
+                    $transDepth = $this->transDepth;
+                    $this->transComplete();
+
+                    if ($transDepth === $this->transDepth) {
+                        log_message('error', 'Database: Failure during an automated transaction commit/rollback!');
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Let others do something with this query.
+                Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+                if ($exception !== null) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException(
+                        $exception->getMessage(),
+                        $exception->getCode(),
+                        $exception
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Let others do something with this query.
+            Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query->setDuration($startTime);
+
+        // Let others do something with this query
+        Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+        // resultID is not false, so it must be successful
+        if ($this->isWriteType($sql)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // query is not write-type, so it must be read-type query; return QueryResult
+        $resultClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Result', static::class);
+
+        return new $resultClass($this->connID, $this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a basic query against the database. No binding or caching
+     * is performed, nor are transactions handled. Simply takes a raw
+     * query string and returns the database-specific result id.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     */
+    public function simpleQuery(string $sql)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->execute($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disable Transactions
+     *
+     * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
+     */
+    public function transOff()
+    {
+        $this->transEnabled = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enable/disable Transaction Strict Mode
+     *
+     * When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of
+     * transactions, if one group fails all subsequent groups will be
+     * rolled back.
+     *
+     * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously,
+     * meaning a failure of one group will not affect any others
+     *
+     * @param bool $mode = true
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function transStrict(bool $mode = true)
+    {
+        $this->transStrict = $mode;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start Transaction
+     */
+    public function transStart(bool $testMode = false): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->transEnabled) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->transBegin($testMode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If set to true, exceptions are thrown during transactions.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function transException(bool $transExcetion)
+    {
+        $this->transException = $transExcetion;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Complete Transaction
+     */
+    public function transComplete(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->transEnabled) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed
+        if ($this->transStatus === false || $this->transFailure === true) {
+            $this->transRollback();
+
+            // If we are NOT running in strict mode, we will reset
+            // the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of
+            // transactions will be permitted.
+            if ($this->transStrict === false) {
+                $this->transStatus = true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->transCommit();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
+     */
+    public function transStatus(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->transStatus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    public function transBegin(bool $testMode = false): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->transEnabled) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+        if ($this->transDepth > 0) {
+            $this->transDepth++;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        // Reset the transaction failure flag.
+        // If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+        // even if the queries produce a successful result.
+        $this->transFailure = ($testMode === true);
+
+        if ($this->_transBegin()) {
+            $this->transDepth++;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    public function transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->transEnabled || $this->transDepth === 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+        if ($this->transDepth > 1 || $this->_transCommit()) {
+            $this->transDepth--;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    public function transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->transEnabled || $this->transDepth === 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+        if ($this->transDepth > 1 || $this->_transRollback()) {
+            $this->transDepth--;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    abstract protected function _transBegin(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    abstract protected function _transCommit(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    abstract protected function _transRollback(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a non-shared new instance of the query builder for this connection.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $tableName
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function table($tableName)
+    {
+        if (empty($tableName)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('You must set the database table to be used with your query.');
+        }
+
+        $className = str_replace('Connection', 'Builder', static::class);
+
+        return new $className($tableName, $this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of the BaseBuilder class with a cleared FROM clause.
+     */
+    public function newQuery(): BaseBuilder
+    {
+        // save table aliases
+        $tempAliases         = $this->aliasedTables;
+        $builder             = $this->table(',')->from([], true);
+        $this->aliasedTables = $tempAliases;
+
+        return $builder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a prepared statement with the database that can then
+     * be used to execute multiple statements against. Within the
+     * closure, you would build the query in any normal way, though
+     * the Query Builder is the expected manner.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    $stmt = $db->prepare(function($db)
+     *           {
+     *             return $db->table('users')
+     *                   ->where('id', 1)
+     *                     ->get();
+     *           })
+     *
+     * @return BasePreparedQuery|null
+     */
+    public function prepare(Closure $func, array $options = [])
+    {
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        $this->pretend();
+
+        $sql = $func($this);
+
+        $this->pretend(false);
+
+        if ($sql instanceof QueryInterface) {
+            $sql = $sql->getOriginalQuery();
+        }
+
+        $class = str_ireplace('Connection', 'PreparedQuery', static::class);
+        /** @var BasePreparedQuery $class */
+        $class = new $class($this);
+
+        return $class->prepare($sql, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last query's statement object.
+     *
+     * @return Query
+     */
+    public function getLastQuery()
+    {
+        return $this->lastQuery;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string representation of the last query's statement object.
+     */
+    public function showLastQuery(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->lastQuery;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the time we started to connect to this database in
+     * seconds with microseconds.
+     *
+     * Used by the Debug Toolbar's timeline.
+     */
+    public function getConnectStart(): ?float
+    {
+        return $this->connectTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of seconds with microseconds that it took
+     * to connect to the database.
+     *
+     * Used by the Debug Toolbar's timeline.
+     */
+    public function getConnectDuration(int $decimals = 6): string
+    {
+        return number_format($this->connectDuration, $decimals);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Protect Identifiers
+     *
+     * This function is used extensively by the Query Builder class, and by
+     * a couple functions in this class.
+     * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
+     * the table prefix onto it. Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
+     * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
+     *
+     * SELECT hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
+     *
+     * Or a query with aliasing:
+     *
+     * SELECT m.member_id, m.member_name FROM members AS m
+     *
+     * Since the column name can include up to four segments (host, DB, table, column)
+     * or also have an alias prefix, we need to do a bit of work to figure this out and
+     * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
+     * the correct identifiers.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $item
+     * @param bool         $prefixSingle       Prefix a table name with no segments?
+     * @param bool         $protectIdentifiers Protect table or column names?
+     * @param bool         $fieldExists        Supplied $item contains a column name?
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     * @phpstan-return ($item is array ? array : string)
+     */
+    public function protectIdentifiers($item, bool $prefixSingle = false, ?bool $protectIdentifiers = null, bool $fieldExists = true)
+    {
+        if (! is_bool($protectIdentifiers)) {
+            $protectIdentifiers = $this->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($item)) {
+            $escapedArray = [];
+
+            foreach ($item as $k => $v) {
+                $escapedArray[$this->protectIdentifiers($k)] = $this->protectIdentifiers($v, $prefixSingle, $protectIdentifiers, $fieldExists);
+            }
+
+            return $escapedArray;
+        }
+
+        // This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
+        // If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
+        // escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
+        // way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it
+        //
+        // Added exception for single quotes as well, we don't want to alter
+        // literal strings.
+        if (strcspn($item, "()'") !== strlen($item)) {
+            /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+            return $item;
+        }
+
+        // Do not protect identifiers and do not prefix, no swap prefix, there is nothing to do
+        if ($protectIdentifiers === false && $prefixSingle === false && $this->swapPre === '') {
+            /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+            return $item;
+        }
+
+        // Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces
+        /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+        $item = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', trim($item));
+
+        // If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
+        // Note: strripos() is used in order to support spaces in table names
+        if ($offset = strripos($item, ' AS ')) {
+            $alias = ($protectIdentifiers) ? substr($item, $offset, 4) . $this->escapeIdentifiers(substr($item, $offset + 4)) : substr($item, $offset);
+            $item  = substr($item, 0, $offset);
+        } elseif ($offset = strrpos($item, ' ')) {
+            $alias = ($protectIdentifiers) ? ' ' . $this->escapeIdentifiers(substr($item, $offset + 1)) : substr($item, $offset);
+            $item  = substr($item, 0, $offset);
+        } else {
+            $alias = '';
+        }
+
+        // Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix
+        // in the correct location, assuming the period doesn't indicate that we're dealing
+        // with an alias. While we're at it, we will escape the components
+        if (strpos($item, '.') !== false) {
+            return $this->protectDotItem($item, $alias, $protectIdentifiers, $fieldExists);
+        }
+
+        // In some cases, especially 'from', we end up running through
+        // protect_identifiers twice. This algorithm won't work when
+        // it contains the escapeChar so strip it out.
+        $item = trim($item, $this->escapeChar);
+
+        // Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
+        if ($this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
+            if ($this->swapPre !== '' && strpos($item, $this->swapPre) === 0) {
+                $item = preg_replace('/^' . $this->swapPre . '(\S+?)/', $this->DBPrefix . '\\1', $item);
+            }
+            // Do we prefix an item with no segments?
+            elseif ($prefixSingle === true && strpos($item, $this->DBPrefix) !== 0) {
+                $item = $this->DBPrefix . $item;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($protectIdentifiers === true && ! in_array($item, $this->reservedIdentifiers, true)) {
+            $item = $this->escapeIdentifiers($item);
+        }
+
+        return $item . $alias;
+    }
+
+    private function protectDotItem(string $item, string $alias, bool $protectIdentifiers, bool $fieldExists): string
+    {
+        $parts = explode('.', $item);
+
+        // Does the first segment of the exploded item match
+        // one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
+        // we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
+        //
+        // NOTE: The ! empty() condition prevents this method
+        // from breaking when QB isn't enabled.
+        if (! empty($this->aliasedTables) && in_array($parts[0], $this->aliasedTables, true)) {
+            if ($protectIdentifiers === true) {
+                foreach ($parts as $key => $val) {
+                    if (! in_array($val, $this->reservedIdentifiers, true)) {
+                        $parts[$key] = $this->escapeIdentifiers($val);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $item = implode('.', $parts);
+            }
+
+            return $item . $alias;
+        }
+
+        // Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
+        if ($this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            // We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
+            // Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?
+            // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in the 3rd segment.
+            if (isset($parts[3])) {
+                $i = 2;
+            }
+            // Do we have 3 segments (database.table.column)?
+            // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 2nd position
+            elseif (isset($parts[2])) {
+                $i = 1;
+            }
+            // Do we have 2 segments (table.column)?
+            // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 1st segment
+            else {
+                $i = 0;
+            }
+
+            // This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.
+            // This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.
+            if ($fieldExists === false) {
+                $i++;
+            }
+
+            // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
+            if ($this->swapPre !== '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swapPre) === 0) {
+                $parts[$i] = preg_replace('/^' . $this->swapPre . '(\S+?)/', $this->DBPrefix . '\\1', $parts[$i]);
+            }
+            // We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist
+            elseif (strpos($parts[$i], $this->DBPrefix) !== 0) {
+                $parts[$i] = $this->DBPrefix . $parts[$i];
+            }
+
+            // Put the parts back together
+            $item = implode('.', $parts);
+        }
+
+        if ($protectIdentifiers === true) {
+            $item = $this->escapeIdentifiers($item);
+        }
+
+        return $item . $alias;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+     *
+     * This function escapes column and table names
+     *
+     * @param array|string $item
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     * @phpstan-return ($item is array ? array : string)
+     */
+    public function escapeIdentifiers($item)
+    {
+        if ($this->escapeChar === '' || empty($item) || in_array($item, $this->reservedIdentifiers, true)) {
+            return $item;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($item)) {
+            foreach ($item as $key => $value) {
+                $item[$key] = $this->escapeIdentifiers($value);
+            }
+
+            return $item;
+        }
+
+        // Avoid breaking functions and literal values inside queries
+        if (ctype_digit($item)
+            || $item[0] === "'"
+            || ($this->escapeChar !== '"' && $item[0] === '"')
+            || strpos($item, '(') !== false) {
+            return $item;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->pregEscapeChar === []) {
+            if (is_array($this->escapeChar)) {
+                $this->pregEscapeChar = [
+                    preg_quote($this->escapeChar[0], '/'),
+                    preg_quote($this->escapeChar[1], '/'),
+                    $this->escapeChar[0],
+                    $this->escapeChar[1],
+                ];
+            } else {
+                $this->pregEscapeChar[0] = $this->pregEscapeChar[1] = preg_quote($this->escapeChar, '/');
+                $this->pregEscapeChar[2] = $this->pregEscapeChar[3] = $this->escapeChar;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->reservedIdentifiers as $id) {
+            /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+            if (strpos($item, '.' . $id) !== false) {
+                return preg_replace(
+                    '/' . $this->pregEscapeChar[0] . '?([^' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '\.]+)' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '?\./i',
+                    $this->pregEscapeChar[2] . '$1' . $this->pregEscapeChar[3] . '.',
+                    $item
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+        return preg_replace(
+            '/' . $this->pregEscapeChar[0] . '?([^' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '\.]+)' . $this->pregEscapeChar[1] . '?(\.)?/i',
+            $this->pregEscapeChar[2] . '$1' . $this->pregEscapeChar[3] . '$2',
+            $item
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepends a database prefix if one exists in configuration
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function prefixTable(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        if ($table === '') {
+            throw new DatabaseException('A table name is required for that operation.');
+        }
+
+        return $this->DBPrefix . $table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    abstract public function affectedRows(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * "Smart" Escape String
+     *
+     * Escapes data based on type.
+     * Sets boolean and null types
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     *
+     * @return array|float|int|string
+     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     */
+    public function escape($str)
+    {
+        if (is_array($str)) {
+            return array_map([&$this, 'escape'], $str);
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+        if (is_string($str) || (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString'))) {
+            if ($str instanceof RawSql) {
+                return $str->__toString();
+            }
+
+            return "'" . $this->escapeString($str) . "'";
+        }
+
+        if (is_bool($str)) {
+            return ($str === false) ? 0 : 1;
+        }
+
+        return $str ?? 'NULL';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape String
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $str  Input string
+     * @param bool            $like Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    public function escapeString($str, bool $like = false)
+    {
+        if (is_array($str)) {
+            foreach ($str as $key => $val) {
+                $str[$key] = $this->escapeString($val, $like);
+            }
+
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        $str = $this->_escapeString($str);
+
+        // escape LIKE condition wildcards
+        if ($like === true) {
+            return str_replace(
+                [
+                    $this->likeEscapeChar,
+                    '%',
+                    '_',
+                ],
+                [
+                    $this->likeEscapeChar . $this->likeEscapeChar,
+                    $this->likeEscapeChar . '%',
+                    $this->likeEscapeChar . '_',
+                ],
+                $str
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape LIKE String
+     *
+     * Calls the individual driver for platform
+     * specific escaping for LIKE conditions
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $str
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    public function escapeLikeString($str)
+    {
+        return $this->escapeString($str, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform independent string escape.
+     *
+     * Will likely be overridden in child classes.
+     */
+    protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
+    {
+        return str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function enables you to call PHP database functions that are not natively included
+     * in CodeIgniter, in a platform independent manner.
+     *
+     * @param array ...$params
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function callFunction(string $functionName, ...$params): bool
+    {
+        $driver = $this->getDriverFunctionPrefix();
+
+        if (strpos($driver, $functionName) === false) {
+            $functionName = $driver . $functionName;
+        }
+
+        if (! function_exists($functionName)) {
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $functionName(...$params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the prefix of the function to access the DB.
+     */
+    protected function getDriverFunctionPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return strtolower($this->DBDriver) . '_';
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // META Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of table names
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function listTables(bool $constrainByPrefix = false)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['table_names']) && $this->dataCache['table_names']) {
+            return $constrainByPrefix
+                ? preg_grep("/^{$this->DBPrefix}/", $this->dataCache['table_names'])
+                : $this->dataCache['table_names'];
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_listTables($constrainByPrefix);
+
+        if ($sql === false) {
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->dataCache['table_names'] = [];
+
+        $query = $this->query($sql);
+
+        foreach ($query->getResultArray() as $row) {
+            $table = $row['table_name'] ?? $row['TABLE_NAME'] ?? $row[array_key_first($row)];
+
+            $this->dataCache['table_names'][] = $table;
+        }
+
+        return $this->dataCache['table_names'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if a particular table exists
+     *
+     * @param bool $cached Whether to use data cache
+     */
+    public function tableExists(string $tableName, bool $cached = true): bool
+    {
+        if ($cached === true) {
+            return in_array($this->protectIdentifiers($tableName, true, false, false), $this->listTables(), true);
+        }
+
+        if (false === ($sql = $this->_listTables(false, $tableName))) {
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $tableExists = $this->query($sql)->getResultArray() !== [];
+
+        // if cache has been built already
+        if (! empty($this->dataCache['table_names'])) {
+            $key = array_search(
+                strtolower($tableName),
+                array_map('strtolower', $this->dataCache['table_names']),
+                true
+            );
+
+            // table doesn't exist but still in cache - lets reset cache, it can be rebuilt later
+            // OR if table does exist but is not found in cache
+            if (($key !== false && ! $tableExists) || ($key === false && $tableExists)) {
+                $this->resetDataCache();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tableExists;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch Field Names
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(string $table)
+    {
+        // Is there a cached result?
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['field_names'][$table])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        if (false === ($sql = $this->_listColumns($table))) {
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->query($sql);
+
+        $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table] = [];
+
+        foreach ($query->getResultArray() as $row) {
+            // Do we know from where to get the column's name?
+            if (! isset($key)) {
+                if (isset($row['column_name'])) {
+                    $key = 'column_name';
+                } elseif (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME'])) {
+                    $key = 'COLUMN_NAME';
+                } else {
+                    // We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+                    $key = key($row);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table][] = $row[$key];
+        }
+
+        return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if a particular field exists
+     */
+    public function fieldExists(string $fieldName, string $tableName): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($fieldName, $this->getFieldNames($tableName), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(string $table)
+    {
+        return $this->_fieldData($this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, false, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object with key data
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getIndexData(string $table)
+    {
+        return $this->_indexData($this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, false, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object with foreign key data
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getForeignKeyData(string $table)
+    {
+        return $this->_foreignKeyData($this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, false, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts array of arrays generated by _foreignKeyData() to array of objects
+     *
+     * @return array[
+     *    {constraint_name} =>
+     *        stdClass[
+     *            'constraint_name'     => string,
+     *            'table_name'          => string,
+     *            'column_name'         => string[],
+     *            'foreign_table_name'  => string,
+     *            'foreign_column_name' => string[],
+     *            'on_delete'           => string,
+     *            'on_update'           => string,
+     *            'match'               => string
+     *        ]
+     * ]
+     */
+    protected function foreignKeyDataToObjects(array $data)
+    {
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        foreach ($data as $row) {
+            $name = $row['constraint_name'];
+
+            // for sqlite generate name
+            if ($name === null) {
+                $name = $row['table_name'] . '_' . implode('_', $row['column_name']) . '_foreign';
+            }
+
+            $obj                      = new stdClass();
+            $obj->constraint_name     = $name;
+            $obj->table_name          = $row['table_name'];
+            $obj->column_name         = $row['column_name'];
+            $obj->foreign_table_name  = $row['foreign_table_name'];
+            $obj->foreign_column_name = $row['foreign_column_name'];
+            $obj->on_delete           = $row['on_delete'];
+            $obj->on_update           = $row['on_update'];
+            $obj->match               = $row['match'];
+
+            $retVal[$name] = $obj;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables foreign key checks temporarily.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        $sql = $this->_disableForeignKeyChecks();
+
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            // The feature is not supported.
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables foreign key checks temporarily.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        $sql = $this->_enableForeignKeyChecks();
+
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            // The feature is not supported.
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows the engine to be set into a mode where queries are not
+     * actually executed, but they are still generated, timed, etc.
+     *
+     * This is primarily used by the prepared query functionality.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function pretend(bool $pretend = true)
+    {
+        $this->pretend = $pretend;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Empties our data cache. Especially helpful during testing.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function resetDataCache()
+    {
+        $this->dataCache = [];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the statement is a write-type query or not.
+     *
+     * @param string $sql
+     */
+    public function isWriteType($sql): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX|MERGE)\s/i', $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     *
+     * Must return an array with keys 'code' and 'message':
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string|null>
+     * @phpstan-return array{code: int|string|null, message: string|null}
+     */
+    abstract public function error(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Insert ID
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    abstract public function insertID();
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    abstract protected function _listTables(bool $constrainByPrefix = false, ?string $tableName = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    abstract protected function _listColumns(string $table = '');
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-specific field data information.
+     *
+     * @see    getFieldData()
+     */
+    abstract protected function _fieldData(string $table): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-specific index data.
+     *
+     * @see    getIndexData()
+     */
+    abstract protected function _indexData(string $table): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-specific foreign keys data.
+     *
+     * @see    getForeignKeyData()
+     */
+    abstract protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-specific SQL statement to disable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * If this feature is not supported, return empty string.
+     *
+     * @TODO This method should be moved to an interface that represents foreign key support.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @see disableForeignKeyChecks()
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-specific SQL statement to enable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * If this feature is not supported, return empty string.
+     *
+     * @TODO This method should be moved to an interface that represents foreign key support.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @see enableForeignKeyChecks()
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accessor for properties if they exist.
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get(string $key)
+    {
+        if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+            return $this->{$key};
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checker for properties existence.
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $key): bool
+    {
+        return property_exists($this, $key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfc0a608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use ArgumentCountError;
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use ErrorException;
+
+/**
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TStatement
+ * @template TResult
+ *
+ * @implements PreparedQueryInterface<TConnection, TStatement, TResult>
+ */
+abstract class BasePreparedQuery implements PreparedQueryInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * The prepared statement itself.
+     *
+     * @var object|resource|null
+     * @phpstan-var TStatement|null
+     */
+    protected $statement;
+
+    /**
+     * The error code, if any.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $errorCode;
+
+    /**
+     * The error message, if any.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $errorString;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the prepared query object
+     * that is cloned during execute.
+     *
+     * @var Query
+     */
+    protected $query;
+
+    /**
+     * A reference to the db connection to use.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     * @phpstan-var BaseConnection<TConnection, TResult>
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    public function __construct(BaseConnection $db)
+    {
+        $this->db = $db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function prepare(string $sql, array $options = [], string $queryClass = Query::class)
+    {
+        // We only supports positional placeholders (?)
+        // in order to work with the execute method below, so we
+        // need to replace our named placeholders (:name)
+        $sql = preg_replace('/:[^\s,)]+/', '?', $sql);
+
+        /** @var Query $query */
+        $query = new $queryClass($this->db);
+
+        $query->setQuery($sql);
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->swapPre) && ! empty($this->db->DBPrefix)) {
+            $query->swapPrefix($this->db->DBPrefix, $this->db->swapPre);
+        }
+
+        $this->query = $query;
+
+        return $this->_prepare($query->getOriginalQuery(), $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The database-dependent portion of the prepare statement.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    abstract public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     *
+     * @return bool|ResultInterface
+     * @phpstan-return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function execute(...$data)
+    {
+        // Execute the Query.
+        $startTime = microtime(true);
+
+        try {
+            $exception = null;
+            $result    = $this->_execute($data);
+        } catch (ArgumentCountError|ErrorException $exception) {
+            $result = false;
+        }
+
+        // Update our query object
+        $query = clone $this->query;
+        $query->setBinds($data);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
+
+            // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
+            if ($this->db->transDepth !== 0) {
+                $this->db->transStatus = false;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                // We call this function in order to roll-back queries
+                // if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
+                // the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
+                // transactions to remain in limbo.
+                while ($this->db->transDepth !== 0) {
+                    $transDepth = $this->db->transDepth;
+                    $this->db->transComplete();
+
+                    if ($transDepth === $this->db->transDepth) {
+                        log_message('error', 'Database: Failure during an automated transaction commit/rollback!');
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Let others do something with this query.
+                Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+                if ($exception !== null) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException($exception->getMessage(), $exception->getCode(), $exception);
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Let others do something with this query.
+            Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query->setDuration($startTime);
+
+        // Let others do something with this query
+        Events::trigger('DBQuery', $query);
+
+        if ($this->db->isWriteType($query)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Return a result object
+        $resultClass = str_replace('PreparedQuery', 'Result', static::class);
+
+        $resultID = $this->_getResult();
+
+        return new $resultClass($this->db->connID, $resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The database dependant version of the execute method.
+     */
+    abstract public function _execute(array $data): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result object for the prepared query.
+     *
+     * @return object|resource|null
+     */
+    abstract public function _getResult();
+
+    /**
+     * Explicitly closes the prepared statement.
+     *
+     * @throws BadMethodCallException
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot call close on a non-existing prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return $this->_close();
+        } finally {
+            $this->statement = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The database-dependent version of the close method.
+     */
+    abstract protected function _close(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the SQL that has been prepared.
+     */
+    public function getQueryString(): string
+    {
+        if (! $this->query instanceof QueryInterface) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot call getQueryString on a prepared query until after the query has been prepared.');
+        }
+
+        return $this->query->getQuery();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A helper to determine if any error exists.
+     */
+    public function hasError(): bool
+    {
+        return ! empty($this->errorString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error code created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorCode(): int
+    {
+        return $this->errorCode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error message created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorMessage(): string
+    {
+        return $this->errorString;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseResult.php b/system/Database/BaseResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5f603a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/BaseResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TResult
+ *
+ * @implements ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+ */
+abstract class BaseResult implements ResultInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Connection ID
+     *
+     * @var object|resource
+     * @phpstan-var TConnection
+     */
+    public $connID;
+
+    /**
+     * Result ID
+     *
+     * @var false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-var false|TResult
+     */
+    public $resultID;
+
+    /**
+     * Result Array
+     *
+     * @var array[]
+     */
+    public $resultArray = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Result Object
+     *
+     * @var object[]
+     */
+    public $resultObject = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Custom Result Object
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $customResultObject = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Current Row index
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $currentRow = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of records in the query result
+     *
+     * @var int|null
+     */
+    protected $numRows;
+
+    /**
+     * Row data
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    public $rowData;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param object|resource $connID
+     * @param object|resource $resultID
+     * @phpstan-param TConnection $connID
+     * @phpstan-param TResult     $resultID
+     */
+    public function __construct(&$connID, &$resultID)
+    {
+        $this->connID   = $connID;
+        $this->resultID = $resultID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the results of the query. Typically an array of
+     * individual data rows, which can be either an 'array', an
+     * 'object', or a custom class name.
+     *
+     * @param string $type The row type. Either 'array', 'object', or a class name to use
+     */
+    public function getResult(string $type = 'object'): array
+    {
+        if ($type === 'array') {
+            return $this->getResultArray();
+        }
+
+        if ($type === 'object') {
+            return $this->getResultObject();
+        }
+
+        return $this->getCustomResultObject($type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of custom objects.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param class-string $className
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getCustomResultObject(string $className)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->customResultObject[$className])) {
+            return $this->customResultObject[$className];
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->isValidResultId()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // Don't fetch the result set again if we already have it
+        $_data = null;
+        if (($c = count($this->resultArray)) > 0) {
+            $_data = 'resultArray';
+        } elseif (($c = count($this->resultObject)) > 0) {
+            $_data = 'resultObject';
+        }
+
+        if ($_data !== null) {
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++) {
+                $this->customResultObject[$className][$i] = new $className();
+
+                foreach ($this->{$_data}[$i] as $key => $value) {
+                    $this->customResultObject[$className][$i]->{$key} = $value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $this->customResultObject[$className];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->rowData !== null) {
+            $this->dataSeek();
+        }
+        $this->customResultObject[$className] = [];
+
+        while ($row = $this->fetchObject($className)) {
+            if (! is_subclass_of($row, Entity::class) && method_exists($row, 'syncOriginal')) {
+                $row->syncOriginal();
+            }
+
+            $this->customResultObject[$className][] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return $this->customResultObject[$className];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of arrays.
+     *
+     * If no results, an empty array is returned.
+     */
+    public function getResultArray(): array
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->resultArray)) {
+            return $this->resultArray;
+        }
+
+        // In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+        // will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+        // array.
+        if (! $this->isValidResultId()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->resultObject) {
+            foreach ($this->resultObject as $row) {
+                $this->resultArray[] = (array) $row;
+            }
+
+            return $this->resultArray;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->rowData !== null) {
+            $this->dataSeek();
+        }
+
+        while ($row = $this->fetchAssoc()) {
+            $this->resultArray[] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return $this->resultArray;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of objects.
+     *
+     * If no results, an empty array is returned.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, stdClass>
+     * @phpstan-return list<stdClass>
+     */
+    public function getResultObject(): array
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->resultObject)) {
+            return $this->resultObject;
+        }
+
+        // In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+        // will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+        // array.
+        if (! $this->isValidResultId()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->resultArray) {
+            foreach ($this->resultArray as $row) {
+                $this->resultObject[] = (object) $row;
+            }
+
+            return $this->resultObject;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->rowData !== null) {
+            $this->dataSeek();
+        }
+
+        while ($row = $this->fetchObject()) {
+            if (! is_subclass_of($row, Entity::class) && method_exists($row, 'syncOriginal')) {
+                $row->syncOriginal();
+            }
+
+            $this->resultObject[] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return $this->resultObject;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrapper object to return a row as either an array, an object, or
+     * a custom class.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @param int    $n    The index of the results to return
+     * @param string $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|stdClass|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : object|null))
+     */
+    public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        if (! is_numeric($n)) {
+            // We cache the row data for subsequent uses
+            if (! is_array($this->rowData)) {
+                $this->rowData = $this->getRowArray();
+            }
+
+            // array_key_exists() instead of isset() to allow for NULL values
+            if (empty($this->rowData) || ! array_key_exists($n, $this->rowData)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return $this->rowData[$n];
+        }
+
+        if ($type === 'object') {
+            return $this->getRowObject($n);
+        }
+
+        if ($type === 'array') {
+            return $this->getRowArray($n);
+        }
+
+        return $this->getCustomRowObject($n, $type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a row as a custom class instance.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exists, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getCustomRowObject(int $n, string $className)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->customResultObject[$className])) {
+            $this->getCustomResultObject($className);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->customResultObject[$className])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($n !== $this->currentRow && isset($this->customResultObject[$className][$n])) {
+            $this->currentRow = $n;
+        }
+
+        return $this->customResultObject[$className][$this->currentRow];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single row from the results as an array.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getRowArray(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResultArray();
+        if (empty($result)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($n !== $this->currentRow && isset($result[$n])) {
+            $this->currentRow = $n;
+        }
+
+        return $result[$this->currentRow];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single row from the results as an object.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return object|stdClass|null
+     */
+    public function getRowObject(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResultObject();
+        if (empty($result)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($n !== $this->customResultObject && isset($result[$n])) {
+            $this->currentRow = $n;
+        }
+
+        return $result[$this->currentRow];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns an item into a particular column slot.
+     *
+     * @param array|string               $key
+     * @param array|object|stdClass|null $value
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setRow($key, $value = null)
+    {
+        // We cache the row data for subsequent uses
+        if (! is_array($this->rowData)) {
+            $this->rowData = $this->getRowArray();
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($key)) {
+            foreach ($key as $k => $v) {
+                $this->rowData[$k] = $v;
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($key !== '' && $value !== null) {
+            $this->rowData[$key] = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "first" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getFirstRow(string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResult($type);
+
+        return (empty($result)) ? null : $result[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "last" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getLastRow(string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResult($type);
+
+        return (empty($result)) ? null : $result[count($result) - 1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "next" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getNextRow(string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResult($type);
+        if (empty($result)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return isset($result[$this->currentRow + 1]) ? $result[++$this->currentRow] : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "previous" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getPreviousRow(string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        $result = $this->getResult($type);
+        if (empty($result)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($result[$this->currentRow - 1])) {
+            $this->currentRow--;
+        }
+
+        return $result[$this->currentRow];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unbuffered row and move the pointer to the next row.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getUnbufferedRow(string $type = 'object')
+    {
+        if ($type === 'array') {
+            return $this->fetchAssoc();
+        }
+
+        if ($type === 'object') {
+            return $this->fetchObject();
+        }
+
+        return $this->fetchObject($type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Number of rows in the result set; checks for previous count, falls
+     * back on counting resultArray or resultObject, finally fetching resultArray
+     * if nothing was previously fetched
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int
+    {
+        if (is_int($this->numRows)) {
+            return $this->numRows;
+        }
+        if ($this->resultArray !== []) {
+            return $this->numRows = count($this->resultArray);
+        }
+        if ($this->resultObject !== []) {
+            return $this->numRows = count($this->resultObject);
+        }
+
+        return $this->numRows = count($this->getResultArray());
+    }
+
+    private function isValidResultId(): bool
+    {
+        return is_resource($this->resultID) || is_object($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    abstract public function getFieldCount(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    abstract public function getFieldNames(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    abstract public function getFieldData(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    abstract public function freeResult();
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    abstract public function dataSeek(int $n = 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false|null
+     */
+    abstract protected function fetchAssoc();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    abstract protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass');
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d26bde15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Class BaseUtils
+ */
+abstract class BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * Database object
+     *
+     * @var object
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * List databases statement
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     */
+    protected $listDatabases = false;
+
+    /**
+     * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     */
+    protected $optimizeTable = false;
+
+    /**
+     * REPAIR TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     */
+    protected $repairTable = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Class constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(ConnectionInterface $db)
+    {
+        $this->db = $db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * List databases
+     *
+     * @return array|bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function listDatabases()
+    {
+        // Is there a cached result?
+        if (isset($this->db->dataCache['db_names'])) {
+            return $this->db->dataCache['db_names'];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->listDatabases === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->dataCache['db_names'] = [];
+
+        $query = $this->db->query($this->listDatabases);
+        if ($query === false) {
+            return $this->db->dataCache['db_names'];
+        }
+
+        for ($i = 0, $query = $query->getResultArray(), $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $this->db->dataCache['db_names'][] = current($query[$i]);
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->dataCache['db_names'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if a particular database exists
+     */
+    public function databaseExists(string $databaseName): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($databaseName, $this->listDatabases(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Optimize Table
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function optimizeTable(string $tableName)
+    {
+        if ($this->optimizeTable === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->optimizeTable, $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($tableName)));
+
+        return $query !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Optimize Database
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function optimizeDatabase()
+    {
+        if ($this->optimizeTable === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $result = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->db->listTables() as $tableName) {
+            $res = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->optimizeTable, $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($tableName)));
+            if (is_bool($res)) {
+                return $res;
+            }
+
+            // Build the result array...
+
+            $res = $res->getResultArray();
+
+            // Postgre & SQLite3 returns empty array
+            if (empty($res)) {
+                $key = $tableName;
+            } else {
+                $res  = current($res);
+                $key  = str_replace($this->db->database . '.', '', current($res));
+                $keys = array_keys($res);
+                unset($res[$keys[0]]);
+            }
+
+            $result[$key] = $res;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Repair Table
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function repairTable(string $tableName)
+    {
+        if ($this->repairTable === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->repairTable, $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($tableName)));
+        if (is_bool($query)) {
+            return $query;
+        }
+
+        $query = $query->getResultArray();
+
+        return current($query);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate CSV from a query result object
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getCSVFromResult(ResultInterface $query, string $delim = ',', string $newline = "\n", string $enclosure = '"')
+    {
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($query->getFieldNames() as $name) {
+            $out .= $enclosure . str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure . $enclosure, $name) . $enclosure . $delim;
+        }
+
+        $out = substr($out, 0, -strlen($delim)) . $newline;
+
+        // Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
+        while ($row = $query->getUnbufferedRow('array')) {
+            $line = [];
+
+            foreach ($row as $item) {
+                $line[] = $enclosure . str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure . $enclosure, $item ?? '') . $enclosure;
+            }
+
+            $out .= implode($delim, $line) . $newline;
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate XML data from a query result object
+     */
+    public function getXMLFromResult(ResultInterface $query, array $params = []): string
+    {
+        foreach (['root' => 'root', 'element' => 'element', 'newline' => "\n", 'tab' => "\t"] as $key => $val) {
+            if (! isset($params[$key])) {
+                $params[$key] = $val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $root    = $params['root'];
+        $newline = $params['newline'];
+        $tab     = $params['tab'];
+        $element = $params['element'];
+
+        helper('xml');
+        $xml = '<' . $root . '>' . $newline;
+
+        while ($row = $query->getUnbufferedRow()) {
+            $xml .= $tab . '<' . $element . '>' . $newline;
+
+            foreach ($row as $key => $val) {
+                $val = (! empty($val)) ? xml_convert($val) : '';
+
+                $xml .= $tab . $tab . '<' . $key . '>' . $val . '</' . $key . '>' . $newline;
+            }
+
+            $xml .= $tab . '</' . $element . '>' . $newline;
+        }
+
+        return $xml . '</' . $root . '>' . $newline;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Database Backup
+     *
+     * @param array|string $params
+     *
+     * @return false|never|string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function backup($params = [])
+    {
+        if (is_string($params)) {
+            $params = ['tables' => $params];
+        }
+
+        $prefs = [
+            'tables'             => [],
+            'ignore'             => [],
+            'filename'           => '',
+            'format'             => 'gzip', // gzip, txt
+            'add_drop'           => true,
+            'add_insert'         => true,
+            'newline'            => "\n",
+            'foreign_key_checks' => true,
+        ];
+
+        if (! empty($params)) {
+            foreach (array_keys($prefs) as $key) {
+                if (isset($params[$key])) {
+                    $prefs[$key] = $params[$key];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($prefs['tables'])) {
+            $prefs['tables'] = $this->db->listTables();
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($prefs['format'], ['gzip', 'txt'], true)) {
+            $prefs['format'] = 'txt';
+        }
+
+        if ($prefs['format'] === 'gzip' && ! function_exists('gzencode')) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('The file compression format you chose is not supported by your server.');
+            }
+
+            $prefs['format'] = 'txt';
+        }
+
+        if ($prefs['format'] === 'txt') {
+            return $this->_backup($prefs);
+        }
+
+        // @TODO gzencode() requires `ext-zlib`, but _backup() is not implemented in all databases.
+        return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return false|never|string
+     */
+    abstract public function _backup(?array $prefs = null);
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Config.php b/system/Database/Config.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62fa7920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Config.php
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
+use Config\Database as DbConfig;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Class Config
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\ConfigTest
+ */
+class Config extends BaseConfig
+{
+    /**
+     * Cache for instance of any connections that
+     * have been requested as a "shared" instance.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $instances = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The main instance used to manage all of
+     * our open database connections.
+     *
+     * @var Database|null
+     */
+    protected static $factory;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the database connection
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseConnection|string|null $group The name of the connection group to use,
+     *                                                or an array of configuration settings.
+     * @phpstan-param array|BaseConnection|non-empty-string|null $group
+     * @param bool $getShared Whether to return a shared instance of the connection.
+     *
+     * @return BaseConnection
+     */
+    public static function connect($group = null, bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        // If a DB connection is passed in, just pass it back
+        if ($group instanceof BaseConnection) {
+            return $group;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($group)) {
+            $config = $group;
+            $group  = 'custom-' . md5(json_encode($config));
+        } else {
+            $dbConfig = config(DbConfig::class);
+
+            if ($group === null) {
+                $group = (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') ? 'tests' : $dbConfig->defaultGroup;
+            }
+
+            assert(is_string($group));
+
+            if (! isset($dbConfig->{$group})) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException($group . ' is not a valid database connection group.');
+            }
+
+            $config = $dbConfig->{$group};
+        }
+
+        if ($getShared && isset(static::$instances[$group])) {
+            return static::$instances[$group];
+        }
+
+        static::ensureFactory();
+
+        $connection = static::$factory->load($config, $group);
+
+        static::$instances[$group] = $connection;
+
+        return $connection;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of all db connections currently made.
+     */
+    public static function getConnections(): array
+    {
+        return static::$instances;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads and returns an instance of the Forge for the specified
+     * database group, and loads the group if it hasn't been loaded yet.
+     *
+     * @param array|ConnectionInterface|string|null $group
+     *
+     * @return Forge
+     */
+    public static function forge($group = null)
+    {
+        $db = static::connect($group);
+
+        return static::$factory->loadForge($db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of the Database Utilities class.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $group
+     *
+     * @return BaseUtils
+     */
+    public static function utils($group = null)
+    {
+        $db = static::connect($group);
+
+        return static::$factory->loadUtils($db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance of the Database Seeder.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param null|non-empty-string $group
+     *
+     * @return Seeder
+     */
+    public static function seeder(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        $config = config(DbConfig::class);
+
+        return new Seeder($config, static::connect($group));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures the database Connection Manager/Factory is loaded and ready to use.
+     */
+    protected static function ensureFactory()
+    {
+        if (static::$factory instanceof Database) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        static::$factory = new Database();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php b/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85125eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+/**
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TResult
+ */
+interface ConnectionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Initializes the database connection/settings.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initialize();
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Create a persistent database connection.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     */
+    public function persistentConnect();
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function reconnect();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the actual connection object. If both a 'read' and 'write'
+     * connection has been specified, you can pass either term in to
+     * get that connection. If you pass either alias in and only a single
+     * connection is present, it must return the sole connection.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TConnection
+     */
+    public function getConnection(?string $alias = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the current database being used.
+     */
+    public function getDatabase(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error encountered by this connection.
+     * Must return this format: ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+     * intval(code) === 0 means "no error".
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     */
+    public function error(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the platform in use (MySQLi, mssql, etc)
+     */
+    public function getPlatform(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Orchestrates a query against the database. Queries must use
+     * Database\Statement objects to store the query and build it.
+     * This method works with the cache.
+     *
+     * Should automatically handle different connections for read/write
+     * queries if needed.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $binds
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|bool|Query
+     * @phpstan-return BaseResult<TConnection, TResult>|bool|Query
+     */
+    public function query(string $sql, $binds = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a basic query against the database. No binding or caching
+     * is performed, nor are transactions handled. Simply takes a raw
+     * query string and returns the database-specific result id.
+     *
+     * @return false|object|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|TResult
+     */
+    public function simpleQuery(string $sql);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance of the query builder for this connection.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $tableName Table name.
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder Builder.
+     */
+    public function table($tableName);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last query's statement object.
+     *
+     * @return Query
+     */
+    public function getLastQuery();
+
+    /**
+     * "Smart" Escaping
+     *
+     * Escapes data based on type.
+     * Sets boolean and null types.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     *
+     * @return array|float|int|string
+     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     */
+    public function escape($str);
+
+    /**
+     * Allows for custom calls to the database engine that are not
+     * supported through our database layer.
+     *
+     * @param array ...$params
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null
+     */
+    public function callFunction(string $functionName, ...$params);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the statement is a write-type query or not.
+     *
+     * @param string $sql
+     */
+    public function isWriteType($sql): bool;
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Database.php b/system/Database/Database.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2818fe22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Database.php
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Database Connection Factory
+ *
+ * Creates and returns an instance of the appropriate Database Connection.
+ */
+class Database
+{
+    /**
+     * Maintains an array of the instances of all connections that have
+     * been created.
+     *
+     * Helps to keep track of all open connections for performance
+     * monitoring, logging, etc.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $connections = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the connection binds and creates a Database Connection instance.
+     *
+     * @return BaseConnection
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function load(array $params = [], string $alias = '')
+    {
+        if ($alias === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameter: alias.');
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($params['DSN']) && strpos($params['DSN'], '://') !== false) {
+            $params = $this->parseDSN($params);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($params['DBDriver'])) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You have not selected a database type to connect to.');
+        }
+
+        $this->connections[$alias] = $this->initDriver($params['DBDriver'], 'Connection', $params);
+
+        return $this->connections[$alias];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Forge instance for the current database type.
+     */
+    public function loadForge(ConnectionInterface $db): Forge
+    {
+        if (! $db->connID) {
+            $db->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->initDriver($db->DBDriver, 'Forge', $db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an instance of Utils for the current database type.
+     */
+    public function loadUtils(ConnectionInterface $db): BaseUtils
+    {
+        if (! $db->connID) {
+            $db->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->initDriver($db->DBDriver, 'Utils', $db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses universal DSN string
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function parseDSN(array $params): array
+    {
+        $dsn = parse_url($params['DSN']);
+
+        if (! $dsn) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Your DSN connection string is invalid.');
+        }
+
+        $dsnParams = [
+            'DSN'      => '',
+            'DBDriver' => $dsn['scheme'],
+            'hostname' => isset($dsn['host']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['host']) : '',
+            'port'     => isset($dsn['port']) ? rawurldecode((string) $dsn['port']) : '',
+            'username' => isset($dsn['user']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['user']) : '',
+            'password' => isset($dsn['pass']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['pass']) : '',
+            'database' => isset($dsn['path']) ? rawurldecode(substr($dsn['path'], 1)) : '',
+        ];
+
+        if (! empty($dsn['query'])) {
+            parse_str($dsn['query'], $extra);
+
+            foreach ($extra as $key => $val) {
+                if (is_string($val) && in_array(strtolower($val), ['true', 'false', 'null'], true)) {
+                    $val = $val === 'null' ? null : filter_var($val, FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN);
+                }
+
+                $dsnParams[$key] = $val;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_merge($params, $dsnParams);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a database object.
+     *
+     * @param string       $driver   Driver name. FQCN can be used.
+     * @param string       $class    'Connection'|'Forge'|'Utils'
+     * @param array|object $argument The constructor parameter.
+     *
+     * @return BaseConnection|BaseUtils|Forge
+     */
+    protected function initDriver(string $driver, string $class, $argument): object
+    {
+        $classname = (strpos($driver, '\\') === false)
+            ? "CodeIgniter\\Database\\{$driver}\\{$class}"
+            : $driver . '\\' . $class;
+
+        return new $classname($argument);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php b/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09b9ff32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Exceptions/DataException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class DataException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Used by the Model's trigger() method when the callback cannot be found.
+     *
+     * @return DataException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMethodTriggered(string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.invalidEvent', [$method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by Model's insert/update methods when there isn't
+     * any data to actually work with.
+     *
+     * @return DataException
+     */
+    public static function forEmptyDataset(string $mode)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.emptyDataset', [$mode]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by Model's insert/update methods when there is no
+     * primary key defined and Model has option `useAutoIncrement`
+     * set to false.
+     *
+     * @return DataException
+     */
+    public static function forEmptyPrimaryKey(string $mode)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.emptyPrimaryKey', [$mode]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when an argument for one of the Model's methods
+     * were empty or otherwise invalid, and they could not be
+     * to work correctly for that method.
+     *
+     * @return DataException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidArgument(string $argument)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.invalidArgument', [$argument]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forInvalidAllowedFields(string $model)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.invalidAllowedFields', [$model]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forTableNotFound(string $table)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.tableNotFound', [$table]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forEmptyInputGiven(string $argument)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.forEmptyInputGiven', [$argument]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php b/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a587878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Exceptions/DatabaseException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HasExitCodeInterface;
+use Error;
+
+class DatabaseException extends Error implements ExceptionInterface, HasExitCodeInterface
+{
+    public function getExitCode(): int
+    {
+        return EXIT_DATABASE;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/Database/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81565234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all database-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface extends \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Forge.php b/system/Database/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae26f6e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * The Forge class transforms migrations to executable
+ * SQL statements.
+ */
+class Forge
+{
+    /**
+     * The active database connection.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * List of fields.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $fields = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of keys.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var array{}|list<array{fields: string[], keyName: string}>
+     */
+    protected $keys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of unique keys.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $uniqueKeys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Primary keys.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var array{}|array{fields: string[], keyName: string}
+     */
+    protected $primaryKeys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of foreign keys.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $foreignKeys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Character set used.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $charset = '';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE statement
+     *
+     * @var false|string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseStr = 'CREATE DATABASE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE IF statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseIfStr;
+
+    /**
+     * CHECK DATABASE EXIST statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $checkDatabaseExistStr;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP DATABASE statement
+     *
+     * @var false|string
+     */
+    protected $dropDatabaseStr = 'DROP DATABASE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createTableStr = "%s %s (%s\n)";
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     *
+     * @deprecated This is no longer used.
+     */
+    protected $createTableIfStr = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+     *
+     * Whether table keys are created from within the
+     * CREATE TABLE statement.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $createTableKeys = false;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP TABLE IF EXISTS statement
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     */
+    protected $dropTableIfStr = 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+    /**
+     * RENAME TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var false|string
+     */
+    protected $renameTableStr = 'ALTER TABLE %s RENAME TO %s';
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array|bool
+     */
+    protected $unsigned = true;
+
+    /**
+     * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @internal Used for marking nullable fields. Not covered by BC promise.
+     */
+    protected $null = 'NULL';
+
+    /**
+     * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var false|string
+     */
+    protected $default = ' DEFAULT ';
+
+    /**
+     * DROP CONSTRAINT statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropConstraintStr;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP INDEX statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropIndexStr = 'DROP INDEX %s ON %s';
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign Key Allowed Actions
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $fkAllowActions = ['CASCADE', 'SET NULL', 'NO ACTION', 'RESTRICT', 'SET DEFAULT'];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(BaseConnection $db)
+    {
+        $this->db = $db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides access to the forge's current database connection.
+     *
+     * @return ConnectionInterface
+     */
+    public function getConnection()
+    {
+        return $this->db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create database
+     *
+     * @param bool $ifNotExists Whether to add IF NOT EXISTS condition
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function createDatabase(string $dbName, bool $ifNotExists = false): bool
+    {
+        if ($ifNotExists && $this->createDatabaseIfStr === null) {
+            if ($this->databaseExists($dbName)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            $ifNotExists = false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->createDatabaseStr === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (! $this->db->query(sprintf($ifNotExists ? $this->createDatabaseIfStr : $this->createDatabaseStr, $dbName, $this->db->charset, $this->db->DBCollat))) {
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('Unable to create the specified database.');
+                }
+
+                return false;
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($this->db->dataCache['db_names'])) {
+                $this->db->dataCache['db_names'][] = $dbName;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unable to create the specified database.', 0, $e);
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if a database exists
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    private function databaseExists(string $dbName): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->checkDatabaseExistStr === null) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->query($this->checkDatabaseExistStr, $dbName)->getRow() !== null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop database
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropDatabase(string $dbName): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->dropDatabaseStr === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->query(sprintf($this->dropDatabaseStr, $dbName))) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unable to drop the specified database.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->dataCache['db_names'])) {
+            $key = array_search(strtolower($dbName), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->dataCache['db_names']), true);
+            if ($key !== false) {
+                unset($this->db->dataCache['db_names'][$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Key
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key
+     *
+     * @return Forge
+     */
+    public function addKey($key, bool $primary = false, bool $unique = false, string $keyName = '')
+    {
+        if ($primary) {
+            $this->primaryKeys = ['fields' => (array) $key, 'keyName' => $keyName];
+        } else {
+            $this->keys[] = ['fields' => (array) $key, 'keyName' => $keyName];
+
+            if ($unique) {
+                $this->uniqueKeys[] = count($this->keys) - 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Primary Key
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key
+     *
+     * @return Forge
+     */
+    public function addPrimaryKey($key, string $keyName = '')
+    {
+        return $this->addKey($key, true, false, $keyName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Unique Key
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key
+     *
+     * @return Forge
+     */
+    public function addUniqueKey($key, string $keyName = '')
+    {
+        return $this->addKey($key, false, true, $keyName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Field
+     *
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @return Forge
+     */
+    public function addField($field)
+    {
+        if (is_string($field)) {
+            if ($field === 'id') {
+                $this->addField([
+                    'id' => [
+                        'type'           => 'INT',
+                        'constraint'     => 9,
+                        'auto_increment' => true,
+                    ],
+                ]);
+                $this->addKey('id', true);
+            } else {
+                if (strpos($field, ' ') === false) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Field information is required for that operation.');
+                }
+
+                $fieldName = explode(' ', $field, 2)[0];
+                $fieldName = trim($fieldName, '`\'"');
+
+                $this->fields[$fieldName] = $field;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($field)) {
+            foreach ($field as $idx => $f) {
+                if (is_string($f)) {
+                    $this->addField($f);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (is_array($f)) {
+                    $this->fields = array_merge($this->fields, [$idx => $f]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Foreign Key
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $fieldName
+     * @param string|string[] $tableField
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function addForeignKey($fieldName = '', string $tableName = '', $tableField = '', string $onUpdate = '', string $onDelete = '', string $fkName = ''): Forge
+    {
+        $fieldName  = (array) $fieldName;
+        $tableField = (array) $tableField;
+
+        $this->foreignKeys[] = [
+            'field'          => $fieldName,
+            'referenceTable' => $tableName,
+            'referenceField' => $tableField,
+            'onDelete'       => strtoupper($onDelete),
+            'onUpdate'       => strtoupper($onUpdate),
+            'fkName'         => $fkName,
+        ];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop Key
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropKey(string $table, string $keyName, bool $prefixKeyName = true): bool
+    {
+        $keyName             = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(($prefixKeyName === true ? $this->db->DBPrefix : '') . $keyName);
+        $table               = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table);
+        $dropKeyAsConstraint = $this->dropKeyAsConstraint($table, $keyName);
+
+        if ($dropKeyAsConstraint === true) {
+            $sql = sprintf(
+                $this->dropConstraintStr,
+                $table,
+                $keyName,
+            );
+        } else {
+            $sql = sprintf(
+                $this->dropIndexStr,
+                $keyName,
+                $table,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if if key needs to be dropped as a constraint.
+     */
+    protected function dropKeyAsConstraint(string $table, string $constraintName): bool
+    {
+        $sql = $this->_dropKeyAsConstraint($table, $constraintName);
+
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql)->getResultArray() !== [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs sql to check if key is a constraint.
+     */
+    protected function _dropKeyAsConstraint(string $table, string $constraintName): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop Primary Key
+     */
+    public function dropPrimaryKey(string $table, string $keyName = ''): bool
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s',
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table),
+            ($keyName === '') ? $this->db->escapeIdentifiers('pk_' . $this->db->DBPrefix . $table) : $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($keyName),
+        );
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return BaseResult|bool|false|mixed|Query
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropForeignKey(string $table, string $foreignName)
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            (string) $this->dropConstraintStr,
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table),
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($foreignName)
+        );
+
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function createTable(string $table, bool $ifNotExists = false, array $attributes = [])
+    {
+        if ($table === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('A table name is required for that operation.');
+        }
+
+        $table = $this->db->DBPrefix . $table;
+
+        if ($this->fields === []) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Field information is required.');
+        }
+
+        // If table exists lets stop here
+        if ($ifNotExists === true && $this->db->tableExists($table, false)) {
+            $this->reset();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_createTable($table, false, $attributes);
+
+        if (($result = $this->db->query($sql)) !== false) {
+            if (isset($this->db->dataCache['table_names']) && ! in_array($table, $this->db->dataCache['table_names'], true)) {
+                $this->db->dataCache['table_names'][] = $table;
+            }
+
+            // Most databases don't support creating indexes from within the CREATE TABLE statement
+            if (! empty($this->keys)) {
+                for ($i = 0, $sqls = $this->_processIndexes($table), $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++) {
+                    $this->db->query($sqls[$i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->reset();
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string SQL string
+     *
+     * @deprecated $ifNotExists is no longer used, and will be removed.
+     */
+    protected function _createTable(string $table, bool $ifNotExists, array $attributes)
+    {
+        $columns = $this->_processFields(true);
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($columns); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $columns[$i] = ($columns[$i]['_literal'] !== false) ? "\n\t" . $columns[$i]['_literal']
+                : "\n\t" . $this->_processColumn($columns[$i]);
+        }
+
+        $columns = implode(',', $columns);
+
+        $columns .= $this->_processPrimaryKeys($table);
+        $columns .= current($this->_processForeignKeys($table));
+
+        if ($this->createTableKeys === true) {
+            $indexes = current($this->_processIndexes($table));
+            if (is_string($indexes)) {
+                $columns .= $indexes;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sprintf(
+            $this->createTableStr . '%s',
+            'CREATE TABLE',
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table),
+            $columns,
+            $this->_createTableAttributes($attributes)
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
+    {
+        $sql = '';
+
+        foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key) {
+            if (is_string($key)) {
+                $sql .= ' ' . strtoupper($key) . ' ' . $this->db->escape($attributes[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropTable(string $tableName, bool $ifExists = false, bool $cascade = false)
+    {
+        if ($tableName === '') {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('A table name is required for that operation.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->DBPrefix && strpos($tableName, $this->db->DBPrefix) === 0) {
+            $tableName = substr($tableName, strlen($this->db->DBPrefix));
+        }
+
+        if (($query = $this->_dropTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName, $ifExists, $cascade)) === true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->disableForeignKeyChecks();
+
+        $query = $this->db->query($query);
+
+        $this->db->enableForeignKeyChecks();
+
+        if ($query && ! empty($this->db->dataCache['table_names'])) {
+            $key = array_search(
+                strtolower($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
+                array_map('strtolower', $this->db->dataCache['table_names']),
+                true
+            );
+
+            if ($key !== false) {
+                unset($this->db->dataCache['table_names'][$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $query;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    protected function _dropTable(string $table, bool $ifExists, bool $cascade)
+    {
+        $sql = 'DROP TABLE';
+
+        if ($ifExists) {
+            if ($this->dropTableIfStr === false) {
+                if (! $this->db->tableExists($table)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                $sql = sprintf($this->dropTableIfStr, $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sql . ' ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function renameTable(string $tableName, string $newTableName)
+    {
+        if ($tableName === '' || $newTableName === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('A table name is required for that operation.');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->renameTableStr === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->db->query(sprintf(
+            $this->renameTableStr,
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $newTableName)
+        ));
+
+        if ($result && ! empty($this->db->dataCache['table_names'])) {
+            $key = array_search(
+                strtolower($this->db->DBPrefix . $tableName),
+                array_map('strtolower', $this->db->dataCache['table_names']),
+                true
+            );
+
+            if ($key !== false) {
+                $this->db->dataCache['table_names'][$key] = $this->db->DBPrefix . $newTableName;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function addColumn(string $table, $field): bool
+    {
+        // Work-around for literal column definitions
+        if (! is_array($field)) {
+            $field = [$field];
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($field) as $k) {
+            $this->addField([$k => $field[$k]]);
+        }
+
+        $sqls = $this->_alterTable('ADD', $this->db->DBPrefix . $table, $this->_processFields());
+        $this->reset();
+        if ($sqls === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($sqls as $sql) {
+            if ($this->db->query($sql) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $columnName
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropColumn(string $table, $columnName)
+    {
+        $sql = $this->_alterTable('DROP', $this->db->DBPrefix . $table, $columnName);
+        if ($sql === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function modifyColumn(string $table, $field): bool
+    {
+        // Work-around for literal column definitions
+        if (! is_array($field)) {
+            $field = [$field];
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($field) as $k) {
+            $this->addField([$k => $field[$k]]);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->fields === []) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Field information is required');
+        }
+
+        $sqls = $this->_alterTable('CHANGE', $this->db->DBPrefix . $table, $this->_processFields());
+        $this->reset();
+        if ($sqls === false) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('This feature is not available for the database you are using.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($sqls)) {
+            foreach ($sqls as $sql) {
+                if ($this->db->query($sql) === false) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $fields
+     *
+     * @return false|string|string[]
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $fields)
+    {
+        $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table) . ' ';
+
+        // DROP has everything it needs now.
+        if ($alterType === 'DROP') {
+            if (is_string($fields)) {
+                $fields = explode(',', $fields);
+            }
+
+            $fields = array_map(fn ($field) => 'DROP COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($field)), $fields);
+
+            return $sql . implode(', ', $fields);
+        }
+
+        $sql .= ($alterType === 'ADD') ? 'ADD ' : $alterType . ' COLUMN ';
+
+        $sqls = [];
+
+        foreach ($fields as $data) {
+            $sqls[] = $sql . ($data['_literal'] !== false
+                ? $data['_literal']
+                : $this->_processColumn($data));
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process fields
+     */
+    protected function _processFields(bool $createTable = false): array
+    {
+        $fields = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->fields as $key => $attributes) {
+            if (! is_array($attributes)) {
+                $fields[] = ['_literal' => $attributes];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+
+            if ($createTable === true && empty($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (isset($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+                $this->_attributeType($attributes);
+            }
+
+            $field = [
+                'name'           => $key,
+                'new_name'       => $attributes['NAME'] ?? null,
+                'type'           => $attributes['TYPE'] ?? null,
+                'length'         => '',
+                'unsigned'       => '',
+                'null'           => '',
+                'unique'         => '',
+                'default'        => '',
+                'auto_increment' => '',
+                '_literal'       => false,
+            ];
+
+            if (isset($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+                $this->_attributeUnsigned($attributes, $field);
+            }
+
+            if ($createTable === false) {
+                if (isset($attributes['AFTER'])) {
+                    $field['after'] = $attributes['AFTER'];
+                } elseif (isset($attributes['FIRST'])) {
+                    $field['first'] = (bool) $attributes['FIRST'];
+                }
+            }
+
+            $this->_attributeDefault($attributes, $field);
+
+            if (isset($attributes['NULL'])) {
+                $nullString = ' ' . $this->null;
+
+                if ($attributes['NULL'] === true) {
+                    $field['null'] = empty($this->null) ? '' : $nullString;
+                } elseif ($attributes['NULL'] === $nullString) {
+                    $field['null'] = $nullString;
+                } elseif ($attributes['NULL'] === '') {
+                    $field['null'] = '';
+                } else {
+                    $field['null'] = ' NOT ' . $this->null;
+                }
+            } elseif ($createTable === true) {
+                $field['null'] = ' NOT ' . $this->null;
+            }
+
+            $this->_attributeAutoIncrement($attributes, $field);
+            $this->_attributeUnique($attributes, $field);
+
+            if (isset($attributes['COMMENT'])) {
+                $field['comment'] = $this->db->escape($attributes['COMMENT']);
+            }
+
+            if (isset($attributes['TYPE']) && ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT'])) {
+                if (is_array($attributes['CONSTRAINT'])) {
+                    $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = $this->db->escape($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+                    $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+                }
+
+                $field['length'] = '(' . $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] . ')';
+            }
+
+            $fields[] = $field;
+        }
+
+        return $fields;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+            . ' ' . $field['type'] . $field['length']
+            . $field['unsigned']
+            . $field['default']
+            . $field['null']
+            . $field['auto_increment']
+            . $field['unique'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     */
+    protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
+    {
+        // Usually overridden by drivers
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Depending on the unsigned property value:
+     *
+     *    - TRUE will always set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED'
+     *    - FALSE will always set $field['unsigned'] to ''
+     *    - array(TYPE) will set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED',
+     *        if $attributes['TYPE'] is found in the array
+     *    - array(TYPE => UTYPE) will change $field['type'],
+     *        from TYPE to UTYPE in case of a match
+     */
+    protected function _attributeUnsigned(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) || $attributes['UNSIGNED'] !== true) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Reset the attribute in order to avoid issues if we do type conversion
+        $attributes['UNSIGNED'] = false;
+
+        if (is_array($this->unsigned)) {
+            foreach (array_keys($this->unsigned) as $key) {
+                if (is_int($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $this->unsigned[$key]) === 0) {
+                    $field['unsigned'] = ' UNSIGNED';
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (is_string($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $key) === 0) {
+                    $field['type'] = $key;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $field['unsigned'] = ($this->unsigned === true) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '';
+    }
+
+    protected function _attributeDefault(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if ($this->default === false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes)) {
+            if ($attributes['DEFAULT'] === null) {
+                $field['default'] = empty($this->null) ? '' : $this->default . $this->null;
+
+                // Override the NULL attribute if that's our default
+                $attributes['NULL'] = true;
+                $field['null']      = empty($this->null) ? '' : ' ' . $this->null;
+            } elseif ($attributes['DEFAULT'] instanceof RawSql) {
+                $field['default'] = $this->default . $attributes['DEFAULT'];
+            } else {
+                $field['default'] = $this->default . $this->db->escape($attributes['DEFAULT']);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function _attributeUnique(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === true) {
+            $field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
+            && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== false
+        ) {
+            $field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add primary key
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true returns stand alone SQL, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processPrimaryKeys(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): string
+    {
+        $sql = '';
+
+        if (isset($this->primaryKeys['fields'])) {
+            for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->primaryKeys['fields']); $i < $c; $i++) {
+                if (! isset($this->fields[$this->primaryKeys['fields'][$i]])) {
+                    unset($this->primaryKeys['fields'][$i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->primaryKeys['fields']) && $this->primaryKeys['fields'] !== []) {
+            if ($asQuery === true) {
+                $sql .= 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table) . ' ADD ';
+            } else {
+                $sql .= ",\n\t";
+            }
+            $sql .= 'CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(($this->primaryKeys['keyName'] === '' ?
+                'pk_' . $table :
+                $this->primaryKeys['keyName']))
+                    . ' PRIMARY KEY(' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->primaryKeys['fields'])) . ')';
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes Sql to add indexes without createTable
+     */
+    public function processIndexes(string $table): bool
+    {
+        $sqls = [];
+        $fk   = $this->foreignKeys;
+
+        if ($this->fields === []) {
+            $this->fields = array_flip(array_map(
+                static fn ($columnName) => $columnName->name,
+                $this->db->getFieldData($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ));
+        }
+
+        $fields = $this->fields;
+
+        if ($this->keys !== []) {
+            $sqls = $this->_processIndexes($this->db->DBPrefix . $table, true);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->primaryKeys !== []) {
+            $sqls[] = $this->_processPrimaryKeys($table, true);
+        }
+
+        $this->foreignKeys = $fk;
+        $this->fields      = $fields;
+
+        if ($this->foreignKeys !== []) {
+            $sqls = array_merge($sqls, $this->_processForeignKeys($table, true));
+        }
+
+        foreach ($sqls as $sql) {
+            if ($this->db->query($sql) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->reset();
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add indexes
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true returns stand alone SQL, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processIndexes(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): array
+    {
+        $sqls = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]['fields']); $i2 < $c2; $i2++) {
+                if (! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]])) {
+                    unset($this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (count($this->keys[$i]['fields']) <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $keyName = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(($this->keys[$i]['keyName'] === '') ?
+                $table . '_' . implode('_', $this->keys[$i]['fields']) :
+                $this->keys[$i]['keyName']);
+
+            if (in_array($i, $this->uniqueKeys, true)) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLite3') {
+                    $sqls[] = 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ' . $keyName
+                        . ' ON ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                        . ' (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ')';
+                } else {
+                    $sqls[] = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                        . ' ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $keyName
+                        . ' UNIQUE (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ')';
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX ' . $keyName
+                . ' ON ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                . ' (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ')';
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add foreign keys
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true returns stand alone SQL, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processForeignKeys(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): array
+    {
+        $errorNames = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->foreignKeys as $name) {
+            foreach ($name['field'] as $f) {
+                if (! isset($this->fields[$f])) {
+                    $errorNames[] = $f;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($errorNames !== []) {
+            $errorNames = [implode(', ', $errorNames)];
+
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.fieldNotExists', $errorNames));
+        }
+
+        $sqls = [''];
+
+        foreach ($this->foreignKeys as $index => $fkey) {
+            if ($asQuery === false) {
+                $index = 0;
+            } else {
+                $sqls[$index] = '';
+            }
+
+            $nameIndex = $fkey['fkName'] !== '' ?
+            $fkey['fkName'] :
+            $table . '_' . implode('_', $fkey['field']) . ($this->db->DBDriver === 'OCI8' ? '_fk' : '_foreign');
+
+            $nameIndexFilled      = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($nameIndex);
+            $foreignKeyFilled     = implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($fkey['field']));
+            $referenceTableFilled = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $fkey['referenceTable']);
+            $referenceFieldFilled = implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($fkey['referenceField']));
+
+            if ($asQuery === true) {
+                $sqls[$index] .= 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table) . ' ADD ';
+            } else {
+                $sqls[$index] .= ",\n\t";
+            }
+
+            $formatSql = 'CONSTRAINT %s FOREIGN KEY (%s) REFERENCES %s(%s)';
+            $sqls[$index] .= sprintf($formatSql, $nameIndexFilled, $foreignKeyFilled, $referenceTableFilled, $referenceFieldFilled);
+
+            if ($fkey['onDelete'] !== false && in_array($fkey['onDelete'], $this->fkAllowActions, true)) {
+                $sqls[$index] .= ' ON DELETE ' . $fkey['onDelete'];
+            }
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDriver !== 'OCI8' && $fkey['onUpdate'] !== false && in_array($fkey['onUpdate'], $this->fkAllowActions, true)) {
+                $sqls[$index] .= ' ON UPDATE ' . $fkey['onUpdate'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets table creation vars
+     */
+    public function reset()
+    {
+        $this->fields = $this->keys = $this->uniqueKeys = $this->primaryKeys = $this->foreignKeys = [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Migration.php b/system/Database/Migration.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1616830f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Migration.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use Config\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Class Migration
+ */
+abstract class Migration
+{
+    /**
+     * The name of the database group to use.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBGroup;
+
+    /**
+     * Database Connection instance
+     *
+     * @var ConnectionInterface
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Database Forge instance.
+     *
+     * @var Forge
+     */
+    protected $forge;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(?Forge $forge = null)
+    {
+        $this->forge = $forge ?? Database::forge($this->DBGroup ?? config(Database::class)->defaultGroup);
+
+        $this->db = $this->forge->getConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the database group name this migration uses.
+     */
+    public function getDBGroup(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->DBGroup;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a migration step.
+     */
+    abstract public function up();
+
+    /**
+     * Revert a migration step.
+     */
+    abstract public function down();
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..241a9e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\Migrations as MigrationsConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use RuntimeException;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Class MigrationRunner
+ */
+class MigrationRunner
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether or not migrations are allowed to run.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $enabled = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of table to store meta information
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $table;
+
+    /**
+     * The Namespace where migrations can be found.
+     * `null` is all namespaces.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $namespace;
+
+    /**
+     * The database Group to migrate.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $group;
+
+    /**
+     * The migration name.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * The pattern used to locate migration file versions.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $regex = '/\A(\d{4}[_-]?\d{2}[_-]?\d{2}[_-]?\d{6})_(\w+)\z/';
+
+    /**
+     * The main database connection. Used to store
+     * migration information in.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will continue instead of throwing
+     * exceptions.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $silent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * used to return messages for CLI.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $cliMessages = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Tracks whether we have already ensured
+     * the table exists or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $tableChecked = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The full path to locate migration files.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * The database Group filter.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $groupFilter;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to skip current migration.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $groupSkip = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * When passing in $db, you may pass any of the following to connect:
+     * - group name
+     * - existing connection instance
+     * - array of database configuration values
+     *
+     * @param array|ConnectionInterface|string|null $db
+     *
+     * @throws ConfigException
+     */
+    public function __construct(MigrationsConfig $config, $db = null)
+    {
+        $this->enabled = $config->enabled ?? false;
+        $this->table   = $config->table ?? 'migrations';
+
+        // Default name space is the app namespace
+        $this->namespace = APP_NAMESPACE;
+
+        // get default database group
+        $config      = config(Database::class);
+        $this->group = $config->defaultGroup;
+        unset($config);
+
+        // If no db connection passed in, use
+        // default database group.
+        $this->db = db_connect($db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Locate and run all new migrations
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws ConfigException
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function latest(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        if (! $this->enabled) {
+            throw ConfigException::forDisabledMigrations();
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        if ($group !== null) {
+            $this->groupFilter = $group;
+            $this->setGroup($group);
+        }
+
+        $migrations = $this->findMigrations();
+
+        if (empty($migrations)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->getHistory((string) $group) as $history) {
+            unset($migrations[$this->getObjectUid($history)]);
+        }
+
+        $batch = $this->getLastBatch() + 1;
+
+        foreach ($migrations as $migration) {
+            if ($this->migrate('up', $migration)) {
+                if ($this->groupSkip === true) {
+                    $this->groupSkip = false;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->addHistory($migration, $batch);
+            } else {
+                $this->regress(-1);
+
+                $message = lang('Migrations.generalFault');
+
+                if ($this->silent) {
+                    $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                throw new RuntimeException($message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $data           = get_object_vars($this);
+        $data['method'] = 'latest';
+        Events::trigger('migrate', $data);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Migrate down to a previous batch
+     *
+     * Calls each migration step required to get to the provided batch
+     *
+     * @param int         $targetBatch Target batch number, or negative for a relative batch, 0 for all
+     * @param string|null $group       Deprecated. The designation has no effect.
+     *
+     * @return bool True on success, FALSE on failure or no migrations are found
+     *
+     * @throws ConfigException
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function regress(int $targetBatch = 0, ?string $group = null)
+    {
+        if (! $this->enabled) {
+            throw ConfigException::forDisabledMigrations();
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        $batches = $this->getBatches();
+
+        if ($targetBatch < 0) {
+            $targetBatch = $batches[count($batches) - 1 + $targetBatch] ?? 0;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($batches) && $targetBatch === 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($targetBatch !== 0 && ! in_array($targetBatch, $batches, true)) {
+            $message = lang('Migrations.batchNotFound') . $targetBatch;
+
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            throw new RuntimeException($message);
+        }
+
+        $tmpNamespace = $this->namespace;
+
+        $this->namespace = null;
+        $allMigrations   = $this->findMigrations();
+
+        $migrations = [];
+
+        while ($batch = array_pop($batches)) {
+            if ($batch <= $targetBatch) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->getBatchHistory($batch, 'desc') as $history) {
+                $uid = $this->getObjectUid($history);
+
+                if (! isset($allMigrations[$uid])) {
+                    $message = lang('Migrations.gap') . ' ' . $history->version;
+
+                    if ($this->silent) {
+                        $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    throw new RuntimeException($message);
+                }
+
+                $migration          = $allMigrations[$uid];
+                $migration->history = $history;
+                $migrations[]       = $migration;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($migrations as $migration) {
+            if ($this->migrate('down', $migration)) {
+                $this->removeHistory($migration->history);
+            } else {
+                $message = lang('Migrations.generalFault');
+
+                if ($this->silent) {
+                    $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                throw new RuntimeException($message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $data           = get_object_vars($this);
+        $data['method'] = 'regress';
+        Events::trigger('migrate', $data);
+
+        $this->namespace = $tmpNamespace;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Migrate a single file regardless of order or batches.
+     * Method "up" or "down" determined by presence in history.
+     * NOTE: This is not recommended and provided mostly for testing.
+     *
+     * @param string $path Full path to a valid migration file
+     * @param string $path Namespace of the target migration
+     */
+    public function force(string $path, string $namespace, ?string $group = null)
+    {
+        if (! $this->enabled) {
+            throw ConfigException::forDisabledMigrations();
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        if ($group !== null) {
+            $this->groupFilter = $group;
+            $this->setGroup($group);
+        }
+
+        $migration = $this->migrationFromFile($path, $namespace);
+        if (empty($migration)) {
+            $message = lang('Migrations.notFound');
+
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            throw new RuntimeException($message);
+        }
+
+        $method = 'up';
+        $this->setNamespace($migration->namespace);
+
+        foreach ($this->getHistory($this->group) as $history) {
+            if ($this->getObjectUid($history) === $migration->uid) {
+                $method             = 'down';
+                $migration->history = $history;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($method === 'up') {
+            $batch = $this->getLastBatch() + 1;
+
+            if ($this->migrate('up', $migration) && $this->groupSkip === false) {
+                $this->addHistory($migration, $batch);
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            $this->groupSkip = false;
+        } elseif ($this->migrate('down', $migration)) {
+            $this->removeHistory($migration->history);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $message = lang('Migrations.generalFault');
+
+        if ($this->silent) {
+            $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException($message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves list of available migration scripts
+     *
+     * @return array List of all located migrations by their UID
+     */
+    public function findMigrations(): array
+    {
+        $namespaces = $this->namespace ? [$this->namespace] : array_keys(Services::autoloader()->getNamespace());
+        $migrations = [];
+
+        foreach ($namespaces as $namespace) {
+            if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && $namespace === 'Tests\Support') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->findNamespaceMigrations($namespace) as $migration) {
+                $migrations[$migration->uid] = $migration;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Sort migrations ascending by their UID (version)
+        ksort($migrations);
+
+        return $migrations;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a list of available migration scripts for one namespace
+     */
+    public function findNamespaceMigrations(string $namespace): array
+    {
+        $migrations = [];
+        $locator    = Services::locator(true);
+
+        if (! empty($this->path)) {
+            helper('filesystem');
+            $dir   = rtrim($this->path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . '/';
+            $files = get_filenames($dir, true, false, false);
+        } else {
+            $files = $locator->listNamespaceFiles($namespace, '/Database/Migrations/');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $file = empty($this->path) ? $file : $this->path . str_replace($this->path, '', $file);
+
+            if ($migration = $this->migrationFromFile($file, $namespace)) {
+                $migrations[] = $migration;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $migrations;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a migration object from a file path.
+     *
+     * @param string $path Full path to a valid migration file.
+     *
+     * @return false|object Returns the migration object, or false on failure
+     */
+    protected function migrationFromFile(string $path, string $namespace)
+    {
+        if (substr($path, -4) !== '.php') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $filename = basename($path, '.php');
+
+        if (! preg_match($this->regex, $filename)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $locator = Services::locator(true);
+
+        $migration = new stdClass();
+
+        $migration->version   = $this->getMigrationNumber($filename);
+        $migration->name      = $this->getMigrationName($filename);
+        $migration->path      = $path;
+        $migration->class     = $locator->getClassname($path);
+        $migration->namespace = $namespace;
+        $migration->uid       = $this->getObjectUid($migration);
+
+        return $migration;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows other scripts to modify on the fly as needed.
+     *
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public function setNamespace(?string $namespace)
+    {
+        $this->namespace = $namespace;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows other scripts to modify on the fly as needed.
+     *
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public function setGroup(string $group)
+    {
+        $this->group = $group;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public function setName(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->name = $name;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If $silent == true, then will not throw exceptions and will
+     * attempt to continue gracefully.
+     *
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public function setSilent(bool $silent)
+    {
+        $this->silent = $silent;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the migration number from a filename
+     *
+     * @param string $migration A migration filename w/o path.
+     */
+    protected function getMigrationNumber(string $migration): string
+    {
+        preg_match($this->regex, $migration, $matches);
+
+        return count($matches) ? $matches[1] : '0';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the migration name from a filename
+     *
+     * Note: The migration name should be the classname, but maybe they are
+     *       different.
+     *
+     * @param string $migration A migration filename w/o path.
+     */
+    protected function getMigrationName(string $migration): string
+    {
+        preg_match($this->regex, $migration, $matches);
+
+        return count($matches) ? $matches[2] : '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses the non-repeatable portions of a migration or history
+     * to create a sortable unique key
+     *
+     * @param object $object migration or $history
+     */
+    public function getObjectUid($object): string
+    {
+        return preg_replace('/[^0-9]/', '', $object->version) . $object->class;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves messages formatted for CLI output
+     */
+    public function getCliMessages(): array
+    {
+        return $this->cliMessages;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears any CLI messages.
+     *
+     * @return MigrationRunner
+     */
+    public function clearCliMessages()
+    {
+        $this->cliMessages = [];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Truncates the history table.
+     */
+    public function clearHistory()
+    {
+        if ($this->db->tableExists($this->table)) {
+            $this->db->table($this->table)->truncate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a history to the table.
+     *
+     * @param object $migration
+     */
+    protected function addHistory($migration, int $batch)
+    {
+        $this->db->table($this->table)->insert([
+            'version'   => $migration->version,
+            'class'     => $migration->class,
+            'group'     => $this->group,
+            'namespace' => $migration->namespace,
+            'time'      => Time::now()->getTimestamp(),
+            'batch'     => $batch,
+        ]);
+
+        if (is_cli()) {
+            $this->cliMessages[] = sprintf(
+                "\t%s(%s) %s_%s",
+                CLI::color(lang('Migrations.added'), 'yellow'),
+                $migration->namespace,
+                $migration->version,
+                $migration->class
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single history
+     *
+     * @param object $history
+     */
+    protected function removeHistory($history)
+    {
+        $this->db->table($this->table)->where('id', $history->id)->delete();
+
+        if (is_cli()) {
+            $this->cliMessages[] = sprintf(
+                "\t%s(%s) %s_%s",
+                CLI::color(lang('Migrations.removed'), 'yellow'),
+                $history->namespace,
+                $history->version,
+                $history->class
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the full migration history from the database for a group
+     */
+    public function getHistory(string $group = 'default'): array
+    {
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table($this->table);
+
+        // If group was specified then use it
+        if (! empty($group)) {
+            $builder->where('group', $group);
+        }
+
+        // If a namespace was specified then use it
+        if ($this->namespace) {
+            $builder->where('namespace', $this->namespace);
+        }
+
+        $query = $builder->orderBy('id', 'ASC')->get();
+
+        return ! empty($query) ? $query->getResultObject() : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the migration history for a single batch.
+     *
+     * @param string $order
+     */
+    public function getBatchHistory(int $batch, $order = 'asc'): array
+    {
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        $query = $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->where('batch', $batch)
+            ->orderBy('id', $order)
+            ->get();
+
+        return ! empty($query) ? $query->getResultObject() : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all the batches from the database history in order
+     */
+    public function getBatches(): array
+    {
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        $batches = $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->select('batch')
+            ->distinct()
+            ->orderBy('batch', 'asc')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultArray();
+
+        return array_map('intval', array_column($batches, 'batch'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of the last batch in the database.
+     */
+    public function getLastBatch(): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureTable();
+
+        $batch = $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->selectMax('batch')
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultObject();
+
+        $batch = is_array($batch) && count($batch)
+            ? end($batch)->batch
+            : 0;
+
+        return (int) $batch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the version number of the first migration for a batch.
+     * Mostly just for tests.
+     */
+    public function getBatchStart(int $batch): string
+    {
+        if ($batch < 0) {
+            $batches = $this->getBatches();
+            $batch   = $batches[count($batches) - 1] ?? 0;
+        }
+
+        $migration = $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->where('batch', $batch)
+            ->orderBy('id', 'asc')
+            ->limit(1)
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultObject();
+
+        return count($migration) ? $migration[0]->version : '0';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the version number of the last migration for a batch.
+     * Mostly just for tests.
+     */
+    public function getBatchEnd(int $batch): string
+    {
+        if ($batch < 0) {
+            $batches = $this->getBatches();
+            $batch   = $batches[count($batches) - 1] ?? 0;
+        }
+
+        $migration = $this->db->table($this->table)
+            ->where('batch', $batch)
+            ->orderBy('id', 'desc')
+            ->limit(1)
+            ->get()
+            ->getResultObject();
+
+        return count($migration) ? $migration[0]->version : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that we have created our migrations table
+     * in the database.
+     */
+    public function ensureTable()
+    {
+        if ($this->tableChecked || $this->db->tableExists($this->table)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $forge = Database::forge($this->db);
+
+        $forge->addField([
+            'id' => [
+                'type'           => 'BIGINT',
+                'constraint'     => 20,
+                'unsigned'       => true,
+                'auto_increment' => true,
+            ],
+            'version' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 255,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+            'class' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 255,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+            'group' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 255,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+            'namespace' => [
+                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
+                'constraint' => 255,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+            'time' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+            'batch' => [
+                'type'       => 'INT',
+                'constraint' => 11,
+                'unsigned'   => true,
+                'null'       => false,
+            ],
+        ]);
+
+        $forge->addPrimaryKey('id');
+        $forge->createTable($this->table, true);
+
+        $this->tableChecked = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the actual running of a migration.
+     *
+     * @param string $direction "up" or "down"
+     * @param object $migration The migration to run
+     */
+    protected function migrate($direction, $migration): bool
+    {
+        include_once $migration->path;
+
+        $class = $migration->class;
+        $this->setName($migration->name);
+
+        // Validate the migration file structure
+        if (! class_exists($class, false)) {
+            $message = sprintf(lang('Migrations.classNotFound'), $class);
+
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            throw new RuntimeException($message);
+        }
+
+        $instance = new $class();
+        $group    = $instance->getDBGroup() ?? config(Database::class)->defaultGroup;
+
+        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && $group === 'tests' && $this->groupFilter !== 'tests') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $this->groupSkip = true;
+
+            return true;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        if ($direction === 'up' && $this->groupFilter !== null && $this->groupFilter !== $group) {
+            $this->groupSkip = true;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $this->setGroup($group);
+
+        if (! is_callable([$instance, $direction])) {
+            $message = sprintf(lang('Migrations.missingMethod'), $direction);
+
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                $this->cliMessages[] = "\t" . CLI::color($message, 'red');
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            throw new RuntimeException($message);
+        }
+
+        $instance->{$direction}();
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/ModelFactory.php b/system/Database/ModelFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76a30e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/ModelFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+
+/**
+ * Returns new or shared Model instances
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::models()
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\ModelFactoryTest
+ */
+class ModelFactory
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates new Model instances or returns a shared instance
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public static function get(string $name, bool $getShared = true, ?ConnectionInterface $connection = null)
+    {
+        return Factories::models($name, ['getShared' => $getShared], $connection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method for injecting mock instances while testing.
+     *
+     * @param object $instance
+     */
+    public static function injectMock(string $name, $instance)
+    {
+        Factories::injectMock('models', $name, $instance);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the static arrays
+     */
+    public static function reset()
+    {
+        Factories::reset('models');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b95aedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for MySQLi
+ */
+class Builder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $escapeChar = '`';
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies which sql statements
+     * support the ignore option.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
+        'update' => 'IGNORE',
+        'insert' => 'IGNORE',
+        'delete' => 'IGNORE',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * FROM tables
+     *
+     * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+     * about operator precedence.
+     *
+     * Note: This is only used (and overridden) by MySQL.
+     */
+    protected function _fromTables(): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->QBJoin) && count($this->QBFrom) > 1) {
+            return '(' . implode(', ', $this->QBFrom) . ')';
+        }
+
+        return implode(', ', $this->QBFrom);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch updates.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                [];
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '`_u`';
+
+            $sql = 'UPDATE ' . $this->compileIgnore('update') . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "INNER JOIN (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'ON ' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        ($value instanceof RawSql && is_string($key))
+                        ?
+                        $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $value
+                        :
+                        (
+                            $value instanceof RawSql
+                            ?
+                            $value
+                            :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        ' = ' . $value :
+                        ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45b306ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use LogicException;
+use mysqli;
+use mysqli_result;
+use mysqli_sql_exception;
+use stdClass;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Connection for MySQLi
+ *
+ * @extends BaseConnection<mysqli, mysqli_result>
+ */
+class Connection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $DBDriver = 'MySQLi';
+
+    /**
+     * DELETE hack flag
+     *
+     * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
+     * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
+     * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $deleteHack = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '`';
+
+    /**
+     * MySQLi object
+     *
+     * Has to be preserved without being assigned to $conn_id.
+     *
+     * @var false|mysqli
+     */
+    public $mysqli;
+
+    /**
+     * MySQLi constant
+     *
+     * For unbuffered queries use `MYSQLI_USE_RESULT`.
+     *
+     * Default mode for buffered queries uses `MYSQLI_STORE_RESULT`.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $resultMode = MYSQLI_STORE_RESULT;
+
+    /**
+     * Use MYSQLI_OPT_INT_AND_FLOAT_NATIVE
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $numberNative = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|mysqli
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        // Do we have a socket path?
+        if ($this->hostname[0] === '/') {
+            $hostname = null;
+            $port     = null;
+            $socket   = $this->hostname;
+        } else {
+            $hostname = ($persistent === true) ? 'p:' . $this->hostname : $this->hostname;
+            $port     = empty($this->port) ? null : $this->port;
+            $socket   = '';
+        }
+
+        $clientFlags  = ($this->compress === true) ? MYSQLI_CLIENT_COMPRESS : 0;
+        $this->mysqli = mysqli_init();
+
+        mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ALL & ~MYSQLI_REPORT_INDEX);
+
+        $this->mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, 10);
+
+        if ($this->numberNative === true) {
+            $this->mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_INT_AND_FLOAT_NATIVE, 1);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->strictOn)) {
+            if ($this->strictOn) {
+                $this->mysqli->options(
+                    MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND,
+                    "SET SESSION sql_mode = CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ',', 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES')"
+                );
+            } else {
+                $this->mysqli->options(
+                    MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND,
+                    "SET SESSION sql_mode = REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(
+                                        @@sql_mode,
+                                        'STRICT_ALL_TABLES,', ''),
+                                    ',STRICT_ALL_TABLES', ''),
+                                'STRICT_ALL_TABLES', ''),
+                            'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,', ''),
+                        ',STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', ''),
+                    'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', '')"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($this->encrypt)) {
+            $ssl = [];
+
+            if (! empty($this->encrypt['ssl_key'])) {
+                $ssl['key'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_key'];
+            }
+            if (! empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cert'])) {
+                $ssl['cert'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_cert'];
+            }
+            if (! empty($this->encrypt['ssl_ca'])) {
+                $ssl['ca'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_ca'];
+            }
+            if (! empty($this->encrypt['ssl_capath'])) {
+                $ssl['capath'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_capath'];
+            }
+            if (! empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cipher'])) {
+                $ssl['cipher'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_cipher'];
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($ssl)) {
+                if (isset($this->encrypt['ssl_verify'])) {
+                    if ($this->encrypt['ssl_verify']) {
+                        if (defined('MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT')) {
+                            $this->mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT, 1);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Apparently (when it exists), setting MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT
+                    // to FALSE didn't do anything, so PHP 5.6.16 introduced yet another
+                    // constant ...
+                    //
+                    // https://secure.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php#5.6.16
+                    // https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=68344
+                    elseif (defined('MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT') && version_compare($this->mysqli->client_info, 'mysqlnd 5.6', '>=')) {
+                        $clientFlags += MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $this->mysqli->ssl_set(
+                    $ssl['key'] ?? null,
+                    $ssl['cert'] ?? null,
+                    $ssl['ca'] ?? null,
+                    $ssl['capath'] ?? null,
+                    $ssl['cipher'] ?? null
+                );
+            }
+
+            $clientFlags += MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if ($this->mysqli->real_connect(
+                $hostname,
+                $this->username,
+                $this->password,
+                $this->database,
+                $port,
+                $socket,
+                $clientFlags
+            )) {
+                // Prior to version 5.7.3, MySQL silently downgrades to an unencrypted connection if SSL setup fails
+                if (($clientFlags & MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL) && version_compare($this->mysqli->client_info, 'mysqlnd 5.7.3', '<=')
+                    && empty($this->mysqli->query("SHOW STATUS LIKE 'ssl_cipher'")->fetch_object()->Value)
+                ) {
+                    $this->mysqli->close();
+                    $message = 'MySQLi was configured for an SSL connection, but got an unencrypted connection instead!';
+                    log_message('error', $message);
+
+                    if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                        throw new DatabaseException($message);
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (! $this->mysqli->set_charset($this->charset)) {
+                    log_message('error', "Database: Unable to set the configured connection charset ('{$this->charset}').");
+
+                    $this->mysqli->close();
+
+                    if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                        throw new DatabaseException('Unable to set client connection character set: ' . $this->charset);
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                return $this->mysqli;
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            // Clean sensitive information from errors.
+            $msg = $e->getMessage();
+
+            $msg = str_replace($this->username, '****', $msg);
+            $msg = str_replace($this->password, '****', $msg);
+
+            throw new DatabaseException($msg, $e->getCode(), $e);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     */
+    public function reconnect()
+    {
+        $this->close();
+        $this->initialize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+        $this->connID->close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName): bool
+    {
+        if ($databaseName === '') {
+            $databaseName = $this->database;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->connID->select_db($databaseName)) {
+            $this->database = $databaseName;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'];
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->mysqli)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->dataCache['version'] = $this->mysqli->server_info;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|mysqli_result;
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        while ($this->connID->more_results()) {
+            $this->connID->next_result();
+            if ($res = $this->connID->store_result()) {
+                $res->free();
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return $this->connID->query($this->prepQuery($sql), $this->resultMode);
+        } catch (mysqli_sql_exception $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prep the query. If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+     */
+    protected function prepQuery(string $sql): string
+    {
+        // mysqli_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+        // modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+        if ($this->deleteHack === true && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql)) {
+            return trim($sql) . ' WHERE 1=1';
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return $this->connID->affected_rows ?? 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-dependant string escape
+     */
+    protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
+    {
+        if (! $this->connID) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->connID->real_escape_string($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape Like String Direct
+     * There are a few instances where MySQLi queries cannot take the
+     * additional "ESCAPE x" parameter for specifying the escape character
+     * in "LIKE" strings, and this handles those directly with a backslash.
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $str Input string
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    public function escapeLikeStringDirect($str)
+    {
+        if (is_array($str)) {
+            foreach ($str as $key => $val) {
+                $str[$key] = $this->escapeLikeStringDirect($val);
+            }
+
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        $str = $this->_escapeString($str);
+
+        // Escape LIKE condition wildcards
+        return str_replace(
+            [$this->likeEscapeChar, '%', '_'],
+            ['\\' . $this->likeEscapeChar, '\\%', '\\_'],
+            $str
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     * Uses escapeLikeStringDirect().
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        $sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM ' . $this->escapeIdentifiers($this->database);
+
+        if ($tableName !== null) {
+            return $sql . ' LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
+        }
+
+        if ($prefixLimit !== false && $this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            return $sql . " LIKE '" . $this->escapeLikeStringDirect($this->DBPrefix) . "%'";
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM ' . $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $table = $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+
+        if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM ' . $table)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetFieldData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i]       = new stdClass();
+            $retVal[$i]->name = $query[$i]->Field;
+
+            sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)', $retVal[$i]->type, $retVal[$i]->max_length);
+
+            $retVal[$i]->nullable    = $query[$i]->Null === 'YES';
+            $retVal[$i]->default     = $query[$i]->Default;
+            $retVal[$i]->primary_key = (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with index data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     * @throws LogicException
+     */
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $table = $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+
+        if (($query = $this->query('SHOW INDEX FROM ' . $table)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
+        }
+
+        if (! $indexes = $query->getResultArray()) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $keys = [];
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            if (empty($keys[$index['Key_name']])) {
+                $keys[$index['Key_name']]       = new stdClass();
+                $keys[$index['Key_name']]->name = $index['Key_name'];
+
+                if ($index['Key_name'] === 'PRIMARY') {
+                    $type = 'PRIMARY';
+                } elseif ($index['Index_type'] === 'FULLTEXT') {
+                    $type = 'FULLTEXT';
+                } elseif ($index['Non_unique']) {
+                    $type = $index['Index_type'] === 'SPATIAL' ? 'SPATIAL' : 'INDEX';
+                } else {
+                    $type = 'UNIQUE';
+                }
+
+                $keys[$index['Key_name']]->type = $type;
+            }
+
+            $keys[$index['Key_name']]->fields[] = $index['Column_name'];
+        }
+
+        return $keys;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with Foreign key data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = '
+                SELECT
+                    tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
+                    tc.TABLE_NAME,
+                    kcu.COLUMN_NAME,
+                    rc.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME,
+                    kcu.REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME,
+                    rc.DELETE_RULE,
+                    rc.UPDATE_RULE,
+                    rc.MATCH_OPTION
+                FROM information_schema.table_constraints AS tc
+                INNER JOIN information_schema.referential_constraints AS rc
+                    ON tc.constraint_name = rc.constraint_name
+                    AND tc.constraint_schema = rc.constraint_schema
+                INNER JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage AS kcu
+                    ON tc.constraint_name = kcu.constraint_name
+                    AND tc.constraint_schema = kcu.constraint_schema
+                WHERE
+                    tc.constraint_type = ' . $this->escape('FOREIGN KEY') . ' AND
+                    tc.table_schema = ' . $this->escape($this->database) . ' AND
+                    tc.table_name = ' . $this->escape($table);
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetForeignKeyData'));
+        }
+
+        $query   = $query->getResultObject();
+        $indexes = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['constraint_name']       = $row->CONSTRAINT_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['table_name']            = $row->TABLE_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['column_name'][]         = $row->COLUMN_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['foreign_table_name']    = $row->REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['foreign_column_name'][] = $row->REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['on_delete']             = $row->DELETE_RULE;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['on_update']             = $row->UPDATE_RULE;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['match']                 = $row->MATCH_OPTION;
+        }
+
+        return $this->foreignKeyDataToObjects($indexes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to disable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to enable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=1';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     * Must return this format: ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+     * intval(code) === 0 means "no error".
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->mysqli->connect_errno)) {
+            return [
+                'code'    => $this->mysqli->connect_errno,
+                'message' => $this->mysqli->connect_error,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'code'    => $this->connID->errno,
+            'message' => $this->connID->error,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert ID
+     */
+    public function insertID(): int
+    {
+        return $this->connID->insert_id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        $this->connID->autocommit(false);
+
+        return $this->connID->begin_transaction();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->connID->commit()) {
+            $this->connID->autocommit(true);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->connID->rollback()) {
+            $this->connID->autocommit(true);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d294c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge as BaseForge;
+
+/**
+ * Forge for MySQLi
+ */
+class Forge extends BaseForge
+{
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseStr = 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE IF statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseIfStr = 'CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * DROP CONSTRAINT statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropConstraintStr = 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP FOREIGN KEY %s';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+     *
+     * Whether table keys are created from within the
+     * CREATE TABLE statement.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $createTableKeys = true;
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $_unsigned = [
+        'TINYINT',
+        'SMALLINT',
+        'MEDIUMINT',
+        'INT',
+        'INTEGER',
+        'BIGINT',
+        'REAL',
+        'DOUBLE',
+        'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+        'FLOAT',
+        'DECIMAL',
+        'NUMERIC',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Table Options list which required to be quoted
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $_quoted_table_options = [
+        'COMMENT',
+        'COMPRESSION',
+        'CONNECTION',
+        'DATA DIRECTORY',
+        'INDEX DIRECTORY',
+        'ENCRYPTION',
+        'PASSWORD',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    protected $null = 'NULL';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE attributes
+     *
+     * @param array $attributes Associative array of table attributes
+     */
+    protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
+    {
+        $sql = '';
+
+        foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key) {
+            if (is_string($key)) {
+                $sql .= ' ' . strtoupper($key) . ' = ';
+
+                if (in_array(strtoupper($key), $this->_quoted_table_options, true)) {
+                    $sql .= $this->db->escape($attributes[$key]);
+                } else {
+                    $sql .= $this->db->escapeString($attributes[$key]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->charset) && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARSET')) {
+            $sql .= ' DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = ' . $this->db->escapeString($this->db->charset);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->DBCollat) && ! strpos($sql, 'COLLATE')) {
+            $sql .= ' COLLATE = ' . $this->db->escapeString($this->db->DBCollat);
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ALTER TABLE
+     *
+     * @param string       $alterType ALTER type
+     * @param string       $table     Table name
+     * @param array|string $field     Column definition
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $field)
+    {
+        if ($alterType === 'DROP') {
+            return parent::_alterTable($alterType, $table, $field);
+        }
+
+        $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+
+        foreach ($field as $i => $data) {
+            if ($data['_literal'] !== false) {
+                $field[$i] = ($alterType === 'ADD') ? "\n\tADD " . $data['_literal'] : "\n\tMODIFY " . $data['_literal'];
+            } else {
+                if ($alterType === 'ADD') {
+                    $field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
+                } else {
+                    $field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($data['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
+                }
+
+                $field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'] . $this->_processColumn($field[$i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [$sql . implode(',', $field)];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        $extraClause = isset($field['after']) ? ' AFTER ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+        if (empty($extraClause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === true) {
+            $extraClause = ' FIRST';
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+                . (empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['new_name']))
+                . ' ' . $field['type'] . $field['length']
+                . $field['unsigned']
+                . $field['null']
+                . $field['default']
+                . $field['auto_increment']
+                . $field['unique']
+                . (empty($field['comment']) ? '' : ' COMMENT ' . $field['comment'])
+                . $extraClause;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add indexes
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true returns stand alone SQL, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processIndexes(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): array
+    {
+        $sqls  = [''];
+        $index = 0;
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $index = $i;
+            if ($asQuery === false) {
+                $index = 0;
+            }
+
+            if (isset($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) {
+                for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]['fields']); $i2 < $c2; $i2++) {
+                    if (! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]])) {
+                        unset($this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]);
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (! is_array($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) {
+                $this->keys[$i]['fields'] = [$this->keys[$i]['fields']];
+            }
+
+            $unique = in_array($i, $this->uniqueKeys, true) ? 'UNIQUE ' : '';
+
+            $keyName = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(($this->keys[$i]['keyName'] === '') ?
+                implode('_', $this->keys[$i]['fields']) :
+                $this->keys[$i]['keyName']);
+
+            if ($asQuery === true) {
+                $sqls[$index] = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table) . " ADD {$unique}KEY "
+                    . $keyName
+                    . ' (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ')';
+            } else {
+                $sqls[$index] .= ",\n\t{$unique}KEY " . $keyName
+                . ' (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ')';
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->keys = [];
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop Key
+     */
+    public function dropKey(string $table, string $keyName, bool $prefixKeyName = true): bool
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            $this->dropIndexStr,
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($keyName),
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table),
+        );
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop Primary Key
+     */
+    public function dropPrimaryKey(string $table, string $keyName = ''): bool
+    {
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            'ALTER TABLE %s DROP PRIMARY KEY',
+            $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+        );
+
+        return $this->db->query($sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..594fcba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use mysqli;
+use mysqli_result;
+use mysqli_sql_exception;
+use mysqli_stmt;
+
+/**
+ * Prepared query for MySQLi
+ *
+ * @extends BasePreparedQuery<mysqli, mysqli_stmt, mysqli_result>
+ */
+class PreparedQuery extends BasePreparedQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Passed to the connection's prepare statement.
+     *                       Unused in the MySQLi driver.
+     */
+    public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
+    {
+        // Mysqli driver doesn't like statements
+        // with terminating semicolons.
+        $sql = rtrim($sql, ';');
+
+        if (! $this->statement = $this->db->mysqli->prepare($sql)) {
+            $this->errorCode   = $this->db->mysqli->errno;
+            $this->errorString = $this->db->mysqli->error;
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($this->errorString . ' code: ' . $this->errorCode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     */
+    public function _execute(array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        // First off -bind the parameters
+        $bindTypes = '';
+
+        // Determine the type string
+        foreach ($data as $item) {
+            if (is_int($item)) {
+                $bindTypes .= 'i';
+            } elseif (is_numeric($item)) {
+                $bindTypes .= 'd';
+            } else {
+                $bindTypes .= 's';
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Bind it
+        $this->statement->bind_param($bindTypes, ...$data);
+
+        try {
+            return $this->statement->execute();
+        } catch (mysqli_sql_exception $e) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result object for the prepared query or false on failure.
+     *
+     * @return false|mysqli_result
+     */
+    public function _getResult()
+    {
+        return $this->statement->get_result();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate prepared statements.
+     */
+    protected function _close(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->statement->close();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Result.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Result.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..578169de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use mysqli;
+use mysqli_result;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Result for MySQLi
+ *
+ * @extends BaseResult<mysqli, mysqli_result>
+ */
+class Result extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return $this->resultID->field_count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        $fieldNames = [];
+        $this->resultID->field_seek(0);
+
+        while ($field = $this->resultID->fetch_field()) {
+            $fieldNames[] = $field->name;
+        }
+
+        return $fieldNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        static $dataTypes = [
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_DECIMAL    => 'decimal',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL => 'newdecimal',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_FLOAT      => 'float',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_DOUBLE     => 'double',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_BIT      => 'bit',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_SHORT    => 'short',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_LONG     => 'long',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_LONGLONG => 'longlong',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_INT24    => 'int24',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_YEAR => 'year',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_TIMESTAMP => 'timestamp',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_DATE      => 'date',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_TIME      => 'time',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_DATETIME  => 'datetime',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_NEWDATE   => 'newdate',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_SET => 'set',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_VAR_STRING => 'var_string',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_STRING     => 'string',
+
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_GEOMETRY    => 'geometry',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_TINY_BLOB   => 'tiny_blob',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB => 'medium_blob',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_LONG_BLOB   => 'long_blob',
+            MYSQLI_TYPE_BLOB        => 'blob',
+        ];
+
+        $retVal    = [];
+        $fieldData = $this->resultID->fetch_fields();
+
+        foreach ($fieldData as $i => $data) {
+            $retVal[$i]              = new stdClass();
+            $retVal[$i]->name        = $data->name;
+            $retVal[$i]->type        = $data->type;
+            $retVal[$i]->type_name   = in_array($data->type, [1, 247], true) ? 'char' : ($dataTypes[$data->type] ?? null);
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length  = $data->max_length;
+            $retVal[$i]->primary_key = $data->flags & 2;
+            $retVal[$i]->length      = $data->length;
+            $retVal[$i]->default     = $data->def;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+        if (is_object($this->resultID)) {
+            $this->resultID->free();
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        return $this->resultID->data_seek($n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false|null
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+        return $this->resultID->fetch_assoc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        if (is_subclass_of($className, Entity::class)) {
+            return empty($data = $this->fetchAssoc()) ? false : (new $className())->injectRawData($data);
+        }
+
+        return $this->resultID->fetch_object($className);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of rows in the resultID (i.e., mysqli_result object)
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int
+    {
+        if (! is_int($this->numRows)) {
+            $this->numRows = $this->resultID->num_rows;
+        }
+
+        return $this->numRows;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08989f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\MySQLi;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseUtils;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Utils for MySQLi
+ */
+class Utils extends BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * List databases statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $listDatabases = 'SHOW DATABASES';
+
+    /**
+     * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $optimizeTable = 'OPTIMIZE TABLE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
+    {
+        throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bccb0bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for OCI8
+ */
+class Builder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $escapeChar = '"';
+
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY random keyword
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $randomKeyword = [
+        '"DBMS_RANDOM"."RANDOM"',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * COUNT string
+     *
+     * @used-by CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+     * @used-by BaseBuilder::count_all_results()
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $countString = 'SELECT COUNT(1) ';
+
+    /**
+     * Limit used flag
+     *
+     * If we use LIMIT, we'll add a field that will
+     * throw off num_fields later.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $limitUsed = false;
+
+    /**
+     * A reference to the database connection.
+     *
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+     */
+    protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $insertKeys    = implode(', ', $keys);
+            $hasPrimaryKey = in_array('PRIMARY', array_column($this->db->getIndexData($table), 'type'), true);
+
+            // ORA-00001 measures
+            $sql = 'INSERT' . ($hasPrimaryKey ? '' : ' ALL') . ' INTO ' . $table . ' (' . $insertKeys . ")\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+
+        $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+            $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+            return ($index->type === 'PRIMARY') && $hasAllFields;
+        });
+        $replaceableFields = array_filter($keys, static function ($columnName) use ($uniqueIndexes) {
+            foreach ($uniqueIndexes as $index) {
+                if (in_array(trim($columnName, '"'), $index->fields, true)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        $sql = 'MERGE INTO ' . $table . "\n USING (SELECT ";
+
+        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName, $value) => $value . ' ' . $columnName, $keys, $values));
+
+        $sql .= ' FROM DUAL) "_replace" ON ( ';
+
+        $onList   = [];
+        $onList[] = '1 != 1';
+
+        foreach ($uniqueIndexes as $index) {
+            $onList[] = '(' . implode(' AND ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $table . '."' . $columnName . '" = "_replace"."' . $columnName . '"', $index->fields)) . ')';
+        }
+
+        $sql .= implode(' OR ', $onList) . ') WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ';
+
+        $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $columnName . ' = "_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields));
+
+        $sql .= ' WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (' . implode(', ', $replaceableFields) . ') VALUES ';
+
+        return $sql . (' (' . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => '"_replace".' . $columnName, $replaceableFields)) . ')');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+     * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+     */
+    protected function _truncate(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'TRUNCATE TABLE ' . $table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @param mixed $where
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function delete($where = '', ?int $limit = null, bool $resetData = true)
+    {
+        if (! empty($limit)) {
+            $this->QBLimit = $limit;
+        }
+
+        return parent::delete($where, null, $resetData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _delete(string $table): string
+    {
+        if ($this->QBLimit) {
+            $this->where('rownum <= ', $this->QBLimit, false);
+            $this->QBLimit = false;
+        }
+
+        return parent::_delete($table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _update(string $table, array $values): string
+    {
+        $valStr = [];
+
+        foreach ($values as $key => $val) {
+            $valStr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->QBLimit) {
+            $this->where('rownum <= ', $this->QBLimit, false);
+        }
+
+        return 'UPDATE ' . $this->compileIgnore('update') . $table . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $valStr)
+            . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            . $this->compileOrderBy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause.
+     */
+    protected function _limit(string $sql, bool $offsetIgnore = false): string
+    {
+        $offset = (int) ($offsetIgnore === false ? $this->QBOffset : 0);
+        if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '12.1', '>=')) {
+            // OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+            if (empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+                $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
+            }
+
+            return $sql . ' OFFSET ' . $offset . ' ROWS FETCH NEXT ' . $this->QBLimit . ' ROWS ONLY';
+        }
+
+        $this->limitUsed    = true;
+        $limitTemplateQuery = 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT INNER_QUERY.*, ROWNUM RNUM FROM (%s) INNER_QUERY WHERE ROWNUM < %d)' . ($offset ? ' WHERE RNUM >= %d' : '');
+
+        return sprintf($limitTemplateQuery, $sql, $offset + $this->QBLimit + 1, $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+     */
+    protected function resetSelect()
+    {
+        $this->limitUsed = false;
+        parent::resetSelect();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch updates.');
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                [];
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '"_u"';
+
+            // Oracle doesn't support ignore on updates so we will use MERGE
+            $sql = 'MERGE INTO ' . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "USING (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'ON (' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        ($value instanceof RawSql && is_string($key))
+                        ?
+                        $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $value
+                        :
+                        (
+                            $value instanceof RawSql
+                            ?
+                            $value
+                            :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            ) . ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE\n";
+
+            $sql .= "SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $table . '.' . $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    ' = ' . $value :
+                    ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )) . ' FROM DUAL',
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific upsertBatch string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+
+                $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+                    $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+                    return ($index->type === 'PRIMARY' || $index->type === 'UNIQUE') && $hasAllFields;
+                });
+
+                // only take first index
+                foreach ($uniqueIndexes as $index) {
+                    $constraints = $index->fields;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $constraints = $this->onConstraint($constraints)->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+            }
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('No constraint found for upsert.');
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '"_upsert"';
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? [];
+
+            $sql = 'MERGE INTO ' . $table . "\nUSING (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ") {$alias}\nON (";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        ($value instanceof RawSql && is_string($key))
+                        ?
+                        $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $value
+                        :
+                        (
+                            $value instanceof RawSql
+                            ?
+                            $value
+                            :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            ) . ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    " = {$value}" :
+                    " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $sql .= "\nWHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (" . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\nVALUES ";
+
+            $sql .= (' ('
+                . implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => "{$alias}.{$columnName}", $keys))
+                . ')');
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch deletes.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '_u';
+
+            $sql = 'DELETE ' . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'WHERE ' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        $value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        $value :
+                        (
+                            is_string($key) ?
+                            $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            );
+
+            // convert binds in where
+            foreach ($this->QBWhere as $key => $where) {
+                foreach ($this->binds as $field => $bind) {
+                    $this->QBWhere[$key]['condition'] = str_replace(':' . $field . ':', $bind[0], $where['condition']);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $sql .= ' ' . str_replace(
+                'WHERE ',
+                'AND ',
+                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            ) . ')';
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " FROM DUAL UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . " FROM DUAL\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets column names from a select query
+     */
+    protected function fieldsFromQuery(string $sql): array
+    {
+        return $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM (' . $sql . ') "_u_" WHERE ROWNUM = 1')->getFieldNames();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cb7e3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use ErrorException;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Connection for OCI8
+ *
+ * @extends BaseConnection<resource, resource>
+ */
+class Connection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBDriver = 'OCI8';
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '"';
+
+    /**
+     * List of reserved identifiers
+     *
+     * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $reservedIdentifiers = [
+        '*',
+        'rownum',
+    ];
+
+    protected $validDSNs = [
+        'tns' => '/^\(DESCRIPTION=(\(.+\)){2,}\)$/', // TNS
+        // Easy Connect string (Oracle 10g+)
+        'ec' => '/^(\/\/)?[a-z0-9.:_-]+(:[1-9][0-9]{0,4})?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?(:[^\/])?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?$/i',
+        'in' => '/^[a-z0-9$_]+$/i', // Instance name (defined in tnsnames.ora)
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Reset $stmtId flag
+     *
+     * Used by storedProcedure() to prevent execute() from
+     * re-setting the statement ID.
+     */
+    protected $resetStmtId = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Statement ID
+     *
+     * @var resource
+     */
+    protected $stmtId;
+
+    /**
+     * Commit mode flag
+     *
+     * @used-by PreparedQuery::_execute()
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $commitMode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+
+    /**
+     * Cursor ID
+     *
+     * @var resource
+     */
+    protected $cursorId;
+
+    /**
+     * Latest inserted table name.
+     *
+     * @used-by PreparedQuery::_execute()
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    public $lastInsertedTableName;
+
+    /**
+     * confirm DSN format.
+     */
+    private function isValidDSN(): bool
+    {
+        foreach ($this->validDSNs as $regexp) {
+            if (preg_match($regexp, $this->DSN)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->DSN) && ! $this->isValidDSN()) {
+            $this->buildDSN();
+        }
+
+        $func = $persistent ? 'oci_pconnect' : 'oci_connect';
+
+        return empty($this->charset)
+            ? $func($this->username, $this->password, $this->DSN)
+            : $func($this->username, $this->password, $this->DSN, $this->charset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function reconnect()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->cursorId)) {
+            oci_free_statement($this->cursorId);
+        }
+        if (is_resource($this->stmtId)) {
+            oci_free_statement($this->stmtId);
+        }
+        oci_close($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'];
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->connID || ($versionString = oci_server_version($this->connID)) === false) {
+            return '';
+        }
+        if (preg_match('#Release\s(\d+(?:\.\d+)+)#', $versionString, $match)) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'] = $match[1];
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        try {
+            if ($this->resetStmtId === true) {
+                $this->stmtId = oci_parse($this->connID, $sql);
+            }
+
+            oci_set_prefetch($this->stmtId, 1000);
+
+            $result          = oci_execute($this->stmtId, $this->commitMode) ? $this->stmtId : false;
+            $insertTableName = $this->parseInsertTableName($sql);
+
+            if ($result && $insertTableName !== '') {
+                $this->lastInsertedTableName = $insertTableName;
+            }
+
+            return $result;
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the table name for the insert statement from sql.
+     */
+    public function parseInsertTableName(string $sql): string
+    {
+        $commentStrippedSql = preg_replace(['/\/\*(.|\n)*?\*\//m', '/--.+/'], '', $sql);
+        $isInsertQuery      = strpos(strtoupper(ltrim($commentStrippedSql)), 'INSERT') === 0;
+
+        if (! $isInsertQuery) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        preg_match('/(?is)\b(?:into)\s+("?\w+"?)/', $commentStrippedSql, $match);
+        $tableName = $match[1] ?? '';
+
+        return strpos($tableName, '"') === 0 ? trim($tableName, '"') : strtoupper($tableName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return oci_num_rows($this->stmtId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT "TABLE_NAME" FROM "USER_TABLES"';
+
+        if ($tableName !== null) {
+            return $sql . ' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
+        }
+
+        if ($prefixLimit !== false && $this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            return $sql . ' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE \'' . $this->escapeLikeString($this->DBPrefix) . "%' "
+                    . sprintf($this->likeEscapeStr, $this->likeEscapeChar);
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        if (strpos($table, '.') !== false) {
+            sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+        } else {
+            $owner = $this->username;
+        }
+
+        return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($owner)) . '
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($this->DBPrefix . $table));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        if (strpos($table, '.') !== false) {
+            sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+        } else {
+            $owner = $this->username;
+        }
+
+        $sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHAR_LENGTH, DATA_PRECISION, DATA_LENGTH, DATA_DEFAULT, NULLABLE
+			FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($owner)) . '
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetFieldData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retval = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retval[$i]       = new stdClass();
+            $retval[$i]->name = $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+            $retval[$i]->type = $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+
+            $length = $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH > 0 ? $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH : $query[$i]->DATA_PRECISION;
+            $length ??= $query[$i]->DATA_LENGTH;
+
+            $retval[$i]->max_length = $length;
+
+            $default = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+            if ($default === null && $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'N') {
+                $default = '';
+            }
+            $retval[$i]->default  = $default;
+            $retval[$i]->nullable = $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'Y';
+        }
+
+        return $retval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with index data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        if (strpos($table, '.') !== false) {
+            sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+        } else {
+            $owner = $this->username;
+        }
+
+        $sql = 'SELECT AIC.INDEX_NAME, UC.CONSTRAINT_TYPE, AIC.COLUMN_NAME '
+            . ' FROM ALL_IND_COLUMNS AIC '
+            . ' LEFT JOIN USER_CONSTRAINTS UC ON AIC.INDEX_NAME = UC.CONSTRAINT_NAME AND AIC.TABLE_NAME = UC.TABLE_NAME '
+            . 'WHERE AIC.TABLE_NAME = ' . $this->escape(strtolower($table)) . ' '
+            . 'AND AIC.TABLE_OWNER = ' . $this->escape(strtoupper($owner)) . ' '
+            . ' ORDER BY UC.CONSTRAINT_TYPE, AIC.COLUMN_POSITION';
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retVal          = [];
+        $constraintTypes = [
+            'P' => 'PRIMARY',
+            'U' => 'UNIQUE',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            if (isset($retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME])) {
+                $retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME]->fields[] = $row->COLUMN_NAME;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME]         = new stdClass();
+            $retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME]->name   = $row->INDEX_NAME;
+            $retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME]->fields = [$row->COLUMN_NAME];
+            $retVal[$row->INDEX_NAME]->type   = $constraintTypes[$row->CONSTRAINT_TYPE] ?? 'INDEX';
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with Foreign key data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT
+                acc.constraint_name,
+                acc.table_name,
+                acc.column_name,
+                ccu.table_name foreign_table_name,
+                accu.column_name foreign_column_name,
+                ac.delete_rule
+                FROM all_cons_columns acc
+                JOIN all_constraints ac ON acc.owner = ac.owner
+                AND acc.constraint_name = ac.constraint_name
+                JOIN all_constraints ccu ON ac.r_owner = ccu.owner
+                AND ac.r_constraint_name = ccu.constraint_name
+                JOIN all_cons_columns accu ON accu.constraint_name = ccu.constraint_name
+                AND accu.position = acc.position
+                AND accu.table_name = ccu.table_name
+                WHERE ac.constraint_type = ' . $this->escape('R') . '
+                AND acc.table_name = ' . $this->escape($table);
+
+        $query = $this->query($sql);
+
+        if ($query === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetForeignKeyData'));
+        }
+
+        $query   = $query->getResultObject();
+        $indexes = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['constraint_name']       = $row->CONSTRAINT_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['table_name']            = $row->TABLE_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['column_name'][]         = $row->COLUMN_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['foreign_table_name']    = $row->FOREIGN_TABLE_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['foreign_column_name'][] = $row->FOREIGN_COLUMN_NAME;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['on_delete']             = $row->DELETE_RULE;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['on_update']             = null;
+            $indexes[$row->CONSTRAINT_NAME]['match']                 = null;
+        }
+
+        return $this->foreignKeyDataToObjects($indexes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to disable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return <<<'SQL'
+            BEGIN
+              FOR c IN
+              (SELECT c.owner, c.table_name, c.constraint_name
+               FROM user_constraints c, user_tables t
+               WHERE c.table_name = t.table_name
+               AND c.status = 'ENABLED'
+               AND c.constraint_type = 'R'
+               AND t.iot_type IS NULL
+               ORDER BY c.constraint_type DESC)
+              LOOP
+                dbms_utility.exec_ddl_statement('alter table "' || c.owner || '"."' || c.table_name || '" disable constraint "' || c.constraint_name || '"');
+              END LOOP;
+            END;
+            SQL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to enable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return <<<'SQL'
+            BEGIN
+              FOR c IN
+              (SELECT c.owner, c.table_name, c.constraint_name
+               FROM user_constraints c, user_tables t
+               WHERE c.table_name = t.table_name
+               AND c.status = 'DISABLED'
+               AND c.constraint_type = 'R'
+               AND t.iot_type IS NULL
+               ORDER BY c.constraint_type DESC)
+              LOOP
+                dbms_utility.exec_ddl_statement('alter table "' || c.owner || '"."' || c.table_name || '" enable constraint "' || c.constraint_name || '"');
+              END LOOP;
+            END;
+            SQL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get cursor. Returns a cursor from the database
+     *
+     * @return resource
+     */
+    public function getCursor()
+    {
+        return $this->cursorId = oci_new_cursor($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a stored procedure
+     *
+     * @param string $procedureName procedure name to execute
+     * @param array  $params        params array keys
+     *                              KEY      OPTIONAL  NOTES
+     *                              name     no        the name of the parameter should be in :<param_name> format
+     *                              value    no        the value of the parameter.  If this is an OUT or IN OUT parameter,
+     *                              this should be a reference to a variable
+     *                              type     yes       the type of the parameter
+     *                              length   yes       the max size of the parameter
+     *
+     * @return bool|Query|Result
+     */
+    public function storedProcedure(string $procedureName, array $params)
+    {
+        if ($procedureName === '') {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.invalidArgument', [$procedureName]));
+        }
+
+        // Build the query string
+        $sql = sprintf(
+            'BEGIN %s (' . substr(str_repeat(',%s', count($params)), 1) . '); END;',
+            $procedureName,
+            ...array_map(static fn ($row) => $row['name'], $params)
+        );
+
+        $this->resetStmtId = false;
+        $this->stmtId      = oci_parse($this->connID, $sql);
+        $this->bindParams($params);
+        $result            = $this->query($sql);
+        $this->resetStmtId = true;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind parameters
+     *
+     * @param array $params
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function bindParams($params)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($params) || ! is_resource($this->stmtId)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($params as $param) {
+            oci_bind_by_name(
+                $this->stmtId,
+                $param['name'],
+                $param['value'],
+                $param['length'] ?? -1,
+                $param['type'] ?? SQLT_CHR
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     *
+     * Must return an array with keys 'code' and 'message':
+     *
+     *  return ['code' => null, 'message' => null);
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        // oci_error() returns an array that already contains
+        // 'code' and 'message' keys, but it can return false
+        // if there was no error ....
+        $error     = oci_error();
+        $resources = [$this->cursorId, $this->stmtId, $this->connID];
+
+        foreach ($resources as $resource) {
+            if (is_resource($resource)) {
+                $error = oci_error($resource);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return is_array($error)
+            ? $error
+            : [
+                'code'    => '',
+                'message' => '',
+            ];
+    }
+
+    public function insertID(): int
+    {
+        if (empty($this->lastInsertedTableName)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $indexs     = $this->getIndexData($this->lastInsertedTableName);
+        $fieldDatas = $this->getFieldData($this->lastInsertedTableName);
+
+        if (! $indexs || ! $fieldDatas) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $columnTypeList    = array_column($fieldDatas, 'type', 'name');
+        $primaryColumnName = '';
+
+        foreach ($indexs as $index) {
+            if ($index->type !== 'PRIMARY' || count($index->fields) !== 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $primaryColumnName = $this->protectIdentifiers($index->fields[0], false, false);
+            $primaryColumnType = $columnTypeList[$primaryColumnName];
+
+            if ($primaryColumnType !== 'NUMBER') {
+                $primaryColumnName = '';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($primaryColumnName === '') {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $query           = $this->query('SELECT DATA_DEFAULT FROM USER_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = ? AND COLUMN_NAME = ?', [$this->lastInsertedTableName, $primaryColumnName])->getRow();
+        $lastInsertValue = str_replace('nextval', 'currval', $query->DATA_DEFAULT ?? '0');
+        $query           = $this->query(sprintf('SELECT %s SEQ FROM DUAL', $lastInsertValue))->getRow();
+
+        return (int) ($query->SEQ ?? 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a DSN from the provided parameters
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function buildDSN()
+    {
+        if ($this->DSN !== '') {
+            $this->DSN = '';
+        }
+
+        // Legacy support for TNS in the hostname configuration field
+        $this->hostname = str_replace(["\n", "\r", "\t", ' '], '', $this->hostname);
+
+        if (preg_match($this->validDSNs['tns'], $this->hostname)) {
+            $this->DSN = $this->hostname;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $isEasyConnectableHostName = $this->hostname !== '' && strpos($this->hostname, '/') === false && strpos($this->hostname, ':') === false;
+        $easyConnectablePort       = ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port) ? ':' . $this->port : '';
+        $easyConnectableDatabase   = $this->database !== '' ? '/' . ltrim($this->database, '/') : '';
+
+        if ($isEasyConnectableHostName && ($easyConnectablePort !== '' || $easyConnectableDatabase !== '')) {
+            /* If the hostname field isn't empty, doesn't contain
+             * ':' and/or '/' and if port and/or database aren't
+             * empty, then the hostname field is most likely indeed
+             * just a hostname. Therefore we'll try and build an
+             * Easy Connect string from these 3 settings, assuming
+             * that the database field is a service name.
+             */
+            $this->DSN = $this->hostname . $easyConnectablePort . $easyConnectableDatabase;
+
+            if (preg_match($this->validDSNs['ec'], $this->DSN)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* At this point, we can only try and validate the hostname and
+         * database fields separately as DSNs.
+         */
+        if (preg_match($this->validDSNs['ec'], $this->hostname) || preg_match($this->validDSNs['in'], $this->hostname)) {
+            $this->DSN = $this->hostname;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->database = str_replace(["\n", "\r", "\t", ' '], '', $this->database);
+
+        foreach ($this->validDSNs as $regexp) {
+            if (preg_match($regexp, $this->database)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Well - OK, an empty string should work as well.
+         * PHP will try to use environment variables to
+         * determine which Oracle instance to connect to.
+         */
+        $this->DSN = '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        $this->commitMode = OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        $this->commitMode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+
+        return oci_commit($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        $this->commitMode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+
+        return oci_rollback($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the current database being used.
+     */
+    public function getDatabase(): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->database)) {
+            return $this->database;
+        }
+
+        return $this->query('SELECT DEFAULT_TABLESPACE FROM USER_USERS')->getRow()->DEFAULT_TABLESPACE ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the prefix of the function to access the DB.
+     */
+    protected function getDriverFunctionPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return 'oci_';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e1e85f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge as BaseForge;
+
+/**
+ * Forge for OCI8
+ */
+class Forge extends BaseForge
+{
+    /**
+     * DROP INDEX statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropIndexStr = 'DROP INDEX %s';
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE statement
+     *
+     * @var false
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseStr = false;
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+     *
+     * @var false
+     *
+     * @deprecated This is no longer used.
+     */
+    protected $createTableIfStr = false;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP TABLE IF EXISTS statement
+     *
+     * @var false
+     */
+    protected $dropTableIfStr = false;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP DATABASE statement
+     *
+     * @var false
+     */
+    protected $dropDatabaseStr = false;
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array|bool
+     */
+    protected $unsigned = false;
+
+    /**
+     * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $null = 'NULL';
+
+    /**
+     * RENAME TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $renameTableStr = 'ALTER TABLE %s RENAME TO %s';
+
+    /**
+     * DROP CONSTRAINT statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropConstraintStr = 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s';
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign Key Allowed Actions
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $fkAllowActions = ['CASCADE', 'SET NULL', 'NO ACTION'];
+
+    /**
+     * ALTER TABLE
+     *
+     * @param string       $alterType ALTER type
+     * @param string       $table     Table name
+     * @param array|string $field     Column definition
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $field)
+    {
+        $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+
+        if ($alterType === 'DROP') {
+            $fields = array_map(fn ($field) => $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($field)), is_string($field) ? explode(',', $field) : $field);
+
+            return $sql . ' DROP (' . implode(',', $fields) . ') CASCADE CONSTRAINT INVALIDATE';
+        }
+        if ($alterType === 'CHANGE') {
+            $alterType = 'MODIFY';
+        }
+
+        $nullableMap = array_column($this->db->getFieldData($table), 'nullable', 'name');
+        $sqls        = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            if ($alterType === 'MODIFY') {
+                // If a null constraint is added to a column with a null constraint,
+                // ORA-01451 will occur,
+                // so add null constraint is used only when it is different from the current null constraint.
+                // If a not null constraint is added to a column with a not null constraint,
+                // ORA-01442 will occur.
+                $wantToAddNull   = strpos($field[$i]['null'], ' NOT') === false;
+                $currentNullable = $nullableMap[$field[$i]['name']];
+
+                if ($wantToAddNull === true && $currentNullable === true) {
+                    $field[$i]['null'] = '';
+                } elseif ($field[$i]['null'] === '' && $currentNullable === false) {
+                    // Nullable by default
+                    $field[$i]['null'] = ' NULL';
+                } elseif ($wantToAddNull === false && $currentNullable === false) {
+                    $field[$i]['null'] = '';
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== false) {
+                $field[$i] = "\n\t" . $field[$i]['_literal'];
+            } else {
+                $field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\t" . $this->_processColumn($field[$i]);
+
+                if (! empty($field[$i]['comment'])) {
+                    $sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN '
+                        . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+                        . ' IS ' . $field[$i]['comment'];
+                }
+
+                if ($alterType === 'MODIFY' && ! empty($field[$i]['new_name'])) {
+                    $sqls[] = $sql . ' RENAME COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+                        . ' TO ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+                }
+
+                $field[$i] = "\n\t" . $field[$i]['_literal'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $sql .= ' ' . $alterType . ' ';
+        $sql .= count($field) === 1
+                ? $field[0]
+                : '(' . implode(',', $field) . ')';
+
+        // RENAME COLUMN must be executed after MODIFY
+        array_unshift($sqls, $sql);
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
+            && stripos($field['type'], 'NUMBER') !== false
+            && version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '12.1', '>=')
+        ) {
+            $field['auto_increment'] = ' GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        $constraint = '';
+        // @todo: can't cover multi pattern when set type.
+        if ($field['type'] === 'VARCHAR2' && strpos($field['length'], "('") === 0) {
+            $constraint = ' CHECK(' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+                . ' IN ' . $field['length'] . ')';
+
+            $field['length'] = '(' . max(array_map('mb_strlen', explode("','", mb_substr($field['length'], 2, -2)))) . ')' . $constraint;
+        } elseif (isset($this->primaryKeys['fields']) && count($this->primaryKeys['fields']) === 1 && $field['name'] === $this->primaryKeys['fields'][0]) {
+            $field['unique'] = '';
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+           . ' ' . $field['type'] . $field['length']
+           . $field['unsigned']
+           . $field['default']
+           . $field['auto_increment']
+           . $field['null']
+           . $field['unique'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
+    {
+        // Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
+        // Usually overridden by drivers
+        switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+            case 'TINYINT':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 3;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'SMALLINT':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 5;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'MEDIUMINT':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 7;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'INT':
+            case 'INTEGER':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 11;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'BIGINT':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 19;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'NUMERIC':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'BOOLEAN':
+                $attributes['TYPE']       = 'NUMBER';
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = 1;
+                $attributes['UNSIGNED']   = true;
+                $attributes['NULL']       = false;
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'DOUBLE':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'FLOAT';
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 126;
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'DATETIME':
+            case 'TIME':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'DATE';
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'SET':
+            case 'ENUM':
+            case 'VARCHAR':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 255;
+
+                // no break
+            case 'TEXT':
+            case 'MEDIUMTEXT':
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] ??= 4000;
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'VARCHAR2';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    protected function _dropTable(string $table, bool $ifExists, bool $cascade)
+    {
+        $sql = parent::_dropTable($table, $ifExists, $cascade);
+
+        if ($sql !== true && $cascade === true) {
+            $sql .= ' CASCADE CONSTRAINTS PURGE';
+        } elseif ($sql !== true) {
+            $sql .= ' PURGE';
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs sql to check if key is a constraint.
+     */
+    protected function _dropKeyAsConstraint(string $table, string $constraintName): string
+    {
+        return "SELECT constraint_name FROM all_constraints WHERE table_name = '"
+            . trim($table, '"') . "' AND index_name = '"
+            . trim($constraintName, '"') . "'";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93d26070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Prepared query for OCI8
+ *
+ * @extends BasePreparedQuery<resource, resource, resource>
+ */
+class PreparedQuery extends BasePreparedQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * A reference to the db connection to use.
+     *
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Latest inserted table name.
+     */
+    private ?string $lastInsertTableName = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Passed to the connection's prepare statement.
+     *                       Unused in the OCI8 driver.
+     */
+    public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
+    {
+        if (! $this->statement = oci_parse($this->db->connID, $this->parameterize($sql))) {
+            $error             = oci_error($this->db->connID);
+            $this->errorCode   = $error['code'] ?? 0;
+            $this->errorString = $error['message'] ?? '';
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($this->errorString . ' code: ' . $this->errorCode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->lastInsertTableName = $this->db->parseInsertTableName($sql);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     */
+    public function _execute(array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($data) as $key) {
+            oci_bind_by_name($this->statement, ':' . $key, $data[$key]);
+        }
+
+        $result = oci_execute($this->statement, $this->db->commitMode);
+
+        if ($result && $this->lastInsertTableName !== '') {
+            $this->db->lastInsertedTableName = $this->lastInsertTableName;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the statement resource for the prepared query or false when preparing failed.
+     *
+     * @return resource|null
+     */
+    public function _getResult()
+    {
+        return $this->statement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate prepared statements.
+     */
+    protected function _close(): bool
+    {
+        return oci_free_statement($this->statement);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the ? placeholders with :0, :1, etc parameters for use
+     * within the prepared query.
+     */
+    public function parameterize(string $sql): string
+    {
+        // Track our current value
+        $count = 0;
+
+        return preg_replace_callback('/\?/', static function ($matches) use (&$count) {
+            return ':' . ($count++);
+        }, $sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01025763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Result for OCI8
+ *
+ * @extends BaseResult<resource, resource>
+ */
+class Result extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return oci_num_fields($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        return array_map(fn ($fieldIndex) => oci_field_name($this->resultID, $fieldIndex), range(1, $this->getFieldCount()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        return array_map(fn ($fieldIndex) => (object) [
+            'name'       => oci_field_name($this->resultID, $fieldIndex),
+            'type'       => oci_field_type($this->resultID, $fieldIndex),
+            'max_length' => oci_field_size($this->resultID, $fieldIndex),
+        ], range(1, $this->getFieldCount()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->resultID)) {
+            oci_free_statement($this->resultID);
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return false
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        // We can't support data seek by oci
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+        return oci_fetch_assoc($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        $row = oci_fetch_object($this->resultID);
+
+        if ($className === 'stdClass' || ! $row) {
+            return $row;
+        }
+        if (is_subclass_of($className, Entity::class)) {
+            return (new $className())->injectRawData((array) $row);
+        }
+
+        $instance = new $className();
+
+        foreach (get_object_vars($row) as $key => $value) {
+            $instance->{$key} = $value;
+        }
+
+        return $instance;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f3a3304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\OCI8;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseUtils;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Utils for OCI8
+ */
+class Utils extends BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * List databases statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $listDatabases = 'SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME FROM USER_TABLESPACES';
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
+    {
+        throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9763089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for Postgre
+ */
+class Builder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY random keyword
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $randomKeyword = [
+        'RANDOM()',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies which sql statements
+     * support the ignore option.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
+        'insert' => 'ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the ignore option is supported by
+     * the Database Driver for the specific statement.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function compileIgnore(string $statement)
+    {
+        $sql = parent::compileIgnore($statement);
+
+        if (! empty($sql)) {
+            $sql = ' ' . trim($sql);
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY
+     *
+     * @param string $direction ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     */
+    public function orderBy(string $orderBy, string $direction = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        $direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+        if ($direction === 'RANDOM') {
+            if (ctype_digit($orderBy)) {
+                $orderBy = (float) ($orderBy > 1 ? "0.{$orderBy}" : $orderBy);
+            }
+
+            if (is_float($orderBy)) {
+                $this->db->simpleQuery("SET SEED {$orderBy}");
+            }
+
+            $orderBy   = $this->randomKeyword[0];
+            $direction = '';
+            $escape    = false;
+        }
+
+        return parent::orderBy($orderBy, $direction, $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increments a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function increment(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], [$column => "to_number({$column}, '9999999') + {$value}"]);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrements a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], [$column => "to_number({$column}, '9999999') - {$value}"]);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an replace into string and runs the query.
+     * Because PostgreSQL doesn't support the replace into command,
+     * we simply do a DELETE and an INSERT on the first key/value
+     * combo, assuming that it's either the primary key or a unique key.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $set An associative array of insert values
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function replace(?array $set = null)
+    {
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->set($set);
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->QBSet) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must use the "set" method to update an entry.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+        $set   = $this->binds;
+
+        array_walk($set, static function (array &$item) {
+            $item = $item[0];
+        });
+
+        $key   = array_key_first($set);
+        $value = $set[$key];
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table($table);
+        $exists  = $builder->where($key, $value, true)->get()->getFirstRow();
+
+        if (empty($exists) && $this->testMode) {
+            $result = $this->getCompiledInsert();
+        } elseif (empty($exists)) {
+            $result = $builder->insert($set);
+        } elseif ($this->testMode) {
+            $result = $this->where($key, $value, true)->getCompiledUpdate();
+        } else {
+            array_shift($set);
+            $result = $builder->where($key, $value, true)->update($set);
+        }
+
+        unset($builder);
+        $this->resetWrite();
+        $this->binds = [];
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _insert(string $table, array $keys, array $unescapedKeys): string
+    {
+        return trim(sprintf('INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s) %s', $table, implode(', ', $keys), implode(', ', $unescapedKeys), $this->compileIgnore('insert')));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+     */
+    protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . '(' . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\n{:_table_:}\n";
+
+            $sql .= $this->compileIgnore('insert');
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values));
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @param mixed $where
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function delete($where = '', ?int $limit = null, bool $resetData = true)
+    {
+        if (! empty($limit) || ! empty($this->QBLimit)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('PostgreSQL does not allow LIMITs on DELETE queries.');
+        }
+
+        return parent::delete($where, $limit, $resetData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause.
+     */
+    protected function _limit(string $sql, bool $offsetIgnore = false): string
+    {
+        return $sql . ' LIMIT ' . $this->QBLimit . ($this->QBOffset ? " OFFSET {$this->QBOffset}" : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _update(string $table, array $values): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->QBLimit)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('Postgres does not support LIMITs with UPDATE queries.');
+        }
+
+        $this->QBOrderBy = [];
+
+        return parent::_update($table, $values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _delete(string $table): string
+    {
+        $this->QBLimit = false;
+
+        return parent::_delete($table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+     * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+     */
+    protected function _truncate(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'TRUNCATE ' . $table . ' RESTART IDENTITY';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform independent LIKE statement builder.
+     *
+     * In PostgreSQL, the ILIKE operator will perform case insensitive
+     * searches according to the current locale.
+     *
+     * @see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/functions-matching.html
+     */
+    protected function _like_statement(?string $prefix, string $column, ?string $not, string $bind, bool $insensitiveSearch = false): string
+    {
+        $op = $insensitiveSearch === true ? 'ILIKE' : 'LIKE';
+
+        return "{$prefix} {$column} {$not} {$op} :{$bind}:";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
+     *
+     * @param RawSql|string $cond
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     */
+    public function join(string $table, $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if (! in_array('FULL OUTER', $this->joinTypes, true)) {
+            $this->joinTypes = array_merge($this->joinTypes, ['FULL OUTER']);
+        }
+
+        return parent::join($table, $cond, $type, $escape);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific upsertBatch string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                $allIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+                    $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+                    return ($index->type === 'UNIQUE' || $index->type === 'PRIMARY') && $hasAllFields;
+                });
+
+                foreach (array_map(static fn ($index) => $index->fields, $allIndexes) as $index) {
+                    $constraints[] = current($index);
+                    // only one index can be used?
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $constraints = $this->onConstraint($constraints)->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+            }
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('No constraint found for upsert.');
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            // in value set - replace null with DEFAULT where constraint is presumed not null
+            // autoincrement identity field must use DEFAULT and not NULL
+            // this could be removed in favour of leaving to developer but does make things easier and function like other DBMS
+            foreach ($constraints as $constraint) {
+                $key = array_search(trim($constraint, '"'), $fieldNames, true);
+
+                if ($key !== false) {
+                    foreach ($values as $arrayKey => $value) {
+                        if (strtoupper($value[$key]) === 'NULL') {
+                            $values[$arrayKey][$key] = 'DEFAULT';
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '"excluded"';
+
+            if (strtolower($alias) !== '"excluded"') {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Postgres alias is always named "excluded". A custom alias cannot be used.');
+            }
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? [];
+
+            $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (';
+
+            $sql .= implode(', ', $keys);
+
+            $sql .= ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= '{:_table_:}';
+
+            $sql .= 'ON CONFLICT(' . implode(',', $constraints) . ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= "DO UPDATE SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                    " = {$value}" :
+                    " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values)) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch deletes.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '_u';
+
+            $sql = 'DELETE FROM ' . $table . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= "USING (\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $sql .= ') ' . $alias . "\n";
+
+            $sql .= 'WHERE ' . implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        $value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        $value :
+                        (
+                            is_string($key) ?
+                            $table . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value :
+                            $table . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            );
+
+            // convert binds in where
+            foreach ($this->QBWhere as $key => $where) {
+                foreach ($this->binds as $field => $bind) {
+                    $this->QBWhere[$key]['condition'] = str_replace(':' . $field . ':', $bind[0], $where['condition']);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $sql .= ' ' . str_replace(
+                'WHERE ',
+                'AND ',
+                $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56905ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Connection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use ErrorException;
+use PgSql\Connection as PgSqlConnection;
+use PgSql\Result as PgSqlResult;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Connection for Postgre
+ *
+ * @extends BaseConnection<PgSqlConnection, PgSqlResult>
+ */
+class Connection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $DBDriver = 'Postgre';
+
+    /**
+     * Database schema
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $schema = 'public';
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '"';
+
+    protected $connect_timeout;
+    protected $options;
+    protected $sslmode;
+    protected $service;
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|PgSqlConnection
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->DSN)) {
+            $this->buildDSN();
+        }
+
+        // Convert DSN string
+        if (mb_strpos($this->DSN, 'pgsql:') === 0) {
+            $this->convertDSN();
+        }
+
+        $this->connID = $persistent === true ? pg_pconnect($this->DSN) : pg_connect($this->DSN);
+
+        if ($this->connID !== false) {
+            if ($persistent === true && pg_connection_status($this->connID) === PGSQL_CONNECTION_BAD && pg_ping($this->connID) === false
+            ) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($this->schema)) {
+                $this->simpleQuery("SET search_path TO {$this->schema},public");
+            }
+
+            if ($this->setClientEncoding($this->charset) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->connID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the DSN with semicolon syntax.
+     */
+    private function convertDSN()
+    {
+        // Strip pgsql
+        $this->DSN = mb_substr($this->DSN, 6);
+
+        // Convert semicolons to spaces in DSN format like:
+        // pgsql:host=localhost;port=5432;dbname=database_name
+        // https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.pg-connect.php
+        $allowedParams = ['host', 'port', 'dbname', 'user', 'password', 'connect_timeout', 'options', 'sslmode', 'service'];
+
+        $parameters = explode(';', $this->DSN);
+
+        $output            = '';
+        $previousParameter = '';
+
+        foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
+            [$key, $value] = explode('=', $parameter, 2);
+            if (in_array($key, $allowedParams, true)) {
+                if ($previousParameter !== '') {
+                    if (array_search($key, $allowedParams, true) < array_search($previousParameter, $allowedParams, true)) {
+                        $output .= ';';
+                    } else {
+                        $output .= ' ';
+                    }
+                }
+                $output .= $parameter;
+                $previousParameter = $key;
+            } else {
+                $output .= ';' . $parameter;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->DSN = $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     */
+    public function reconnect()
+    {
+        if (pg_ping($this->connID) === false) {
+            $this->connID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+        pg_close($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'];
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->connID) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        $pgVersion                  = pg_version($this->connID);
+        $this->dataCache['version'] = isset($pgVersion['server']) ?
+            (preg_match('/^(\d+\.\d+)/', $pgVersion['server'], $matches) ? $matches[1] : '') :
+            '';
+
+        return $this->dataCache['version'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     * @phpstan-return false|PgSqlResult
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        try {
+            return pg_query($this->connID, $sql);
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the prefix of the function to access the DB.
+     */
+    protected function getDriverFunctionPrefix(): string
+    {
+        return 'pg_';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return pg_affected_rows($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * "Smart" Escape String
+     *
+     * Escapes data based on type
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     *
+     * @return array|float|int|string
+     * @phpstan-return ($str is array ? array : float|int|string)
+     */
+    public function escape($str)
+    {
+        if (! $this->connID) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+        if (is_string($str) || (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString'))) {
+            if ($str instanceof RawSql) {
+                return $str->__toString();
+            }
+
+            return pg_escape_literal($this->connID, $str);
+        }
+
+        if (is_bool($str)) {
+            return $str ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-suppress NoValue I don't know why ERROR. */
+        return parent::escape($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-dependant string escape
+     */
+    protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
+    {
+        if (! $this->connID) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return pg_escape_string($this->connID, $str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \'' . $this->schema . "'";
+
+        if ($tableName !== null) {
+            return $sql . ' AND "table_name" LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
+        }
+
+        if ($prefixLimit !== false && $this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            return $sql . ' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+                . $this->escapeLikeString($this->DBPrefix) . "%' "
+                . sprintf($this->likeEscapeStr, $this->likeEscapeChar);
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        return 'SELECT "column_name"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '
+                . $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . strtolower($table))
+                . ' ORDER BY "ordinal_position"';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default",  "is_nullable"
+            FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+            WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '
+                . $this->escape(strtolower($table))
+                . ' ORDER BY "ordinal_position"';
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetFieldData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i] = new stdClass();
+
+            $retVal[$i]->name       = $query[$i]->column_name;
+            $retVal[$i]->type       = $query[$i]->data_type;
+            $retVal[$i]->nullable   = $query[$i]->is_nullable === 'YES';
+            $retVal[$i]->default    = $query[$i]->column_default;
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length = $query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0 ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with index data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT "indexname", "indexdef"
+			FROM "pg_indexes"
+			WHERE LOWER("tablename") = ' . $this->escape(strtolower($table)) . '
+			AND "schemaname" = ' . $this->escape('public');
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $obj         = new stdClass();
+            $obj->name   = $row->indexname;
+            $_fields     = explode(',', preg_replace('/^.*\((.+?)\)$/', '$1', trim($row->indexdef)));
+            $obj->fields = array_map(static fn ($v) => trim($v), $_fields);
+
+            if (strpos($row->indexdef, 'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX pk') === 0) {
+                $obj->type = 'PRIMARY';
+            } else {
+                $obj->type = (strpos($row->indexdef, 'CREATE UNIQUE') === 0) ? 'UNIQUE' : 'INDEX';
+            }
+
+            $retVal[$obj->name] = $obj;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with Foreign key data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT c.constraint_name,
+                x.table_name,
+                x.column_name,
+                y.table_name as foreign_table_name,
+                y.column_name as foreign_column_name,
+                c.delete_rule,
+                c.update_rule,
+                c.match_option
+                FROM information_schema.referential_constraints c
+                JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage x
+                    on x.constraint_name = c.constraint_name
+                JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage y
+                    on y.ordinal_position = x.position_in_unique_constraint
+                    and y.constraint_name = c.unique_constraint_name
+                WHERE x.table_name = ' . $this->escape($table) .
+                'order by c.constraint_name, x.ordinal_position';
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetForeignKeyData'));
+        }
+
+        $query   = $query->getResultObject();
+        $indexes = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['constraint_name']       = $row->constraint_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['table_name']            = $table;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['column_name'][]         = $row->column_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['foreign_table_name']    = $row->foreign_table_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['foreign_column_name'][] = $row->foreign_column_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['on_delete']             = $row->delete_rule;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['on_update']             = $row->update_rule;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['match']                 = $row->match_option;
+        }
+
+        return $this->foreignKeyDataToObjects($indexes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to disable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to enable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE;';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     * Must return this format: ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+     * intval(code) === 0 means "no error".
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'code'    => '',
+            'message' => pg_last_error($this->connID) ?: '',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public function insertID()
+    {
+        $v = pg_version($this->connID);
+        // 'server' key is only available since PostgreSQL 7.4
+        $v = explode(' ', $v['server'])[0] ?? 0;
+
+        $table  = func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : null;
+        $column = func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : null;
+
+        if ($table === null && $v >= '8.1') {
+            $sql = 'SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id';
+        } elseif ($table !== null) {
+            if ($column !== null && $v >= '8.0') {
+                $sql   = "SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('{$table}', '{$column}') AS seq";
+                $query = $this->query($sql);
+                $query = $query->getRow();
+                $seq   = $query->seq;
+            } else {
+                // seq_name passed in table parameter
+                $seq = $table;
+            }
+
+            $sql = "SELECT CURRVAL('{$seq}') AS ins_id";
+        } else {
+            return pg_last_oid($this->resultID);
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->query($sql);
+        $query = $query->getRow();
+
+        return (int) $query->ins_id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a DSN from the provided parameters
+     */
+    protected function buildDSN()
+    {
+        if ($this->DSN !== '') {
+            $this->DSN = '';
+        }
+
+        // If UNIX sockets are used, we shouldn't set a port
+        if (strpos($this->hostname, '/') !== false) {
+            $this->port = '';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->hostname !== '') {
+            $this->DSN = "host={$this->hostname} ";
+        }
+
+        // ctype_digit only accepts strings
+        $port = (string) $this->port;
+
+        if ($port !== '' && ctype_digit($port)) {
+            $this->DSN .= "port={$port} ";
+        }
+
+        if ($this->username !== '') {
+            $this->DSN .= "user={$this->username} ";
+
+            // An empty password is valid!
+            // password must be set to null to ignore it.
+            if ($this->password !== null) {
+                $this->DSN .= "password='{$this->password}' ";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->database !== '') {
+            $this->DSN .= "dbname={$this->database} ";
+        }
+
+        // We don't have these options as elements in our standard configuration
+        // array, but they might be set by parse_url() if the configuration was
+        // provided via string> Example:
+        //
+        // Postgre://username:password@localhost:5432/database?connect_timeout=5&sslmode=1
+        foreach (['connect_timeout', 'options', 'sslmode', 'service'] as $key) {
+            if (isset($this->{$key}) && is_string($this->{$key}) && $this->{$key} !== '') {
+                $this->DSN .= "{$key}='{$this->{$key}}' ";
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->DSN = rtrim($this->DSN);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set client encoding
+     */
+    protected function setClientEncoding(string $charset): bool
+    {
+        return pg_set_client_encoding($this->connID, $charset) === 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) pg_query($this->connID, 'BEGIN');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) pg_query($this->connID, 'COMMIT');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) pg_query($this->connID, 'ROLLBACK');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+     *
+     * Overrides BaseConnection::isWriteType, adding additional read query types.
+     *
+     * @param string $sql
+     */
+    public function isWriteType($sql): bool
+    {
+        if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return parent::isWriteType($sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47be1b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge as BaseForge;
+
+/**
+ * Forge for Postgre
+ */
+class Forge extends BaseForge
+{
+    /**
+     * CHECK DATABASE EXIST statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $checkDatabaseExistStr = 'SELECT 1 FROM pg_database WHERE datname = ?';
+
+    /**
+     * DROP CONSTRAINT statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropConstraintStr = 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s';
+
+    /**
+     * DROP INDEX statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropIndexStr = 'DROP INDEX %s';
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $_unsigned = [
+        'INT2'     => 'INTEGER',
+        'SMALLINT' => 'INTEGER',
+        'INT'      => 'BIGINT',
+        'INT4'     => 'BIGINT',
+        'INTEGER'  => 'BIGINT',
+        'INT8'     => 'NUMERIC',
+        'BIGINT'   => 'NUMERIC',
+        'REAL'     => 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+        'FLOAT'    => 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    protected $null = 'NULL';
+
+    /**
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE attributes
+     *
+     * @param array $attributes Associative array of table attributes
+     */
+    protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|string
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $field)
+    {
+        if (in_array($alterType, ['DROP', 'ADD'], true)) {
+            return parent::_alterTable($alterType, $table, $field);
+        }
+
+        $sql  = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+        $sqls = [];
+
+        foreach ($field as $data) {
+            if ($data['_literal'] !== false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '8', '>=') && isset($data['type'])) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                    . " TYPE {$data['type']}{$data['length']}";
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($data['default'])) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                    . " SET DEFAULT {$data['default']}";
+            }
+
+            $nullable = true; // Nullable by default.
+            if (isset($data['null']) && ($data['null'] === false || $data['null'] === ' NOT ' . $this->null)) {
+                $nullable = false;
+            }
+            $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                . ($nullable === true ? ' DROP' : ' SET') . ' NOT NULL';
+
+            if (! empty($data['new_name'])) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' RENAME COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                    . ' TO ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['new_name']);
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($data['comment'])) {
+                $sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                    . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                    . " IS {$data['comment']}";
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+            . ' ' . $field['type'] . ($field['type'] === 'text' ? '' : $field['length'])
+            . $field['default']
+            . $field['null']
+            . $field['auto_increment']
+            . $field['unique'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     */
+    protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
+    {
+        // Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
+        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== false) {
+            $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = null;
+        }
+
+        switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+            case 'TINYINT':
+                $attributes['TYPE']     = 'SMALLINT';
+                $attributes['UNSIGNED'] = false;
+                break;
+
+            case 'MEDIUMINT':
+                $attributes['TYPE']     = 'INTEGER';
+                $attributes['UNSIGNED'] = false;
+                break;
+
+            case 'DATETIME':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'TIMESTAMP';
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+     */
+    protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true) {
+            $field['type'] = $field['type'] === 'NUMERIC' || $field['type'] === 'BIGINT' ? 'BIGSERIAL' : 'SERIAL';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+     */
+    protected function _dropTable(string $table, bool $ifExists, bool $cascade): string
+    {
+        $sql = parent::_dropTable($table, $ifExists, $cascade);
+
+        if ($cascade === true) {
+            $sql .= ' CASCADE';
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs sql to check if key is a constraint.
+     */
+    protected function _dropKeyAsConstraint(string $table, string $constraintName): string
+    {
+        return "SELECT con.conname
+               FROM pg_catalog.pg_constraint con
+                INNER JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class rel
+                           ON rel.oid = con.conrelid
+                INNER JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace nsp
+                           ON nsp.oid = connamespace
+               WHERE nsp.nspname = '{$this->db->schema}'
+                     AND rel.relname = '" . trim($table, '"') . "'
+                     AND con.conname = '" . trim($constraintName, '"') . "'";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd60793d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use Exception;
+use PgSql\Connection as PgSqlConnection;
+use PgSql\Result as PgSqlResult;
+
+/**
+ * Prepared query for Postgre
+ *
+ * @extends BasePreparedQuery<PgSqlConnection, PgSqlResult, PgSqlResult>
+ */
+class PreparedQuery extends BasePreparedQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores the name this query can be
+     * used under by postgres. Only used internally.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * The result resource from a successful
+     * pg_exec. Or false.
+     *
+     * @var false|PgSqlResult
+     */
+    protected $result;
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Passed to the connection's prepare statement.
+     *                       Unused in the MySQLi driver.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
+    {
+        $this->name = (string) random_int(1, 10_000_000_000_000_000);
+
+        $sql = $this->parameterize($sql);
+
+        // Update the query object since the parameters are slightly different
+        // than what was put in.
+        $this->query->setQuery($sql);
+
+        if (! $this->statement = pg_prepare($this->db->connID, $this->name, $sql)) {
+            $this->errorCode   = 0;
+            $this->errorString = pg_last_error($this->db->connID);
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($this->errorString . ' code: ' . $this->errorCode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     */
+    public function _execute(array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        $this->result = pg_execute($this->db->connID, $this->name, $data);
+
+        return (bool) $this->result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result object for the prepared query or false on failure.
+     *
+     * @return resource|null
+     * @phpstan-return PgSqlResult|null
+     */
+    public function _getResult()
+    {
+        return $this->result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate prepared statements.
+     */
+    protected function _close(): bool
+    {
+        return pg_query($this->db->connID, 'DEALLOCATE "' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->name) . '"') !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the ? placeholders with $1, $2, etc parameters for use
+     * within the prepared query.
+     */
+    public function parameterize(string $sql): string
+    {
+        // Track our current value
+        $count = 0;
+
+        return preg_replace_callback('/\?/', static function () use (&$count) {
+            $count++;
+
+            return "\${$count}";
+        }, $sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Result.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Result.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a828757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use PgSql\Connection as PgSqlConnection;
+use PgSql\Result as PgSqlResult;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Result for Postgre
+ *
+ * @extends BaseResult<PgSqlConnection, PgSqlResult>
+ */
+class Result extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return pg_num_fields($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        $fieldNames = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = $this->getFieldCount(); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $fieldNames[] = pg_field_name($this->resultID, $i);
+        }
+
+        return $fieldNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = $this->getFieldCount(); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i]             = new stdClass();
+            $retVal[$i]->name       = pg_field_name($this->resultID, $i);
+            $retVal[$i]->type       = pg_field_type_oid($this->resultID, $i);
+            $retVal[$i]->type_name  = pg_field_type($this->resultID, $i);
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length = pg_field_size($this->resultID, $i);
+            $retVal[$i]->length     = $retVal[$i]->max_length;
+            // $retVal[$i]->primary_key = (int)($fieldData[$i]->flags & 2);
+            // $retVal[$i]->default     = $fieldData[$i]->def;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+        if ($this->resultID !== false) {
+            pg_free_result($this->resultID);
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        return pg_result_seek($this->resultID, $n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+        return pg_fetch_assoc($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        if (is_subclass_of($className, Entity::class)) {
+            return empty($data = $this->fetchAssoc()) ? false : (new $className())->injectRawData($data);
+        }
+
+        return pg_fetch_object($this->resultID, null, $className);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of rows in the resultID (i.e., PostgreSQL query result resource)
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int
+    {
+        if (! is_int($this->numRows)) {
+            $this->numRows = pg_num_rows($this->resultID);
+        }
+
+        return $this->numRows;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..516104ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\Postgre;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseUtils;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Utils for Postgre
+ */
+class Utils extends BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * List databases statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $listDatabases = 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
+
+    /**
+     * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $optimizeTable = 'REINDEX TABLE %s';
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
+    {
+        throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php b/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b559918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/PreparedQueryInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+
+/**
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TStatement
+ * @template TResult
+ */
+interface PreparedQueryInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     *
+     * @return bool|ResultInterface
+     * @phpstan-return bool|ResultInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+     */
+    public function execute(...$data);
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function prepare(string $sql, array $options = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Explicity closes the statement.
+     *
+     * @throws BadMethodCallException
+     */
+    public function close(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the SQL that has been prepared.
+     */
+    public function getQueryString(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error code created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorCode(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error message created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorMessage(): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Query.php b/system/Database/Query.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a78190a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Query.php
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Query builder
+ */
+class Query implements QueryInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * The query string, as provided by the user.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $originalQueryString;
+
+    /**
+     * The query string if table prefix has been swapped.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $swappedQueryString;
+
+    /**
+     * The final query string after binding, etc.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $finalQueryString;
+
+    /**
+     * The binds and their values used for binding.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $binds = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Bind marker
+     *
+     * Character used to identify values in a prepared statement.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $bindMarker = '?';
+
+    /**
+     * The start time in seconds with microseconds
+     * for when this query was executed.
+     *
+     * @var float|string
+     */
+    protected $startTime;
+
+    /**
+     * The end time in seconds with microseconds
+     * for when this query was executed.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $endTime;
+
+    /**
+     * The error code, if any.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $errorCode;
+
+    /**
+     * The error message, if any.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $errorString;
+
+    /**
+     * Pointer to database connection.
+     * Mainly for escaping features.
+     *
+     * @var ConnectionInterface
+     */
+    public $db;
+
+    public function __construct(ConnectionInterface $db)
+    {
+        $this->db = $db;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the raw query string to use for this statement.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $binds
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setQuery(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscape = true)
+    {
+        $this->originalQueryString = $sql;
+        unset($this->swappedQueryString);
+
+        if ($binds !== null) {
+            if (! is_array($binds)) {
+                $binds = [$binds];
+            }
+
+            if ($setEscape) {
+                array_walk($binds, static function (&$item) {
+                    $item = [
+                        $item,
+                        true,
+                    ];
+                });
+            }
+            $this->binds = $binds;
+        }
+
+        unset($this->finalQueryString);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will store the variables to bind into the query later.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setBinds(array $binds, bool $setEscape = true)
+    {
+        if ($setEscape) {
+            array_walk($binds, static function (&$item) {
+                $item = [$item, true];
+            });
+        }
+
+        $this->binds = $binds;
+
+        unset($this->finalQueryString);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the final, processed query string after binding, etal
+     * has been performed.
+     */
+    public function getQuery(): string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->finalQueryString)) {
+            $this->compileBinds();
+        }
+
+        return $this->finalQueryString;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the execution time of the statement using microtime(true)
+     * for it's start and end values. If no end value is present, will
+     * use the current time to determine total duration.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setDuration(float $start, ?float $end = null)
+    {
+        $this->startTime = $start;
+
+        if ($end === null) {
+            $end = microtime(true);
+        }
+
+        $this->endTime = $end;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the start time in seconds with microseconds.
+     *
+     * @return float|string
+     */
+    public function getStartTime(bool $returnRaw = false, int $decimals = 6)
+    {
+        if ($returnRaw) {
+            return $this->startTime;
+        }
+
+        return number_format($this->startTime, $decimals);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the duration of this query during execution, or null if
+     * the query has not been executed yet.
+     *
+     * @param int $decimals The accuracy of the returned time.
+     */
+    public function getDuration(int $decimals = 6): string
+    {
+        return number_format(($this->endTime - $this->startTime), $decimals);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the error description that happened for this query.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setError(int $code, string $error)
+    {
+        $this->errorCode   = $code;
+        $this->errorString = $error;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports whether this statement created an error not.
+     */
+    public function hasError(): bool
+    {
+        return ! empty($this->errorString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error code created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorCode(): int
+    {
+        return $this->errorCode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error message created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorMessage(): string
+    {
+        return $this->errorString;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the statement is a write-type query or not.
+     */
+    public function isWriteType(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->db->isWriteType($this->originalQueryString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Swaps out one table prefix for a new one.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function swapPrefix(string $orig, string $swap)
+    {
+        $sql = $this->swappedQueryString ?? $this->originalQueryString;
+
+        $from = '/(\W)' . $orig . '(\S)/';
+        $to   = '\\1' . $swap . '\\2';
+
+        $this->swappedQueryString = preg_replace($from, $to, $sql);
+
+        unset($this->finalQueryString);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the original SQL that was passed into the system.
+     */
+    public function getOriginalQuery(): string
+    {
+        return $this->originalQueryString;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes and inserts any binds into the finalQueryString property.
+     *
+     * @see https://regex101.com/r/EUEhay/5
+     */
+    protected function compileBinds()
+    {
+        $sql   = $this->swappedQueryString ?? $this->originalQueryString;
+        $binds = $this->binds;
+
+        if (empty($binds)) {
+            $this->finalQueryString = $sql;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_int(array_key_first($binds))) {
+            $bindCount = count($binds);
+            $ml        = strlen($this->bindMarker);
+
+            $this->finalQueryString = $this->matchSimpleBinds($sql, $binds, $bindCount, $ml);
+        } else {
+            // Reverse the binds so that duplicate named binds
+            // will be processed prior to the original binds.
+            $binds = array_reverse($binds);
+
+            $this->finalQueryString = $this->matchNamedBinds($sql, $binds);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match bindings
+     */
+    protected function matchNamedBinds(string $sql, array $binds): string
+    {
+        $replacers = [];
+
+        foreach ($binds as $placeholder => $value) {
+            // $value[1] contains the boolean whether should be escaped or not
+            $escapedValue = $value[1] ? $this->db->escape($value[0]) : $value[0];
+
+            // In order to correctly handle backlashes in saved strings
+            // we will need to preg_quote, so remove the wrapping escape characters
+            // otherwise it will get escaped.
+            if (is_array($value[0])) {
+                $escapedValue = '(' . implode(',', $escapedValue) . ')';
+            }
+
+            $replacers[":{$placeholder}:"] = $escapedValue;
+        }
+
+        return strtr($sql, $replacers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match bindings
+     */
+    protected function matchSimpleBinds(string $sql, array $binds, int $bindCount, int $ml): string
+    {
+        if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'/", $sql, $matches)) {
+            $c = preg_match_all('/' . preg_quote($this->bindMarker, '/') . '/i', str_replace($matches[0], str_replace($this->bindMarker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]), $sql, $c), $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
+
+            // Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
+            if ($bindCount !== $c) {
+                return $sql;
+            }
+        } elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/' . preg_quote($this->bindMarker, '/') . '/i', $sql, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) !== $bindCount) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        do {
+            $c--;
+            $escapedValue = $binds[$c][1] ? $this->db->escape($binds[$c][0]) : $binds[$c][0];
+
+            if (is_array($escapedValue)) {
+                $escapedValue = '(' . implode(',', $escapedValue) . ')';
+            }
+
+            $sql = substr_replace($sql, $escapedValue, $matches[0][$c][1], $ml);
+        } while ($c !== 0);
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns string to display in debug toolbar
+     */
+    public function debugToolbarDisplay(): string
+    {
+        // Key words we want bolded
+        static $highlight = [
+            'AND',
+            'AS',
+            'ASC',
+            'AVG',
+            'BY',
+            'COUNT',
+            'DESC',
+            'DISTINCT',
+            'FROM',
+            'GROUP',
+            'HAVING',
+            'IN',
+            'INNER',
+            'INSERT',
+            'INTO',
+            'IS',
+            'JOIN',
+            'LEFT',
+            'LIKE',
+            'LIMIT',
+            'MAX',
+            'MIN',
+            'NOT',
+            'NULL',
+            'OFFSET',
+            'ON',
+            'OR',
+            'ORDER',
+            'RIGHT',
+            'SELECT',
+            'SUM',
+            'UPDATE',
+            'VALUES',
+            'WHERE',
+        ];
+
+        $sql = esc($this->getQuery());
+
+        /**
+         * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/20767160
+         * @see https://regex101.com/r/hUlrGN/4
+         */
+        $search = '/\b(?:' . implode('|', $highlight) . ')\b(?![^(&#039;)]*&#039;(?:(?:[^(&#039;)]*&#039;){2})*[^(&#039;)]*$)/';
+
+        return preg_replace_callback($search, static fn ($matches) => '<strong>' . str_replace(' ', '&nbsp;', $matches[0]) . '</strong>', $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return text representation of the query
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->getQuery();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/QueryInterface.php b/system/Database/QueryInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f40f004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/QueryInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Interface QueryInterface
+ *
+ * Represents a single statement that can be executed against the database.
+ * Statements are platform-specific and can handle binding of binds.
+ */
+interface QueryInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Sets the raw query string to use for this statement.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $binds
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function setQuery(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscape = true);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the final, processed query string after binding, etal
+     * has been performed.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getQuery();
+
+    /**
+     * Records the execution time of the statement using microtime(true)
+     * for it's start and end values. If no end value is present, will
+     * use the current time to determine total duration.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function setDuration(float $start, ?float $end = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the duration of this query during execution, or null if
+     * the query has not been executed yet.
+     *
+     * @param int $decimals The accuracy of the returned time.
+     */
+    public function getDuration(int $decimals = 6): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the error description that happened for this query.
+     */
+    public function setError(int $code, string $error);
+
+    /**
+     * Reports whether this statement created an error not.
+     */
+    public function hasError(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error code created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorCode(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error message created while executing this statement.
+     */
+    public function getErrorMessage(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the statement is a write-type query or not.
+     */
+    public function isWriteType(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Swaps out one table prefix for a new one.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function swapPrefix(string $orig, string $swap);
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/RawSql.php b/system/Database/RawSql.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efa97d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/RawSql.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\RawSqlTest
+ */
+class RawSql
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string Raw SQL string
+     */
+    private string $string;
+
+    public function __construct(string $sqlString)
+    {
+        $this->string = $sqlString;
+    }
+
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create new instance with new SQL string
+     */
+    public function with(string $newSqlString): self
+    {
+        $new         = clone $this;
+        $new->string = $newSqlString;
+
+        return $new;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns unique id for binding key
+     */
+    public function getBindingKey(): string
+    {
+        return 'RawSql' . spl_object_id($this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/ResultInterface.php b/system/Database/ResultInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c959a7cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/ResultInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * @template TConnection
+ * @template TResult
+ */
+interface ResultInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the results of the query. Typically an array of
+     * individual data rows, which can be either an 'array', an
+     * 'object', or a custom class name.
+     *
+     * @param string $type The row type. Either 'array', 'object', or a class name to use
+     */
+    public function getResult(string $type = 'object'): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of custom objects.
+     *
+     * @param string $className The name of the class to use.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getCustomResultObject(string $className);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of arrays.
+     *
+     * If no results, an empty array is returned.
+     */
+    public function getResultArray(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the results as an array of objects.
+     *
+     * If no results, an empty array is returned.
+     */
+    public function getResultObject(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Wrapper object to return a row as either an array, an object, or
+     * a custom class.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @param int    $n    The index of the results to return
+     * @param string $type The type of result object. 'array', 'object' or class name.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|stdClass|null
+     * @phpstan-return ($type is 'object' ? stdClass|null : ($type is 'array' ? array|null : object|null))
+     */
+    public function getRow($n = 0, string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a row as a custom class instance.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exists, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getCustomRowObject(int $n, string $className);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single row from the results as an array.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getRowArray(int $n = 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single row from the results as an object.
+     *
+     * If row doesn't exist, returns null.
+     *
+     * @return object|stdClass|null
+     */
+    public function getRowObject(int $n = 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Assigns an item into a particular column slot.
+     *
+     * @param array|string               $key
+     * @param array|object|stdClass|null $value
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setRow($key, $value = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "first" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getFirstRow(string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "last" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getLastRow(string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "next" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getNextRow(string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "previous" row of the current results.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getPreviousRow(string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns number of rows in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an unbuffered row and move the pointer to the next row.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    public function getUnbufferedRow(string $type = 'object');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     */
+    public function freeResult();
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0);
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e3e4a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,775 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ResultInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for SQLSRV
+ *
+ * @todo auto check for TextCastToInt
+ * @todo auto check for InsertIndexValue
+ * @todo replace: delete index entries before insert
+ */
+class Builder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY random keyword
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $randomKeyword = [
+        'NEWID()',
+        'RAND(%d)',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Quoted identifier flag
+     *
+     * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+     * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $_quoted_identifier = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle increment/decrement on text
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $castTextToInt = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle IDENTITY_INSERT property/
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $keyPermission = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+     * about operator precedence.
+     */
+    protected function _fromTables(): string
+    {
+        $from = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->QBFrom as $value) {
+            $from[] = strpos($value, '(SELECT') === 0 ? $value : $this->getFullName($value);
+        }
+
+        return implode(', ', $from);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+     * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+     */
+    protected function _truncate(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'TRUNCATE TABLE ' . $this->getFullName($table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
+     *
+     * @param RawSql|string $cond
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function join(string $table, $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        if ($type !== '') {
+            $type = strtoupper(trim($type));
+
+            if (! in_array($type, $this->joinTypes, true)) {
+                $type = '';
+            } else {
+                $type .= ' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
+        // in the protectIdentifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+        $this->trackAliases($table);
+
+        if (! is_bool($escape)) {
+            $escape = $this->db->protectIdentifiers;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->hasOperator($cond)) {
+            $cond = ' USING (' . ($escape ? $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($cond) : $cond) . ')';
+        } elseif ($escape === false) {
+            $cond = ' ON ' . $cond;
+        } else {
+            // Split multiple conditions
+            if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+                $conditions = [];
+                $joints     = $joints[0];
+                array_unshift($joints, ['', 0]);
+
+                for ($i = count($joints) - 1, $pos = strlen($cond); $i >= 0; $i--) {
+                    $joints[$i][1] += strlen($joints[$i][0]); // offset
+                    $conditions[$i] = substr($cond, $joints[$i][1], $pos - $joints[$i][1]);
+                    $pos            = $joints[$i][1] - strlen($joints[$i][0]);
+                    $joints[$i]     = $joints[$i][0];
+                }
+
+                ksort($conditions);
+            } else {
+                $conditions = [$cond];
+                $joints     = [''];
+            }
+
+            $cond = ' ON ';
+
+            foreach ($conditions as $i => $condition) {
+                $operator = $this->getOperator($condition);
+
+                $cond .= $joints[$i];
+                $cond .= preg_match('/(\(*)?([\[\]\w\.\'-]+)' . preg_quote($operator, '/') . '(.*)/i', $condition, $match) ? $match[1] . $this->db->protectIdentifiers($match[2]) . $operator . $this->db->protectIdentifiers($match[3]) : $condition;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Do we want to escape the table name?
+        if ($escape === true) {
+            $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false);
+        }
+
+        // Assemble the JOIN statement
+        $this->QBJoin[] = $type . 'JOIN ' . $this->getFullName($table) . $cond;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @todo implement check for this instead static $insertKeyPermission
+     */
+    protected function _insert(string $table, array $keys, array $unescapedKeys): string
+    {
+        $fullTableName = $this->getFullName($table);
+
+        // insert statement
+        $statement = 'INSERT INTO ' . $fullTableName . ' (' . implode(',', $keys) . ') VALUES (' . implode(', ', $unescapedKeys) . ')';
+
+        return $this->keyPermission ? $this->addIdentity($fullTableName, $statement) : $statement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert batch statement
+     *
+     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+     */
+    protected function _insertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $sql = 'INSERT ' . $this->compileIgnore('insert') . 'INTO ' . $this->getFullName($table)
+                . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\n{:_table_:}";
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values));
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _update(string $table, array $values): string
+    {
+        $valstr = [];
+
+        foreach ($values as $key => $val) {
+            $valstr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+        }
+
+        $fullTableName = $this->getFullName($table);
+
+        $statement = sprintf('UPDATE %s%s SET ', empty($this->QBLimit) ? '' : 'TOP(' . $this->QBLimit . ') ', $fullTableName);
+
+        $statement .= implode(', ', $valstr)
+            . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            . $this->compileOrderBy();
+
+        return $this->keyPermission ? $this->addIdentity($fullTableName, $statement) : $statement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increments a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function increment(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        if ($this->castTextToInt) {
+            $values = [$column => "CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),CONVERT(INT,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), {$column})) + {$value})"];
+        } else {
+            $values = [$column => "{$column} + {$value}"];
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], $values);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrements a numeric column by the specified value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $column, int $value = 1)
+    {
+        $column = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($column);
+
+        if ($this->castTextToInt) {
+            $values = [$column => "CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),CONVERT(INT,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), {$column})) - {$value})"];
+        } else {
+            $values = [$column => "{$column} + {$value}"];
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_update($this->QBFrom[0], $values);
+
+        if (! $this->testMode) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+
+            return $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get full name of the table
+     */
+    private function getFullName(string $table): string
+    {
+        $alias = '';
+
+        if (strpos($table, ' ') !== false) {
+            $alias = explode(' ', $table);
+            $table = array_shift($alias);
+            $alias = ' ' . implode(' ', $alias);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->escapeChar === '"') {
+            return '"' . $this->db->getDatabase() . '"."' . $this->db->schema . '"."' . str_replace('"', '', $table) . '"' . $alias;
+        }
+
+        return '[' . $this->db->getDatabase() . '].[' . $this->db->schema . '].[' . str_replace('"', '', $table) . ']' . str_replace('"', '', $alias);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add permision statements for index value inserts
+     */
+    private function addIdentity(string $fullTable, string $insert): string
+    {
+        return 'SET IDENTITY_INSERT ' . $fullTable . " ON\n" . $insert . "\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT " . $fullTable . ' OFF';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Local implementation of limit
+     */
+    protected function _limit(string $sql, bool $offsetIgnore = false): string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->QBOrderBy)) {
+            $sql .= ' ORDER BY (SELECT NULL) ';
+        }
+
+        if ($offsetIgnore) {
+            $sql .= ' OFFSET 0 ';
+        } else {
+            $sql .= is_int($this->QBOffset) ? ' OFFSET ' . $this->QBOffset : ' OFFSET 0 ';
+        }
+
+        return $sql . ' ROWS FETCH NEXT ' . $this->QBLimit . ' ROWS ONLY ';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a replace into string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function replace(?array $set = null)
+    {
+        if ($set !== null) {
+            $this->set($set);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->QBSet)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must use the "set" method to update an entry.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->_replace($table, array_keys($this->QBSet), array_values($this->QBSet));
+
+        $this->resetWrite();
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $this->db->simpleQuery('SET IDENTITY_INSERT ' . $this->getFullName($table) . ' ON');
+
+        $result = $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+        $this->db->simpleQuery('SET IDENTITY_INSERT ' . $this->getFullName($table) . ' OFF');
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+     * on match delete and insert
+     */
+    protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        // check whether the existing keys are part of the primary key.
+        // if so then use them for the "ON" part and exclude them from the $values and $keys
+        $pKeys     = $this->db->getIndexData($table);
+        $keyFields = [];
+
+        foreach ($pKeys as $key) {
+            if ($key->type === 'PRIMARY') {
+                $keyFields = array_merge($keyFields, $key->fields);
+            }
+
+            if ($key->type === 'UNIQUE') {
+                $keyFields = array_merge($keyFields, $key->fields);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get the unique field names
+        $escKeyFields = array_map(fn (string $field): string => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($field), array_values(array_unique($keyFields)));
+
+        // Get the binds
+        $binds = $this->binds;
+        array_walk($binds, static function (&$item) {
+            $item = $item[0];
+        });
+
+        // Get the common field and values from the keys data and index fields
+        $common = array_intersect($keys, $escKeyFields);
+        $bingo  = [];
+
+        foreach ($common as $v) {
+            $k = array_search($v, $keys, true);
+
+            $bingo[$keys[$k]] = $binds[trim($values[$k], ':')];
+        }
+
+        // Querying existing data
+        $builder = $this->db->table($table);
+
+        foreach ($bingo as $k => $v) {
+            $builder->where($k, $v);
+        }
+
+        $q = $builder->get()->getResult();
+
+        // Delete entries if we find them
+        if ($q !== []) {
+            $delete = $this->db->table($table);
+
+            foreach ($bingo as $k => $v) {
+                $delete->where($k, $v);
+            }
+
+            $delete->delete();
+        }
+
+        return sprintf('INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s);', $this->getFullName($table), implode(',', $keys), implode(',', $values));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * SELECT [MAX|MIN|AVG|SUM|COUNT]()
+     *
+     * Handle float return value
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     */
+    protected function maxMinAvgSum(string $select = '', string $alias = '', string $type = 'MAX')
+    {
+        // int functions can be handled by parent
+        if ($type !== 'AVG') {
+            return parent::maxMinAvgSum($select, $alias, $type);
+        }
+
+        if ($select === '') {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyInputGiven('Select');
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($select, ',') !== false) {
+            throw DataException::forInvalidArgument('Column name not separated by comma');
+        }
+
+        if ($alias === '') {
+            $alias = $this->createAliasFromTable(trim($select));
+        }
+
+        $sql = $type . '( CAST( ' . $this->db->protectIdentifiers(trim($select)) . ' AS FLOAT ) ) AS ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(trim($alias));
+
+        $this->QBSelect[]   = $sql;
+        $this->QBNoEscape[] = null;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * "Count All" query
+     *
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+     * the particular table
+     *
+     * @param bool $reset Are we want to clear query builder values?
+     *
+     * @return int|string when $test = true
+     */
+    public function countAll(bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        $table = $this->QBFrom[0];
+
+        $sql = $this->countString . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers('numrows') . ' FROM ' . $this->getFullName($table);
+
+        if ($this->testMode) {
+            return $sql;
+        }
+
+        $query = $this->db->query($sql, null, false);
+        if (empty($query->getResult())) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $query = $query->getRow();
+
+        if ($reset === true) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+        }
+
+        return (int) $query->numrows;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete statement
+     */
+    protected function _delete(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'DELETE' . (empty($this->QBLimit) ? '' : ' TOP (' . $this->QBLimit . ') ') . ' FROM ' . $this->getFullName($table) . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
+     *
+     * @param mixed $where
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function delete($where = '', ?int $limit = null, bool $resetData = true)
+    {
+        $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($this->QBFrom[0], true, null, false);
+
+        if ($where !== '') {
+            $this->where($where);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->QBWhere)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.');
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($limit)) {
+            $this->QBLimit = $limit;
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_delete($table);
+
+        if ($resetData) {
+            $this->resetWrite();
+        }
+
+        return $this->testMode ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql, $this->binds, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compile the SELECT statement
+     *
+     * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
+     *
+     * @param bool $selectOverride
+     */
+    protected function compileSelect($selectOverride = false): string
+    {
+        // Write the "select" portion of the query
+        if ($selectOverride !== false) {
+            $sql = $selectOverride;
+        } else {
+            $sql = (! $this->QBDistinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+
+            // SQL Server can't work with select * if group by is specified
+            if (empty($this->QBSelect) && ! empty($this->QBGroupBy) && is_array($this->QBGroupBy)) {
+                foreach ($this->QBGroupBy as $field) {
+                    $this->QBSelect[] = is_array($field) ? $field['field'] : $field;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (empty($this->QBSelect)) {
+                $sql .= '*';
+            } else {
+                // Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
+                // The reason we protect identifiers here rather than in the select() function
+                // is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
+                foreach ($this->QBSelect as $key => $val) {
+                    $noEscape             = $this->QBNoEscape[$key] ?? null;
+                    $this->QBSelect[$key] = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($val, false, $noEscape);
+                }
+
+                $sql .= implode(', ', $this->QBSelect);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write the "FROM" portion of the query
+        if (! empty($this->QBFrom)) {
+            $sql .= "\nFROM " . $this->_fromTables();
+        }
+
+        // Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
+        if (! empty($this->QBJoin)) {
+            $sql .= "\n" . implode("\n", $this->QBJoin);
+        }
+
+        $sql .= $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere')
+            . $this->compileGroupBy()
+            . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBHaving')
+            . $this->compileOrderBy(); // ORDER BY
+
+        // LIMIT
+        if ($this->QBLimit) {
+            $sql = $this->_limit($sql . "\n");
+        }
+
+        return $this->unionInjection($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles the select statement based on the other functions called
+     * and runs the query
+     *
+     * @return ResultInterface
+     */
+    public function get(?int $limit = null, int $offset = 0, bool $reset = true)
+    {
+        if ($limit !== null) {
+            $this->limit($limit, $offset);
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->testMode ? $this->getCompiledSelect($reset) : $this->db->query($this->compileSelect(), $this->binds, false);
+
+        if ($reset) {
+            $this->resetSelect();
+
+            // Clear our binds so we don't eat up memory
+            $this->binds = [];
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific upsertBatch string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $fullTableName = $this->getFullName($table);
+
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            $tableIdentity = $this->QBOptions['tableIdentity'] ?? '';
+            $sql           = "SELECT name from syscolumns where id = Object_ID('" . $table . "') and colstat = 1";
+            if (($query = $this->db->query($sql)) === false) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Failed to get table identity');
+            }
+            $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+            foreach ($query as $row) {
+                $tableIdentity = '"' . $row->name . '"';
+            }
+            $this->QBOptions['tableIdentity'] = $tableIdentity;
+
+            $identityInFields = in_array($tableIdentity, $keys, true);
+
+            $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '"'), $keys);
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                $tableIndexes = $this->db->getIndexData($table);
+
+                $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($tableIndexes, static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+                    $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+                    return $index->type === 'PRIMARY' && $hasAllFields;
+                });
+
+                // if no primary found then look for unique - since indexes have no order
+                if (empty($uniqueIndexes)) {
+                    $uniqueIndexes = array_filter($tableIndexes, static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+                        $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+                        return $index->type === 'UNIQUE' && $hasAllFields;
+                    });
+                }
+
+                // only take first index
+                foreach ($uniqueIndexes as $index) {
+                    $constraints = $index->fields;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $constraints = $this->onConstraint($constraints)->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+            }
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('No constraint found for upsert.');
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '"_upsert"';
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ?? [];
+
+            $sql = 'MERGE INTO ' . $fullTableName . "\nUSING (\n";
+
+            $sql .= '{:_table_:}';
+
+            $sql .= ") {$alias} (";
+
+            $sql .= implode(', ', $keys);
+
+            $sql .= ')';
+
+            $sql .= "\nON (";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ' AND ',
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => (
+                        ($value instanceof RawSql && is_string($key))
+                        ?
+                        $fullTableName . '.' . $key . ' = ' . $value
+                        :
+                        (
+                            $value instanceof RawSql
+                            ?
+                            $value
+                            :
+                            $fullTableName . '.' . $value . ' = ' . $alias . '.' . $value
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    array_keys($constraints),
+                    $constraints
+                )
+            ) . ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= "WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        ' = ' . $value :
+                    " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $sql .= "\nWHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (" . implode(', ', $keys) . ")\nVALUES ";
+
+            $sql .= (
+                '(' . implode(
+                    ', ',
+                    array_map(
+                        static fn ($columnName) => $columnName === $tableIdentity
+                    ? "CASE WHEN {$alias}.{$columnName} IS NULL THEN (SELECT "
+                    . 'isnull(IDENT_CURRENT(\'' . $fullTableName . '\')+IDENT_INCR(\''
+                    . $fullTableName . "'),1)) ELSE {$alias}.{$columnName} END"
+                    : "{$alias}.{$columnName}",
+                        $keys
+                    )
+                ) . ');'
+            );
+
+            $sql = $identityInFields ? $this->addIdentity($fullTableName, $sql) : $sql;
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values)) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets column names from a select query
+     */
+    protected function fieldsFromQuery(string $sql): array
+    {
+        return $this->db->query('SELECT TOP 1 * FROM (' . $sql . ') _u_')->getFieldNames();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1a9fb0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Connection for SQLSRV
+ *
+ * @extends BaseConnection<resource, resource>
+ */
+class Connection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $DBDriver = 'SQLSRV';
+
+    /**
+     * Database name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $database;
+
+    /**
+     * Scrollable flag
+     *
+     * Determines what cursor type to use when executing queries.
+     *
+     * FALSE or SQLSRV_CURSOR_FORWARD would increase performance,
+     * but would disable num_rows() (and possibly insert_id())
+     *
+     * @var false|string
+     */
+    public $scrollable;
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '"';
+
+    /**
+     * Database schema
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $schema = 'dbo';
+
+    /**
+     * Quoted identifier flag
+     *
+     * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+     * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $_quoted_identifier = true;
+
+    /**
+     * List of reserved identifiers
+     *
+     * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $_reserved_identifiers = ['*'];
+
+    /**
+     * Class constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $params)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($params);
+
+        // This is only supported as of SQLSRV 3.0
+        if ($this->scrollable === null) {
+            $this->scrollable = defined('SQLSRV_CURSOR_CLIENT_BUFFERED') ? SQLSRV_CURSOR_CLIENT_BUFFERED : false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        $charset = in_array(strtolower($this->charset), ['utf-8', 'utf8'], true) ? 'UTF-8' : SQLSRV_ENC_CHAR;
+
+        $connection = [
+            'UID'                  => empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
+            'PWD'                  => empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
+            'Database'             => $this->database,
+            'ConnectionPooling'    => $persistent ? 1 : 0,
+            'CharacterSet'         => $charset,
+            'Encrypt'              => $this->encrypt === true ? 1 : 0,
+            'ReturnDatesAsStrings' => 1,
+        ];
+
+        // If the username and password are both empty, assume this is a
+        // 'Windows Authentication Mode' connection.
+        if (empty($connection['UID']) && empty($connection['PWD'])) {
+            unset($connection['UID'], $connection['PWD']);
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($this->hostname, ',') === false && $this->port !== '') {
+            $this->hostname .= ', ' . $this->port;
+        }
+
+        sqlsrv_configure('WarningsReturnAsErrors', 0);
+        $this->connID = sqlsrv_connect($this->hostname, $connection);
+
+        if ($this->connID !== false) {
+            // Determine how identifiers are escaped
+            $query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+            $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+            $this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? false : (bool) $query[0]->qi;
+            $this->escapeChar         = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : ['[', ']'];
+
+            return $this->connID;
+        }
+
+        throw new DatabaseException($this->getAllErrorMessages());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For exception message
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public function getAllErrorMessages(): string
+    {
+        $errors = [];
+
+        foreach (sqlsrv_errors() as $error) {
+            $errors[] = $error['message']
+                . ' SQLSTATE: ' . $error['SQLSTATE'] . ', code: ' . $error['code'];
+        }
+
+        return implode("\n", $errors);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     */
+    public function reconnect()
+    {
+        $this->close();
+        $this->initialize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+        sqlsrv_close($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-dependant string escape
+     */
+    protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
+    {
+        return str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str, false));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert ID
+     */
+    public function insertID(): int
+    {
+        return $this->query('SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS insert_id')->getRow()->insert_id ?? 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT [TABLE_NAME] AS "name"'
+            . ' FROM [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[TABLES] '
+            . ' WHERE '
+            . " [TABLE_SCHEMA] = '" . $this->schema . "'    ";
+
+        if ($tableName !== null) {
+            return $sql .= ' AND [TABLE_NAME] LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
+        }
+
+        if ($prefixLimit === true && $this->DBPrefix !== '') {
+            $sql .= " AND [TABLE_NAME] LIKE '" . $this->escapeLikeString($this->DBPrefix) . "%' "
+                . sprintf($this->likeEscapeStr, $this->likeEscapeChar);
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        return 'SELECT [COLUMN_NAME] '
+            . ' FROM [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[COLUMNS]'
+            . ' WHERE  [TABLE_NAME] = ' . $this->escape($this->DBPrefix . $table)
+            . ' AND [TABLE_SCHEMA] = ' . $this->escape($this->schema);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with index data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'EXEC sp_helpindex ' . $this->escape($this->schema . '.' . $table);
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $obj       = new stdClass();
+            $obj->name = $row->index_name;
+
+            $_fields     = explode(',', trim($row->index_keys));
+            $obj->fields = array_map(static fn ($v) => trim($v), $_fields);
+
+            if (strpos($row->index_description, 'primary key located on') !== false) {
+                $obj->type = 'PRIMARY';
+            } else {
+                $obj->type = (strpos($row->index_description, 'nonclustered, unique') !== false) ? 'UNIQUE' : 'INDEX';
+            }
+
+            $retVal[$obj->name] = $obj;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with Foreign key data
+     * referenced_object_id  parent_object_id
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT
+                f.name as constraint_name,
+                OBJECT_NAME (f.parent_object_id) as table_name,
+                COL_NAME(fc.parent_object_id,fc.parent_column_id) column_name,
+                OBJECT_NAME(f.referenced_object_id) foreign_table_name,
+                COL_NAME(fc.referenced_object_id,fc.referenced_column_id) foreign_column_name,
+                rc.delete_rule,
+                rc.update_rule,
+                rc.match_option
+                FROM
+                sys.foreign_keys AS f
+                INNER JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns AS fc ON f.OBJECT_ID = fc.constraint_object_id
+                INNER JOIN sys.tables t ON t.OBJECT_ID = fc.referenced_object_id
+                INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc ON rc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = f.name
+                WHERE OBJECT_NAME (f.parent_object_id) = ' . $this->escape($table);
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetForeignKeyData'));
+        }
+
+        $query   = $query->getResultObject();
+        $indexes = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['constraint_name']       = $row->constraint_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['table_name']            = $row->table_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['column_name'][]         = $row->column_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['foreign_table_name']    = $row->foreign_table_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['foreign_column_name'][] = $row->foreign_column_name;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['on_delete']             = $row->delete_rule;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['on_update']             = $row->update_rule;
+            $indexes[$row->constraint_name]['match']                 = $row->match_option;
+        }
+
+        return $this->foreignKeyDataToObjects($indexes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables foreign key checks temporarily.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'EXEC sp_MSforeachtable "ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL"';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables foreign key checks temporarily.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'EXEC sp_MSforeachtable "ALTER TABLE ? WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL"';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = 'SELECT
+                COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION,
+                COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE
+            FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
+            WHERE TABLE_NAME= ' . $this->escape(($table));
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetFieldData'));
+        }
+
+        $query  = $query->getResultObject();
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i] = new stdClass();
+
+            $retVal[$i]->name    = $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+            $retVal[$i]->type    = $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+            $retVal[$i]->default = $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length = $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0
+                ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH
+                : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+
+            $retVal[$i]->nullable = $query[$i]->IS_NULLABLE !== 'NO';
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_commit($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_rollback($this->connID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     * Must return this format: ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+     * intval(code) === 0 means "no error".
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        $error = [
+            'code'    => '00000',
+            'message' => '',
+        ];
+
+        $sqlsrvErrors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
+
+        if (! is_array($sqlsrvErrors)) {
+            return $error;
+        }
+
+        $sqlsrvError = array_shift($sqlsrvErrors);
+        if (isset($sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'])) {
+            $error['code'] = isset($sqlsrvError['code']) ? $sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'] . '/' . $sqlsrvError['code'] : $sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'];
+        } elseif (isset($sqlsrvError['code'])) {
+            $error['code'] = $sqlsrvError['code'];
+        }
+
+        if (isset($sqlsrvError['message'])) {
+            $error['message'] = $sqlsrvError['message'];
+        }
+
+        return $error;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_rows_affected($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(?string $databaseName = null)
+    {
+        if (empty($databaseName)) {
+            $databaseName = $this->database;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->connID)) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->execute('USE ' . $this->_escapeString($databaseName))) {
+            $this->database  = $databaseName;
+            $this->dataCache = [];
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return false|resource
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        $stmt = ($this->scrollable === false || $this->isWriteType($sql)) ?
+            sqlsrv_query($this->connID, $sql) :
+            sqlsrv_query($this->connID, $sql, [], ['Scrollable' => $this->scrollable]);
+
+        if ($stmt === false) {
+            $error = $this->error();
+
+            log_message('error', $error['message']);
+
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($error['message']);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $stmt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error encountered by this connection.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `error()` instead.
+     */
+    public function getError()
+    {
+        $error = [
+            'code'    => '00000',
+            'message' => '',
+        ];
+
+        $sqlsrvErrors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
+
+        if (! is_array($sqlsrvErrors)) {
+            return $error;
+        }
+
+        $sqlsrvError = array_shift($sqlsrvErrors);
+        if (isset($sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'])) {
+            $error['code'] = isset($sqlsrvError['code']) ? $sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'] . '/' . $sqlsrvError['code'] : $sqlsrvError['SQLSTATE'];
+        } elseif (isset($sqlsrvError['code'])) {
+            $error['code'] = $sqlsrvError['code'];
+        }
+
+        if (isset($sqlsrvError['message'])) {
+            $error['message'] = $sqlsrvError['message'];
+        }
+
+        return $error;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the platform in use (MySQLi, mssql, etc)
+     */
+    public function getPlatform(): string
+    {
+        return $this->DBDriver;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        $info = [];
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'];
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->connID || empty($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->connID))) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return isset($info['SQLServerVersion']) ? $this->dataCache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'] : false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+     *
+     * Overrides BaseConnection::isWriteType, adding additional read query types.
+     *
+     * @param string $sql
+     */
+    public function isWriteType($sql): bool
+    {
+        if (preg_match('/^\s*"?(EXEC\s*sp_rename)\s/i', $sql)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return parent::isWriteType($sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4462476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge as BaseForge;
+
+/**
+ * Forge for SQLSRV
+ */
+class Forge extends BaseForge
+{
+    /**
+     * DROP CONSTRAINT statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropConstraintStr;
+
+    /**
+     * DROP INDEX statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropIndexStr;
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE IF statement
+     *
+     * @todo missing charset, collat & check for existent
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseIfStr = "DECLARE @DBName VARCHAR(255) = '%s'\nDECLARE @SQL VARCHAR(max) = 'IF DB_ID( ''' + @DBName + ''' ) IS NULL CREATE DATABASE ' + @DBName\nEXEC( @SQL )";
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE DATABASE IF statement
+     *
+     * @todo missing charset & collat
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createDatabaseStr = 'CREATE DATABASE %s ';
+
+    /**
+     * CHECK DATABASE EXIST statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $checkDatabaseExistStr = 'IF DB_ID( %s ) IS NOT NULL SELECT 1';
+
+    /**
+     * RENAME TABLE statement
+     *
+     * While the below statement would work, it returns an error.
+     * Also MS recommends dropping and dropping and re-creating the table.
+     *
+     * @see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-rename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-2017
+     * 'EXEC sp_rename %s , %s ;'
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $renameTableStr;
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $unsigned = [
+        'TINYINT'  => 'SMALLINT',
+        'SMALLINT' => 'INT',
+        'INT'      => 'BIGINT',
+        'REAL'     => 'FLOAT',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign Key Allowed Actions
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $fkAllowActions = ['CASCADE', 'SET NULL', 'NO ACTION', 'RESTRICT', 'SET DEFAULT'];
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated This is no longer used.
+     */
+    protected $createTableIfStr;
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $createTableStr;
+
+    public function __construct(BaseConnection $db)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db);
+
+        $this->createTableStr = '%s ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . ".%s (%s\n) ";
+        $this->renameTableStr = 'EXEC sp_rename [' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.%s] , %s ;';
+
+        $this->dropConstraintStr = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.%s DROP CONSTRAINT %s';
+        $this->dropIndexStr      = 'DROP INDEX %s ON ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.%s';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CREATE TABLE attributes
+     */
+    protected function _createTableAttributes(array $attributes): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @return false|string|string[]
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $field)
+    {
+        // Handle DROP here
+        if ($alterType === 'DROP') {
+            // check if fields are part of any indexes
+            $indexData = $this->db->getIndexData($table);
+
+            foreach ($indexData as $index) {
+                if (is_string($field)) {
+                    $field = explode(',', $field);
+                }
+
+                $fld = array_intersect($field, $index->fields);
+
+                // Drop index if field is part of an index
+                if (! empty($fld)) {
+                    $this->_dropIndex($table, $index);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $fullTable = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+
+            // Drop default constraints
+            $fields = implode(',', $this->db->escape((array) $field));
+
+            $sql = <<<SQL
+                SELECT name
+                FROM SYS.DEFAULT_CONSTRAINTS
+                WHERE PARENT_OBJECT_ID = OBJECT_ID('{$fullTable}')
+                AND PARENT_COLUMN_ID IN (
+                SELECT column_id FROM sys.columns WHERE NAME IN ({$fields}) AND object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'{$fullTable}')
+                )
+                SQL;
+
+            foreach ($this->db->query($sql)->getResultArray() as $index) {
+                $this->db->query('ALTER TABLE ' . $fullTable . ' DROP CONSTRAINT ' . $index['name'] . '');
+            }
+
+            $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $fullTable . ' DROP ';
+
+            $fields = array_map(static fn ($item) => 'COLUMN [' . trim($item) . ']', (array) $field);
+
+            return $sql . implode(',', $fields);
+        }
+
+        $sql = 'ALTER TABLE ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table);
+        $sql .= ($alterType === 'ADD') ? 'ADD ' : ' ';
+
+        $sqls = [];
+
+        if ($alterType === 'ADD') {
+            foreach ($field as $data) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ($data['_literal'] !== false ? $data['_literal'] : $this->_processColumn($data));
+            }
+
+            return $sqls;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($field as $data) {
+            if ($data['_literal'] !== false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (isset($data['type'])) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                    . " {$data['type']}{$data['length']}";
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($data['default'])) {
+                $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name']) . '_def'
+                    . " DEFAULT {$data['default']} FOR " . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name']);
+            }
+
+            $nullable = true; // Nullable by default.
+            if (isset($data['null']) && ($data['null'] === false || $data['null'] === ' NOT ' . $this->null)) {
+                $nullable = false;
+            }
+            $sqls[] = $sql . ' ALTER COLUMN ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name'])
+                . " {$data['type']}{$data['length']} " . ($nullable === true ? '' : 'NOT') . ' NULL';
+
+            if (! empty($data['comment'])) {
+                $sqls[] = 'EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty '
+                    . "@name=N'Caption', @value=N'" . $data['comment'] . "' , "
+                    . "@level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'" . $this->db->schema . "', "
+                    . "@level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'" . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table) . "', "
+                    . "@level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'" . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($data['name']) . "'";
+            }
+
+            if (! empty($data['new_name'])) {
+                $sqls[] = "EXEC sp_rename  '[" . $this->db->schema . '].[' . $table . '].[' . $data['name'] . "]' , '" . $data['new_name'] . "', 'COLUMN';";
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop index for table
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function _dropIndex(string $table, object $indexData)
+    {
+        if ($indexData->type === 'PRIMARY') {
+            $sql = 'ALTER TABLE [' . $this->db->schema . '].[' . $table . '] DROP [' . $indexData->name . ']';
+        } else {
+            $sql = 'DROP INDEX [' . $indexData->name . '] ON [' . $this->db->schema . '].[' . $table . ']';
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->simpleQuery($sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add indexes
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true returns stand alone SQL, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processIndexes(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): array
+    {
+        $sqls = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]['fields']); $i2 < $c2; $i2++) {
+                if (! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]])) {
+                    unset($this->keys[$i]['fields'][$i2]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (count($this->keys[$i]['fields']) <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $keyName = $this->db->escapeIdentifiers(($this->keys[$i]['keyName'] === '') ?
+                $table . '_' . implode('_', $this->keys[$i]['fields']) :
+                $this->keys[$i]['keyName']);
+
+            if (in_array($i, $this->uniqueKeys, true)) {
+                $sqls[] = 'ALTER TABLE '
+                    . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                    . ' ADD CONSTRAINT ' . $keyName
+                    . ' UNIQUE (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ');';
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX '
+                . $keyName
+                . ' ON ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->db->schema) . '.' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($table)
+                . ' (' . implode(', ', $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($this->keys[$i]['fields'])) . ');';
+        }
+
+        return $sqls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+            . (empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' ' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['new_name']))
+            . ' ' . $field['type'] . ($field['type'] === 'text' ? '' : $field['length'])
+            . $field['default']
+            . $field['null']
+            . $field['auto_increment']
+            . ''
+            . $field['unique'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     */
+    protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
+    {
+        // Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
+        if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== false) {
+            $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = null;
+        }
+
+        switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+            case 'MEDIUMINT':
+                $attributes['TYPE']     = 'INTEGER';
+                $attributes['UNSIGNED'] = false;
+                break;
+
+            case 'INTEGER':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+                break;
+
+            case 'ENUM':
+                $attributes['TYPE']       = 'TEXT';
+                $attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = null;
+                break;
+
+            case 'TIMESTAMP':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'DATETIME';
+                break;
+
+            case 'BOOLEAN':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'BIT';
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+     */
+    protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true && stripos($field['type'], 'INT') !== false) {
+            $field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+     *
+     * @todo Support for cascade
+     */
+    protected function _dropTable(string $table, bool $ifExists, bool $cascade): string
+    {
+        $sql = 'DROP TABLE';
+
+        if ($ifExists) {
+            $sql .= ' IF EXISTS ';
+        }
+
+        $table = ' [' . $this->db->database . '].[' . $this->db->schema . '].[' . $table . '] ';
+
+        $sql .= $table;
+
+        if ($cascade) {
+            $sql .= '';
+        }
+
+        return $sql;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs sql to check if key is a constraint.
+     */
+    protected function _dropKeyAsConstraint(string $table, string $constraintName): string
+    {
+        return "SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
+                WHERE TABLE_NAME= '" . trim($table, '"') . "'
+                AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = '" . trim($constraintName, '"') . "'";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f752e769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Prepared query for Postgre
+ *
+ * @extends BasePreparedQuery<resource, resource, resource>
+ */
+class PreparedQuery extends BasePreparedQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * Parameters array used to store the dynamic variables.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $parameters = [];
+
+    /**
+     * A reference to the db connection to use.
+     *
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    public function __construct(Connection $db)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Options takes an associative array;
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
+    {
+        // Prepare parameters for the query
+        $queryString = $this->getQueryString();
+
+        $parameters = $this->parameterize($queryString);
+
+        // Prepare the query
+        $this->statement = sqlsrv_prepare($this->db->connID, $sql, $parameters);
+
+        if (! $this->statement) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($this->db->getAllErrorMessages());
+            }
+
+            $info              = $this->db->error();
+            $this->errorCode   = $info['code'];
+            $this->errorString = $info['message'];
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query.
+     */
+    public function _execute(array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            $this->parameters[$key] = $value;
+        }
+
+        $result = sqlsrv_execute($this->statement);
+
+        if ($result === false && $this->db->DBDebug) {
+            throw new DatabaseException($this->db->getAllErrorMessages());
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the statement resource for the prepared query or false when preparing failed.
+     *
+     * @return resource|null
+     */
+    public function _getResult()
+    {
+        return $this->statement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate prepared statements.
+     */
+    protected function _close(): bool
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_free_stmt($this->statement);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle parameters.
+     */
+    protected function parameterize(string $queryString): array
+    {
+        $numberOfVariables = substr_count($queryString, '?');
+
+        $params = [];
+
+        for ($c = 0; $c < $numberOfVariables; $c++) {
+            $this->parameters[$c] = null;
+            $params[]             = &$this->parameters[$c];
+        }
+
+        return $params;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Result.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Result.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f245a016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Result for SQLSRV
+ *
+ * @extends BaseResult<resource, resource>
+ */
+class Result extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return @sqlsrv_num_fields($this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        $fieldNames = [];
+
+        foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->resultID) as $field) {
+            $fieldNames[] = $field['Name'];
+        }
+
+        return $fieldNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        static $dataTypes = [
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_BIGINT => 'bigint',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_BIT    => 'bit',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_CHAR   => 'char',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_DATE           => 'date',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_DATETIME       => 'datetime',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_DATETIME2      => 'datetime2',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_DATETIMEOFFSET => 'datetimeoffset',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_DECIMAL => 'decimal',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_FLOAT   => 'float',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_IMAGE   => 'image',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_INT     => 'int',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_MONEY   => 'money',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_NCHAR   => 'nchar',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_NUMERIC => 'numeric',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_NVARCHAR => 'nvarchar',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_NTEXT    => 'ntext',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_REAL          => 'real',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_SMALLDATETIME => 'smalldatetime',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_SMALLINT      => 'smallint',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_SMALLMONEY    => 'smallmoney',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_TEXT          => 'text',
+
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_TIME             => 'time',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_TIMESTAMP        => 'timestamp',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_TINYINT          => 'tinyint',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER => 'uniqueidentifier',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_UDT              => 'udt',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_VARBINARY        => 'varbinary',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_VARCHAR          => 'varchar',
+            SQLSRV_SQLTYPE_XML              => 'xml',
+        ];
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->resultID) as $i => $field) {
+            $retVal[$i] = new stdClass();
+
+            $retVal[$i]->name       = $field['Name'];
+            $retVal[$i]->type       = $field['Type'];
+            $retVal[$i]->type_name  = $dataTypes[$field['Type']] ?? null;
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length = $field['Size'];
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->resultID)) {
+            sqlsrv_free_stmt($this->resultID);
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        if ($n > 0) {
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
+                if (sqlsrv_fetch($this->resultID) === false) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false|null
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+        return sqlsrv_fetch_array($this->resultID, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        if (is_subclass_of($className, Entity::class)) {
+            return empty($data = $this->fetchAssoc()) ? false : (new $className())->injectRawData($data);
+        }
+
+        return sqlsrv_fetch_object($this->resultID, $className);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of rows in the resultID (i.e., SQLSRV query result resource)
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int
+    {
+        if (! is_int($this->numRows)) {
+            $this->numRows = sqlsrv_num_rows($this->resultID);
+        }
+
+        return $this->numRows;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae52ae40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLSRV;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseUtils;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Utils for SQLSRV
+ */
+class Utils extends BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * List databases statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $listDatabases = 'EXEC sp_helpdb'; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
+
+    /**
+     * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $optimizeTable = 'ALTER INDEX all ON %s REORGANIZE';
+
+    public function __construct(ConnectionInterface $db)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db);
+
+        $this->optimizeTable = 'ALTER INDEX all ON  ' . $this->db->schema . '.%s REORGANIZE';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
+    {
+        throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..994ac69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\RawSql;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Builder for SQLite3
+ */
+class Builder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    /**
+     * Default installs of SQLite typically do not
+     * support limiting delete clauses.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $canLimitDeletes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Default installs of SQLite do no support
+     * limiting update queries in combo with WHERE.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $canLimitWhereUpdates = false;
+
+    /**
+     * ORDER BY random keyword
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $randomKeyword = [
+        'RANDOM()',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
+        'insert' => 'OR IGNORE',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Replace statement
+     *
+     * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _replace(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        return 'INSERT OR ' . parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+     * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+     */
+    protected function _truncate(string $table): string
+    {
+        return 'DELETE FROM ' . $table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _updateBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '3.33.0') >= 0) {
+            return parent::_updateBatch($table, $keys, $values);
+        }
+
+        $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+        if ($constraints === []) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch updates.');
+            }
+
+            return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        if (count($constraints) > 1 || isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData']) || (current($constraints) instanceof RawSql)) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('You are trying to use a feature which requires SQLite version 3.33 or higher.');
+        }
+
+        $index = current($constraints);
+
+        $ids   = [];
+        $final = [];
+
+        foreach ($values as $val) {
+            $val = array_combine($keys, $val);
+
+            $ids[] = $val[$index];
+
+            foreach (array_keys($val) as $field) {
+                if ($field !== $index) {
+                    $final[$field][] = 'WHEN ' . $index . ' = ' . $val[$index] . ' THEN ' . $val[$field];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $cases = '';
+
+        foreach ($final as $k => $v) {
+            $cases .= $k . " = CASE \n"
+                . implode("\n", $v) . "\n"
+                . 'ELSE ' . $k . ' END, ';
+        }
+
+        $this->where($index . ' IN(' . implode(',', $ids) . ')', null, false);
+
+        return 'UPDATE ' . $this->compileIgnore('update') . $table . ' SET ' . substr($cases, 0, -2) . $this->compileWhereHaving('QBWhere');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific upsertBatch string from the supplied data
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                $fieldNames = array_map(static fn ($columnName) => trim($columnName, '`'), $keys);
+
+                $allIndexes = array_filter($this->db->getIndexData($table), static function ($index) use ($fieldNames) {
+                    $hasAllFields = count(array_intersect($index->fields, $fieldNames)) === count($index->fields);
+
+                    return ($index->type === 'PRIMARY' || $index->type === 'UNIQUE') && $hasAllFields;
+                });
+
+                foreach (array_map(static fn ($index) => $index->fields, $allIndexes) as $index) {
+                    $constraints[] = current($index);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $constraints = $this->onConstraint($constraints)->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+            }
+
+            if (empty($constraints)) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('No constraint found for upsert.');
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $alias = $this->QBOptions['alias'] ?? '`excluded`';
+
+            if (strtolower($alias) !== '`excluded`') {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('SQLite alias is always named "excluded". A custom alias cannot be used.');
+            }
+
+            $updateFields = $this->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                $this->updateFields($keys, false, $constraints)->QBOptions['updateFields'] ??
+                [];
+
+            $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (';
+
+            $sql .= implode(', ', array_map(static fn ($columnName) => $columnName, $keys));
+
+            $sql .= ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= '{:_table_:}';
+
+            $sql .= 'ON CONFLICT(' . implode(',', $constraints) . ")\n";
+
+            $sql .= "DO UPDATE SET\n";
+
+            $sql .= implode(
+                ",\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($key, $value) => $key . ($value instanceof RawSql ?
+                        " = {$value}" :
+                        " = {$alias}.{$value}"),
+                    array_keys($updateFields),
+                    $updateFields
+                )
+            );
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $hasWhere = stripos($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'], 'WHERE') > 0;
+
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'] . ($hasWhere ? '' : "\nWHERE 1 = 1\n");
+        } else {
+            $data = 'VALUES ' . implode(', ', $this->formatValues($values)) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+     */
+    protected function _deleteBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): string
+    {
+        $sql = $this->QBOptions['sql'] ?? '';
+
+        // if this is the first iteration of batch then we need to build skeleton sql
+        if ($sql === '') {
+            $constraints = $this->QBOptions['constraints'] ?? [];
+
+            if ($constraints === []) {
+                if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                    throw new DatabaseException('You must specify a constraint to match on for batch deletes.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                return ''; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $sql = 'DELETE FROM ' . $table . "\n";
+
+            if (current($constraints) instanceof RawSql && $this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You cannot use RawSql for constraint in SQLite.');
+                // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if (is_string(current(array_keys($constraints)))) {
+                $concat1 = implode(' || ', array_keys($constraints));
+                $concat2 = implode(' || ', array_values($constraints));
+            } else {
+                $concat1 = implode(' || ', $constraints);
+                $concat2 = $concat1;
+            }
+
+            $sql .= "WHERE {$concat1} IN (SELECT {$concat2} FROM (\n{:_table_:}))";
+
+            // where is not supported
+            if ($this->QBWhere !== [] && $this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('You cannot use WHERE with SQLite.');
+                // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            $this->QBOptions['sql'] = $sql;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'])) {
+            $data = $this->QBOptions['setQueryAsData'];
+        } else {
+            $data = implode(
+                " UNION ALL\n",
+                array_map(
+                    static fn ($value) => 'SELECT ' . implode(', ', array_map(
+                        static fn ($key, $index) => $index . ' ' . $key,
+                        $keys,
+                        $value
+                    )),
+                    $values
+                )
+            ) . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return str_replace('{:_table_:}', $data, $sql);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f41c8e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Connection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use ErrorException;
+use Exception;
+use SQLite3;
+use SQLite3Result;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Connection for SQLite3
+ *
+ * @extends BaseConnection<SQLite3, SQLite3Result>
+ */
+class Connection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    /**
+     * Database driver
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $DBDriver = 'SQLite3';
+
+    /**
+     * Identifier escape character
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $escapeChar = '`';
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool Enable Foreign Key constraint or not
+     */
+    protected $foreignKeys = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The milliseconds to sleep
+     *
+     * @var int|null milliseconds
+     *
+     * @see https://www.php.net/manual/en/sqlite3.busytimeout
+     */
+    protected $busyTimeout;
+
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        parent::initialize();
+
+        if ($this->foreignKeys) {
+            $this->enableForeignKeyChecks();
+        }
+
+        if (is_int($this->busyTimeout)) {
+            $this->connID->busyTimeout($this->busyTimeout);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return SQLite3
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        if ($persistent && $this->DBDebug) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('SQLite3 doesn\'t support persistent connections.');
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if ($this->database !== ':memory:' && strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) === false) {
+                $this->database = WRITEPATH . $this->database;
+            }
+
+            return (! $this->password)
+                ? new SQLite3($this->database)
+                : new SQLite3($this->database, SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, $this->password);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('SQLite3 error: ' . $e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     */
+    public function reconnect()
+    {
+        $this->close();
+        $this->initialize();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the database connection.
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+        $this->connID->close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['version'];
+        }
+
+        $version = SQLite3::version();
+
+        return $this->dataCache['version'] = $version['versionString'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Execute the query
+     *
+     * @return false|SQLite3Result
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->isWriteType($sql)
+                ? $this->connID->exec($sql)
+                : $this->connID->query($sql);
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            if ($this->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($e->getMessage(), $e->getCode(), $e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return $this->connID->changes();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Platform-dependant string escape
+     */
+    protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
+    {
+        if (! $this->connID instanceof SQLite3) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return $this->connID->escapeString($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $prefixLimit = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        if ($tableName !== null) {
+            return 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\''
+                   . ' AND "NAME" NOT LIKE \'sqlite!_%\' ESCAPE \'!\''
+                   . ' AND "NAME" LIKE ' . $this->escape($tableName);
+        }
+
+        return 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\''
+               . ' AND "NAME" NOT LIKE \'sqlite!_%\' ESCAPE \'!\''
+               . (($prefixLimit !== false && $this->DBPrefix !== '')
+                    ? ' AND "NAME" LIKE \'' . $this->escapeLikeString($this->DBPrefix) . '%\' ' . sprintf($this->likeEscapeStr, $this->likeEscapeChar)
+                    : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        return 'PRAGMA TABLE_INFO(' . $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false) . ')';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array|false
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(string $table)
+    {
+        // Is there a cached result?
+        if (isset($this->dataCache['field_names'][$table])) {
+            return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->connID instanceof SQLite3) {
+            $this->initialize();
+        }
+
+        $sql = $this->_listColumns($table);
+
+        $query                                  = $this->query($sql);
+        $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table] = [];
+
+        foreach ($query->getResultArray() as $row) {
+            // Do we know from where to get the column's name?
+            if (! isset($key)) {
+                if (isset($row['column_name'])) {
+                    $key = 'column_name';
+                } elseif (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME'])) {
+                    $key = 'COLUMN_NAME';
+                } elseif (isset($row['name'])) {
+                    $key = 'name';
+                } else {
+                    // We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+                    $key = key($row);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table][] = $row[$key];
+        }
+
+        return $this->dataCache['field_names'][$table];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with field data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        if (false === $query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO(' . $this->protectIdentifiers($table, true, null, false) . ')')) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetFieldData'));
+        }
+
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        if (empty($query)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i] = new stdClass();
+
+            $retVal[$i]->name        = $query[$i]->name;
+            $retVal[$i]->type        = $query[$i]->type;
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length  = null;
+            $retVal[$i]->default     = $query[$i]->dflt_value;
+            $retVal[$i]->primary_key = isset($query[$i]->pk) && (bool) $query[$i]->pk;
+            $retVal[$i]->nullable    = isset($query[$i]->notnull) && ! (bool) $query[$i]->notnull;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with index data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        $sql = "SELECT 'PRIMARY' as indexname, l.name as fieldname, 'PRIMARY' as indextype
+                FROM pragma_table_info(" . $this->escape(strtolower($table)) . ") as l
+                WHERE l.pk <> 0
+                UNION ALL
+                SELECT sqlite_master.name as indexname, ii.name as fieldname,
+                CASE
+                WHEN ti.pk <> 0 AND sqlite_master.name LIKE 'sqlite_autoindex_%' THEN 'PRIMARY'
+                WHEN sqlite_master.name LIKE 'sqlite_autoindex_%' THEN 'UNIQUE'
+                WHEN sqlite_master.sql LIKE '% UNIQUE %' THEN 'UNIQUE'
+                ELSE 'INDEX'
+                END as indextype
+                FROM sqlite_master
+                INNER JOIN pragma_index_xinfo(sqlite_master.name) ii ON ii.name IS NOT NULL
+                LEFT JOIN pragma_table_info(" . $this->escape(strtolower($table)) . ") ti ON ti.name = ii.name
+                WHERE sqlite_master.type='index' AND sqlite_master.tbl_name = " . $this->escape(strtolower($table)) . ' COLLATE NOCASE';
+
+        if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === false) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.failGetIndexData'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->getResultObject();
+
+        $tempVal = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            if ($row->indextype === 'PRIMARY') {
+                $tempVal['PRIMARY']['indextype']               = $row->indextype;
+                $tempVal['PRIMARY']['indexname']               = $row->indexname;
+                $tempVal['PRIMARY']['fields'][$row->fieldname] = $row->fieldname;
+            } else {
+                $tempVal[$row->indexname]['indextype']               = $row->indextype;
+                $tempVal[$row->indexname]['indexname']               = $row->indexname;
+                $tempVal[$row->indexname]['fields'][$row->fieldname] = $row->fieldname;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $retVal = [];
+
+        foreach ($tempVal as $val) {
+            $obj                = new stdClass();
+            $obj->name          = $val['indexname'];
+            $obj->fields        = array_values($val['fields']);
+            $obj->type          = $val['indextype'];
+            $retVal[$obj->name] = $obj;
+        }
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of objects with Foreign key data
+     *
+     * @return stdClass[]
+     */
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        if ($this->supportsForeignKeys() !== true) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $query   = $this->query("PRAGMA foreign_key_list({$table})")->getResult();
+        $indexes = [];
+
+        foreach ($query as $row) {
+            $indexes[$row->id]['constraint_name']       = null;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['table_name']            = $table;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['foreign_table_name']    = $row->table;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['column_name'][]         = $row->from;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['foreign_column_name'][] = $row->to;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['on_delete']             = $row->on_delete;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['on_update']             = $row->on_update;
+            $indexes[$row->id]['match']                 = $row->match;
+        }
+
+        return $this->foreignKeyDataToObjects($indexes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to disable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _disableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns platform-specific SQL to enable foreign key checks.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function _enableForeignKeyChecks()
+    {
+        return 'PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     * Must return this format: ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+     * intval(code) === 0 means "no error".
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string>
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'code'    => $this->connID->lastErrorCode(),
+            'message' => $this->connID->lastErrorMsg(),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert ID
+     */
+    public function insertID(): int
+    {
+        return $this->connID->lastInsertRowID();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->connID->exec('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->connID->exec('END TRANSACTION');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->connID->exec('ROLLBACK');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the current install supports Foreign Keys
+     * and has them enabled.
+     */
+    public function supportsForeignKeys(): bool
+    {
+        $result = $this->simpleQuery('PRAGMA foreign_keys');
+
+        return (bool) $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1dcb1dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Forge as BaseForge;
+
+/**
+ * Forge for SQLite3
+ */
+class Forge extends BaseForge
+{
+    /**
+     * DROP INDEX statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dropIndexStr = 'DROP INDEX %s';
+
+    /**
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * UNSIGNED support
+     *
+     * @var array|bool
+     */
+    protected $_unsigned = false;
+
+    /**
+     * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    protected $null = 'NULL';
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(BaseConnection $db)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($db);
+
+        if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '3.3', '<')) {
+            $this->dropTableIfStr = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create database
+     *
+     * @param bool $ifNotExists Whether to add IF NOT EXISTS condition
+     */
+    public function createDatabase(string $dbName, bool $ifNotExists = false): bool
+    {
+        // In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
+        // We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop database
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropDatabase(string $dbName): bool
+    {
+        // In SQLite, a database is dropped when we delete a file
+        if (! is_file($dbName)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unable to drop the specified database.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // We need to close the pseudo-connection first
+        $this->db->close();
+        if (! @unlink($dbName)) {
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException('Unable to drop the specified database.');
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->db->dataCache['db_names'])) {
+            $key = array_search(strtolower($dbName), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->dataCache['db_names']), true);
+            if ($key !== false) {
+                unset($this->db->dataCache['db_names'][$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $field
+     *
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    protected function _alterTable(string $alterType, string $table, $field)
+    {
+        switch ($alterType) {
+            case 'DROP':
+                $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
+
+                $sqlTable->fromTable($table)
+                    ->dropColumn($field)
+                    ->run();
+
+                return '';
+
+            case 'CHANGE':
+                (new Table($this->db, $this))
+                    ->fromTable($table)
+                    ->modifyColumn($field)
+                    ->run();
+
+                return null;
+
+            default:
+                return parent::_alterTable($alterType, $table, $field);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process column
+     */
+    protected function _processColumn(array $field): string
+    {
+        if ($field['type'] === 'TEXT' && strpos($field['length'], "('") === 0) {
+            $field['type'] .= ' CHECK(' . $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+                . ' IN ' . $field['length'] . ')';
+        }
+
+        return $this->db->escapeIdentifiers($field['name'])
+            . ' ' . $field['type']
+            . $field['auto_increment']
+            . $field['null']
+            . $field['unique']
+            . $field['default'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Field attribute TYPE
+     *
+     * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+     */
+    protected function _attributeType(array &$attributes)
+    {
+        switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE'])) {
+            case 'ENUM':
+            case 'SET':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+                break;
+
+            case 'BOOLEAN':
+                $attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+     */
+    protected function _attributeAutoIncrement(array &$attributes, array &$field)
+    {
+        if (! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === true
+            && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== false) {
+            $field['type']           = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+            $field['default']        = '';
+            $field['null']           = '';
+            $field['unique']         = '';
+            $field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
+
+            $this->primaryKeys = [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign Key Drop
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dropForeignKey(string $table, string $foreignName): bool
+    {
+        // If this version of SQLite doesn't support it, we're done here
+        if ($this->db->supportsForeignKeys() !== true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise we have to copy the table and recreate
+        // without the foreign key being involved now
+        $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
+
+        return $sqlTable->fromTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ->dropForeignKey($foreignName)
+            ->run();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop Primary Key
+     */
+    public function dropPrimaryKey(string $table, string $keyName = ''): bool
+    {
+        $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
+
+        return $sqlTable->fromTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ->dropPrimaryKey()
+            ->run();
+    }
+
+    public function addForeignKey($fieldName = '', string $tableName = '', $tableField = '', string $onUpdate = '', string $onDelete = '', string $fkName = ''): BaseForge
+    {
+        if ($fkName === '') {
+            return parent::addForeignKey($fieldName, $tableName, $tableField, $onUpdate, $onDelete, $fkName);
+        }
+
+        throw new DatabaseException('SQLite does not support foreign key names. CodeIgniter will refer to them in the format: prefix_table_column_referencecolumn_foreign');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add primary key
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true recreates table with key, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processPrimaryKeys(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): string
+    {
+        if ($asQuery === false) {
+            return parent::_processPrimaryKeys($table, $asQuery);
+        }
+
+        $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
+
+        $sqlTable->fromTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ->addPrimaryKey($this->primaryKeys)
+            ->run();
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates SQL to add foreign keys
+     *
+     * @param bool $asQuery When true recreates table with key, else partial SQL used with CREATE TABLE
+     */
+    protected function _processForeignKeys(string $table, bool $asQuery = false): array
+    {
+        if ($asQuery === false) {
+            return parent::_processForeignKeys($table, $asQuery);
+        }
+
+        $errorNames = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->foreignKeys as $name) {
+            foreach ($name['field'] as $f) {
+                if (! isset($this->fields[$f])) {
+                    $errorNames[] = $f;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($errorNames !== []) {
+            $errorNames = [implode(', ', $errorNames)];
+
+            throw new DatabaseException(lang('Database.fieldNotExists', $errorNames));
+        }
+
+        $sqlTable = new Table($this->db, $this);
+
+        $sqlTable->fromTable($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
+            ->addForeignKey($this->foreignKeys)
+            ->run();
+
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e892e73b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/PreparedQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BasePreparedQuery;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use SQLite3;
+use SQLite3Result;
+use SQLite3Stmt;
+
+/**
+ * Prepared query for SQLite3
+ *
+ * @extends BasePreparedQuery<SQLite3, SQLite3Stmt, SQLite3Result>
+ */
+class PreparedQuery extends BasePreparedQuery
+{
+    /**
+     * The SQLite3Result resource, or false.
+     *
+     * @var false|SQLite3Result
+     */
+    protected $result;
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the query against the database, and saves the connection
+     * info necessary to execute the query later.
+     *
+     * NOTE: This version is based on SQL code. Child classes should
+     * override this method.
+     *
+     * @param array $options Passed to the connection's prepare statement.
+     *                       Unused in the MySQLi driver.
+     */
+    public function _prepare(string $sql, array $options = []): PreparedQuery
+    {
+        if (! ($this->statement = $this->db->connID->prepare($sql))) {
+            $this->errorCode   = $this->db->connID->lastErrorCode();
+            $this->errorString = $this->db->connID->lastErrorMsg();
+
+            if ($this->db->DBDebug) {
+                throw new DatabaseException($this->errorString . ' code: ' . $this->errorCode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a new set of data and runs it against the currently
+     * prepared query. Upon success, will return a Results object.
+     */
+    public function _execute(array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->statement)) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('You must call prepare before trying to execute a prepared statement.');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $item) {
+            // Determine the type string
+            if (is_int($item)) {
+                $bindType = SQLITE3_INTEGER;
+            } elseif (is_float($item)) {
+                $bindType = SQLITE3_FLOAT;
+            } else {
+                $bindType = SQLITE3_TEXT;
+            }
+
+            // Bind it
+            $this->statement->bindValue($key + 1, $item, $bindType);
+        }
+
+        $this->result = $this->statement->execute();
+
+        return $this->result !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result object for the prepared query or false on failure.
+     *
+     * @return false|SQLite3Result
+     */
+    public function _getResult()
+    {
+        return $this->result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate prepared statements.
+     */
+    protected function _close(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->statement->close();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Result.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Result.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3887b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use SQLite3;
+use SQLite3Result;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Result for SQLite3
+ *
+ * @extends BaseResult<SQLite3, SQLite3Result>
+ */
+class Result extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return $this->resultID->numColumns();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        $fieldNames = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = $this->getFieldCount(); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $fieldNames[] = $this->resultID->columnName($i);
+        }
+
+        return $fieldNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        static $dataTypes = [
+            SQLITE3_INTEGER => 'integer',
+            SQLITE3_FLOAT   => 'float',
+            SQLITE3_TEXT    => 'text',
+            SQLITE3_BLOB    => 'blob',
+            SQLITE3_NULL    => 'null',
+        ];
+
+        $retVal = [];
+        $this->resultID->fetchArray(SQLITE3_NUM);
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = $this->getFieldCount(); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            $retVal[$i]             = new stdClass();
+            $retVal[$i]->name       = $this->resultID->columnName($i);
+            $type                   = $this->resultID->columnType($i);
+            $retVal[$i]->type       = $type;
+            $retVal[$i]->type_name  = $dataTypes[$type] ?? null;
+            $retVal[$i]->max_length = null;
+            $retVal[$i]->length     = null;
+        }
+        $this->resultID->reset();
+
+        return $retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+        if (is_object($this->resultID)) {
+            $this->resultID->finalize();
+            $this->resultID = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function dataSeek(int $n = 0)
+    {
+        if ($n !== 0) {
+            throw new DatabaseException('SQLite3 doesn\'t support seeking to other offset.');
+        }
+
+        return $this->resultID->reset();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+        return $this->resultID->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @return Entity|false|object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject(string $className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        // No native support for fetching rows as objects
+        if (($row = $this->fetchAssoc()) === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($className === 'stdClass') {
+            return (object) $row;
+        }
+
+        $classObj = new $className();
+
+        if (is_subclass_of($className, Entity::class)) {
+            return $classObj->injectRawData($row);
+        }
+
+        $classSet = Closure::bind(function ($key, $value) {
+            $this->{$key} = $value;
+        }, $classObj, $className);
+
+        foreach (array_keys($row) as $key) {
+            $classSet($key, $row[$key]);
+        }
+
+        return $classObj;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ed9b515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use stdclass;
+
+/**
+ * Class Table
+ *
+ * Provides missing features for altering tables that are common
+ * in other supported databases, but are missing from SQLite.
+ * These are needed in order to support migrations during testing
+ * when another database is used as the primary engine, but
+ * SQLite in memory databases are used for faster test execution.
+ */
+class Table
+{
+    /**
+     * All of the fields this table represents.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<string, bool|int|string|null>>
+     */
+    protected $fields = [];
+
+    /**
+     * All of the unique/primary keys in the table.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $keys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * All of the foreign keys in the table.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $foreignKeys = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the table we're working with.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $tableName;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the table, with database prefix
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $prefixedTableName;
+
+    /**
+     * Database connection.
+     *
+     * @var Connection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle to our forge.
+     *
+     * @var Forge
+     */
+    protected $forge;
+
+    /**
+     * Table constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Connection $db, Forge $forge)
+    {
+        $this->db    = $db;
+        $this->forge = $forge;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an existing database table and
+     * collects all of the information needed to
+     * recreate this table.
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function fromTable(string $table)
+    {
+        $this->prefixedTableName = $table;
+
+        $prefix = $this->db->DBPrefix;
+
+        if (! empty($prefix) && strpos($table, $prefix) === 0) {
+            $table = substr($table, strlen($prefix));
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->db->tableExists($this->prefixedTableName)) {
+            throw DataException::forTableNotFound($this->prefixedTableName);
+        }
+
+        $this->tableName = $table;
+
+        $this->fields = $this->formatFields($this->db->getFieldData($table));
+
+        $this->keys = array_merge($this->keys, $this->formatKeys($this->db->getIndexData($table)));
+
+        // if primary key index exists twice then remove psuedo index name 'primary'.
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => $index['type'] === 'primary');
+
+        if (! empty($primaryIndexes) && count($primaryIndexes) > 1 && array_key_exists('primary', $this->keys)) {
+            unset($this->keys['primary']);
+        }
+
+        $this->foreignKeys = $this->db->getForeignKeyData($table);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called after `fromTable` and any actions, like `dropColumn`, etc,
+     * to finalize the action. It creates a temp table, creates the new
+     * table with modifications, and copies the data over to the new table.
+     * Resets the connection dataCache to be sure changes are collected.
+     */
+    public function run(): bool
+    {
+        $this->db->query('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF');
+
+        $this->db->transStart();
+
+        $this->forge->renameTable($this->tableName, "temp_{$this->tableName}");
+
+        $this->forge->reset();
+
+        $this->createTable();
+
+        $this->copyData();
+
+        $this->forge->dropTable("temp_{$this->tableName}");
+
+        $success = $this->db->transComplete();
+
+        $this->db->query('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON');
+
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        return $success;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops columns from the table.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $columns
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function dropColumn($columns)
+    {
+        if (is_string($columns)) {
+            $columns = explode(',', $columns);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($columns as $column) {
+            $column = trim($column);
+            if (isset($this->fields[$column])) {
+                unset($this->fields[$column]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies a field, including changing data type,
+     * renaming, etc.
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function modifyColumn(array $fields)
+    {
+        foreach ($fields as $field) {
+            $oldName = $field['name'];
+            unset($field['name']);
+
+            $this->fields[$oldName] = $field;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops the primary key
+     */
+    public function dropPrimaryKey(): Table
+    {
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
+
+        foreach (array_keys($primaryIndexes) as $key) {
+            unset($this->keys[$key]);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops a foreign key from this table so that
+     * it won't be recreated in the future.
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function dropForeignKey(string $foreignName)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->foreignKeys)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->foreignKeys[$foreignName])) {
+            unset($this->foreignKeys[$foreignName]);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds primary key
+     */
+    public function addPrimaryKey(array $fields): Table
+    {
+        $primaryIndexes = array_filter($this->keys, static fn ($index) => strtolower($index['type']) === 'primary');
+
+        // if primary key already exists we can't add another one
+        if ($primaryIndexes !== []) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // add array to keys of fields
+        $pk = [
+            'fields' => $fields['fields'],
+            'type'   => 'primary',
+        ];
+
+        $this->keys['primary'] = $pk;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a foreign key
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addForeignKey(array $foreignKeys)
+    {
+        $fk = [];
+
+        // convert to object
+        foreach ($foreignKeys as $row) {
+            $obj                      = new stdClass();
+            $obj->column_name         = $row['field'];
+            $obj->foreign_table_name  = $row['referenceTable'];
+            $obj->foreign_column_name = $row['referenceField'];
+            $obj->on_delete           = $row['onDelete'];
+            $obj->on_update           = $row['onUpdate'];
+
+            $fk[] = $obj;
+        }
+
+        $this->foreignKeys = array_merge($this->foreignKeys, $fk);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the new table based on our current fields.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function createTable()
+    {
+        $this->dropIndexes();
+        $this->db->resetDataCache();
+
+        // Handle any modified columns.
+        $fields = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->fields as $name => $field) {
+            if (isset($field['new_name'])) {
+                $fields[$field['new_name']] = $field;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $fields[$name] = $field;
+        }
+
+        $this->forge->addField($fields);
+
+        $fieldNames = array_keys($fields);
+
+        $this->keys = array_filter(
+            $this->keys,
+            static fn ($index) => count(array_intersect($index['fields'], $fieldNames)) === count($index['fields'])
+        );
+
+        // Unique/Index keys
+        if (is_array($this->keys)) {
+            foreach ($this->keys as $keyName => $key) {
+                switch ($key['type']) {
+                    case 'primary':
+                        $this->forge->addPrimaryKey($key['fields']);
+                        break;
+
+                    case 'unique':
+                        $this->forge->addUniqueKey($key['fields'], $keyName);
+                        break;
+
+                    case 'index':
+                        $this->forge->addKey($key['fields'], false, false, $keyName);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->foreignKeys as $foreignKey) {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey(
+                $foreignKey->column_name,
+                trim($foreignKey->foreign_table_name, $this->db->DBPrefix),
+                $foreignKey->foreign_column_name
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $this->forge->createTable($this->tableName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies data from our old table to the new one,
+     * taking care map data correctly based on any columns
+     * that have been renamed.
+     */
+    protected function copyData()
+    {
+        $exFields  = [];
+        $newFields = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->fields as $name => $details) {
+            $newFields[] = $details['new_name'] ?? $name;
+            $exFields[]  = $name;
+        }
+
+        $exFields = implode(
+            ', ',
+            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $exFields)
+        );
+        $newFields = implode(
+            ', ',
+            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->db->protectIdentifiers($item), $newFields)
+        );
+
+        $this->db->query(
+            "INSERT INTO {$this->prefixedTableName}({$newFields}) SELECT {$exFields} FROM {$this->db->DBPrefix}temp_{$this->tableName}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts fields retrieved from the database to
+     * the format needed for creating fields with Forge.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool $fields
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     * @phpstan-return ($fields is array ? array : mixed)
+     */
+    protected function formatFields($fields)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($fields)) {
+            return $fields;
+        }
+
+        $return = [];
+
+        foreach ($fields as $field) {
+            $return[$field->name] = [
+                'type'    => $field->type,
+                'default' => $field->default,
+                'null'    => $field->nullable,
+            ];
+
+            if ($field->primary_key) {
+                $this->keys['primary'] = [
+                    'fields' => [$field->name],
+                    'type'   => 'primary',
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts keys retrieved from the database to
+     * the format needed to create later.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $keys
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function formatKeys($keys)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($keys)) {
+            return $keys;
+        }
+
+        $return = [];
+
+        foreach ($keys as $name => $key) {
+            $return[strtolower($name)] = [
+                'fields' => $key->fields,
+                'type'   => strtolower($key->type),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to drop all indexes and constraints
+     * from the database for this table.
+     */
+    protected function dropIndexes()
+    {
+        if (! is_array($this->keys) || $this->keys === []) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->keys) as $name) {
+            if ($name === 'primary') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->db->query("DROP INDEX IF EXISTS '{$name}'");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8f45dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database\SQLite3;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseUtils;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+
+/**
+ * Utils for SQLite3
+ */
+class Utils extends BaseUtils
+{
+    /**
+     * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $optimizeTable = 'REINDEX %s';
+
+    /**
+     * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
+     *
+     * @return never
+     */
+    public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
+    {
+        throw new DatabaseException('Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Database/Seeder.php b/system/Database/Seeder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f51fa417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Database/Seeder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
+use Config\Database;
+use Faker\Factory;
+use Faker\Generator;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Class Seeder
+ */
+class Seeder
+{
+    /**
+     * The name of the database group to use.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     * @phpstan-var non-empty-string
+     */
+    protected $DBGroup;
+
+    /**
+     * Where we can find the Seed files.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $seedPath;
+
+    /**
+     * An instance of the main Database configuration
+     *
+     * @var Database
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Database Connection instance
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Database Forge instance.
+     *
+     * @var Forge
+     */
+    protected $forge;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will not display CLI messages.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $silent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Faker Generator instance.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    private static ?Generator $faker = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Seeder constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(Database $config, ?BaseConnection $db = null)
+    {
+        $this->seedPath = $config->filesPath ?? APPPATH . 'Database/';
+
+        if (empty($this->seedPath)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid filesPath set in the Config\Database.');
+        }
+
+        $this->seedPath = rtrim($this->seedPath, '\\/') . '/Seeds/';
+
+        if (! is_dir($this->seedPath)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unable to locate the seeds directory. Please check Config\Database::filesPath');
+        }
+
+        $this->config = &$config;
+
+        $db ??= Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+
+        $this->db    = $db;
+        $this->forge = Database::forge($this->DBGroup);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Faker Generator instance.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static function faker(): ?Generator
+    {
+        if (self::$faker === null && class_exists(Factory::class)) {
+            self::$faker = Factory::create();
+        }
+
+        return self::$faker;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the specified seeder and runs it.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function call(string $class)
+    {
+        $class = trim($class);
+
+        if ($class === '') {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('No seeder was specified.');
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($class, '\\') === false) {
+            $path = $this->seedPath . str_replace('.php', '', $class) . '.php';
+
+            if (! is_file($path)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('The specified seeder is not a valid file: ' . $path);
+            }
+
+            // Assume the class has the correct namespace
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $class = APP_NAMESPACE . '\Database\Seeds\\' . $class;
+
+            if (! class_exists($class, false)) {
+                require_once $path;
+            }
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        /** @var Seeder $seeder */
+        $seeder = new $class($this->config);
+        $seeder->setSilent($this->silent)->run();
+
+        unset($seeder);
+
+        if (is_cli() && ! $this->silent) {
+            CLI::write("Seeded: {$class}", 'green');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the location of the directory that seed files can be located in.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path)
+    {
+        $this->seedPath = rtrim($path, '\\/') . '/';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the silent treatment.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setSilent(bool $silent)
+    {
+        $this->silent = $silent;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run the database seeds. This is where the magic happens.
+     *
+     * Child classes must implement this method and take care
+     * of inserting their data here.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function run()
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php b/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0330c53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/BaseExceptionHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Provides common functions for exception handlers,
+ * especially around displaying the output.
+ */
+abstract class BaseExceptionHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Config for debug exceptions.
+     */
+    protected ExceptionsConfig $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
+     */
+    protected int $obLevel;
+
+    /**
+     * The path to the directory containing the
+     * cli and html error view directories.
+     */
+    protected ?string $viewPath = null;
+
+    public function __construct(ExceptionsConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        $this->obLevel = ob_get_level();
+
+        if ($this->viewPath === null) {
+            $this->viewPath = rtrim($this->config->errorViewPath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The main entry point into the handler.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    abstract public function handle(
+        Throwable $exception,
+        RequestInterface $request,
+        ResponseInterface $response,
+        int $statusCode,
+        int $exitCode
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * Gathers the variables that will be made available to the view.
+     */
+    protected function collectVars(Throwable $exception, int $statusCode): array
+    {
+        $trace = $exception->getTrace();
+
+        if ($this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace !== []) {
+            $trace = $this->maskSensitiveData($trace, $this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace);
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'title'   => get_class($exception),
+            'type'    => get_class($exception),
+            'code'    => $statusCode,
+            'message' => $exception->getMessage(),
+            'file'    => $exception->getFile(),
+            'line'    => $exception->getLine(),
+            'trace'   => $trace,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mask sensitive data in the trace.
+     */
+    protected function maskSensitiveData(array $trace, array $keysToMask, string $path = ''): array
+    {
+        foreach ($trace as $i => $line) {
+            $trace[$i]['args'] = $this->maskData($line['args'], $keysToMask);
+        }
+
+        return $trace;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|object $args
+     *
+     * @return array|object
+     */
+    private function maskData($args, array $keysToMask, string $path = '')
+    {
+        foreach ($keysToMask as $keyToMask) {
+            $explode = explode('/', $keyToMask);
+            $index   = end($explode);
+
+            if (strpos(strrev($path . '/' . $index), strrev($keyToMask)) === 0) {
+                if (is_array($args) && array_key_exists($index, $args)) {
+                    $args[$index] = '******************';
+                } elseif (
+                    is_object($args) && property_exists($args, $index)
+                    && isset($args->{$index}) && is_scalar($args->{$index})
+                ) {
+                    $args->{$index} = '******************';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($args)) {
+            foreach ($args as $pathKey => $subarray) {
+                $args[$pathKey] = $this->maskData($subarray, $keysToMask, $path . '/' . $pathKey);
+            }
+        } elseif (is_object($args)) {
+            foreach ($args as $pathKey => $subarray) {
+                $args->{$pathKey} = $this->maskData($subarray, $keysToMask, $path . '/' . $pathKey);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Describes memory usage in real-world units. Intended for use
+     * with memory_get_usage, etc.
+     *
+     * @used-by app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
+     */
+    protected static function describeMemory(int $bytes): string
+    {
+        helper('number');
+
+        return number_to_size($bytes, 2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a syntax-highlighted version of a PHP file.
+     *
+     * @used-by app/Views/errors/html/error_exception.php
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    protected static function highlightFile(string $file, int $lineNumber, int $lines = 15)
+    {
+        if (empty($file) || ! is_readable($file)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Set our highlight colors:
+        if (function_exists('ini_set')) {
+            ini_set('highlight.comment', '#767a7e; font-style: italic');
+            ini_set('highlight.default', '#c7c7c7');
+            ini_set('highlight.html', '#06B');
+            ini_set('highlight.keyword', '#f1ce61;');
+            ini_set('highlight.string', '#869d6a');
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $source = file_get_contents($file);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $source = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $source);
+        $source = explode("\n", highlight_string($source, true));
+        $source = str_replace('<br />', "\n", $source[1]);
+        $source = explode("\n", str_replace("\r\n", "\n", $source));
+
+        // Get just the part to show
+        $start = max($lineNumber - (int) round($lines / 2), 0);
+
+        // Get just the lines we need to display, while keeping line numbers...
+        $source = array_splice($source, $start, $lines, true);
+
+        // Used to format the line number in the source
+        $format = '% ' . strlen((string) ($start + $lines)) . 'd';
+
+        $out = '';
+        // Because the highlighting may have an uneven number
+        // of open and close span tags on one line, we need
+        // to ensure we can close them all to get the lines
+        // showing correctly.
+        $spans = 1;
+
+        foreach ($source as $n => $row) {
+            $spans += substr_count($row, '<span') - substr_count($row, '</span');
+            $row = str_replace(["\r", "\n"], ['', ''], $row);
+
+            if (($n + $start + 1) === $lineNumber) {
+                preg_match_all('#<[^>]+>#', $row, $tags);
+
+                $out .= sprintf(
+                    "<span class='line highlight'><span class='number'>{$format}</span> %s\n</span>%s",
+                    $n + $start + 1,
+                    strip_tags($row),
+                    implode('', $tags[0])
+                );
+            } else {
+                $out .= sprintf('<span class="line"><span class="number">' . $format . '</span> %s', $n + $start + 1, $row) . "\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($spans > 0) {
+            $out .= str_repeat('</span>', $spans);
+        }
+
+        return '<pre><code>' . $out . '</code></pre>';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given an exception and status code will display the error to the client.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $viewFile
+     */
+    protected function render(Throwable $exception, int $statusCode, $viewFile = null): void
+    {
+        if (empty($viewFile) || ! is_file($viewFile)) {
+            echo 'The error view files were not found. Cannot render exception trace.';
+
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        echo(function () use ($exception, $statusCode, $viewFile): string {
+            $vars = $this->collectVars($exception, $statusCode);
+            extract($vars, EXTR_SKIP);
+
+            // CLI error views output to STDERR/STDOUT, so ob_start() does not work.
+            ob_start();
+            include $viewFile;
+
+            return ob_get_clean();
+        })();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63449888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Paths;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionHandlerTest
+ */
+final class ExceptionHandler extends BaseExceptionHandler implements ExceptionHandlerInterface
+{
+    use ResponseTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * ResponseTrait needs this.
+     */
+    private ?RequestInterface $request = null;
+
+    /**
+     * ResponseTrait needs this.
+     */
+    private ?ResponseInterface $response = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the correct way to display the error.
+     */
+    public function handle(
+        Throwable $exception,
+        RequestInterface $request,
+        ResponseInterface $response,
+        int $statusCode,
+        int $exitCode
+    ): void {
+        // ResponseTrait needs these properties.
+        $this->request  = $request;
+        $this->response = $response;
+
+        if ($request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            try {
+                $response->setStatusCode($statusCode);
+            } catch (HTTPException $e) {
+                // Workaround for invalid HTTP status code.
+                $statusCode = 500;
+                $response->setStatusCode($statusCode);
+            }
+
+            if (! headers_sent()) {
+                header(
+                    sprintf(
+                        'HTTP/%s %s %s',
+                        $request->getProtocolVersion(),
+                        $response->getStatusCode(),
+                        $response->getReasonPhrase()
+                    ),
+                    true,
+                    $statusCode
+                );
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($request->getHeaderLine('accept'), 'text/html') === false) {
+                $data = (ENVIRONMENT === 'development' || ENVIRONMENT === 'testing')
+                    ? $this->collectVars($exception, $statusCode)
+                    : '';
+
+                $this->respond($data, $statusCode)->send();
+
+                if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                    exit($exitCode);
+                    // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Determine possible directories of error views
+        $addPath = ($request instanceof IncomingRequest ? 'html' : 'cli') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        $path    = $this->viewPath . $addPath;
+        $altPath = rtrim((new Paths())->viewDirectory, '\\/ ')
+            . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'errors' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $addPath;
+
+        // Determine the views
+        $view    = $this->determineView($exception, $path);
+        $altView = $this->determineView($exception, $altPath);
+
+        // Check if the view exists
+        $viewFile = null;
+        if (is_file($path . $view)) {
+            $viewFile = $path . $view;
+        } elseif (is_file($altPath . $altView)) {
+            $viewFile = $altPath . $altView;
+        }
+
+        // Displays the HTML or CLI error code.
+        $this->render($exception, $statusCode, $viewFile);
+
+        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            exit($exitCode);
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the view to display based on the exception thrown,
+     * whether an HTTP or CLI request, etc.
+     *
+     * @return string The filename of the view file to use
+     */
+    protected function determineView(Throwable $exception, string $templatePath): string
+    {
+        // Production environments should have a custom exception file.
+        $view = 'production.php';
+
+        if (
+            in_array(
+                strtolower(ini_get('display_errors')),
+                ['1', 'true', 'on', 'yes'],
+                true
+            )
+        ) {
+            $view = 'error_exception.php';
+        }
+
+        // 404 Errors
+        if ($exception instanceof PageNotFoundException) {
+            return 'error_404.php';
+        }
+
+        $templatePath = rtrim($templatePath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        // Allow for custom views based upon the status code
+        if (is_file($templatePath . 'error_' . $exception->getCode() . '.php')) {
+            return 'error_' . $exception->getCode() . '.php';
+        }
+
+        return $view;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbfcb6ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandlerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Throwable;
+
+interface ExceptionHandlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Determines the correct way to display the error.
+     */
+    public function handle(
+        Throwable $exception,
+        RequestInterface $request,
+        ResponseInterface $response,
+        int $statusCode,
+        int $exitCode
+    ): void;
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbcfcc8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HasExitCodeInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Exceptions as ExceptionsConfig;
+use Config\Paths;
+use Config\Services;
+use ErrorException;
+use Psr\Log\LogLevel;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Exceptions manager
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionsTest
+ */
+class Exceptions
+{
+    use ResponseTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
+     *
+     * @var int
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    public $ob_level;
+
+    /**
+     * The path to the directory containing the
+     * cli and html error view directories.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    protected $viewPath;
+
+    /**
+     * Config for debug exceptions.
+     *
+     * @var ExceptionsConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The request.
+     *
+     * @var RequestInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * The outgoing response.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    private ?Throwable $exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler = null;
+
+    public function __construct(ExceptionsConfig $config)
+    {
+        // For backward compatibility
+        $this->ob_level = ob_get_level();
+        $this->viewPath = rtrim($config->errorViewPath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        // workaround for upgraded users
+        // This causes "Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property" in PHP 8.2.
+        // @TODO remove this after dropping PHP 8.1 support.
+        if (! isset($this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace)) {
+            $this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace = [];
+        }
+        if (! isset($this->config->logDeprecations, $this->config->deprecationLogLevel)) {
+            $this->config->logDeprecations     = false;
+            $this->config->deprecationLogLevel = LogLevel::WARNING;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Responsible for registering the error, exception and shutdown
+     * handling of our application.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+        set_exception_handler([$this, 'exceptionHandler']);
+        set_error_handler([$this, 'errorHandler']);
+        register_shutdown_function([$this, 'shutdownHandler']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Catches any uncaught errors and exceptions, including most Fatal errors
+     * (Yay PHP7!). Will log the error, display it if display_errors is on,
+     * and fire an event that allows custom actions to be taken at this point.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @phpstan-return never|void
+     */
+    public function exceptionHandler(Throwable $exception)
+    {
+        $this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler = $exception;
+
+        [$statusCode, $exitCode] = $this->determineCodes($exception);
+
+        if ($this->config->log === true && ! in_array($statusCode, $this->config->ignoreCodes, true)) {
+            log_message('critical', "{message}\nin {exFile} on line {exLine}.\n{trace}", [
+                'message' => $exception->getMessage(),
+                'exFile'  => clean_path($exception->getFile()), // {file} refers to THIS file
+                'exLine'  => $exception->getLine(), // {line} refers to THIS line
+                'trace'   => self::renderBacktrace($exception->getTrace()),
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        $this->request  = Services::request();
+        $this->response = Services::response();
+
+        // Get the first exception.
+        while ($prevException = $exception->getPrevious()) {
+            $exception = $prevException;
+        }
+
+        if (method_exists($this->config, 'handler')) {
+            // Use new ExceptionHandler
+            $handler = $this->config->handler($statusCode, $exception);
+            $handler->handle(
+                $exception,
+                $this->request,
+                $this->response,
+                $statusCode,
+                $exitCode
+            );
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // For backward compatibility
+        if (! is_cli()) {
+            try {
+                $this->response->setStatusCode($statusCode);
+            } catch (HTTPException $e) {
+                // Workaround for invalid HTTP status code.
+                $statusCode = 500;
+                $this->response->setStatusCode($statusCode);
+            }
+
+            if (! headers_sent()) {
+                header(sprintf('HTTP/%s %s %s', $this->request->getProtocolVersion(), $this->response->getStatusCode(), $this->response->getReasonPhrase()), true, $statusCode);
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($this->request->getHeaderLine('accept'), 'text/html') === false) {
+                $this->respond(ENVIRONMENT === 'development' ? $this->collectVars($exception, $statusCode) : '', $statusCode)->send();
+
+                exit($exitCode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->render($exception, $statusCode);
+
+        exit($exitCode);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The callback to be registered to `set_error_handler()`.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws ErrorException
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function errorHandler(int $severity, string $message, ?string $file = null, ?int $line = null)
+    {
+        if ($this->isDeprecationError($severity)) {
+            if (! $this->config->logDeprecations || (bool) env('CODEIGNITER_SCREAM_DEPRECATIONS')) {
+                throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $file, $line);
+            }
+
+            return $this->handleDeprecationError($message, $file, $line);
+        }
+
+        if ((error_reporting() & $severity) !== 0) {
+            throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $file, $line);
+        }
+
+        return false; // return false to propagate the error to PHP standard error handler
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if any errors have happened during shutdown that
+     * need to be caught and handle them.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @phpstan-return never|void
+     */
+    public function shutdownHandler()
+    {
+        $error = error_get_last();
+
+        if ($error === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ['type' => $type, 'message' => $message, 'file' => $file, 'line' => $line] = $error;
+
+        if ($this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler instanceof Throwable) {
+            $message .= "\n【Previous Exception】\n"
+                . get_class($this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler) . "\n"
+                . $this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler->getMessage() . "\n"
+                . $this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler->getTraceAsString();
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($type, [E_ERROR, E_CORE_ERROR, E_COMPILE_ERROR, E_PARSE], true)) {
+            $this->exceptionHandler(new ErrorException($message, 0, $type, $file, $line));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the view to display based on the exception thrown,
+     * whether an HTTP or CLI request, etc.
+     *
+     * @return string The path and filename of the view file to use
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to ExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    protected function determineView(Throwable $exception, string $templatePath): string
+    {
+        // Production environments should have a custom exception file.
+        $view         = 'production.php';
+        $templatePath = rtrim($templatePath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        if (
+            in_array(
+                strtolower(ini_get('display_errors')),
+                ['1', 'true', 'on', 'yes'],
+                true
+            )
+        ) {
+            $view = 'error_exception.php';
+        }
+
+        // 404 Errors
+        if ($exception instanceof PageNotFoundException) {
+            return 'error_404.php';
+        }
+
+        // Allow for custom views based upon the status code
+        if (is_file($templatePath . 'error_' . $exception->getCode() . '.php')) {
+            return 'error_' . $exception->getCode() . '.php';
+        }
+
+        return $view;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given an exception and status code will display the error to the client.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @phpstan-return never|void
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    protected function render(Throwable $exception, int $statusCode)
+    {
+        // Determine possible directories of error views
+        $path    = $this->viewPath;
+        $altPath = rtrim((new Paths())->viewDirectory, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'errors' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        $path    .= (is_cli() ? 'cli' : 'html') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        $altPath .= (is_cli() ? 'cli' : 'html') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        // Determine the views
+        $view    = $this->determineView($exception, $path);
+        $altView = $this->determineView($exception, $altPath);
+
+        // Check if the view exists
+        if (is_file($path . $view)) {
+            $viewFile = $path . $view;
+        } elseif (is_file($altPath . $altView)) {
+            $viewFile = $altPath . $altView;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($viewFile)) {
+            echo 'The error view files were not found. Cannot render exception trace.';
+
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        echo(function () use ($exception, $statusCode, $viewFile): string {
+            $vars = $this->collectVars($exception, $statusCode);
+            extract($vars, EXTR_SKIP);
+
+            ob_start();
+            include $viewFile;
+
+            return ob_get_clean();
+        })();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gathers the variables that will be made available to the view.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    protected function collectVars(Throwable $exception, int $statusCode): array
+    {
+        $trace = $exception->getTrace();
+
+        if ($this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace !== []) {
+            $trace = $this->maskSensitiveData($trace, $this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace);
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'title'   => get_class($exception),
+            'type'    => get_class($exception),
+            'code'    => $statusCode,
+            'message' => $exception->getMessage(),
+            'file'    => $exception->getFile(),
+            'line'    => $exception->getLine(),
+            'trace'   => $trace,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mask sensitive data in the trace.
+     *
+     * @param array $trace
+     *
+     * @return array
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    protected function maskSensitiveData($trace, array $keysToMask, string $path = '')
+    {
+        foreach ($trace as $i => $line) {
+            $trace[$i]['args'] = $this->maskData($line['args'], $keysToMask);
+        }
+
+        return $trace;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|object $args
+     *
+     * @return array|object
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    private function maskData($args, array $keysToMask, string $path = '')
+    {
+        foreach ($keysToMask as $keyToMask) {
+            $explode = explode('/', $keyToMask);
+            $index   = end($explode);
+
+            if (strpos(strrev($path . '/' . $index), strrev($keyToMask)) === 0) {
+                if (is_array($args) && array_key_exists($index, $args)) {
+                    $args[$index] = '******************';
+                } elseif (
+                    is_object($args) && property_exists($args, $index)
+                    && isset($args->{$index}) && is_scalar($args->{$index})
+                ) {
+                    $args->{$index} = '******************';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($args)) {
+            foreach ($args as $pathKey => $subarray) {
+                $args[$pathKey] = $this->maskData($subarray, $keysToMask, $path . '/' . $pathKey);
+            }
+        } elseif (is_object($args)) {
+            foreach ($args as $pathKey => $subarray) {
+                $args->{$pathKey} = $this->maskData($subarray, $keysToMask, $path . '/' . $pathKey);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the HTTP status code and the exit status code for this request.
+     */
+    protected function determineCodes(Throwable $exception): array
+    {
+        $statusCode = 500;
+        $exitStatus = EXIT_ERROR;
+
+        if ($exception instanceof HTTPExceptionInterface) {
+            $statusCode = $exception->getCode();
+        }
+
+        if ($exception instanceof HasExitCodeInterface) {
+            $exitStatus = $exception->getExitCode();
+        }
+
+        return [$statusCode, $exitStatus];
+    }
+
+    private function isDeprecationError(int $error): bool
+    {
+        $deprecations = E_DEPRECATED | E_USER_DEPRECATED;
+
+        return ($error & $deprecations) !== 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true
+     */
+    private function handleDeprecationError(string $message, ?string $file = null, ?int $line = null): bool
+    {
+        // Remove the trace of the error handler.
+        $trace = array_slice(debug_backtrace(), 2);
+
+        log_message(
+            $this->config->deprecationLogLevel,
+            "[DEPRECATED] {message} in {errFile} on line {errLine}.\n{trace}",
+            [
+                'message' => $message,
+                'errFile' => clean_path($file ?? ''),
+                'errLine' => $line ?? 0,
+                'trace'   => self::renderBacktrace($trace),
+            ]
+        );
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Display Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * This makes nicer looking paths for the error output.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use dedicated `clean_path()` function.
+     */
+    public static function cleanPath(string $file): string
+    {
+        switch (true) {
+            case strpos($file, APPPATH) === 0:
+                $file = 'APPPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($file, strlen(APPPATH));
+                break;
+
+            case strpos($file, SYSTEMPATH) === 0:
+                $file = 'SYSTEMPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($file, strlen(SYSTEMPATH));
+                break;
+
+            case strpos($file, FCPATH) === 0:
+                $file = 'FCPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($file, strlen(FCPATH));
+                break;
+
+            case defined('VENDORPATH') && strpos($file, VENDORPATH) === 0:
+                $file = 'VENDORPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($file, strlen(VENDORPATH));
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return $file;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Describes memory usage in real-world units. Intended for use
+     * with memory_get_usage, etc.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    public static function describeMemory(int $bytes): string
+    {
+        if ($bytes < 1024) {
+            return $bytes . 'B';
+        }
+
+        if ($bytes < 1_048_576) {
+            return round($bytes / 1024, 2) . 'KB';
+        }
+
+        return round($bytes / 1_048_576, 2) . 'MB';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a syntax-highlighted version of a PHP file.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to BaseExceptionHandler.
+     */
+    public static function highlightFile(string $file, int $lineNumber, int $lines = 15)
+    {
+        if (empty($file) || ! is_readable($file)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Set our highlight colors:
+        if (function_exists('ini_set')) {
+            ini_set('highlight.comment', '#767a7e; font-style: italic');
+            ini_set('highlight.default', '#c7c7c7');
+            ini_set('highlight.html', '#06B');
+            ini_set('highlight.keyword', '#f1ce61;');
+            ini_set('highlight.string', '#869d6a');
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $source = file_get_contents($file);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $source = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $source);
+        $source = explode("\n", highlight_string($source, true));
+        $source = str_replace('<br />', "\n", $source[1]);
+        $source = explode("\n", str_replace("\r\n", "\n", $source));
+
+        // Get just the part to show
+        $start = max($lineNumber - (int) round($lines / 2), 0);
+
+        // Get just the lines we need to display, while keeping line numbers...
+        $source = array_splice($source, $start, $lines, true);
+
+        // Used to format the line number in the source
+        $format = '% ' . strlen((string) ($start + $lines)) . 'd';
+
+        $out = '';
+        // Because the highlighting may have an uneven number
+        // of open and close span tags on one line, we need
+        // to ensure we can close them all to get the lines
+        // showing correctly.
+        $spans = 1;
+
+        foreach ($source as $n => $row) {
+            $spans += substr_count($row, '<span') - substr_count($row, '</span');
+            $row = str_replace(["\r", "\n"], ['', ''], $row);
+
+            if (($n + $start + 1) === $lineNumber) {
+                preg_match_all('#<[^>]+>#', $row, $tags);
+
+                $out .= sprintf(
+                    "<span class='line highlight'><span class='number'>{$format}</span> %s\n</span>%s",
+                    $n + $start + 1,
+                    strip_tags($row),
+                    implode('', $tags[0])
+                );
+            } else {
+                $out .= sprintf('<span class="line"><span class="number">' . $format . '</span> %s', $n + $start + 1, $row) . "\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($spans > 0) {
+            $out .= str_repeat('</span>', $spans);
+        }
+
+        return '<pre><code>' . $out . '</code></pre>';
+    }
+
+    private static function renderBacktrace(array $backtrace): string
+    {
+        $backtraces = [];
+
+        foreach ($backtrace as $index => $trace) {
+            $frame = $trace + ['file' => '[internal function]', 'line' => '', 'class' => '', 'type' => '', 'args' => []];
+
+            if ($frame['file'] !== '[internal function]') {
+                $frame['file'] = sprintf('%s(%s)', $frame['file'], $frame['line']);
+            }
+
+            unset($frame['line']);
+            $idx = $index;
+            $idx = str_pad((string) ++$idx, 2, ' ', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+
+            $args = implode(', ', array_map(static function ($value): string {
+                switch (true) {
+                    case is_object($value):
+                        return sprintf('Object(%s)', get_class($value));
+
+                    case is_array($value):
+                        return $value !== [] ? '[...]' : '[]';
+
+                    case $value === null:
+                        return 'null';
+
+                    case is_resource($value):
+                        return sprintf('resource (%s)', get_resource_type($value));
+
+                    default:
+                        return var_export($value, true);
+                }
+            }, $frame['args']));
+
+            $backtraces[] = sprintf(
+                '%s %s: %s%s%s(%s)',
+                $idx,
+                clean_path($frame['file']),
+                $frame['class'],
+                $frame['type'],
+                $frame['function'],
+                $args
+            );
+        }
+
+        return implode("\n", $backtraces);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Iterator.php b/system/Debug/Iterator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f54335b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Iterator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use Closure;
+
+/**
+ * Iterator for debugging.
+ */
+class Iterator
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores the tests that we are to run.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $tests = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the results of each of the tests.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $results = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a test to run.
+     *
+     * Tests are simply closures that the user can define any sequence of
+     * things to happen during the test.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param Closure(): mixed $closure
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function add(string $name, Closure $closure)
+    {
+        $name = strtolower($name);
+
+        $this->tests[$name] = $closure;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs through all of the tests that have been added, recording
+     * time to execute the desired number of iterations, and the approximate
+     * memory usage used during those iterations.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function run(int $iterations = 1000, bool $output = true)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->tests as $name => $test) {
+            // clear memory before start
+            gc_collect_cycles();
+
+            $start    = microtime(true);
+            $startMem = $maxMemory = memory_get_usage(true);
+
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $iterations; $i++) {
+                $result    = $test();
+                $maxMemory = max($maxMemory, memory_get_usage(true));
+
+                unset($result);
+            }
+
+            $this->results[$name] = [
+                'time'   => microtime(true) - $start,
+                'memory' => $maxMemory - $startMem,
+                'n'      => $iterations,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if ($output) {
+            return $this->getReport();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get results.
+     */
+    public function getReport(): string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->results)) {
+            return 'No results to display.';
+        }
+
+        helper('number');
+
+        // Template
+        $tpl = '<table>
+			<thead>
+				<tr>
+					<td>Test</td>
+					<td>Time</td>
+					<td>Memory</td>
+				</tr>
+			</thead>
+			<tbody>
+				{rows}
+			</tbody>
+		</table>';
+
+        $rows = '';
+
+        foreach ($this->results as $name => $result) {
+            $memory = number_to_size($result['memory'], 4);
+
+            $rows .= "<tr>
+				<td>{$name}</td>
+				<td>" . number_format($result['time'], 4) . "</td>
+				<td>{$memory}</td>
+			</tr>";
+        }
+
+        $tpl = str_replace('{rows}', $rows, $tpl);
+
+        return $tpl . '<br/>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Timer.php b/system/Debug/Timer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d43bf1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Timer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Class Timer
+ *
+ * Provides a simple way to measure the amount of time
+ * that elapses between two points.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\TimerTest
+ */
+class Timer
+{
+    /**
+     * List of all timers.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $timers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a timer running.
+     *
+     * Multiple calls can be made to this method so that several
+     * execution points can be measured.
+     *
+     * @param string     $name The name of this timer.
+     * @param float|null $time Allows user to provide time.
+     *
+     * @return Timer
+     */
+    public function start(string $name, ?float $time = null)
+    {
+        $this->timers[strtolower($name)] = [
+            'start' => ! empty($time) ? $time : microtime(true),
+            'end'   => null,
+        ];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stops a running timer.
+     *
+     * If the timer is not stopped before the timers() method is called,
+     * it will be automatically stopped at that point.
+     *
+     * @param string $name The name of this timer.
+     *
+     * @return Timer
+     */
+    public function stop(string $name)
+    {
+        $name = strtolower($name);
+
+        if (empty($this->timers[$name])) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Cannot stop timer: invalid name given.');
+        }
+
+        $this->timers[$name]['end'] = microtime(true);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the duration of a recorded timer.
+     *
+     * @param string $name     The name of the timer.
+     * @param int    $decimals Number of decimal places.
+     *
+     * @return float|null Returns null if timer does not exist by that name.
+     *                    Returns a float representing the number of
+     *                    seconds elapsed while that timer was running.
+     */
+    public function getElapsedTime(string $name, int $decimals = 4)
+    {
+        $name = strtolower($name);
+
+        if (empty($this->timers[$name])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $timer = $this->timers[$name];
+
+        if (empty($timer['end'])) {
+            $timer['end'] = microtime(true);
+        }
+
+        return (float) number_format($timer['end'] - $timer['start'], $decimals, '.', '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the array of timers, with the duration pre-calculated for you.
+     *
+     * @param int $decimals Number of decimal places
+     */
+    public function getTimers(int $decimals = 4): array
+    {
+        $timers = $this->timers;
+
+        foreach ($timers as &$timer) {
+            if (empty($timer['end'])) {
+                $timer['end'] = microtime(true);
+            }
+
+            $timer['duration'] = (float) number_format($timer['end'] - $timer['start'], $decimals);
+        }
+
+        return $timers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether or not a timer with the specified name exists.
+     */
+    public function has(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists(strtolower($name), $this->timers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes callable and measures its time.
+     * Returns its return value if any.
+     *
+     * @param string $name The name of the timer
+     * @phpstan-param callable(): mixed $callable callable to be executed
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null
+     */
+    public function record(string $name, callable $callable)
+    {
+        $this->start($name);
+        $returnValue = $callable();
+        $this->stop($name);
+
+        return $returnValue;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73c777ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\BaseCollector;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Config;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\History;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatter;
+use CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatter;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\DownloadResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Toolbar as ToolbarConfig;
+use Kint\Kint;
+
+/**
+ * Displays a toolbar with bits of stats to aid a developer in debugging.
+ *
+ * Inspiration: http://prophiler.fabfuel.de
+ */
+class Toolbar
+{
+    /**
+     * Toolbar configuration settings.
+     *
+     * @var ToolbarConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Collectors to be used and displayed.
+     *
+     * @var BaseCollector[]
+     */
+    protected $collectors = [];
+
+    public function __construct(ToolbarConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        foreach ($config->collectors as $collector) {
+            if (! class_exists($collector)) {
+                log_message(
+                    'critical',
+                    'Toolbar collector does not exist (' . $collector . ').'
+                    . ' Please check $collectors in the app/Config/Toolbar.php file.'
+                );
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->collectors[] = new $collector();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all the data required by Debug Bar
+     *
+     * @param float           $startTime App start time
+     * @param IncomingRequest $request
+     *
+     * @return string JSON encoded data
+     */
+    public function run(float $startTime, float $totalTime, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response): string
+    {
+        $data = [];
+        // Data items used within the view.
+        $data['url']             = current_url();
+        $data['method']          = strtoupper($request->getMethod());
+        $data['isAJAX']          = $request->isAJAX();
+        $data['startTime']       = $startTime;
+        $data['totalTime']       = $totalTime * 1000;
+        $data['totalMemory']     = number_format(memory_get_peak_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 3);
+        $data['segmentDuration'] = $this->roundTo($data['totalTime'] / 7);
+        $data['segmentCount']    = (int) ceil($data['totalTime'] / $data['segmentDuration']);
+        $data['CI_VERSION']      = CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION;
+        $data['collectors']      = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->collectors as $collector) {
+            $data['collectors'][] = $collector->getAsArray();
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->collectVarData() as $heading => $items) {
+            $varData = [];
+
+            if (is_array($items)) {
+                foreach ($items as $key => $value) {
+                    if (is_string($value)) {
+                        $varData[esc($key)] = esc($value);
+                    } else {
+                        $oldKintMode       = Kint::$mode_default;
+                        $oldKintCalledFrom = Kint::$display_called_from;
+
+                        Kint::$mode_default        = Kint::MODE_RICH;
+                        Kint::$display_called_from = false;
+
+                        $kint = @Kint::dump($value);
+                        $kint = substr($kint, strpos($kint, '</style>') + 8);
+
+                        Kint::$mode_default        = $oldKintMode;
+                        Kint::$display_called_from = $oldKintCalledFrom;
+
+                        $varData[esc($key)] = $kint;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            $data['vars']['varData'][esc($heading)] = $varData;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($_SESSION)) {
+            foreach ($_SESSION as $key => $value) {
+                // Replace the binary data with string to avoid json_encode failure.
+                if (is_string($value) && preg_match('~[^\x20-\x7E\t\r\n]~', $value)) {
+                    $value = 'binary data';
+                }
+
+                $data['vars']['session'][esc($key)] = is_string($value) ? esc($value) : '<pre>' . esc(print_r($value, true)) . '</pre>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($request->getGet() as $name => $value) {
+            $data['vars']['get'][esc($name)] = is_array($value) ? '<pre>' . esc(print_r($value, true)) . '</pre>' : esc($value);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($request->getPost() as $name => $value) {
+            $data['vars']['post'][esc($name)] = is_array($value) ? '<pre>' . esc(print_r($value, true)) . '</pre>' : esc($value);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($request->headers() as $header) {
+            $data['vars']['headers'][esc($header->getName())] = esc($header->getValueLine());
+        }
+
+        foreach ($request->getCookie() as $name => $value) {
+            $data['vars']['cookies'][esc($name)] = esc($value);
+        }
+
+        $data['vars']['request'] = ($request->isSecure() ? 'HTTPS' : 'HTTP') . '/' . $request->getProtocolVersion();
+
+        $data['vars']['response'] = [
+            'statusCode'  => $response->getStatusCode(),
+            'reason'      => esc($response->getReasonPhrase()),
+            'contentType' => esc($response->getHeaderLine('content-type')),
+            'headers'     => [],
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($response->headers() as $header) {
+            $data['vars']['response']['headers'][esc($header->getName())] = esc($header->getValueLine());
+        }
+
+        $data['config'] = Config::display();
+
+        $response->getCSP()->addImageSrc('data:');
+
+        return json_encode($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called within the view to display the timeline itself.
+     */
+    protected function renderTimeline(array $collectors, float $startTime, int $segmentCount, int $segmentDuration, array &$styles): string
+    {
+        $rows       = $this->collectTimelineData($collectors);
+        $styleCount = 0;
+
+        // Use recursive render function
+        return $this->renderTimelineRecursive($rows, $startTime, $segmentCount, $segmentDuration, $styles, $styleCount);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively renders timeline elements and their children.
+     */
+    protected function renderTimelineRecursive(array $rows, float $startTime, int $segmentCount, int $segmentDuration, array &$styles, int &$styleCount, int $level = 0, bool $isChild = false): string
+    {
+        $displayTime = $segmentCount * $segmentDuration;
+
+        $output = '';
+
+        foreach ($rows as $row) {
+            $hasChildren = isset($row['children']) && ! empty($row['children']);
+            $isQuery     = isset($row['query']) && ! empty($row['query']);
+
+            // Open controller timeline by default
+            $open = $row['name'] === 'Controller';
+
+            if ($hasChildren || $isQuery) {
+                $output .= '<tr class="timeline-parent' . ($open ? ' timeline-parent-open' : '') . '" id="timeline-' . $styleCount . '_parent" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleChildRows(\'timeline-' . $styleCount . '\');">';
+            } else {
+                $output .= '<tr>';
+            }
+
+            $output .= '<td class="' . ($isChild ? 'debug-bar-width30' : '') . '" style="--level: ' . $level . ';">' . ($hasChildren || $isQuery ? '<nav></nav>' : '') . $row['name'] . '</td>';
+            $output .= '<td class="' . ($isChild ? 'debug-bar-width10' : '') . '">' . $row['component'] . '</td>';
+            $output .= '<td class="' . ($isChild ? 'debug-bar-width10 ' : '') . 'debug-bar-alignRight">' . number_format($row['duration'] * 1000, 2) . ' ms</td>';
+            $output .= "<td class='debug-bar-noverflow' colspan='{$segmentCount}'>";
+
+            $offset = ((((float) $row['start'] - $startTime) * 1000) / $displayTime) * 100;
+            $length = (((float) $row['duration'] * 1000) / $displayTime) * 100;
+
+            $styles['debug-bar-timeline-' . $styleCount] = "left: {$offset}%; width: {$length}%;";
+
+            $output .= "<span class='timer debug-bar-timeline-{$styleCount}' title='" . number_format($length, 2) . "%'></span>";
+            $output .= '</td>';
+            $output .= '</tr>';
+
+            $styleCount++;
+
+            // Add children if any
+            if ($hasChildren || $isQuery) {
+                $output .= '<tr class="child-row" id="timeline-' . ($styleCount - 1) . '_children" style="' . ($open ? '' : 'display: none;') . '">';
+                $output .= '<td colspan="' . ($segmentCount + 3) . '" class="child-container">';
+                $output .= '<table class="timeline">';
+                $output .= '<tbody>';
+
+                if ($isQuery) {
+                    // Output query string if query
+                    $output .= '<tr>';
+                    $output .= '<td class="query-container" style="--level: ' . ($level + 1) . ';">' . $row['query'] . '</td>';
+                    $output .= '</tr>';
+                } else {
+                    // Recursively render children
+                    $output .= $this->renderTimelineRecursive($row['children'], $startTime, $segmentCount, $segmentDuration, $styles, $styleCount, $level + 1, true);
+                }
+
+                $output .= '</tbody>';
+                $output .= '</table>';
+                $output .= '</td>';
+                $output .= '</tr>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a sorted array of timeline data arrays from the collectors.
+     *
+     * @param array $collectors
+     */
+    protected function collectTimelineData($collectors): array
+    {
+        $data = [];
+
+        // Collect it
+        foreach ($collectors as $collector) {
+            if (! $collector['hasTimelineData']) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $data = array_merge($data, $collector['timelineData']);
+        }
+
+        // Sort it
+        $sortArray = [
+            array_column($data, 'start'), SORT_NUMERIC, SORT_ASC,
+            array_column($data, 'duration'), SORT_NUMERIC, SORT_DESC,
+            &$data,
+        ];
+
+        array_multisort(...$sortArray);
+
+        // Add end time to each element
+        array_walk($data, static function (&$row) {
+            $row['end'] = $row['start'] + $row['duration'];
+        });
+
+        // Group it
+        $data = $this->structureTimelineData($data);
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Arranges the already sorted timeline data into a parent => child structure.
+     */
+    protected function structureTimelineData(array $elements): array
+    {
+        // We define ourselves as the first element of the array
+        $element = array_shift($elements);
+
+        // If we have children behind us, collect and attach them to us
+        while (! empty($elements) && $elements[array_key_first($elements)]['end'] <= $element['end']) {
+            $element['children'][] = array_shift($elements);
+        }
+
+        // Make sure our children know whether they have children, too
+        if (isset($element['children'])) {
+            $element['children'] = $this->structureTimelineData($element['children']);
+        }
+
+        // If we have no younger siblings, we can return
+        if (empty($elements)) {
+            return [$element];
+        }
+
+        // Make sure our younger siblings know their relatives, too
+        return array_merge([$element], $this->structureTimelineData($elements));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of data from all of the modules
+     * that should be displayed in the 'Vars' tab.
+     */
+    protected function collectVarData(): array
+    {
+        if (! ($this->config->collectVarData ?? true)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $data = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->collectors as $collector) {
+            if (! $collector->hasVarData()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $data = array_merge($data, $collector->getVarData());
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rounds a number to the nearest incremental value.
+     */
+    protected function roundTo(float $number, int $increments = 5): float
+    {
+        $increments = 1 / $increments;
+
+        return ceil($number * $increments) / $increments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare for debugging..
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function prepare(?RequestInterface $request = null, ?ResponseInterface $response = null)
+    {
+        /**
+         * @var IncomingRequest|null $request
+         */
+        if (CI_DEBUG && ! is_cli()) {
+            $app = Services::codeigniter();
+
+            $request ??= Services::request();
+            $response ??= Services::response();
+
+            // Disable the toolbar for downloads
+            if ($response instanceof DownloadResponse) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $toolbar = Services::toolbar(config(ToolbarConfig::class));
+            $stats   = $app->getPerformanceStats();
+            $data    = $toolbar->run(
+                $stats['startTime'],
+                $stats['totalTime'],
+                $request,
+                $response
+            );
+
+            helper('filesystem');
+
+            // Updated to microtime() so we can get history
+            $time = sprintf('%.6f', Time::now()->format('U.u'));
+
+            if (! is_dir(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar')) {
+                mkdir(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar', 0777);
+            }
+
+            write_file(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar/debugbar_' . $time . '.json', $data, 'w+');
+
+            $format = $response->getHeaderLine('content-type');
+
+            // Non-HTML formats should not include the debugbar
+            // then we send headers saying where to find the debug data
+            // for this response
+            if ($request->isAJAX() || strpos($format, 'html') === false) {
+                $response->setHeader('Debugbar-Time', "{$time}")
+                    ->setHeader('Debugbar-Link', site_url("?debugbar_time={$time}"));
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $oldKintMode        = Kint::$mode_default;
+            Kint::$mode_default = Kint::MODE_RICH;
+            $kintScript         = @Kint::dump('');
+            Kint::$mode_default = $oldKintMode;
+            $kintScript         = substr($kintScript, 0, strpos($kintScript, '</style>') + 8);
+            $kintScript         = ($kintScript === '0') ? '' : $kintScript;
+
+            $script = PHP_EOL
+                . '<script ' . csp_script_nonce() . ' id="debugbar_loader" '
+                . 'data-time="' . $time . '" '
+                . 'src="' . site_url() . '?debugbar"></script>'
+                . '<script ' . csp_script_nonce() . ' id="debugbar_dynamic_script"></script>'
+                . '<style ' . csp_style_nonce() . ' id="debugbar_dynamic_style"></style>'
+                . $kintScript
+                . PHP_EOL;
+
+            if (strpos($response->getBody(), '<head>') !== false) {
+                $response->setBody(
+                    preg_replace(
+                        '/<head>/',
+                        '<head>' . $script,
+                        $response->getBody(),
+                        1
+                    )
+                );
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $response->appendBody($script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inject debug toolbar into the response.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @phpstan-return never|void
+     */
+    public function respond()
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        // If the request contains '?debugbar then we're
+        // simply returning the loading script
+        if ($request->getGet('debugbar') !== null) {
+            header('Content-Type: application/javascript');
+
+            ob_start();
+            include $this->config->viewsPath . 'toolbarloader.js';
+            $output = ob_get_clean();
+            $output = str_replace('{url}', rtrim(site_url(), '/'), $output);
+            echo $output;
+
+            exit;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, if it includes ?debugbar_time, then
+        // we should return the entire debugbar.
+        if ($request->getGet('debugbar_time')) {
+            helper('security');
+
+            // Negotiate the content-type to format the output
+            $format = $request->negotiate('media', ['text/html', 'application/json', 'application/xml']);
+            $format = explode('/', $format)[1];
+
+            $filename = sanitize_filename('debugbar_' . $request->getGet('debugbar_time'));
+            $filename = WRITEPATH . 'debugbar/' . $filename . '.json';
+
+            if (is_file($filename)) {
+                // Show the toolbar if it exists
+                echo $this->format(file_get_contents($filename), $format);
+
+                exit;
+            }
+
+            // Filename not found
+            http_response_code(404);
+
+            exit; // Exit here is needed to avoid loading the index page
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Format output
+     */
+    protected function format(string $data, string $format = 'html'): string
+    {
+        $data = json_decode($data, true);
+
+        if ($this->config->maxHistory !== 0 && preg_match('/\d+\.\d{6}/s', (string) Services::request()->getGet('debugbar_time'), $debugbarTime)) {
+            $history = new History();
+            $history->setFiles(
+                $debugbarTime[0],
+                $this->config->maxHistory
+            );
+
+            $data['collectors'][] = $history->getAsArray();
+        }
+
+        $output = '';
+
+        switch ($format) {
+            case 'html':
+                $data['styles'] = [];
+                extract($data);
+                $parser = Services::parser($this->config->viewsPath, null, false);
+                ob_start();
+                include $this->config->viewsPath . 'toolbar.tpl.php';
+                $output = ob_get_clean();
+                break;
+
+            case 'json':
+                $formatter = new JSONFormatter();
+                $output    = $formatter->format($data);
+                break;
+
+            case 'xml':
+                $formatter = new XMLFormatter();
+                $output    = $formatter->format($data);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/BaseCollector.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/BaseCollector.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4704fcdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/BaseCollector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Base Toolbar collector
+ */
+class BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * a label or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasLabel = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that
+     * should be shown in the Vars tab.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasVarData = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Collector's title.
+     */
+    public function getTitle(bool $safe = false): string
+    {
+        if ($safe) {
+            return str_replace(' ', '-', strtolower($this->title));
+        }
+
+        return $this->title;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns any information that should be shown next to the title.
+     */
+    public function getTitleDetails(): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector need it's own tab?
+     */
+    public function hasTabContent(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->hasTabContent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector have a label?
+     */
+    public function hasLabel(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->hasLabel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector have information for the timeline?
+     */
+    public function hasTimelineData(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->hasTimeline;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the data for the timeline, properly formatted,
+     * or returns an empty array.
+     */
+    public function timelineData(): array
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasTimeline) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return $this->formatTimelineData();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this Collector have data that should be shown in the
+     * 'Vars' tab?
+     */
+    public function hasVarData(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->hasVarData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a collection of data that should be shown in the 'Vars' tab.
+     * The format is an array of sections, each with their own array
+     * of key/value pairs:
+     *
+     *  $data = [
+     *      'section 1' => [
+     *          'foo' => 'bar,
+     *          'bar' => 'baz'
+     *      ],
+     *      'section 2' => [
+     *          'foo' => 'bar,
+     *          'bar' => 'baz'
+     *      ],
+     *  ];
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getVarData()
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Child classes should implement this to return the timeline data
+     * formatted for correct usage.
+     *
+     * Timeline data should be formatted into arrays that look like:
+     *
+     *  [
+     *      'name'      => 'Database::Query',
+     *      'component' => 'Database',
+     *      'start'     => 10       // milliseconds
+     *      'duration'  => 15       // milliseconds
+     *  ]
+     */
+    protected function formatTimelineData(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     */
+    public function display()
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This makes nicer looking paths for the error output.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated `clean_path()` function.
+     */
+    public function cleanPath(string $file): string
+    {
+        return clean_path($file);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "badge" value for the button.
+     *
+     * @return int|null
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue()
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector have any data collected?
+     *
+     * If not, then the toolbar button won't get shown.
+     */
+    public function isEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the HTML to display the icon. Should either
+     * be SVG, or a base-64 encoded.
+     *
+     * Recommended dimensions are 24px x 24px
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return settings as an array.
+     */
+    public function getAsArray(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'title'           => $this->getTitle(),
+            'titleSafe'       => $this->getTitle(true),
+            'titleDetails'    => $this->getTitleDetails(),
+            'display'         => $this->display(),
+            'badgeValue'      => $this->getBadgeValue(),
+            'isEmpty'         => $this->isEmpty(),
+            'hasTabContent'   => $this->hasTabContent(),
+            'hasLabel'        => $this->hasLabel(),
+            'icon'            => $this->icon(),
+            'hasTimelineData' => $this->hasTimelineData(),
+            'timelineData'    => $this->timelineData(),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Config.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Config.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faf7a19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Config.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Debug toolbar configuration
+ */
+class Config
+{
+    /**
+     * Return toolbar config values as an array.
+     */
+    public static function display(): array
+    {
+        $config = config(App::class);
+
+        return [
+            'ciVersion'   => CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION,
+            'phpVersion'  => PHP_VERSION,
+            'phpSAPI'     => PHP_SAPI,
+            'environment' => ENVIRONMENT,
+            'baseURL'     => $config->baseURL,
+            'timezone'    => app_timezone(),
+            'locale'      => Services::request()->getLocale(),
+            'cspEnabled'  => $config->CSPEnabled,
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b2ff96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Toolbar;
+
+/**
+ * Collector for the Database tab of the Debug Toolbar.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\DatabaseTest
+ */
+class Database extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has timeline data.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector should display its own tab.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data for the Vars tab.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasVarData = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The name used to reference this collector in the toolbar.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * Array of database connections.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $connections;
+
+    /**
+     * The query instances that have been collected
+     * through the DBQuery Event.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $queries = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->getConnections();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The static method used during Events to collect
+     * data.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @phpstan-return never|void
+     */
+    public static function collect(Query $query)
+    {
+        $config = config(Toolbar::class);
+
+        // Provide default in case it's not set
+        $max = $config->maxQueries ?: 100;
+
+        if (count(static::$queries) < $max) {
+            $queryString = $query->getQuery();
+
+            $backtrace = debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS);
+
+            if (! is_cli()) {
+                // when called in the browser, the first two trace arrays
+                // are from the DB event trigger, which are unneeded
+                $backtrace = array_slice($backtrace, 2);
+            }
+
+            static::$queries[] = [
+                'query'     => $query,
+                'string'    => $queryString,
+                'duplicate' => in_array($queryString, array_column(static::$queries, 'string', null), true),
+                'trace'     => $backtrace,
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns timeline data formatted for the toolbar.
+     *
+     * @return array The formatted data or an empty array.
+     */
+    protected function formatTimelineData(): array
+    {
+        $data = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->connections as $alias => $connection) {
+            // Connection Time
+            $data[] = [
+                'name'      => 'Connecting to Database: "' . $alias . '"',
+                'component' => 'Database',
+                'start'     => $connection->getConnectStart(),
+                'duration'  => $connection->getConnectDuration(),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        foreach (static::$queries as $query) {
+            $data[] = [
+                'name'      => 'Query',
+                'component' => 'Database',
+                'start'     => $query['query']->getStartTime(true),
+                'duration'  => $query['query']->getDuration(),
+                'query'     => $query['query']->debugToolbarDisplay(),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        $data            = [];
+        $data['queries'] = array_map(static function (array $query) {
+            $isDuplicate = $query['duplicate'] === true;
+
+            $firstNonSystemLine = '';
+
+            foreach ($query['trace'] as $index => &$line) {
+                // simplify file and line
+                if (isset($line['file'])) {
+                    $line['file'] = clean_path($line['file']) . ':' . $line['line'];
+                    unset($line['line']);
+                } else {
+                    $line['file'] = '[internal function]';
+                }
+
+                // find the first trace line that does not originate from `system/`
+                if ($firstNonSystemLine === '' && strpos($line['file'], 'SYSTEMPATH') === false) {
+                    $firstNonSystemLine = $line['file'];
+                }
+
+                // simplify function call
+                if (isset($line['class'])) {
+                    $line['function'] = $line['class'] . $line['type'] . $line['function'];
+                    unset($line['class'], $line['type']);
+                }
+
+                if (strrpos($line['function'], '{closure}') === false) {
+                    $line['function'] .= '()';
+                }
+
+                $line['function'] = str_repeat(chr(0xC2) . chr(0xA0), 8) . $line['function'];
+
+                // add index numbering padded with nonbreaking space
+                $indexPadded = str_pad(sprintf('%d', $index + 1), 3, ' ', STR_PAD_LEFT);
+                $indexPadded = preg_replace('/\s/', chr(0xC2) . chr(0xA0), $indexPadded);
+
+                $line['index'] = $indexPadded . str_repeat(chr(0xC2) . chr(0xA0), 4);
+            }
+
+            return [
+                'hover'      => $isDuplicate ? 'This query was called more than once.' : '',
+                'class'      => $isDuplicate ? 'duplicate' : '',
+                'duration'   => ((float) $query['query']->getDuration(5) * 1000) . ' ms',
+                'sql'        => $query['query']->debugToolbarDisplay(),
+                'trace'      => $query['trace'],
+                'trace-file' => $firstNonSystemLine,
+                'qid'        => md5($query['query'] . Time::now()->format('0.u00 U')),
+            ];
+        }, static::$queries);
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "badge" value for the button.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        return count(static::$queries);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Information to be displayed next to the title.
+     *
+     * @return string The number of queries (in parentheses) or an empty string.
+     */
+    public function getTitleDetails(): string
+    {
+        $this->getConnections();
+
+        $queryCount      = count(static::$queries);
+        $uniqueCount     = count(array_filter(static::$queries, static fn ($query) => $query['duplicate'] === false));
+        $connectionCount = count($this->connections);
+
+        return sprintf(
+            '(%d total Quer%s, %d %s unique across %d Connection%s)',
+            $queryCount,
+            $queryCount > 1 ? 'ies' : 'y',
+            $uniqueCount,
+            $uniqueCount > 1 ? 'of them' : '',
+            $connectionCount,
+            $connectionCount > 1 ? 's' : ''
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector have any data collected?
+     */
+    public function isEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        return empty(static::$queries);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAADMSURBVEhLY6A3YExLSwsA4nIycQDIDIhRWEBqamo/UNF/SjDQjF6ocZgAKPkRiFeEhoYyQ4WIBiA9QAuWAPEHqBAmgLqgHcolGQD1V4DMgHIxwbCxYD+QBqcKINseKo6eWrBioPrtQBq/BcgY5ht0cUIYbBg2AJKkRxCNWkDQgtFUNJwtABr+F6igE8olGQD114HMgHIxAVDyAhA/AlpSA8RYUwoeXAPVex5qHCbIyMgwBCkAuQJIY00huDBUz/mUlBQDqHGjgBjAwAAACexpph6oHSQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the connections from the database config
+     */
+    private function getConnections(): void
+    {
+        $this->connections = \Config\Database::getConnections();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Events.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Events.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..178a8866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Events.php
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Events collector
+ */
+class Events extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that
+     * should be shown in the Vars tab.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasVarData = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Events';
+
+    /**
+     * Child classes should implement this to return the timeline data
+     * formatted for correct usage.
+     */
+    protected function formatTimelineData(): array
+    {
+        $data = [];
+
+        $rows = \CodeIgniter\Events\Events::getPerformanceLogs();
+
+        foreach ($rows as $info) {
+            $data[] = [
+                'name'      => 'Event: ' . $info['event'],
+                'component' => 'Events',
+                'start'     => $info['start'],
+                'duration'  => $info['end'] - $info['start'],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        $data = [
+            'events' => [],
+        ];
+
+        foreach (\CodeIgniter\Events\Events::getPerformanceLogs() as $row) {
+            $key = $row['event'];
+
+            if (! array_key_exists($key, $data['events'])) {
+                $data['events'][$key] = [
+                    'event'    => $key,
+                    'duration' => ($row['end'] - $row['start']) * 1000,
+                    'count'    => 1,
+                ];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $data['events'][$key]['duration'] += ($row['end'] - $row['start']) * 1000;
+            $data['events'][$key]['count']++;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data['events'] as &$row) {
+            $row['duration'] = number_format($row['duration'], 2);
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the "badge" value for the button.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        return count(\CodeIgniter\Events\Events::getPerformanceLogs());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAEASURBVEhL7ZXNDcIwDIVTsRBH1uDQDdquUA6IM1xgCA6MwJUN2hk6AQzAz0vl0ETUxC5VT3zSU5w81/mRMGZysixbFEVR0jSKNt8geQU9aRpFmp/keX6AbjZ5oB74vsaN5lSzA4tLSjpBFxsjeSuRy4d2mDdQTWU7YLbXTNN05mKyovj5KL6B7q3hoy3KwdZxBlT+Ipz+jPHrBqOIynZgcZonoukb/0ckiTHqNvDXtXEAaygRbaB9FvUTjRUHsIYS0QaSp+Dw6wT4hiTmYHOcYZsdLQ2CbXa4ftuuYR4x9vYZgdb4vsFYUdmABMYeukK9/SUme3KMFQ77+Yfzh8eYF8+orDuDWU5LAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c281906c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Files collector
+ */
+class Files extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Files';
+
+    /**
+     * Returns any information that should be shown next to the title.
+     */
+    public function getTitleDetails(): string
+    {
+        return '( ' . count(get_included_files()) . ' )';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        $rawFiles  = get_included_files();
+        $coreFiles = [];
+        $userFiles = [];
+
+        foreach ($rawFiles as $file) {
+            $path = clean_path($file);
+
+            if (strpos($path, 'SYSTEMPATH') !== false) {
+                $coreFiles[] = [
+                    'path' => $path,
+                    'name' => basename($file),
+                ];
+            } else {
+                $userFiles[] = [
+                    'path' => $path,
+                    'name' => basename($file),
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        sort($userFiles);
+        sort($coreFiles);
+
+        return [
+            'coreFiles' => $coreFiles,
+            'userFiles' => $userFiles,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the number of included files as a badge in the tab button.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        return count(get_included_files());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,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';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a639e35a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * History collector
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\HistoryTest
+ */
+class History extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * a label or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasLabel = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'History';
+
+    /**
+     * @var array History files
+     */
+    protected $files = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Specify time limit & file count for debug history.
+     *
+     * @param string $current Current history time
+     * @param int    $limit   Max history files
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setFiles(string $current, int $limit = 20)
+    {
+        $filenames = glob(WRITEPATH . 'debugbar/debugbar_*.json');
+
+        $files   = [];
+        $counter = 0;
+
+        foreach (array_reverse($filenames) as $filename) {
+            $counter++;
+
+            // Oldest files will be deleted
+            if ($limit >= 0 && $counter > $limit) {
+                unlink($filename);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Get the contents of this specific history request
+            $contents = file_get_contents($filename);
+
+            $contents = @json_decode($contents);
+            if (json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                preg_match('/debugbar_(.*)\.json$/s', $filename, $time);
+                $time = sprintf('%.6f', $time[1] ?? 0);
+
+                // Debugbar files shown in History Collector
+                $files[] = [
+                    'time'        => $time,
+                    'datetime'    => DateTime::createFromFormat('U.u', $time)->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u'),
+                    'active'      => $time === $current,
+                    'status'      => $contents->vars->response->statusCode,
+                    'method'      => $contents->method,
+                    'url'         => $contents->url,
+                    'isAJAX'      => $contents->isAJAX ? 'Yes' : 'No',
+                    'contentType' => $contents->vars->response->contentType,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->files = $files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        return ['files' => $this->files];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays the number of included files as a badge in the tab button.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->files);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return true if there are no history files.
+     */
+    public function isEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        return empty($this->files);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAJySURBVEhL3ZU7aJNhGIVTpV6i4qCIgkIHxcXLErS4FBwUFNwiCKGhuTYJGaIgnRoo4qRu6iCiiIuIXXTTIkIpuqoFwaGgonUQlC5KafU5ycmNP0lTdPLA4fu+8573/a4/f6hXpFKpwUwmc9fDfweKbk+n07fgEv33TLSbtt/hvwNFT1PsG/zdTE0Gp+GFfD6/2fbVIxqNrqPIRbjg4t/hY8aztcngfDabHXbKyiiXy2vcrcPH8oDCry2FKDrA+Ar6L01E/ypyXzXaARjDGGcoeNxSDZXE0dHRA5VRE5LJ5CFy5jzJuOX2wHRHRnjbklZ6isQ3tIctBaAd4vlK3jLtkOVWqABBXd47jGHLmjTmSScttQV5J+SjfcUweFQEbsjAas5aqoCLXutJl7vtQsAzpRowYqkBinyCC8Vicb2lOih8zoldd0F8RD7qTFiqAnGrAy8stUAvi/hbqDM+YzkAFrLPdR5ZqoLXsd+Bh5YCIH7JniVdquUWxOPxDfboHhrI5XJ7HHhiqQXox+APe/Qk64+gGYVCYZs8cMpSFQj9JOoFzVqqo7k4HIvFYpscCoAjOmLffUsNUGRaQUwDlmofUa34ecsdgXdcXo4wbakBgiUFafXJV8A4DJ/2UrxUKm3E95H8RbjLcgOJRGILhnmCP+FBy5XvwN2uIPcy1AJvWgqC4xm2aU4Xb3lF4I+Tpyf8hRe5w3J7YLymSeA8Z3nSclv4WLRyFdfOjzrUFX0klJUEtZtntCNc+F69cz/FiDzEPtjzmcUMOr83kDQEX6pAJxJfpL3OX22n01YN7SZCoQnaSdoZ+Jz+PZihH3wt/xlCoT9M6nEtmRSPCQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d656ca9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Loags collector
+ */
+class Logs extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Logs';
+
+    /**
+     * Our collected data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $data;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'logs' => $this->collectLogs(),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this collector actually have any data to display?
+     */
+    public function isEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        $this->collectLogs();
+
+        return empty($this->data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAACYSURBVEhLYxgFJIHU1FSjtLS0i0D8AYj7gEKMEBkqAaAFF4D4ERCvAFrwH4gDoFIMKSkpFkB+OTEYqgUTACXfA/GqjIwMQyD9H2hRHlQKJFcBEiMGQ7VgAqCBvUgK32dmZspCpagGGNPT0/1BLqeF4bQHQJePpiIwhmrBBEADR1MRfgB0+WgqAmOoFkwANHA0FY0CUgEDAwCQ0PUpNB3kqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures the data has been collected.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function collectLogs()
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->data)) {
+            return $this->data;
+        }
+
+        return $this->data = Services::logger(true)->logCache ?? [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0420c19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Router\DefinedRouteCollector;
+use Config\Services;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionFunction;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * Routes collector
+ */
+class Routes extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Routes';
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data of this collector to be formatted in the toolbar
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function display(): array
+    {
+        $rawRoutes = Services::routes(true);
+        $router    = Services::router(null, null, true);
+
+        // Get our parameters
+        // Closure routes
+        if (is_callable($router->controllerName())) {
+            $method = new ReflectionFunction($router->controllerName());
+        } else {
+            try {
+                $method = new ReflectionMethod($router->controllerName(), $router->methodName());
+            } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+                // If we're here, the method doesn't exist
+                // and is likely calculated in _remap.
+                $method = new ReflectionMethod($router->controllerName(), '_remap');
+            }
+        }
+
+        $rawParams = $method->getParameters();
+
+        $params = [];
+
+        foreach ($rawParams as $key => $param) {
+            $params[] = [
+                'name'  => '$' . $param->getName() . ' = ',
+                'value' => $router->params()[$key] ??
+                    ' <empty> | default: '
+                    . var_export(
+                        $param->isDefaultValueAvailable() ? $param->getDefaultValue() : null,
+                        true
+                    ),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $matchedRoute = [
+            [
+                'directory'  => $router->directory(),
+                'controller' => $router->controllerName(),
+                'method'     => $router->methodName(),
+                'paramCount' => count($router->params()),
+                'truePCount' => count($params),
+                'params'     => $params,
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        // Defined Routes
+        $routes = [];
+
+        $definedRouteCollector = new DefinedRouteCollector($rawRoutes);
+
+        foreach ($definedRouteCollector->collect() as $route) {
+            // filter for strings, as callbacks aren't displayable
+            if ($route['handler'] !== '(Closure)') {
+                $routes[] = [
+                    'method'  => strtoupper($route['method']),
+                    'route'   => $route['route'],
+                    'handler' => $route['handler'],
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'matchedRoute' => $matchedRoute,
+            'routes'       => $routes,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a count of all the routes in the system.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        $rawRoutes = Services::routes(true);
+
+        return count($rawRoutes->getRoutes());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,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';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Timers.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Timers.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfce9e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Timers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Timers collector
+ */
+class Timers extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Timers';
+
+    /**
+     * Child classes should implement this to return the timeline data
+     * formatted for correct usage.
+     */
+    protected function formatTimelineData(): array
+    {
+        $data = [];
+
+        $benchmark = Services::timer(true);
+        $rows      = $benchmark->getTimers(6);
+
+        foreach ($rows as $name => $info) {
+            if ($name === 'total_execution') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $data[] = [
+                'name'      => ucwords(str_replace('_', ' ', $name)),
+                'component' => 'Timer',
+                'start'     => $info['start'],
+                'duration'  => $info['end'] - $info['start'],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea44dae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors;
+
+use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Views collector
+ */
+class Views extends BaseCollector
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that can
+     * be displayed in the Timeline.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTimeline = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * content in a tab or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasTabContent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector needs to display
+     * a label or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasLabel = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this collector has data that
+     * should be shown in the Vars tab.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasVarData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'title' of this Collector.
+     * Used to name things in the toolbar HTML.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $title = 'Views';
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of the shared Renderer service
+     *
+     * @var RendererInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $viewer;
+
+    /**
+     * Views counter
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $views = [];
+
+    private function initViewer(): void
+    {
+        $this->viewer ??= Services::renderer();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Child classes should implement this to return the timeline data
+     * formatted for correct usage.
+     */
+    protected function formatTimelineData(): array
+    {
+        $this->initViewer();
+
+        $data = [];
+
+        $rows = $this->viewer->getPerformanceData();
+
+        foreach ($rows as $info) {
+            $data[] = [
+                'name'      => 'View: ' . $info['view'],
+                'component' => 'Views',
+                'start'     => $info['start'],
+                'duration'  => $info['end'] - $info['start'],
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a collection of data that should be shown in the 'Vars' tab.
+     * The format is an array of sections, each with their own array
+     * of key/value pairs:
+     *
+     *  $data = [
+     *      'section 1' => [
+     *          'foo' => 'bar,
+     *          'bar' => 'baz'
+     *      ],
+     *      'section 2' => [
+     *          'foo' => 'bar,
+     *          'bar' => 'baz'
+     *      ],
+     *  ];
+     */
+    public function getVarData(): array
+    {
+        $this->initViewer();
+
+        return [
+            'View Data' => $this->viewer->getData(),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a count of all views.
+     */
+    public function getBadgeValue(): int
+    {
+        $this->initViewer();
+
+        return count($this->viewer->getPerformanceData());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Display the icon.
+     *
+     * Icon from https://icons8.com - 1em package
+     */
+    public function icon(): string
+    {
+        return 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAADeSURBVEhL7ZSxDcIwEEWNYA0YgGmgyAaJLTcUaaBzQQEVjMEabBQxAdw53zTHiThEovGTfnE/9rsoRUxhKLOmaa6Uh7X2+UvguLCzVxN1XW9x4EYHzik033Hp3X0LO+DaQG8MDQcuq6qao4qkHuMgQggLvkPLjqh00ZgFDBacMJYFkuwFlH1mshdkZ5JPJERA9JpI6xNCBESvibQ+IURA9JpI6xNCBESvibQ+IURA9DTsuHTOrVFFxixgB/eUFlU8uKJ0eDBFOu/9EvoeKnlJS2/08Tc8NOwQ8sIfMeYFjqKDjdU2sp4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_config.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_config.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6c7e0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_config.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<p class="debug-bar-alignRight">
+    <a href="https://codeigniter4.github.io/CodeIgniter4/index.html" target="_blank" >Read the CodeIgniter docs...</a>
+</p>
+
+<table>
+    <tbody>
+        <tr>
+            <td>CodeIgniter Version:</td>
+            <td>{ ciVersion }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>PHP Version:</td>
+            <td>{ phpVersion }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>PHP SAPI:</td>
+            <td>{ phpSAPI }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Environment:</td>
+            <td>{ environment }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Base URL:</td>
+            <td>
+                { if $baseURL == '' }
+                    <div class="warning">
+                        The $baseURL should always be set manually to prevent possible URL personification from external parties.
+                    </div>
+                { else }
+                    { baseURL }
+                { endif }
+            </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Timezone:</td>
+            <td>{ timezone }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Locale:</td>
+            <td>{ locale }</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Content Security Policy Enabled:</td>
+            <td>{ if $cspEnabled } Yes { else } No { endif }</td>
+        </tr>
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_database.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_database.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bd9b8a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_database.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<table>
+    <thead>
+        <tr>
+            <th class="debug-bar-width6r">Time</th>
+            <th>Query String</th>
+        </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    {queries}
+        <tr class="{class}" title="{hover}" data-toggle="{qid}-trace">
+            <td class="narrow">{duration}</td>
+            <td>{! sql !}</td>
+            <td style="text-align: right"><strong>{trace-file}</strong></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr class="muted" id="{qid}-trace" style="display:none">
+            <td></td>
+            <td colspan="2">
+            {trace}
+                {index}<strong>{file}</strong><br/>
+                {function}<br/><br/>
+            {/trace}
+            </td>
+        </tr>
+    {/queries}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_events.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_events.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88d732f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_events.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<table>
+    <thead>
+        <tr>
+            <th class="debug-bar-width6r">Time</th>
+            <th>Event Name</th>
+            <th>Times Called</th>
+        </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    {events}
+        <tr>
+            <td class="narrow">{ duration } ms</td>
+            <td>{event}</td>
+            <td>{count}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/events}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_files.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_files.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c992ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_files.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<table>
+    <tbody>
+    {userFiles}
+        <tr>
+            <td>{name}</td>
+            <td>{path}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/userFiles}
+    {coreFiles}
+        <tr class="muted">
+            <td class="debug-bar-width20e">{name}</td>
+            <td>{path}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/coreFiles}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_history.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_history.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f22f560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_history.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<table>
+    <thead>
+    <tr>
+        <th>Action</th>
+        <th>Datetime</th>
+        <th>Status</th>
+        <th>Method</th>
+        <th>URL</th>
+        <th>Content-Type</th>
+        <th>Is AJAX?</th>
+    </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    {files}
+        <tr data-active="{active}">
+            <td class="debug-bar-width70p">
+                <button class="ci-history-load" data-time="{time}">Load</button>
+            </td>
+            <td class="debug-bar-width190p">{datetime}</td>
+            <td>{status}</td>
+            <td>{method}</td>
+            <td>{url}</td>
+            <td>{contentType}</td>
+            <td>{isAJAX}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/files}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_logs.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_logs.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c80d849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_logs.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{ if $logs == [] }
+<p>Nothing was logged. If you were expecting logged items, ensure that LoggerConfig file has the correct threshold set.</p>
+{ else }
+<table>
+    <thead>
+        <tr>
+            <th>Severity</th>
+            <th>Message</th>
+        </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    {logs}
+        <tr>
+            <td>{level}</td>
+            <td>{msg}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/logs}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
+{ endif }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_routes.tpl b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_routes.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e277046a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/_routes.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<h3>Matched Route</h3>
+
+<table>
+    <tbody>
+    {matchedRoute}
+        <tr>
+            <td>Directory:</td>
+            <td>{directory}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Controller:</td>
+            <td>{controller}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Method:</td>
+            <td>{method}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Params:</td>
+            <td>{paramCount} / {truePCount}</td>
+        </tr>
+        {params}
+            <tr class="route-params-item">
+                <td>{name}</td>
+                <td>{value}</td>
+            </tr>
+        {/params}
+    {/matchedRoute}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>Defined Routes</h3>
+
+<table>
+    <thead>
+        <tr>
+            <th>Method</th>
+            <th>Route</th>
+            <th>Handler</th>
+        </tr>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+    {routes}
+        <tr>
+            <td>{method}</td>
+            <td data-debugbar-route="{method}">{route}</td>
+            <td>{handler}</td>
+        </tr>
+    {/routes}
+    </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89555b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+/**
+ * This file is part of the CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+ * file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+#debug-icon {
+  bottom: 0;
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0;
+  z-index: 10000;
+  height: 36px;
+  width: 36px;
+  margin: 0px;
+  padding: 0px;
+  clear: both;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+#debug-icon a svg {
+  margin: 8px;
+  max-width: 20px;
+  max-height: 20px;
+}
+#debug-icon.fixed-top {
+  bottom: auto;
+  top: 0;
+}
+#debug-icon .debug-bar-ndisplay {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+#debug-bar {
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0;
+  z-index: 10000;
+  height: 36px;
+  line-height: 36px;
+  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji";
+  font-size: 16px;
+  font-weight: 400;
+}
+#debug-bar h1 {
+  display: flex;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  margin: 0 0 0 auto;
+}
+#debug-bar h1 svg {
+  width: 16px;
+  margin-right: 5px;
+}
+#debug-bar h2 {
+  font-size: 16px;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 5px 0 10px 0;
+}
+#debug-bar h2 span {
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+#debug-bar h3 {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 200;
+  margin: 0 0 0 10px;
+  padding: 0;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+#debug-bar p {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  margin: 0 0 0 15px;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+#debug-bar a {
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+#debug-bar a:hover {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+#debug-bar button {
+  border: 1px solid;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  -moz-border-radius: 4px;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  line-height: 15px;
+}
+#debug-bar button:hover {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+#debug-bar table {
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  line-height: normal;
+  margin: 5px 10px 15px 10px;
+  width: calc(100% - 10px);
+}
+#debug-bar table strong {
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+#debug-bar table th {
+  display: table-cell;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  padding-bottom: 0.7em;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+#debug-bar table tr {
+  border: none;
+}
+#debug-bar table td {
+  border: none;
+  display: table-cell;
+  margin: 0;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+#debug-bar table td:first-child {
+  max-width: 20%;
+}
+#debug-bar table td:first-child.narrow {
+  width: 7em;
+}
+#debug-bar td[data-debugbar-route] form {
+  display: none;
+}
+#debug-bar td[data-debugbar-route]:hover form {
+  display: block;
+}
+#debug-bar td[data-debugbar-route]:hover > div {
+  display: none;
+}
+#debug-bar td[data-debugbar-route] input[type=text] {
+  padding: 2px;
+}
+#debug-bar .toolbar {
+  display: flex;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding: 0 12px 0 12px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  z-index: 10000;
+}
+#debug-bar .toolbar .rotate {
+  animation: toolbar-rotate 9s linear infinite;
+}
+@keyframes toolbar-rotate {
+  to {
+    transform: rotate(360deg);
+  }
+}
+#debug-bar.fixed-top {
+  bottom: auto;
+  top: 0;
+}
+#debug-bar.fixed-top .tab {
+  bottom: auto;
+  top: 36px;
+}
+#debug-bar #toolbar-position a,
+#debug-bar #toolbar-theme a {
+  padding: 0 6px;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  vertical-align: top;
+}
+#debug-bar #toolbar-position a:hover,
+#debug-bar #toolbar-theme a:hover {
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+#debug-bar #debug-bar-link {
+  display: flex;
+  padding: 6px;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label:hover {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label a {
+  color: inherit;
+  display: flex;
+  letter-spacing: normal;
+  padding: 0 10px;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label img {
+  margin: 6px 3px 6px 0;
+  width: 16px !important;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label .badge {
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  -moz-border-radius: 12px;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 12px;
+  display: inline-block;
+  font-size: 75%;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  line-height: 12px;
+  margin-left: 5px;
+  padding: 2px 5px;
+  text-align: center;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+#debug-bar .tab {
+  bottom: 35px;
+  display: none;
+  left: 0;
+  max-height: 62%;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding: 1em 2em;
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0;
+  z-index: 9999;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline {
+  margin-left: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline th {
+  border-left: 1px solid;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 200;
+  padding: 5px 5px 10px 5px;
+  position: relative;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline th:first-child {
+  border-left: 0;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline td {
+  border-left: 1px solid;
+  padding: 5px;
+  position: relative;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline td:first-child {
+  border-left: 0;
+  max-width: none;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline td.child-container {
+  padding: 0px;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline td.child-container .timeline {
+  margin: 0px;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline td.child-container .timeline td:first-child:not(.child-container) {
+  padding-left: calc(5px + 10px * var(--level));
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timer {
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  -moz-border-radius: 4px;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
+  display: inline-block;
+  padding: 5px;
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 30%;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent td:first-child nav {
+  background: url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMCAxNTAiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik02IDdoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgNDVoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMTJsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIGZpbGw9IiM1NTUiLz48cGF0aCBkPSJNNiAxMjZsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjNTU1Ii8+PC9zdmc+") no-repeat scroll 0 0/15px 75px transparent;
+  background-position: 0 25%;
+  display: inline-block;
+  height: 15px;
+  width: 15px;
+  margin-right: 3px;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open td:first-child nav {
+  background-position: 0 75%;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .child-row:hover {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+#debug-bar .route-params,
+#debug-bar .route-params-item {
+  vertical-align: top;
+}
+#debug-bar .route-params td:first-child,
+#debug-bar .route-params-item td:first-child {
+  font-style: italic;
+  padding-left: 1em;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.debug-view.show-view {
+  border: 1px solid;
+  margin: 4px;
+}
+
+.debug-view-path {
+  font-family: monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: normal;
+  min-height: 16px;
+  padding: 2px;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.show-view .debug-view-path {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+
+@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
+  #debug-bar .ci-label img {
+    margin: unset;
+  }
+  .hide-sm {
+    display: none !important;
+  }
+}
+#debug-icon {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-icon a:active,
+#debug-icon a:link,
+#debug-icon a:visited {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+
+#debug-bar {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#debug-bar h1,
+#debug-bar h2,
+#debug-bar h3,
+#debug-bar p,
+#debug-bar a,
+#debug-bar button,
+#debug-bar table,
+#debug-bar thead,
+#debug-bar tr,
+#debug-bar td,
+#debug-bar button,
+#debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#debug-bar button {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#debug-bar table strong {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+#debug-bar table tbody tr:hover {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar table tbody tr.current {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+}
+#debug-bar table tbody tr.current:hover td {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .toolbar img {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(0.4);
+}
+#debug-bar.fixed-top .toolbar {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar.fixed-top .tab {
+  box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .muted {
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#debug-bar .muted td {
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .muted:hover td {
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#debug-bar #toolbar-position,
+#debug-bar #toolbar-theme {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(0.6);
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label.active {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label:hover {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .ci-label .badge {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#debug-bar .tab {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline th,
+#debug-bar .timeline td {
+  border-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#debug-bar .timeline .timer {
+  background-color: #DD8615;
+}
+
+.debug-view.show-view {
+  border-color: #DD8615;
+}
+
+.debug-view-path {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  #debug-icon {
+    background-color: #252525;
+    box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  }
+  #debug-icon a:active,
+  #debug-icon a:link,
+  #debug-icon a:visited {
+    color: #DD8615;
+  }
+  #debug-bar {
+    background-color: #252525;
+    color: #DFDFDF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar h1,
+  #debug-bar h2,
+  #debug-bar h3,
+  #debug-bar p,
+  #debug-bar a,
+  #debug-bar button,
+  #debug-bar table,
+  #debug-bar thead,
+  #debug-bar tr,
+  #debug-bar td,
+  #debug-bar button,
+  #debug-bar .toolbar {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #DFDFDF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar button {
+    background-color: #252525;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table strong {
+    color: #DD8615;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table tbody tr:hover {
+    background-color: #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table tbody tr.current {
+    background-color: #FDC894;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table tbody tr.current td {
+    color: #252525;
+  }
+  #debug-bar table tbody tr.current:hover td {
+    background-color: #DD4814;
+    color: #FFFFFF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .toolbar {
+    background-color: #434343;
+    box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .toolbar img {
+    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
+  }
+  #debug-bar.fixed-top .toolbar {
+    box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar.fixed-top .tab {
+    box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .muted {
+    color: #DFDFDF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .muted td {
+    color: #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .muted:hover td {
+    color: #DFDFDF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar #toolbar-position,
+  #debug-bar #toolbar-theme {
+    filter: brightness(0) invert(0.6);
+  }
+  #debug-bar .ci-label.active {
+    background-color: #252525;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .ci-label:hover {
+    background-color: #252525;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .ci-label .badge {
+    background-color: #DD4814;
+    color: #FFFFFF;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .tab {
+    background-color: #252525;
+    box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .timeline th,
+  #debug-bar .timeline td {
+    border-color: #434343;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .timeline .timer {
+    background-color: #DD8615;
+  }
+  #debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open td {
+    color: #252525;
+  }
+  .debug-view.show-view {
+    border-color: #DD8615;
+  }
+  .debug-view-path {
+    background-color: #FDC894;
+    color: #434343;
+  }
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-icon {
+  background-color: #252525;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-icon a:active,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-icon a:link,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-icon a:visited {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar {
+  background-color: #252525;
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar h1,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar h2,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar h3,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar p,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar a,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar button,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar thead,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar tr,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar td,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar button,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar button {
+  background-color: #252525;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table strong {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table tbody tr:hover {
+  background-color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table tbody tr.current {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table tbody tr.current td {
+  color: #252525;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar table tbody tr.current:hover td {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: #434343;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .toolbar img {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar.fixed-top .toolbar {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar.fixed-top .tab {
+  box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .muted {
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .muted td {
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .muted:hover td {
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar #toolbar-position,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar #toolbar-theme {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(0.6);
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .ci-label.active {
+  background-color: #252525;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .ci-label:hover {
+  background-color: #252525;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .ci-label .badge {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .tab {
+  background-color: #252525;
+  box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline th,
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline td {
+  border-color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline .timer {
+  background-color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open td {
+  color: #252525;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark .debug-view.show-view {
+  border-color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark .debug-view-path {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.dark td[data-debugbar-route] input[type=text] {
+  background: #000;
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-icon {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-icon a:active,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-icon a:link,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-icon a:visited {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar h1,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar h2,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar h3,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar p,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar a,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar button,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar table,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar thead,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar tr,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar td,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar button,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: transparent;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar button {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar table strong {
+  color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar table tbody tr:hover {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar table tbody tr.current {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar table tbody tr.current:hover td {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .toolbar {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .toolbar img {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(0.4);
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar.fixed-top .toolbar {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar.fixed-top .tab {
+  box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .muted {
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .muted td {
+  color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .muted:hover td {
+  color: #434343;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar #toolbar-position,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar #toolbar-theme {
+  filter: brightness(0) invert(0.6);
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .ci-label.active {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .ci-label:hover {
+  background-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .ci-label .badge {
+  background-color: #DD4814;
+  color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .tab {
+  background-color: #FFFFFF;
+  box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -moz-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .timeline th,
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .timeline td {
+  border-color: #DFDFDF;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light #debug-bar .timeline .timer {
+  background-color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light .debug-view.show-view {
+  border-color: #DD8615;
+}
+#toolbarContainer.light .debug-view-path {
+  background-color: #FDC894;
+  color: #434343;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width30 {
+  width: 30%;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width10 {
+  width: 10%;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width70p {
+  width: 70px;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width190p {
+  width: 190px;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width20e {
+  width: 20em;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-width6r {
+  width: 6rem;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-ndisplay {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-alignRight {
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-alignLeft {
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.debug-bar-noverflow {
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..073a76ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+/*
+ * Functionality for the CodeIgniter Debug Toolbar.
+ */
+
+var ciDebugBar = {
+    toolbarContainer: null,
+    toolbar: null,
+    icon: null,
+
+    init: function () {
+        this.toolbarContainer = document.getElementById("toolbarContainer");
+        this.toolbar = document.getElementById("debug-bar");
+        this.icon = document.getElementById("debug-icon");
+
+        ciDebugBar.createListeners();
+        ciDebugBar.setToolbarState();
+        ciDebugBar.setToolbarPosition();
+        ciDebugBar.setToolbarTheme();
+        ciDebugBar.toggleViewsHints();
+        ciDebugBar.routerLink();
+        ciDebugBar.setHotReloadState();
+
+        document
+            .getElementById("debug-bar-link")
+            .addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.toggleToolbar, true);
+        document
+            .getElementById("debug-icon-link")
+            .addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.toggleToolbar, true);
+
+        // Allows to highlight the row of the current history request
+        var btn = this.toolbar.querySelector(
+            'button[data-time="' + localStorage.getItem("debugbar-time") + '"]'
+        );
+        ciDebugBar.addClass(btn.parentNode.parentNode, "current");
+
+        historyLoad = this.toolbar.getElementsByClassName("ci-history-load");
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < historyLoad.length; i++) {
+            historyLoad[i].addEventListener(
+                "click",
+                function () {
+                    loadDoc(this.getAttribute("data-time"));
+                },
+                true
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Display the active Tab on page load
+        var tab = ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-tab");
+        if (document.getElementById(tab)) {
+            var el = document.getElementById(tab);
+            el.style.display = "block";
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(el, "active");
+            tab = document.querySelector("[data-tab=" + tab + "]");
+            if (tab) {
+                ciDebugBar.addClass(tab.parentNode, "active");
+            }
+        }
+    },
+
+    createListeners: function () {
+        var buttons = [].slice.call(
+            this.toolbar.querySelectorAll(".ci-label a")
+        );
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < buttons.length; i++) {
+            buttons[i].addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.showTab, true);
+        }
+
+        // Hook up generic toggle via data attributes `data-toggle="foo"`
+        var links = this.toolbar.querySelectorAll("[data-toggle]");
+        for (var i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
+            links[i].addEventListener("click", ciDebugBar.toggleRows, true);
+        }
+    },
+
+    showTab: function () {
+        // Get the target tab, if any
+        var tab = document.getElementById(this.getAttribute("data-tab"));
+
+        // If the label have not a tab stops here
+        if (!tab) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Remove debug-bar-tab cookie
+        ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-tab", "", -1);
+
+        // Check our current state.
+        var state = tab.style.display;
+
+        // Hide all tabs
+        var tabs = document.querySelectorAll("#debug-bar .tab");
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < tabs.length; i++) {
+            tabs[i].style.display = "none";
+        }
+
+        // Mark all labels as inactive
+        var labels = document.querySelectorAll("#debug-bar .ci-label");
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < labels.length; i++) {
+            ciDebugBar.removeClass(labels[i], "active");
+        }
+
+        // Show/hide the selected tab
+        if (state != "block") {
+            tab.style.display = "block";
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(this.parentNode, "active");
+            // Create debug-bar-tab cookie to persistent state
+            ciDebugBar.createCookie(
+                "debug-bar-tab",
+                this.getAttribute("data-tab"),
+                365
+            );
+        }
+    },
+
+    addClass: function (el, className) {
+        if (el.classList) {
+            el.classList.add(className);
+        } else {
+            el.className += " " + className;
+        }
+    },
+
+    removeClass: function (el, className) {
+        if (el.classList) {
+            el.classList.remove(className);
+        } else {
+            el.className = el.className.replace(
+                new RegExp(
+                    "(^|\\b)" + className.split(" ").join("|") + "(\\b|$)",
+                    "gi"
+                ),
+                " "
+            );
+        }
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Toggle display of another object based on
+     * the data-toggle value of this object
+     *
+     * @param event
+     */
+    toggleRows: function (event) {
+        if (event.target) {
+            let row = event.target.closest("tr");
+            let target = document.getElementById(
+                row.getAttribute("data-toggle")
+            );
+            target.style.display =
+                target.style.display === "none" ? "table-row" : "none";
+        }
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Toggle display of a data table
+     *
+     * @param obj
+     */
+    toggleDataTable: function (obj) {
+        if (typeof obj == "string") {
+            obj = document.getElementById(obj + "_table");
+        }
+
+        if (obj) {
+            obj.style.display = obj.style.display === "none" ? "block" : "none";
+        }
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Toggle display of timeline child elements
+     *
+     * @param obj
+     */
+    toggleChildRows: function (obj) {
+        if (typeof obj == "string") {
+            par = document.getElementById(obj + "_parent");
+            obj = document.getElementById(obj + "_children");
+        }
+
+        if (par && obj) {
+            obj.style.display = obj.style.display === "none" ? "" : "none";
+            par.classList.toggle("timeline-parent-open");
+        }
+    },
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     *   Toggle tool bar from full to icon and icon to full
+     */
+    toggleToolbar: function () {
+        var open = ciDebugBar.toolbar.style.display != "none";
+
+        ciDebugBar.icon.style.display = open == true ? "inline-block" : "none";
+        ciDebugBar.toolbar.style.display =
+            open == false ? "inline-block" : "none";
+
+        // Remember it for other page loads on this site
+        ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-state", "", -1);
+        ciDebugBar.createCookie(
+            "debug-bar-state",
+            open == true ? "minimized" : "open",
+            365
+        );
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the initial state of the toolbar (open or minimized) when
+     * the page is first loaded to allow it to remember the state between refreshes.
+     */
+    setToolbarState: function () {
+        var open = ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-state");
+
+        ciDebugBar.icon.style.display =
+            open != "open" ? "inline-block" : "none";
+        ciDebugBar.toolbar.style.display =
+            open == "open" ? "inline-block" : "none";
+    },
+
+    toggleViewsHints: function () {
+        // Avoid toggle hints on history requests that are not the initial
+        if (
+            localStorage.getItem("debugbar-time") !=
+            localStorage.getItem("debugbar-time-new")
+        ) {
+            var a = document.querySelector('a[data-tab="ci-views"]');
+            a.href = "#";
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var nodeList = []; // [ Element, NewElement( 1 )/OldElement( 0 ) ]
+        var sortedComments = [];
+        var comments = [];
+
+        var getComments = function () {
+            var nodes = [];
+            var result = [];
+            var xpathResults = document.evaluate(
+                "//comment()[starts-with(., ' DEBUG-VIEW')]",
+                document,
+                null,
+                XPathResult.ANY_TYPE,
+                null
+            );
+            var nextNode = xpathResults.iterateNext();
+            while (nextNode) {
+                nodes.push(nextNode);
+                nextNode = xpathResults.iterateNext();
+            }
+
+            // sort comment by opening and closing tags
+            for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; ++i) {
+                // get file path + name to use as key
+                var path = nodes[i].nodeValue.substring(
+                    18,
+                    nodes[i].nodeValue.length - 1
+                );
+
+                if (nodes[i].nodeValue[12] === "S") {
+                    // simple check for start comment
+                    // create new entry
+                    result[path] = [nodes[i], null];
+                } else if (result[path]) {
+                    // add to existing entry
+                    result[path][1] = nodes[i];
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        };
+
+        // find node that has TargetNode as parentNode
+        var getParentNode = function (node, targetNode) {
+            if (node.parentNode === null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (node.parentNode !== targetNode) {
+                return getParentNode(node.parentNode, targetNode);
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        };
+
+        // define invalid & outer ( also invalid ) elements
+        const INVALID_ELEMENTS = ["NOSCRIPT", "SCRIPT", "STYLE"];
+        const OUTER_ELEMENTS = ["HTML", "BODY", "HEAD"];
+
+        var getValidElementInner = function (node, reverse) {
+            // handle invalid tags
+            if (OUTER_ELEMENTS.indexOf(node.nodeName) !== -1) {
+                for (var i = 0; i < document.body.children.length; ++i) {
+                    var index = reverse
+                        ? document.body.children.length - (i + 1)
+                        : i;
+                    var element = document.body.children[index];
+
+                    // skip invalid tags
+                    if (INVALID_ELEMENTS.indexOf(element.nodeName) !== -1) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    return [element, reverse];
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // get to next valid element
+            while (
+                node !== null &&
+                INVALID_ELEMENTS.indexOf(node.nodeName) !== -1
+            ) {
+                node = reverse
+                    ? node.previousElementSibling
+                    : node.nextElementSibling;
+            }
+
+            // return non array if we couldnt find something
+            if (node === null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return [node, reverse];
+        };
+
+        // get next valid element ( to be safe to add divs )
+        // @return [ element, skip element ] or null if we couldnt find a valid place
+        var getValidElement = function (nodeElement) {
+            if (nodeElement) {
+                if (nodeElement.nextElementSibling !== null) {
+                    return (
+                        getValidElementInner(
+                            nodeElement.nextElementSibling,
+                            false
+                        ) ||
+                        getValidElementInner(
+                            nodeElement.previousElementSibling,
+                            true
+                        )
+                    );
+                }
+                if (nodeElement.previousElementSibling !== null) {
+                    return getValidElementInner(
+                        nodeElement.previousElementSibling,
+                        true
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // something went wrong! -> element is not in DOM
+            return null;
+        };
+
+        function showHints() {
+            // Had AJAX? Reset view blocks
+            sortedComments = getComments();
+
+            for (var key in sortedComments) {
+                var startElement = getValidElement(sortedComments[key][0]);
+                var endElement = getValidElement(sortedComments[key][1]);
+
+                // skip if we couldnt get a valid element
+                if (startElement === null || endElement === null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // find element which has same parent as startelement
+                var jointParent = getParentNode(
+                    endElement[0],
+                    startElement[0].parentNode
+                );
+                if (jointParent === null) {
+                    // find element which has same parent as endelement
+                    jointParent = getParentNode(
+                        startElement[0],
+                        endElement[0].parentNode
+                    );
+                    if (jointParent === null) {
+                        // both tries failed
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        startElement[0] = jointParent;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    endElement[0] = jointParent;
+                }
+
+                var debugDiv = document.createElement("div"); // holder
+                var debugPath = document.createElement("div"); // path
+                var childArray = startElement[0].parentNode.childNodes; // target child array
+                var parent = startElement[0].parentNode;
+                var start, end;
+
+                // setup container
+                debugDiv.classList.add("debug-view");
+                debugDiv.classList.add("show-view");
+                debugPath.classList.add("debug-view-path");
+                debugPath.innerText = key;
+                debugDiv.appendChild(debugPath);
+
+                // calc distance between them
+                // start
+                for (var i = 0; i < childArray.length; ++i) {
+                    // check for comment ( start & end ) -> if its before valid start element
+                    if (
+                        childArray[i] === sortedComments[key][1] ||
+                        childArray[i] === sortedComments[key][0] ||
+                        childArray[i] === startElement[0]
+                    ) {
+                        start = i;
+                        if (childArray[i] === sortedComments[key][0]) {
+                            start++; // increase to skip the start comment
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                // adjust if we want to skip the start element
+                if (startElement[1]) {
+                    start++;
+                }
+
+                // end
+                for (var i = start; i < childArray.length; ++i) {
+                    if (childArray[i] === endElement[0]) {
+                        end = i;
+                        // dont break to check for end comment after end valid element
+                    } else if (childArray[i] === sortedComments[key][1]) {
+                        // if we found the end comment, we can break
+                        end = i;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // move elements
+                var number = end - start;
+                if (endElement[1]) {
+                    number++;
+                }
+                for (var i = 0; i < number; ++i) {
+                    if (INVALID_ELEMENTS.indexOf(childArray[start]) !== -1) {
+                        // skip invalid childs that can cause problems if moved
+                        start++;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    debugDiv.appendChild(childArray[start]);
+                }
+
+                // add container to DOM
+                nodeList.push(parent.insertBefore(debugDiv, childArray[start]));
+            }
+
+            ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-view", "show", 365);
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(btn, "active");
+        }
+
+        function hideHints() {
+            for (var i = 0; i < nodeList.length; ++i) {
+                var index;
+
+                // find index
+                for (
+                    var j = 0;
+                    j < nodeList[i].parentNode.childNodes.length;
+                    ++j
+                ) {
+                    if (nodeList[i].parentNode.childNodes[j] === nodeList[i]) {
+                        index = j;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // move child back
+                while (nodeList[i].childNodes.length !== 1) {
+                    nodeList[i].parentNode.insertBefore(
+                        nodeList[i].childNodes[1],
+                        nodeList[i].parentNode.childNodes[index].nextSibling
+                    );
+                    index++;
+                }
+
+                nodeList[i].parentNode.removeChild(nodeList[i]);
+            }
+            nodeList.length = 0;
+
+            ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-view", "", -1);
+            ciDebugBar.removeClass(btn, "active");
+        }
+
+        var btn = document.querySelector("[data-tab=ci-views]");
+
+        // If the Views Collector is inactive stops here
+        if (!btn) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        btn.parentNode.onclick = function () {
+            if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-view")) {
+                hideHints();
+            } else {
+                showHints();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Determine Hints state on page load
+        if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-view")) {
+            showHints();
+        }
+    },
+
+    setToolbarPosition: function () {
+        var btnPosition = this.toolbar.querySelector("#toolbar-position");
+
+        if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-position") === "top") {
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.icon, "fixed-top");
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.toolbar, "fixed-top");
+        }
+
+        btnPosition.addEventListener(
+            "click",
+            function () {
+                var position = ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-position");
+
+                ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-position", "", -1);
+
+                if (!position || position === "bottom") {
+                    ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-position", "top", 365);
+                    ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.icon, "fixed-top");
+                    ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.toolbar, "fixed-top");
+                } else {
+                    ciDebugBar.createCookie(
+                        "debug-bar-position",
+                        "bottom",
+                        365
+                    );
+                    ciDebugBar.removeClass(ciDebugBar.icon, "fixed-top");
+                    ciDebugBar.removeClass(ciDebugBar.toolbar, "fixed-top");
+                }
+            },
+            true
+        );
+    },
+
+    setToolbarTheme: function () {
+        var btnTheme = this.toolbar.querySelector("#toolbar-theme");
+        var isDarkMode = window.matchMedia(
+            "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
+        ).matches;
+        var isLightMode = window.matchMedia(
+            "(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
+        ).matches;
+
+        // If a cookie is set with a value, we force the color scheme
+        if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-theme") === "dark") {
+            ciDebugBar.removeClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "light");
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "dark");
+        } else if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-theme") === "light") {
+            ciDebugBar.removeClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "dark");
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "light");
+        }
+
+        btnTheme.addEventListener(
+            "click",
+            function () {
+                var theme = ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-bar-theme");
+
+                if (
+                    !theme &&
+                    window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches
+                ) {
+                    // If there is no cookie, and "prefers-color-scheme" is set to "dark"
+                    // It means that the user wants to switch to light mode
+                    ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-theme", "light", 365);
+                    ciDebugBar.removeClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "dark");
+                    ciDebugBar.addClass(ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer, "light");
+                } else {
+                    if (theme === "dark") {
+                        ciDebugBar.createCookie(
+                            "debug-bar-theme",
+                            "light",
+                            365
+                        );
+                        ciDebugBar.removeClass(
+                            ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer,
+                            "dark"
+                        );
+                        ciDebugBar.addClass(
+                            ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer,
+                            "light"
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        // In any other cases: if there is no cookie, or the cookie is set to
+                        // "light", or the "prefers-color-scheme" is "light"...
+                        ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-bar-theme", "dark", 365);
+                        ciDebugBar.removeClass(
+                            ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer,
+                            "light"
+                        );
+                        ciDebugBar.addClass(
+                            ciDebugBar.toolbarContainer,
+                            "dark"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            true
+        );
+    },
+
+    setHotReloadState: function () {
+        var btn = document.getElementById("debug-hot-reload").parentNode;
+        var btnImg = btn.getElementsByTagName("img")[0];
+        var eventSource;
+
+        // If the Hot Reload Collector is inactive stops here
+        if (!btn) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        btn.onclick = function () {
+            if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-hot-reload")) {
+                ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-hot-reload", "", -1);
+                ciDebugBar.removeClass(btn, "active");
+                ciDebugBar.removeClass(btnImg, "rotate");
+
+                // Close the EventSource connection if it exists
+                if (typeof eventSource !== "undefined") {
+                    eventSource.close();
+                    eventSource = void 0; // Undefine the variable
+                }
+            } else {
+                ciDebugBar.createCookie("debug-hot-reload", "show", 365);
+                ciDebugBar.addClass(btn, "active");
+                ciDebugBar.addClass(btnImg, "rotate");
+
+                eventSource = ciDebugBar.hotReloadConnect();
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Determine Hot Reload state on page load
+        if (ciDebugBar.readCookie("debug-hot-reload")) {
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(btn, "active");
+            ciDebugBar.addClass(btnImg, "rotate");
+            eventSource = ciDebugBar.hotReloadConnect();
+        }
+    },
+
+    hotReloadConnect: function () {
+        const eventSource = new EventSource(ciSiteURL + "/__hot-reload");
+
+        eventSource.addEventListener("reload", function (e) {
+            console.log("reload", e);
+            window.location.reload();
+        });
+
+        eventSource.onerror = (err) => {
+            console.error("EventSource failed:", err);
+        };
+
+        return eventSource;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Helper to create a cookie.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @param value
+     * @param days
+     */
+    createCookie: function (name, value, days) {
+        if (days) {
+            var date = new Date();
+
+            date.setTime(date.getTime() + days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000);
+
+            var expires = "; expires=" + date.toGMTString();
+        } else {
+            var expires = "";
+        }
+
+        document.cookie =
+            name + "=" + value + expires + "; path=/; samesite=Lax";
+    },
+
+    readCookie: function (name) {
+        var nameEQ = name + "=";
+        var ca = document.cookie.split(";");
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
+            var c = ca[i];
+            while (c.charAt(0) == " ") {
+                c = c.substring(1, c.length);
+            }
+            if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) {
+                return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    },
+
+    trimSlash: function (text) {
+        return text.replace(/^\/|\/$/g, "");
+    },
+
+    routerLink: function () {
+        var row, _location;
+        var rowGet = this.toolbar.querySelectorAll(
+            'td[data-debugbar-route="GET"]'
+        );
+        var patt = /\((?:[^)(]+|\((?:[^)(]+|\([^)(]*\))*\))*\)/;
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < rowGet.length; i++) {
+            row = rowGet[i];
+            if (!/\/\(.+?\)/.test(rowGet[i].innerText)) {
+                row.style = "cursor: pointer;";
+                row.setAttribute(
+                    "title",
+                    location.origin + "/" + ciDebugBar.trimSlash(row.innerText)
+                );
+                row.addEventListener("click", function (ev) {
+                    _location =
+                        location.origin +
+                        "/" +
+                        ciDebugBar.trimSlash(ev.target.innerText);
+                    var redirectWindow = window.open(_location, "_blank");
+                    redirectWindow.location;
+                });
+            } else {
+                row.innerHTML =
+                    "<div>" +
+                    row.innerText +
+                    "</div>" +
+                    '<form data-debugbar-route-tpl="' +
+                    ciDebugBar.trimSlash(row.innerText.replace(patt, "?")) +
+                    '">' +
+                    row.innerText.replace(
+                        patt,
+                        '<input type="text" placeholder="$1">'
+                    ) +
+                    '<input type="submit" value="Go" style="margin-left: 4px;">' +
+                    "</form>";
+            }
+        }
+
+        rowGet = this.toolbar.querySelectorAll(
+            'td[data-debugbar-route="GET"] form'
+        );
+        for (var i = 0; i < rowGet.length; i++) {
+            row = rowGet[i];
+
+            row.addEventListener("submit", function (event) {
+                event.preventDefault();
+                var inputArray = [],
+                    t = 0;
+                var input = event.target.querySelectorAll("input[type=text]");
+                var tpl = event.target.getAttribute("data-debugbar-route-tpl");
+
+                for (var n = 0; n < input.length; n++) {
+                    if (input[n].value.length > 0) {
+                        inputArray.push(input[n].value);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (inputArray.length > 0) {
+                    _location =
+                        location.origin +
+                        "/" +
+                        tpl.replace(/\?/g, function () {
+                            return inputArray[t++];
+                        });
+
+                    var redirectWindow = window.open(_location, "_blank");
+                    redirectWindow.location;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    },
+};
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e62340c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * @var \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar $this
+ * @var int                        $totalTime
+ * @var int                        $totalMemory
+ * @var string                     $url
+ * @var string                     $method
+ * @var bool                       $isAJAX
+ * @var int                        $startTime
+ * @var int                        $totalTime
+ * @var int                        $totalMemory
+ * @var float                      $segmentDuration
+ * @var int                        $segmentCount
+ * @var string                     $CI_VERSION
+ * @var array                      $collectors
+ * @var array                      $vars
+ * @var array                      $styles
+ * @var \CodeIgniter\View\Parser   $parser
+ */
+?>
+<style>
+    <?= preg_replace('#[\r\n\t ]+#', ' ', file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/toolbar.css')) ?>
+</style>
+
+<script id="toolbar_js">
+    var ciSiteURL = "<?= site_url() ?>"
+    <?= file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/toolbar.js') ?>
+</script>
+<div id="debug-icon" class="debug-bar-ndisplay">
+    <a id="debug-icon-link" href="javascript:void(0)">
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.0" viewBox="0 0 155 200"><defs/><path fill="#dd4814" d="M73.7 3.7c2.2 7.9-.7 18.5-7.8 29-1.8 2.6-10.7 12.2-19.7 21.3-23.9 24-33.6 37.1-40.3 54.4-7.9 20.6-7.8 40.8.5 58.2C12.8 180 27.6 193 42.5 198l6 2-3-2.2c-21-15.2-22.9-38.7-4.8-58.8 2.5-2.7 4.8-5 5.1-5 .4 0 .7 2.7.7 6.1 0 5.7.2 6.2 3.7 9.5 3 2.7 4.6 3.4 7.8 3.4 5.6 0 9.9-2.4 11.6-6.5 2.9-6.9 1.6-12-5-20.5-10.5-13.4-11.7-23.3-4.3-34.7l3.1-4.8.7 4.7c1.3 8.2 5.8 12.9 25 25.8 20.9 14.1 30.6 26.1 32.8 40.5 1.1 7.2-.1 16.1-3.1 21.8-2.7 5.3-11.2 14.3-16.5 17.4-2.4 1.4-4.3 2.6-4.3 2.8 0 .2 2.4-.4 5.3-1.4 24.1-8.3 42.7-27.1 48.2-48.6 1.9-7.6 1.9-20.2-.1-28.5-3.5-15.2-14.6-30.5-29.9-41.2l-7-4.9-.6 3.3c-.8 4.8-2.6 7.6-5.9 9.3-4.5 2.3-10.3 1.9-13.8-1-6.7-5.7-7.8-14.6-3.7-30.5 3-11.6 3.2-20.6.5-29.1C88.3 18 80.6 6.3 74.8 2.2 73.1.9 73 1 73.7 3.7z"/></svg>
+    </a>
+</div>
+<div id="debug-bar">
+    <div class="toolbar">
+        <span id="toolbar-position"><a href="javascript: void(0)">&#8597;</a></span>
+        <span id="toolbar-theme"><a href="javascript: void(0)">&#128261;</a></span>
+        <span id="hot-reload-btn" class="ci-label">
+            <a id="debug-hot-reload" href="javascript: void(0)" title="Toggle Hot Reload">
+                <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" />
+            </a>
+        </span>
+        <span class="ci-label">
+            <a href="javascript: void(0)" data-tab="ci-timeline">
+                <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAD7SURBVEhLY6ArSEtLK09NTbWHcvGC9PR0BaDaQiAdUl9fzwQVxg+AFvwHamqHcnGCpKQkeaDa9yD1UD09UCn8AKaBWJySkmIApFehi0ONwwRQBceBLurAh4FqFoHUAtkrgPgREN+ByYEw1DhMANVEMIhAYQ5U1wtU/wmILwLZRlAp/IBYC8gGw88CaFj3A/FnIL4ETDXGUCnyANSC/UC6HIpnQMXAqQXIvo0khxNDjcMEQEmU9AzDuNI7Lgw1DhOAJIEuhQcRKMcC+e+QNHdDpcgD6BaAANSSQqBcENFlDi6AzQKqgkFlwWhxjVI8o2OgmkFaXI8CTMDAAAAxd1O4FzLMaAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">
+                <span class="hide-sm"><?= $totalTime ?> ms &nbsp; <?= $totalMemory ?> MB</span>
+            </a>
+        </span>
+
+        <?php foreach ($collectors as $c) : ?>
+            <?php if (! $c['isEmpty'] && ($c['hasTabContent'] || $c['hasLabel'])) : ?>
+                <span class="ci-label">
+                    <a href="javascript: void(0)" data-tab="ci-<?= $c['titleSafe'] ?>">
+                        <img src="<?= $c['icon'] ?>">
+                        <span class="hide-sm">
+                            <?= $c['title'] ?>
+                            <?php if ($c['badgeValue'] !== null) : ?>
+                                <span class="badge"><?= $c['badgeValue'] ?></span>
+                            <?php endif ?>
+                        </span>
+                    </a>
+                </span>
+            <?php endif ?>
+        <?php endforeach ?>
+
+        <span class="ci-label">
+            <a href="javascript: void(0)" data-tab="ci-vars">
+                <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAACLSURBVEhLYxgFJIHU1NSraWlp/6H4T0pKSjRUijoAyXAwBlrYDpViAFpmARQrJwZDtWACoCROC4D8CnR5XBiqBRMADfyNprgRKkUdAApzoCUdUNwE5MtApYYIALp6NBWBMVQLJgAaOJqK8AOgq+mSio6DggjEBtLUT0UwQ5HZIADkj6aiUTAggIEBANAEDa/lkCRlAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">
+                <span class="hide-sm">Vars</span>
+            </a>
+        </span>
+
+        <h1>
+            <span class="ci-label">
+                <a href="javascript: void(0)" data-tab="ci-config">
+                    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.0" viewBox="0 0 155 200"><defs/><path fill="#dd4814" d="M73.7 3.7c2.2 7.9-.7 18.5-7.8 29-1.8 2.6-10.7 12.2-19.7 21.3-23.9 24-33.6 37.1-40.3 54.4-7.9 20.6-7.8 40.8.5 58.2C12.8 180 27.6 193 42.5 198l6 2-3-2.2c-21-15.2-22.9-38.7-4.8-58.8 2.5-2.7 4.8-5 5.1-5 .4 0 .7 2.7.7 6.1 0 5.7.2 6.2 3.7 9.5 3 2.7 4.6 3.4 7.8 3.4 5.6 0 9.9-2.4 11.6-6.5 2.9-6.9 1.6-12-5-20.5-10.5-13.4-11.7-23.3-4.3-34.7l3.1-4.8.7 4.7c1.3 8.2 5.8 12.9 25 25.8 20.9 14.1 30.6 26.1 32.8 40.5 1.1 7.2-.1 16.1-3.1 21.8-2.7 5.3-11.2 14.3-16.5 17.4-2.4 1.4-4.3 2.6-4.3 2.8 0 .2 2.4-.4 5.3-1.4 24.1-8.3 42.7-27.1 48.2-48.6 1.9-7.6 1.9-20.2-.1-28.5-3.5-15.2-14.6-30.5-29.9-41.2l-7-4.9-.6 3.3c-.8 4.8-2.6 7.6-5.9 9.3-4.5 2.3-10.3 1.9-13.8-1-6.7-5.7-7.8-14.6-3.7-30.5 3-11.6 3.2-20.6.5-29.1C88.3 18 80.6 6.3 74.8 2.2 73.1.9 73 1 73.7 3.7z"/></svg>
+                    <?= $CI_VERSION ?>
+                </a>
+            </span>
+        </h1>
+
+        <!-- Open/Close Toggle -->
+        <a id="debug-bar-link" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Open/Close">
+            <img src="data:image/png;base64,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">
+        </a>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Timeline -->
+    <div id="ci-timeline" class="tab">
+        <table class="timeline">
+            <thead>
+            <tr>
+                <th class="debug-bar-width30">NAME</th>
+                <th class="debug-bar-width10">COMPONENT</th>
+                <th class="debug-bar-width10">DURATION</th>
+                <?php for ($i = 0; $i < $segmentCount; $i++) : ?>
+                    <th><?= $i * $segmentDuration ?> ms</th>
+                <?php endfor ?>
+            </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody>
+            <?= $this->renderTimeline($collectors, $startTime, $segmentCount, $segmentDuration, $styles) ?>
+            </tbody>
+        </table>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Collector-provided Tabs -->
+    <?php foreach ($collectors as $c) : ?>
+        <?php if (! $c['isEmpty']) : ?>
+            <?php if ($c['hasTabContent']) : ?>
+                <div id="ci-<?= $c['titleSafe'] ?>" class="tab">
+                    <h2><?= $c['title'] ?> <span><?= $c['titleDetails'] ?></span></h2>
+
+                    <?= is_string($c['display']) ? $c['display'] : $parser->setData($c['display'])->render("_{$c['titleSafe']}.tpl") ?>
+                </div>
+            <?php endif ?>
+        <?php endif ?>
+    <?php endforeach ?>
+
+    <!-- In & Out -->
+    <div id="ci-vars" class="tab">
+
+        <!-- VarData from Collectors -->
+        <?php if (isset($vars['varData'])) : ?>
+            <?php foreach ($vars['varData'] as $heading => $items) : ?>
+
+                <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('<?= strtolower(str_replace(' ', '-', $heading)) ?>'); return false;">
+                    <h2><?= $heading ?></h2>
+                </a>
+
+                <?php if (is_array($items)) : ?>
+
+                    <table id="<?= strtolower(str_replace(' ', '-', $heading . '_table')) ?>">
+                        <tbody>
+                        <?php foreach ($items as $key => $value) : ?>
+                            <tr>
+                                <td><?= $key ?></td>
+                                <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                            </tr>
+                        <?php endforeach ?>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </table>
+
+                <?php else: ?>
+                    <p class="muted">No data to display.</p>
+                <?php endif ?>
+            <?php endforeach ?>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <!-- Session -->
+        <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('session'); return false;">
+            <h2>Session User Data</h2>
+        </a>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['session'])) : ?>
+            <?php if (! empty($vars['session'])) : ?>
+                <table id="session_table">
+                    <tbody>
+                    <?php foreach ($vars['session'] as $key => $value) : ?>
+                        <tr>
+                            <td><?= $key ?></td>
+                            <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                        </tr>
+                    <?php endforeach ?>
+                    </tbody>
+                </table>
+            <?php else : ?>
+                <p class="muted">No data to display.</p>
+            <?php endif ?>
+        <?php else : ?>
+            <p class="muted">Session doesn't seem to be active.</p>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <h2>Request <span>( <?= $vars['request'] ?> )</span></h2>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['get']) && $get = $vars['get']) : ?>
+            <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('get'); return false;">
+                <h3>$_GET</h3>
+            </a>
+
+            <table id="get_table">
+                <tbody>
+                <?php foreach ($get as $name => $value) : ?>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td><?= $name ?></td>
+                        <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['post']) && $post = $vars['post']) : ?>
+            <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('post'); return false;">
+                <h3>$_POST</h3>
+            </a>
+
+            <table id="post_table">
+                <tbody>
+                <?php foreach ($post as $name => $value) : ?>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td><?= $name ?></td>
+                        <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['headers']) && $headers = $vars['headers']) : ?>
+            <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('request_headers'); return false;">
+                <h3>Headers</h3>
+            </a>
+
+            <table id="request_headers_table">
+                <tbody>
+                <?php foreach ($headers as $header => $value) : ?>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td><?= $header ?></td>
+                        <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['cookies']) && $cookies = $vars['cookies']) : ?>
+            <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('cookie'); return false;">
+                <h3>Cookies</h3>
+            </a>
+
+            <table id="cookie_table">
+                <tbody>
+                <?php foreach ($cookies as $name => $value) : ?>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td><?= $name ?></td>
+                        <td><?= is_array($value) ? print_r($value, true) : $value ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        <?php endif ?>
+
+        <h2>Response
+            <span>( <?= $vars['response']['statusCode'] . ' - ' . $vars['response']['reason'] ?> )</span>
+        </h2>
+
+        <?php if (isset($vars['response']['headers']) && $headers = $vars['response']['headers']) : ?>
+            <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="ciDebugBar.toggleDataTable('response_headers'); return false;">
+                <h3>Headers</h3>
+            </a>
+
+            <table id="response_headers_table">
+                <tbody>
+                <?php foreach ($headers as $header => $value) : ?>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td><?= $header ?></td>
+                        <td><?= $value ?></td>
+                    </tr>
+                <?php endforeach ?>
+                </tbody>
+            </table>
+        <?php endif ?>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Config Values -->
+    <div id="ci-config" class="tab">
+        <h2>System Configuration</h2>
+
+        <?= $parser->setData($config)->render('_config.tpl') ?>
+    </div>
+</div>
+<style>
+<?php foreach ($styles as $name => $style): ?>
+<?= sprintf(".%s { %s }\n", $name, $style) ?>
+<?php endforeach ?>
+</style>
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbarloader.js b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbarloader.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e591435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbarloader.js
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', loadDoc, false);
+
+function loadDoc(time) {
+    if (isNaN(time)) {
+        time = document.getElementById("debugbar_loader").getAttribute("data-time");
+        localStorage.setItem('debugbar-time', time);
+    }
+
+    localStorage.setItem('debugbar-time-new', time);
+
+    let url = '{url}';
+    let xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
+
+    xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
+        if (this.readyState === 4 && this.status === 200) {
+            let toolbar = document.getElementById("toolbarContainer");
+
+            if (! toolbar) {
+                toolbar = document.createElement('div');
+                toolbar.setAttribute('id', 'toolbarContainer');
+                document.body.appendChild(toolbar);
+            }
+
+            let responseText = this.responseText;
+            let dynamicStyle = document.getElementById('debugbar_dynamic_style');
+            let dynamicScript = document.getElementById('debugbar_dynamic_script');
+
+            // get the first style block, copy contents to dynamic_style, then remove here
+            let start = responseText.indexOf('>', responseText.indexOf('<style')) + 1;
+            let end = responseText.indexOf('</style>', start);
+            dynamicStyle.innerHTML = responseText.substr(start, end - start);
+            responseText = responseText.substr(end + 8);
+
+            // get the first script after the first style, copy contents to dynamic_script, then remove here
+            start = responseText.indexOf('>', responseText.indexOf('<script')) + 1;
+            end = responseText.indexOf('\<\/script>', start);
+            dynamicScript.innerHTML = responseText.substr(start, end - start);
+            responseText = responseText.substr(end + 9);
+
+            // check for last style block, append contents to dynamic_style, then remove here
+            start = responseText.indexOf('>', responseText.indexOf('<style')) + 1;
+            end = responseText.indexOf('</style>', start);
+            dynamicStyle.innerHTML += responseText.substr(start, end - start);
+            responseText = responseText.substr(0, start - 8);
+
+            toolbar.innerHTML = responseText;
+
+            if (typeof ciDebugBar === 'object') {
+                ciDebugBar.init();
+            }
+        } else if (this.readyState === 4 && this.status === 404) {
+            console.log('CodeIgniter DebugBar: File "WRITEPATH/debugbar/debugbar_' + time + '" not found.');
+        }
+    };
+
+    xhttp.open("GET", url + "?debugbar_time=" + time, true);
+    xhttp.send();
+}
+
+window.oldXHR = window.ActiveXObject
+    ? new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP')
+    : window.XMLHttpRequest;
+
+function newXHR() {
+    const realXHR = new window.oldXHR();
+
+    realXHR.addEventListener("readystatechange", function() {
+        // Only success responses and URLs that do not contains "debugbar_time" are tracked
+        if (realXHR.readyState === 4 && realXHR.status.toString()[0] === '2' && realXHR.responseURL.indexOf('debugbar_time') === -1) {
+            if (realXHR.getAllResponseHeaders().indexOf("Debugbar-Time") >= 0) {
+                let debugbarTime = realXHR.getResponseHeader('Debugbar-Time');
+
+                if (debugbarTime) {
+                    let h2 = document.querySelector('#ci-history > h2');
+
+                    if (h2) {
+                        h2.innerHTML = 'History <small>You have new debug data.</small> <button onclick="loadDoc(' + debugbarTime + ')">Update</button>';
+                        document.querySelector('a[data-tab="ci-history"] > span > .badge').className += ' active';
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }, false);
+    return realXHR;
+}
+
+window.XMLHttpRequest = newXHR;
diff --git a/system/Email/Email.php b/system/Email/Email.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6ad2d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Email/Email.php
@@ -0,0 +1,2264 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Email;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Mimes;
+use ErrorException;
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Email Class
+ *
+ * Permits email to be sent using Mail, Sendmail, or SMTP.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Email\EmailTest
+ */
+class Email
+{
+    /**
+     * Properties from the last successful send.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    public $archive;
+
+    /**
+     * Properties to be added to the next archive.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $tmpArchive = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $fromEmail;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $fromName;
+
+    /**
+     * Used as the User-Agent and X-Mailer headers' value.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $userAgent = 'CodeIgniter';
+
+    /**
+     * Path to the Sendmail binary.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $mailPath = '/usr/sbin/sendmail';
+
+    /**
+     * Which method to use for sending e-mails.
+     *
+     * @var string 'mail', 'sendmail' or 'smtp'
+     */
+    public $protocol = 'mail';
+
+    /**
+     * STMP Server host
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $SMTPHost = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Username
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $SMTPUser = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Password
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $SMTPPass = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Server port
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $SMTPPort = 25;
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP connection timeout in seconds
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $SMTPTimeout = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP persistent connection
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $SMTPKeepAlive = false;
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Encryption
+     *
+     * @var string '', 'tls' or 'ssl'. 'tls' will issue a STARTTLS command
+     *             to the server. 'ssl' means implicit SSL. Connection on port
+     *             465 should set this to ''.
+     */
+    public $SMTPCrypto = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to apply word-wrapping to the message body.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $wordWrap = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of characters to wrap at.
+     *
+     * @see Email::$wordWrap
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $wrapChars = 76;
+
+    /**
+     * Message format.
+     *
+     * @var string 'text' or 'html'
+     */
+    public $mailType = 'text';
+
+    /**
+     * Character set (default: utf-8)
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $charset = 'utf-8';
+
+    /**
+     * Alternative message (for HTML messages only)
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $altMessage = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to validate e-mail addresses.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $validate = true;
+
+    /**
+     * X-Priority header value.
+     *
+     * @var int 1-5
+     */
+    public $priority = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * Newline character sequence.
+     * Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+     *
+     * @var string "\r\n" or "\n"
+     */
+    public $newline = "\n";
+
+    /**
+     * CRLF character sequence
+     *
+     * RFC 2045 specifies that for 'quoted-printable' encoding,
+     * "\r\n" must be used. However, it appears that some servers
+     * (even on the receiving end) don't handle it properly and
+     * switching to "\n", while improper, is the only solution
+     * that seems to work for all environments.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $CRLF = "\n";
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to use Delivery Status Notification.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $DSN = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to send multipart alternatives.
+     * Yahoo! doesn't seem to like these.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $sendMultipart = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to send messages to BCC recipients in batches.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $BCCBatchMode = false;
+
+    /**
+     * BCC Batch max number size.
+     *
+     * @see Email::$BCCBatchMode
+     *
+     * @var int|string
+     */
+    public $BCCBatchSize = 200;
+
+    /**
+     * Subject header
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $subject = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Message body
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $body = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Final message body to be sent.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $finalBody = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Final headers to send
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $headerStr = '';
+
+    /**
+     * SMTP Connection socket placeholder
+     *
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    protected $SMTPConnect;
+
+    /**
+     * Mail encoding
+     *
+     * @var string '8bit' or '7bit'
+     */
+    protected $encoding = '8bit';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to perform SMTP authentication
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $SMTPAuth = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to send a Reply-To header
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $replyToFlag = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Debug messages
+     *
+     * @see Email::printDebugger()
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $debugMessage = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Raw debug messages
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private array $debugMessageRaw = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Recipients
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $recipients = [];
+
+    /**
+     * CC Recipients
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $CCArray = [];
+
+    /**
+     * BCC Recipients
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $BCCArray = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Message headers
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $headers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Attachment data
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $attachments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Valid $protocol values
+     *
+     * @see Email::$protocol
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $protocols = [
+        'mail',
+        'sendmail',
+        'smtp',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Character sets valid for 7-bit encoding,
+     * excluding language suffix.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    protected $baseCharsets = [
+        'us-ascii',
+        'iso-2022-',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Bit depths
+     *
+     * Valid mail encodings
+     *
+     * @see Email::$encoding
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $bitDepths = [
+        '7bit',
+        '8bit',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * $priority translations
+     *
+     * Actual values to send with the X-Priority header
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $priorities = [
+        1 => '1 (Highest)',
+        2 => '2 (High)',
+        3 => '3 (Normal)',
+        4 => '4 (Low)',
+        5 => '5 (Lowest)',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * mbstring.func_overload flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $func_overload;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|\Config\Email|null $config
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = null)
+    {
+        $this->initialize($config);
+        if (! isset(static::$func_overload)) {
+            static::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize preferences
+     *
+     * @param array|\Config\Email|null $config
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function initialize($config)
+    {
+        $this->clear();
+
+        if ($config instanceof \Config\Email) {
+            $config = get_object_vars($config);
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys(get_class_vars(static::class)) as $key) {
+            if (property_exists($this, $key) && isset($config[$key])) {
+                $method = 'set' . ucfirst($key);
+
+                if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+                    $this->{$method}($config[$key]);
+                } else {
+                    $this->{$key} = $config[$key];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->charset  = strtoupper($this->charset);
+        $this->SMTPAuth = isset($this->SMTPUser[0], $this->SMTPPass[0]);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param bool $clearAttachments
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function clear($clearAttachments = false)
+    {
+        $this->subject         = '';
+        $this->body            = '';
+        $this->finalBody       = '';
+        $this->headerStr       = '';
+        $this->replyToFlag     = false;
+        $this->recipients      = [];
+        $this->CCArray         = [];
+        $this->BCCArray        = [];
+        $this->headers         = [];
+        $this->debugMessage    = [];
+        $this->debugMessageRaw = [];
+
+        $this->setHeader('Date', $this->setDate());
+
+        if ($clearAttachments !== false) {
+            $this->attachments = [];
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string      $from
+     * @param string      $name
+     * @param string|null $returnPath Return-Path
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setFrom($from, $name = '', $returnPath = null)
+    {
+        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match)) {
+            $from = $match[1];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->validate) {
+            $this->validateEmail($this->stringToArray($from));
+
+            if ($returnPath) {
+                $this->validateEmail($this->stringToArray($returnPath));
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->tmpArchive['fromEmail'] = $from;
+        $this->tmpArchive['fromName']  = $name;
+
+        if ($name !== '') {
+            // only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
+            if (! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name)) {
+                $name = '"' . addcslashes($name, "\0..\37\177'\"\\") . '"';
+            } else {
+                $name = $this->prepQEncoding($name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('From', $name . ' <' . $from . '>');
+        if (! isset($returnPath)) {
+            $returnPath = $from;
+        }
+        $this->setHeader('Return-Path', '<' . $returnPath . '>');
+        $this->tmpArchive['returnPath'] = $returnPath;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $replyto
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setReplyTo($replyto, $name = '')
+    {
+        if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match)) {
+            $replyto = $match[1];
+        }
+
+        if ($this->validate) {
+            $this->validateEmail($this->stringToArray($replyto));
+        }
+
+        if ($name !== '') {
+            $this->tmpArchive['replyName'] = $name;
+
+            // only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
+            if (! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name)) {
+                $name = '"' . addcslashes($name, "\0..\37\177'\"\\") . '"';
+            } else {
+                $name = $this->prepQEncoding($name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('Reply-To', $name . ' <' . $replyto . '>');
+        $this->replyToFlag           = true;
+        $this->tmpArchive['replyTo'] = $replyto;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $to
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setTo($to)
+    {
+        $to = $this->stringToArray($to);
+        $to = $this->cleanEmail($to);
+
+        if ($this->validate) {
+            $this->validateEmail($to);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getProtocol() !== 'mail') {
+            $this->setHeader('To', implode(', ', $to));
+        }
+
+        $this->recipients = $to;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $cc
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setCC($cc)
+    {
+        $cc = $this->cleanEmail($this->stringToArray($cc));
+
+        if ($this->validate) {
+            $this->validateEmail($cc);
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('Cc', implode(', ', $cc));
+
+        if ($this->getProtocol() === 'smtp') {
+            $this->CCArray = $cc;
+        }
+
+        $this->tmpArchive['CCArray'] = $cc;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $bcc
+     * @param string $limit
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setBCC($bcc, $limit = '')
+    {
+        if ($limit !== '' && is_numeric($limit)) {
+            $this->BCCBatchMode = true;
+            $this->BCCBatchSize = $limit;
+        }
+
+        $bcc = $this->cleanEmail($this->stringToArray($bcc));
+
+        if ($this->validate) {
+            $this->validateEmail($bcc);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getProtocol() === 'smtp' || ($this->BCCBatchMode && count($bcc) > $this->BCCBatchSize)) {
+            $this->BCCArray = $bcc;
+        } else {
+            $this->setHeader('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
+            $this->tmpArchive['BCCArray'] = $bcc;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $subject
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setSubject($subject)
+    {
+        $this->tmpArchive['subject'] = $subject;
+
+        $subject = $this->prepQEncoding($subject);
+        $this->setHeader('Subject', $subject);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $body
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setMessage($body)
+    {
+        $this->body = rtrim(str_replace("\r", '', $body));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string      $file        Can be local path, URL or buffered content
+     * @param string      $disposition 'attachment'
+     * @param string|null $newname
+     * @param string      $mime
+     *
+     * @return bool|Email
+     */
+    public function attach($file, $disposition = '', $newname = null, $mime = '')
+    {
+        if ($mime === '') {
+            if (strpos($file, '://') === false && ! is_file($file)) {
+                $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.attachmentMissing', [$file]));
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (! $fp = @fopen($file, 'rb')) {
+                $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.attachmentUnreadable', [$file]));
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $fileContent = stream_get_contents($fp);
+
+            $mime = $this->mimeTypes(pathinfo($file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
+
+            fclose($fp);
+        } else {
+            $fileContent = &$file; // buffered file
+        }
+
+        // declare names on their own, to make phpcbf happy
+        $namesAttached = [$file, $newname];
+
+        $this->attachments[] = [
+            'name'        => $namesAttached,
+            'disposition' => empty($disposition) ? 'attachment' : $disposition,
+            // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
+            'type'      => $mime,
+            'content'   => chunk_split(base64_encode($fileContent)),
+            'multipart' => 'mixed',
+        ];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set and return attachment Content-ID
+     * Useful for attached inline pictures
+     *
+     * @param string $filename
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    public function setAttachmentCID($filename)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->attachments as $i => $attachment) {
+            if ($attachment['name'][0] === $filename) {
+                $this->attachments[$i]['multipart'] = 'related';
+
+                $this->attachments[$i]['cid'] = uniqid(basename($attachment['name'][0]) . '@', true);
+
+                return $this->attachments[$i]['cid'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $header
+     * @param string $value
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setHeader($header, $value)
+    {
+        $this->headers[$header] = str_replace(["\n", "\r"], '', $value);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $email
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function stringToArray($email)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($email)) {
+            return (strpos($email, ',') !== false) ? preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY) : (array) trim($email);
+        }
+
+        return $email;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $str
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setAltMessage($str)
+    {
+        $this->altMessage = (string) $str;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $type
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setMailType($type = 'text')
+    {
+        $this->mailType = ($type === 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param bool $wordWrap
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setWordWrap($wordWrap = true)
+    {
+        $this->wordWrap = (bool) $wordWrap;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $protocol
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setProtocol($protocol = 'mail')
+    {
+        $this->protocol = in_array($protocol, $this->protocols, true) ? strtolower($protocol) : 'mail';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param int $n
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setPriority($n = 3)
+    {
+        $this->priority = preg_match('/^[1-5]$/', (string) $n) ? (int) $n : 3;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $newline
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setNewline($newline = "\n")
+    {
+        $this->newline = in_array($newline, ["\n", "\r\n", "\r"], true) ? $newline : "\n";
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $CRLF
+     *
+     * @return Email
+     */
+    public function setCRLF($CRLF = "\n")
+    {
+        $this->CRLF = ($CRLF !== "\n" && $CRLF !== "\r\n" && $CRLF !== "\r") ? "\n" : $CRLF;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getMessageID()
+    {
+        $from = str_replace(['>', '<'], '', $this->headers['Return-Path']);
+
+        return '<' . uniqid('', true) . strstr($from, '@') . '>';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getProtocol()
+    {
+        $this->protocol = strtolower($this->protocol);
+
+        if (! in_array($this->protocol, $this->protocols, true)) {
+            $this->protocol = 'mail';
+        }
+
+        return $this->protocol;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getEncoding()
+    {
+        if (! in_array($this->encoding, $this->bitDepths, true)) {
+            $this->encoding = '8bit';
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->baseCharsets as $charset) {
+            if (strpos($this->charset, $charset) === 0) {
+                $this->encoding = '7bit';
+
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->encoding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getContentType()
+    {
+        if ($this->mailType === 'html') {
+            return empty($this->attachments) ? 'html' : 'html-attach';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->mailType === 'text' && ! empty($this->attachments)) {
+            return 'plain-attach';
+        }
+
+        return 'plain';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set RFC 822 Date
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function setDate()
+    {
+        $timezone = date('Z');
+        $operator = ($timezone[0] === '-') ? '-' : '+';
+        $timezone = abs($timezone);
+        $timezone = floor($timezone / 3600) * 100 + ($timezone % 3600) / 60;
+
+        return sprintf('%s %s%04d', date('D, j M Y H:i:s'), $operator, $timezone);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getMimeMessage()
+    {
+        return 'This is a multi-part message in MIME format.' . $this->newline . 'Your email application may not support this format.';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $email
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function validateEmail($email)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($email)) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.mustBeArray'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($email as $val) {
+            if (! $this->isValidEmail($val)) {
+                $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.invalidAddress', [$val]));
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $email
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function isValidEmail($email)
+    {
+        if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && defined('INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46') && $atpos = strpos($email, '@')) {
+            $email = static::substr($email, 0, ++$atpos)
+                . idn_to_ascii(static::substr($email, $atpos), 0, INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46);
+        }
+
+        return (bool) filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $email
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     */
+    public function cleanEmail($email)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($email)) {
+            return preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $email, $match) ? $match[1] : $email;
+        }
+
+        $cleanEmail = [];
+
+        foreach ($email as $addy) {
+            $cleanEmail[] = preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $addy, $match) ? $match[1] : $addy;
+        }
+
+        return $cleanEmail;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build alternative plain text message
+     *
+     * Provides the raw message for use in plain-text headers of
+     * HTML-formatted emails.
+     *
+     * If the user hasn't specified his own alternative message
+     * it creates one by stripping the HTML
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getAltMessage()
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->altMessage)) {
+            return ($this->wordWrap) ? $this->wordWrap($this->altMessage, 76) : $this->altMessage;
+        }
+
+        $body = preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->body, $match) ? $match[1] : $this->body;
+        $body = str_replace("\t", '', preg_replace('#<!--(.*)--\>#', '', trim(strip_tags($body))));
+
+        for ($i = 20; $i >= 3; $i--) {
+            $body = str_replace(str_repeat("\n", $i), "\n\n", $body);
+        }
+
+        $body = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $body);
+
+        return ($this->wordWrap) ? $this->wordWrap($body, 76) : $body;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string   $str
+     * @param int|null $charlim Line-length limit
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function wordWrap($str, $charlim = null)
+    {
+        if (empty($charlim)) {
+            $charlim = empty($this->wrapChars) ? 76 : $this->wrapChars;
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($str, "\r") !== false) {
+            $str = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $str);
+        }
+
+        $str = preg_replace('| +\n|', "\n", $str);
+
+        $unwrap = [];
+
+        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches)) {
+            for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++) {
+                $unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
+                $str      = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped' . $i . '}}', $str);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Use PHP's native function to do the initial wordwrap.
+        // We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
+        // too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
+        $str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", false);
+
+        // Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
+        $output = '';
+
+        foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line) {
+            if (static::strlen($line) <= $charlim) {
+                $output .= $line . $this->newline;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $temp = '';
+
+            do {
+                if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|www\.!', $line)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                $temp .= static::substr($line, 0, $charlim - 1);
+                $line = static::substr($line, $charlim - 1);
+            } while (static::strlen($line) > $charlim);
+
+            if ($temp !== '') {
+                $output .= $temp . $this->newline;
+            }
+
+            $output .= $line . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val) {
+            $output = str_replace('{{unwrapped' . $key . '}}', $val, $output);
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build final headers
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function buildHeaders()
+    {
+        $this->setHeader('User-Agent', $this->userAgent);
+        $this->setHeader('X-Sender', $this->cleanEmail($this->headers['From']));
+        $this->setHeader('X-Mailer', $this->userAgent);
+        $this->setHeader('X-Priority', $this->priorities[$this->priority]);
+        $this->setHeader('Message-ID', $this->getMessageID());
+        $this->setHeader('Mime-Version', '1.0');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write Headers as a string
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function writeHeaders()
+    {
+        if ($this->protocol === 'mail' && isset($this->headers['Subject'])) {
+            $this->subject = $this->headers['Subject'];
+            unset($this->headers['Subject']);
+        }
+
+        reset($this->headers);
+        $this->headerStr = '';
+
+        foreach ($this->headers as $key => $val) {
+            $val = trim($val);
+
+            if ($val !== '') {
+                $this->headerStr .= $key . ': ' . $val . $this->newline;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') {
+            $this->headerStr = rtrim($this->headerStr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build Final Body and attachments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function buildMessage()
+    {
+        if ($this->wordWrap === true && $this->mailType !== 'html') {
+            $this->body = $this->wordWrap($this->body);
+        }
+
+        $this->writeHeaders();
+        $hdr  = ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') ? $this->newline : '';
+        $body = '';
+
+        switch ($this->getContentType()) {
+            case 'plain':
+                $hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='
+                    . $this->charset
+                    . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '
+                    . $this->getEncoding();
+
+                if ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') {
+                    $this->headerStr .= $hdr;
+                    $this->finalBody = $this->body;
+                } else {
+                    $this->finalBody = $hdr . $this->newline . $this->newline . $this->body;
+                }
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'html':
+                $boundary = uniqid('B_ALT_', true);
+
+                if ($this->sendMultipart === false) {
+                    $hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/html; charset='
+                        . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                        . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable';
+                } else {
+                    $hdr  .= 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="' . $boundary . '"';
+                    $body .= $this->getMimeMessage() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                        . '--' . $boundary . $this->newline
+                        . 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=' . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                        . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: ' . $this->getEncoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                        . $this->getAltMessage() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                        . '--' . $boundary . $this->newline
+                        . 'Content-Type: text/html; charset=' . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                        . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable' . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+                }
+
+                $this->finalBody = $body . $this->prepQuotedPrintable($this->body) . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+
+                if ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') {
+                    $this->headerStr .= $hdr;
+                } else {
+                    $this->finalBody = $hdr . $this->newline . $this->newline . $this->finalBody;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->sendMultipart !== false) {
+                    $this->finalBody .= '--' . $boundary . '--';
+                }
+
+                return;
+
+            case 'plain-attach':
+                $boundary = uniqid('B_ATC_', true);
+                $hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="' . $boundary . '"';
+
+                if ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') {
+                    $this->headerStr .= $hdr;
+                }
+
+                $body .= $this->getMimeMessage() . $this->newline
+                    . $this->newline
+                    . '--' . $boundary . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=' . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: ' . $this->getEncoding() . $this->newline
+                    . $this->newline
+                    . $this->body . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+
+                $this->appendAttachments($body, $boundary);
+                break;
+
+            case 'html-attach':
+                $altBoundary  = uniqid('B_ALT_', true);
+                $lastBoundary = null;
+
+                if ($this->attachmentsHaveMultipart('mixed')) {
+                    $atcBoundary = uniqid('B_ATC_', true);
+                    $hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="' . $atcBoundary . '"';
+                    $lastBoundary = $atcBoundary;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->attachmentsHaveMultipart('related')) {
+                    $relBoundary = uniqid('B_REL_', true);
+
+                    $relBoundaryHeader = 'Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="' . $relBoundary . '"';
+
+                    if (isset($lastBoundary)) {
+                        $body .= '--' . $lastBoundary . $this->newline . $relBoundaryHeader;
+                    } else {
+                        $hdr .= $relBoundaryHeader;
+                    }
+
+                    $lastBoundary = $relBoundary;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') {
+                    $this->headerStr .= $hdr;
+                }
+
+                static::strlen($body) && $body .= $this->newline . $this->newline;
+
+                $body .= $this->getMimeMessage() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . '--' . $lastBoundary . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="' . $altBoundary . '"' . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . '--' . $altBoundary . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=' . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: ' . $this->getEncoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . $this->getAltMessage() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . '--' . $altBoundary . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Type: text/html; charset=' . $this->charset . $this->newline
+                    . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable' . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . $this->prepQuotedPrintable($this->body) . $this->newline . $this->newline
+                    . '--' . $altBoundary . '--' . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+
+                if (! empty($relBoundary)) {
+                    $body .= $this->newline . $this->newline;
+                    $this->appendAttachments($body, $relBoundary, 'related');
+                }
+
+                // multipart/mixed attachments
+                if (! empty($atcBoundary)) {
+                    $body .= $this->newline . $this->newline;
+                    $this->appendAttachments($body, $atcBoundary, 'mixed');
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $this->finalBody = ($this->getProtocol() === 'mail') ? $body : $hdr . $this->newline . $this->newline . $body;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $type
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function attachmentsHaveMultipart($type)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->attachments as &$attachment) {
+            if ($attachment['multipart'] === $type) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string      $body      Message body to append to
+     * @param string      $boundary  Multipart boundary
+     * @param string|null $multipart When provided, only attachments of this type will be processed
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function appendAttachments(&$body, $boundary, $multipart = null)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->attachments as $attachment) {
+            if (isset($multipart) && $attachment['multipart'] !== $multipart) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $name = $attachment['name'][1] ?? basename($attachment['name'][0]);
+            $body .= '--' . $boundary . $this->newline
+                . 'Content-Type: ' . $attachment['type'] . '; name="' . $name . '"' . $this->newline
+                . 'Content-Disposition: ' . $attachment['disposition'] . ';' . $this->newline
+                . 'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64' . $this->newline
+                . (empty($attachment['cid']) ? '' : 'Content-ID: <' . $attachment['cid'] . '>' . $this->newline)
+                . $this->newline
+                . $attachment['content'] . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        // $name won't be set if no attachments were appended,
+        // and therefore a boundary wouldn't be necessary
+        if (! empty($name)) {
+            $body .= '--' . $boundary . '--';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares string for Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding
+     * Refer to RFC 2045 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
+     *
+     * @param string $str
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function prepQuotedPrintable($str)
+    {
+        // ASCII code numbers for "safe" characters that can always be
+        // used literally, without encoding, as described in RFC 2049.
+        // http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2049.txt
+        static $asciiSafeChars = [
+            // ' (  )   +   ,   -   .   /   :   =   ?
+            39,
+            40,
+            41,
+            43,
+            44,
+            45,
+            46,
+            47,
+            58,
+            61,
+            63,
+            // numbers
+            48,
+            49,
+            50,
+            51,
+            52,
+            53,
+            54,
+            55,
+            56,
+            57,
+            // upper-case letters
+            65,
+            66,
+            67,
+            68,
+            69,
+            70,
+            71,
+            72,
+            73,
+            74,
+            75,
+            76,
+            77,
+            78,
+            79,
+            80,
+            81,
+            82,
+            83,
+            84,
+            85,
+            86,
+            87,
+            88,
+            89,
+            90,
+            // lower-case letters
+            97,
+            98,
+            99,
+            100,
+            101,
+            102,
+            103,
+            104,
+            105,
+            106,
+            107,
+            108,
+            109,
+            110,
+            111,
+            112,
+            113,
+            114,
+            115,
+            116,
+            117,
+            118,
+            119,
+            120,
+            121,
+            122,
+        ];
+
+        // We are intentionally wrapping so mail servers will encode characters
+        // properly and MUAs will behave, so {unwrap} must go!
+        $str = str_replace(['{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'], '', $str);
+
+        // RFC 2045 specifies CRLF as "\r\n".
+        // However, many developers choose to override that and violate
+        // the RFC rules due to (apparently) a bug in MS Exchange,
+        // which only works with "\n".
+        if ($this->CRLF === "\r\n") {
+            return quoted_printable_encode($str);
+        }
+
+        // Reduce multiple spaces & remove nulls
+        $str = preg_replace(['| +|', '/\x00+/'], [' ', ''], $str);
+
+        // Standardize newlines
+        if (strpos($str, "\r") !== false) {
+            $str = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $str);
+        }
+
+        $escape = '=';
+        $output = '';
+
+        foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line) {
+            $length = static::strlen($line);
+            $temp   = '';
+
+            // Loop through each character in the line to add soft-wrap
+            // characters at the end of a line " =\r\n" and add the newly
+            // processed line(s) to the output (see comment on $crlf class property)
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++) {
+                // Grab the next character
+                $char  = $line[$i];
+                $ascii = ord($char);
+
+                // Convert spaces and tabs but only if it's the end of the line
+                if ($ascii === 32 || $ascii === 9) {
+                    if ($i === ($length - 1)) {
+                        $char = $escape . sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii));
+                    }
+                }
+                // DO NOT move this below the $ascii_safe_chars line!
+                //
+                // = (equals) signs are allowed by RFC2049, but must be encoded
+                // as they are the encoding delimiter!
+                elseif ($ascii === 61) {
+                    $char = $escape . strtoupper(sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii)));  // =3D
+                } elseif (! in_array($ascii, $asciiSafeChars, true)) {
+                    $char = $escape . strtoupper(sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii)));
+                }
+
+                // If we're at the character limit, add the line to the output,
+                // reset our temp variable, and keep on chuggin'
+                if ((static::strlen($temp) + static::strlen($char)) >= 76) {
+                    $output .= $temp . $escape . $this->CRLF;
+                    $temp = '';
+                }
+
+                // Add the character to our temporary line
+                $temp .= $char;
+            }
+
+            // Add our completed line to the output
+            $output .= $temp . $this->CRLF;
+        }
+
+        // get rid of extra CRLF tacked onto the end
+        return static::substr($output, 0, static::strlen($this->CRLF) * -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.
+     * It's related but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its
+     * own method.
+     *
+     * @param string $str
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function prepQEncoding($str)
+    {
+        $str = str_replace(["\r", "\n"], '', $str);
+
+        if ($this->charset === 'UTF-8') {
+            // Note: We used to have mb_encode_mimeheader() as the first choice
+            // here, but it turned out to be buggy and unreliable. DO NOT
+            // re-add it! -- Narf
+            if (extension_loaded('iconv')) {
+                $output = @iconv_mime_encode('', $str, [
+                    'scheme'           => 'Q',
+                    'line-length'      => 76,
+                    'input-charset'    => $this->charset,
+                    'output-charset'   => $this->charset,
+                    'line-break-chars' => $this->CRLF,
+                ]);
+
+                // There are reports that iconv_mime_encode() might fail and return FALSE
+                if ($output !== false) {
+                    // iconv_mime_encode() will always put a header field name.
+                    // We've passed it an empty one, but it still prepends our
+                    // encoded string with ': ', so we need to strip it.
+                    return static::substr($output, 2);
+                }
+
+                $chars = iconv_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+            } elseif (extension_loaded('mbstring')) {
+                $chars = mb_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // We might already have this set for UTF-8
+        if (! isset($chars)) {
+            $chars = static::strlen($str);
+        }
+
+        $output = '=?' . $this->charset . '?Q?';
+
+        for ($i = 0, $length = static::strlen($output); $i < $chars; $i++) {
+            $chr = ($this->charset === 'UTF-8' && extension_loaded('iconv')) ? '=' . implode('=', str_split(strtoupper(bin2hex(iconv_substr($str, $i, 1, $this->charset))), 2)) : '=' . strtoupper(bin2hex($str[$i]));
+
+            // RFC 2045 sets a limit of 76 characters per line.
+            // We'll append ?= to the end of each line though.
+            if ($length + ($l = static::strlen($chr)) > 74) {
+                $output .= '?=' . $this->CRLF // EOL
+                    . ' =?' . $this->charset . '?Q?' . $chr; // New line
+
+                $length = 6 + static::strlen($this->charset) + $l; // Reset the length for the new line
+            } else {
+                $output .= $chr;
+                $length += $l;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // End the header
+        return $output . '?=';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param bool $autoClear
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function send($autoClear = true)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->headers['From']) && ! empty($this->fromEmail)) {
+            $this->setFrom($this->fromEmail, $this->fromName);
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($this->headers['From'])) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noFrom'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->replyToFlag === false) {
+            $this->setReplyTo($this->headers['From']);
+        }
+
+        if (
+            empty($this->recipients) && ! isset($this->headers['To'])
+            && empty($this->BCCArray) && ! isset($this->headers['Bcc'])
+            && ! isset($this->headers['Cc'])
+        ) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noRecipients'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->buildHeaders();
+
+        if ($this->BCCBatchMode && count($this->BCCArray) > $this->BCCBatchSize) {
+            $this->batchBCCSend();
+
+            if ($autoClear) {
+                $this->clear();
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $this->buildMessage();
+        $result = $this->spoolEmail();
+
+        if ($result) {
+            $this->setArchiveValues();
+
+            if ($autoClear) {
+                $this->clear();
+            }
+
+            Events::trigger('email', $this->archive);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Batch Bcc Send. Sends groups of BCCs in batches
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function batchBCCSend()
+    {
+        $float = $this->BCCBatchSize - 1;
+        $set   = '';
+        $chunk = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->BCCArray); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            if (isset($this->BCCArray[$i])) {
+                $set .= ', ' . $this->BCCArray[$i];
+            }
+
+            if ($i === $float) {
+                $chunk[] = static::substr($set, 1);
+                $float += $this->BCCBatchSize;
+                $set = '';
+            }
+
+            if ($i === $c - 1) {
+                $chunk[] = static::substr($set, 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($chunk); $i < $c; $i++) {
+            unset($this->headers['Bcc']);
+            $bcc = $this->cleanEmail($this->stringToArray($chunk[$i]));
+
+            if ($this->protocol !== 'smtp') {
+                $this->setHeader('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
+            } else {
+                $this->BCCArray = $bcc;
+            }
+
+            $this->buildMessage();
+            $this->spoolEmail();
+        }
+
+        // Update the archive
+        $this->setArchiveValues();
+        Events::trigger('email', $this->archive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unwrap special elements
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function unwrapSpecials()
+    {
+        $this->finalBody = preg_replace_callback(
+            '/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si',
+            [
+                $this,
+                'removeNLCallback',
+            ],
+            $this->finalBody
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Strip line-breaks via callback
+     *
+     * @param string $matches
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function removeNLCallback($matches)
+    {
+        if (strpos($matches[1], "\r") !== false || strpos($matches[1], "\n") !== false) {
+            $matches[1] = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r", "\n"], '', $matches[1]);
+        }
+
+        return $matches[1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Spool mail to the mail server
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function spoolEmail()
+    {
+        $this->unwrapSpecials();
+        $protocol = $this->getProtocol();
+        $method   = 'sendWith' . ucfirst($protocol);
+
+        try {
+            $success = $this->{$method}();
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            $success = false;
+            log_message('error', 'Email: ' . $method . ' throwed ' . $e);
+        }
+
+        if (! $success) {
+            $message = lang('Email.sendFailure' . ($protocol === 'mail' ? 'PHPMail' : ucfirst($protocol)));
+
+            log_message('error', 'Email: ' . $message);
+            log_message('error', $this->printDebuggerRaw());
+
+            $this->setErrorMessage($message);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.sent', [$protocol]));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate email for shell
+     *
+     * Applies stricter, shell-safe validation to email addresses.
+     * Introduced to prevent RCE via sendmail's -f option.
+     *
+     * @see     https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter/issues/4963
+     * @see     https://gist.github.com/Zenexer/40d02da5e07f151adeaeeaa11af9ab36
+     *
+     * @license https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/    CC0 1.0, Public Domain
+     *
+     * Credits for the base concept go to Paul Buonopane <paul@namepros.com>
+     *
+     * @param string $email
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function validateEmailForShell(&$email)
+    {
+        if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && $atpos = strpos($email, '@')) {
+            $email = static::substr($email, 0, ++$atpos)
+                . idn_to_ascii(static::substr($email, $atpos), 0, INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46);
+        }
+
+        return filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === $email && preg_match('#\A[a-z0-9._+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]{1,253}\z#i', $email);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send using mail()
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function sendWithMail()
+    {
+        $recipients = is_array($this->recipients) ? implode(', ', $this->recipients) : $this->recipients;
+
+        // _validate_email_for_shell() below accepts by reference,
+        // so this needs to be assigned to a variable
+        $from = $this->cleanEmail($this->headers['Return-Path']);
+
+        if (! $this->validateEmailForShell($from)) {
+            return mail($recipients, $this->subject, $this->finalBody, $this->headerStr);
+        }
+
+        // most documentation of sendmail using the "-f" flag lacks a space after it, however
+        // we've encountered servers that seem to require it to be in place.
+        return mail($recipients, $this->subject, $this->finalBody, $this->headerStr, '-f ' . $from);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send using Sendmail
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function sendWithSendmail()
+    {
+        // _validate_email_for_shell() below accepts by reference,
+        // so this needs to be assigned to a variable
+        $from = $this->cleanEmail($this->headers['From']);
+
+        $from = $this->validateEmailForShell($from) ? '-f ' . $from : '';
+
+        if (! function_usable('popen') || false === ($fp = @popen($this->mailPath . ' -oi ' . $from . ' -t', 'w'))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        fwrite($fp, $this->headerStr);
+        fwrite($fp, $this->finalBody);
+        $status = pclose($fp);
+
+        if ($status !== 0) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.exitStatus', [$status]));
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noSocket'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send using SMTP
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function sendWithSmtp()
+    {
+        if ($this->SMTPHost === '') {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noHostname'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->SMTPConnect() || ! $this->SMTPAuthenticate()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->sendCommand('from', $this->cleanEmail($this->headers['From']))) {
+            $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->recipients as $val) {
+            if (! $this->sendCommand('to', $val)) {
+                $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->CCArray as $val) {
+            if ($val !== '' && ! $this->sendCommand('to', $val)) {
+                $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->BCCArray as $val) {
+            if ($val !== '' && ! $this->sendCommand('to', $val)) {
+                $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->sendCommand('data')) {
+            $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // perform dot transformation on any lines that begin with a dot
+        $this->sendData($this->headerStr . preg_replace('/^\./m', '..$1', $this->finalBody));
+        $this->sendData($this->newline . '.');
+        $reply = $this->getSMTPData();
+        $this->setErrorMessage($reply);
+        $this->SMTPEnd();
+
+        if (strpos($reply, '250') !== 0) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPError', [$reply]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shortcut to send RSET or QUIT depending on keep-alive
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function SMTPEnd()
+    {
+        $this->sendCommand($this->SMTPKeepAlive ? 'reset' : 'quit');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    protected function SMTPConnect()
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $ssl = '';
+
+        // Connection to port 465 should use implicit TLS (without STARTTLS)
+        // as per RFC 8314.
+        if ($this->SMTPPort === 465) {
+            $ssl = 'tls://';
+        }
+        // But if $SMTPCrypto is set to `ssl`, SSL can be used.
+        if ($this->SMTPCrypto === 'ssl') {
+            $ssl = 'ssl://';
+        }
+
+        $this->SMTPConnect = fsockopen(
+            $ssl . $this->SMTPHost,
+            $this->SMTPPort,
+            $errno,
+            $errstr,
+            $this->SMTPTimeout
+        );
+
+        if (! is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPError', [$errno . ' ' . $errstr]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        stream_set_timeout($this->SMTPConnect, $this->SMTPTimeout);
+        $this->setErrorMessage($this->getSMTPData());
+
+        if ($this->SMTPCrypto === 'tls') {
+            $this->sendCommand('hello');
+            $this->sendCommand('starttls');
+            $crypto = stream_socket_enable_crypto(
+                $this->SMTPConnect,
+                true,
+                STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_0_CLIENT
+                | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_1_CLIENT
+                | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_2_CLIENT
+                | STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLSv1_3_CLIENT
+            );
+
+            if ($crypto !== true) {
+                $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPError', [$this->getSMTPData()]));
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->sendCommand('hello');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $cmd
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function sendCommand($cmd, $data = '')
+    {
+        switch ($cmd) {
+            case 'hello':
+                if ($this->SMTPAuth || $this->getEncoding() === '8bit') {
+                    $this->sendData('EHLO ' . $this->getHostname());
+                } else {
+                    $this->sendData('HELO ' . $this->getHostname());
+                }
+
+                $resp = 250;
+                break;
+
+            case 'starttls':
+                $this->sendData('STARTTLS');
+                $resp = 220;
+                break;
+
+            case 'from':
+                $this->sendData('MAIL FROM:<' . $data . '>');
+                $resp = 250;
+                break;
+
+            case 'to':
+                if ($this->DSN) {
+                    $this->sendData('RCPT TO:<' . $data . '> NOTIFY=SUCCESS,DELAY,FAILURE ORCPT=rfc822;' . $data);
+                } else {
+                    $this->sendData('RCPT TO:<' . $data . '>');
+                }
+                $resp = 250;
+                break;
+
+            case 'data':
+                $this->sendData('DATA');
+                $resp = 354;
+                break;
+
+            case 'reset':
+                $this->sendData('RSET');
+                $resp = 250;
+                break;
+
+            case 'quit':
+                $this->sendData('QUIT');
+                $resp = 221;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                $resp = null;
+        }
+
+        $reply = $this->getSMTPData();
+
+        $this->debugMessage[]    = '<pre>' . $cmd . ': ' . $reply . '</pre>';
+        $this->debugMessageRaw[] = $cmd . ': ' . $reply;
+
+        if ($resp === null || ((int) static::substr($reply, 0, 3) !== $resp)) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPError', [$reply]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($cmd === 'quit') {
+            fclose($this->SMTPConnect);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function SMTPAuthenticate()
+    {
+        if (! $this->SMTPAuth) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->SMTPUser === '' && $this->SMTPPass === '') {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noSMTPAuth'));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->sendData('AUTH LOGIN');
+        $reply = $this->getSMTPData();
+
+        if (strpos($reply, '503') === 0) {    // Already authenticated
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.failedSMTPLogin', [$reply]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->sendData(base64_encode($this->SMTPUser));
+        $reply = $this->getSMTPData();
+
+        if (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPAuthUsername', [$reply]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->sendData(base64_encode($this->SMTPPass));
+        $reply = $this->getSMTPData();
+
+        if (strpos($reply, '235') !== 0) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPAuthPassword', [$reply]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->SMTPKeepAlive) {
+            $this->SMTPAuth = false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function sendData($data)
+    {
+        $data .= $this->newline;
+
+        $result = null;
+
+        for ($written = $timestamp = 0, $length = static::strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+            if (($result = fwrite($this->SMTPConnect, static::substr($data, $written))) === false) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // See https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=39598 and http://php.net/manual/en/function.fwrite.php#96951
+            if ($result === 0) {
+                if ($timestamp === 0) {
+                    $timestamp = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+                } elseif ($timestamp < (Time::now()->getTimestamp() - $this->SMTPTimeout)) {
+                    $result = false;
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                usleep(250000);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $timestamp = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_int($result)) {
+            $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.SMTPDataFailure', [$data]));
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getSMTPData()
+    {
+        $data = '';
+
+        while ($str = fgets($this->SMTPConnect, 512)) {
+            $data .= $str;
+
+            if ($str[3] === ' ') {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * There are only two legal types of hostname - either a fully
+     * qualified domain name (eg: "mail.example.com") or an IP literal
+     * (eg: "[1.2.3.4]").
+     *
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.5
+     * @see http://cbl.abuseat.org/namingproblems.html
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function getHostname()
+    {
+        if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])) {
+            return $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
+        }
+
+        if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'])) {
+            return '[' . $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] . ']';
+        }
+
+        $hostname = gethostname();
+        if ($hostname !== false) {
+            return $hostname;
+        }
+
+        return '[127.0.0.1]';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $include List of raw data chunks to include in the output
+     *                              Valid options are: 'headers', 'subject', 'body'
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function printDebugger($include = ['headers', 'subject', 'body'])
+    {
+        $msg = implode('', $this->debugMessage);
+
+        // Determine which parts of our raw data needs to be printed
+        $rawData = '';
+
+        if (! is_array($include)) {
+            $include = [$include];
+        }
+
+        if (in_array('headers', $include, true)) {
+            $rawData = htmlspecialchars($this->headerStr) . "\n";
+        }
+        if (in_array('subject', $include, true)) {
+            $rawData .= htmlspecialchars($this->subject) . "\n";
+        }
+        if (in_array('body', $include, true)) {
+            $rawData .= htmlspecialchars($this->finalBody);
+        }
+
+        return $msg . ($rawData === '' ? '' : '<pre>' . $rawData . '</pre>');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns raw debug messages
+     */
+    private function printDebuggerRaw(): string
+    {
+        return implode("\n", $this->debugMessageRaw);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $msg
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function setErrorMessage($msg)
+    {
+        $this->debugMessage[]    = $msg . '<br>';
+        $this->debugMessageRaw[] = $msg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mime Types
+     *
+     * @param string $ext
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function mimeTypes($ext = '')
+    {
+        $mime = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension(strtolower($ext));
+
+        return ! empty($mime) ? $mime : 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
+    }
+
+    public function __destruct()
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->SMTPConnect)) {
+            try {
+                $this->sendCommand('quit');
+            } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+                $protocol = $this->getProtocol();
+                $method   = 'sendWith' . ucfirst($protocol);
+                log_message('error', 'Email: ' . $method . ' throwed ' . $e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Byte-safe strlen()
+     *
+     * @param string $str
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    protected static function strlen($str)
+    {
+        return (static::$func_overload) ? mb_strlen($str, '8bit') : strlen($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Byte-safe substr()
+     *
+     * @param string   $str
+     * @param int      $start
+     * @param int|null $length
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = null)
+    {
+        if (static::$func_overload) {
+            return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+        }
+
+        return isset($length) ? substr($str, $start, $length) : substr($str, $start);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the values that should be stored in $archive.
+     *
+     * @return array The updated archive values
+     */
+    protected function setArchiveValues(): array
+    {
+        // Get property values and add anything prepped in tmpArchive
+        $this->archive = array_merge(get_object_vars($this), $this->tmpArchive);
+        unset($this->archive['archive']);
+
+        // Clear tmpArchive for next run
+        $this->tmpArchive = [];
+
+        return $this->archive;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/EncrypterInterface.php b/system/Encryption/EncrypterInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16123817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/EncrypterInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions\EncryptionException;
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Encryption Handler
+ *
+ * Provides two-way keyed encryption
+ */
+interface EncrypterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Encrypt - convert plaintext into ciphertext
+     *
+     * @param string            $data   Input data
+     * @param array|string|null $params Overridden parameters, specifically the key
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws EncryptionException
+     */
+    public function encrypt($data, $params = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Decrypt - convert ciphertext into plaintext
+     *
+     * @param string            $data   Encrypted data
+     * @param array|string|null $params Overridden parameters, specifically the key
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws EncryptionException
+     */
+    public function decrypt($data, $params = null);
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Encryption.php b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..113703d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions\EncryptionException;
+use Config\Encryption as EncryptionConfig;
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Encryption Manager
+ *
+ * Provides two-way keyed encryption via PHP's Sodium and/or OpenSSL extensions.
+ * This class determines the driver, cipher, and mode to use, and then
+ * initializes the appropriate encryption handler.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncryptionTest
+ */
+class Encryption
+{
+    /**
+     * The encrypter we create
+     *
+     * @var EncrypterInterface
+     */
+    protected $encrypter;
+
+    /**
+     * The driver being used
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $driver;
+
+    /**
+     * The key/seed being used
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $key;
+
+    /**
+     * The derived HMAC key
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $hmacKey;
+
+    /**
+     * HMAC digest to use
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $digest = 'SHA512';
+
+    /**
+     * Map of drivers to handler classes, in preference order
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $drivers = [
+        'OpenSSL',
+        'Sodium',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Handlers that are to be installed
+     *
+     * @var array<string, bool>
+     */
+    protected $handlers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @throws EncryptionException
+     */
+    public function __construct(?EncryptionConfig $config = null)
+    {
+        $config ??= new EncryptionConfig();
+
+        $this->key    = $config->key;
+        $this->driver = $config->driver;
+        $this->digest = $config->digest ?? 'SHA512';
+
+        $this->handlers = [
+            'OpenSSL' => extension_loaded('openssl'),
+            // the SodiumHandler uses some API (like sodium_pad) that is available only on v1.0.14+
+            'Sodium' => extension_loaded('sodium') && version_compare(SODIUM_LIBRARY_VERSION, '1.0.14', '>='),
+        ];
+
+        if (! in_array($this->driver, $this->drivers, true) || (array_key_exists($this->driver, $this->handlers) && ! $this->handlers[$this->driver])) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNoHandlerAvailable($this->driver);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize or re-initialize an encrypter
+     *
+     * @return EncrypterInterface
+     *
+     * @throws EncryptionException
+     */
+    public function initialize(?EncryptionConfig $config = null)
+    {
+        if ($config instanceof EncryptionConfig) {
+            $this->key    = $config->key;
+            $this->driver = $config->driver;
+            $this->digest = $config->digest ?? 'SHA512';
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->driver)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNoDriverRequested();
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($this->driver, $this->drivers, true)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forUnKnownHandler($this->driver);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->key)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNeedsStarterKey();
+        }
+
+        $this->hmacKey = bin2hex(\hash_hkdf($this->digest, $this->key));
+
+        $handlerName     = 'CodeIgniter\\Encryption\\Handlers\\' . $this->driver . 'Handler';
+        $this->encrypter = new $handlerName($config);
+
+        return $this->encrypter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a random key
+     *
+     * @param int $length Output length
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public static function createKey($length = 32)
+    {
+        return random_bytes($length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * __get() magic, providing readonly access to some of our protected properties
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property name
+     *
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get($key)
+    {
+        if ($this->__isset($key)) {
+            return $this->{$key};
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * __isset() magic, providing checking for some of our protected properties
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property name
+     */
+    public function __isset($key): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($key, ['key', 'digest', 'driver', 'drivers'], true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php b/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41a96b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/Exceptions/EncryptionException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Encryption exception
+ */
+class EncryptionException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when no driver is present in the active encryption session.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoDriverRequested()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.noDriverRequested'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the handler requested is not available.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoHandlerAvailable(string $handler)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.noHandlerAvailable', [$handler]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the handler requested is unknown.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forUnKnownHandler(?string $driver = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.unKnownHandler', [$driver]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when no starter key is provided for the current encryption session.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNeedsStarterKey()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.starterKeyNeeded'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown during data decryption when a problem or error occurred.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forAuthenticationFailed()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.authenticationFailed'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown during data encryption when a problem or error occurred.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forEncryptionFailed()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Encryption.encryptionFailed'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08c0234a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncrypterInterface;
+use Config\Encryption;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for encryption handling
+ */
+abstract class BaseHandler implements EncrypterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(?Encryption $config = null)
+    {
+        $config ??= config(Encryption::class);
+
+        // make the parameters conveniently accessible
+        foreach (get_object_vars($config) as $key => $value) {
+            if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+                $this->{$key} = $value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Byte-safe substr()
+     *
+     * @param string $str
+     * @param int    $start
+     * @param int    $length
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = null)
+    {
+        return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * __get() magic, providing readonly access to some of our properties
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property name
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|int|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get($key)
+    {
+        if ($this->__isset($key)) {
+            return $this->{$key};
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * __isset() magic, providing checking for some of our properties
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property name
+     */
+    public function __isset($key): bool
+    {
+        return property_exists($this, $key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d8f1075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions\EncryptionException;
+
+/**
+ * Encryption handling for OpenSSL library
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\OpenSSLHandlerTest
+ */
+class OpenSSLHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * HMAC digest to use
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $digest = 'SHA512';
+
+    /**
+     * List of supported HMAC algorithms
+     *
+     * @var array [name => digest size]
+     */
+    protected array $digestSize = [
+        'SHA224' => 28,
+        'SHA256' => 32,
+        'SHA384' => 48,
+        'SHA512' => 64,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Cipher to use
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cipher = 'AES-256-CTR';
+
+    /**
+     * Starter key
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $key = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the cipher-text should be raw. If set to false, then it will be base64 encoded.
+     */
+    protected bool $rawData = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Encryption key info.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to 'encryption' for CI3 Encryption compatibility.
+     */
+    public string $encryptKeyInfo = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Authentication key info.
+     * This setting is only used by OpenSSLHandler.
+     *
+     * Set to 'authentication' for CI3 Encryption compatibility.
+     */
+    public string $authKeyInfo = '';
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function encrypt($data, $params = null)
+    {
+        // Allow key override
+        if ($params) {
+            $this->key = is_array($params) && isset($params['key']) ? $params['key'] : $params;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->key)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNeedsStarterKey();
+        }
+
+        // derive a secret key
+        $encryptKey = \hash_hkdf($this->digest, $this->key, 0, $this->encryptKeyInfo);
+
+        // basic encryption
+        $iv = ($ivSize = \openssl_cipher_iv_length($this->cipher)) ? \openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($ivSize) : null;
+
+        $data = \openssl_encrypt($data, $this->cipher, $encryptKey, OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $iv);
+
+        if ($data === false) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forEncryptionFailed();
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->rawData ? $iv . $data : base64_encode($iv . $data);
+
+        // derive a secret key
+        $authKey = \hash_hkdf($this->digest, $this->key, 0, $this->authKeyInfo);
+
+        $hmacKey = \hash_hmac($this->digest, $result, $authKey, $this->rawData);
+
+        return $hmacKey . $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrypt($data, $params = null)
+    {
+        // Allow key override
+        if ($params) {
+            $this->key = is_array($params) && isset($params['key']) ? $params['key'] : $params;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->key)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNeedsStarterKey();
+        }
+
+        // derive a secret key
+        $authKey = \hash_hkdf($this->digest, $this->key, 0, $this->authKeyInfo);
+
+        $hmacLength = $this->rawData
+            ? $this->digestSize[$this->digest]
+            : $this->digestSize[$this->digest] * 2;
+
+        $hmacKey  = self::substr($data, 0, $hmacLength);
+        $data     = self::substr($data, $hmacLength);
+        $hmacCalc = \hash_hmac($this->digest, $data, $authKey, $this->rawData);
+
+        if (! hash_equals($hmacKey, $hmacCalc)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forAuthenticationFailed();
+        }
+
+        $data = $this->rawData ? $data : base64_decode($data, true);
+
+        if ($ivSize = \openssl_cipher_iv_length($this->cipher)) {
+            $iv   = self::substr($data, 0, $ivSize);
+            $data = self::substr($data, $ivSize);
+        } else {
+            $iv = null;
+        }
+
+        // derive a secret key
+        $encryptKey = \hash_hkdf($this->digest, $this->key, 0, $this->encryptKeyInfo);
+
+        return \openssl_decrypt($data, $this->cipher, $encryptKey, OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $iv);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c483dfe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Encryption\Exceptions\EncryptionException;
+
+/**
+ * SodiumHandler uses libsodium in encryption.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium/issues/392
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\SodiumHandlerTest
+ */
+class SodiumHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Starter key
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $key = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Block size for padding message.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $blockSize = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function encrypt($data, $params = null)
+    {
+        $this->parseParams($params);
+
+        if (empty($this->key)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNeedsStarterKey();
+        }
+
+        // create a nonce for this operation
+        $nonce = random_bytes(SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_NONCEBYTES); // 24 bytes
+
+        // add padding before we encrypt the data
+        if ($this->blockSize <= 0) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forEncryptionFailed();
+        }
+
+        $data = sodium_pad($data, $this->blockSize);
+
+        // encrypt message and combine with nonce
+        $ciphertext = $nonce . sodium_crypto_secretbox($data, $nonce, $this->key);
+
+        // cleanup buffers
+        sodium_memzero($data);
+        sodium_memzero($this->key);
+
+        return $ciphertext;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public function decrypt($data, $params = null)
+    {
+        $this->parseParams($params);
+
+        if (empty($this->key)) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forNeedsStarterKey();
+        }
+
+        if (mb_strlen($data, '8bit') < (SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_NONCEBYTES + SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_MACBYTES)) {
+            // message was truncated
+            throw EncryptionException::forAuthenticationFailed();
+        }
+
+        // Extract info from encrypted data
+        $nonce      = self::substr($data, 0, SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_NONCEBYTES);
+        $ciphertext = self::substr($data, SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_NONCEBYTES);
+
+        // decrypt data
+        $data = sodium_crypto_secretbox_open($ciphertext, $nonce, $this->key);
+
+        if ($data === false) {
+            // message was tampered in transit
+            throw EncryptionException::forAuthenticationFailed(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        // remove extra padding during encryption
+        if ($this->blockSize <= 0) {
+            throw EncryptionException::forAuthenticationFailed();
+        }
+
+        $data = sodium_unpad($data, $this->blockSize);
+
+        // cleanup buffers
+        sodium_memzero($ciphertext);
+        sodium_memzero($this->key);
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the $params before doing assignment.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $params
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws EncryptionException If key is empty
+     */
+    protected function parseParams($params)
+    {
+        if ($params === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($params)) {
+            if (isset($params['key'])) {
+                $this->key = $params['key'];
+            }
+
+            if (isset($params['blockSize'])) {
+                $this->blockSize = $params['blockSize'];
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->key = (string) $params;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity.php b/system/Entity.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94aa7241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity as CoreEntity;
+
+/**
+ * Entity encapsulation, for use with CodeIgniter\Model
+ *
+ * @deprecated use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity class instead
+ */
+class Entity extends CoreEntity
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..315f2e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/ArrayCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class ArrayCast
+ */
+class ArrayCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): array
+    {
+        if (is_string($value) && (strpos($value, 'a:') === 0 || strpos($value, 's:') === 0)) {
+            $value = unserialize($value);
+        }
+
+        return (array) $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
+    {
+        return serialize($value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfb156da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/BaseCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class BaseCast
+ */
+abstract class BaseCast implements CastInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Get
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
+     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = [])
+    {
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
+     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = [])
+    {
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f46f5f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/BooleanCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class BooleanCast
+ */
+class BooleanCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba241427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/CSVCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class CSVCast
+ */
+class CSVCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): array
+    {
+        return explode(',', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
+    {
+        return implode(',', $value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php b/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1dcf1c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/CastInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Interface CastInterface
+ */
+interface CastInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Get
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
+     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Set
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Data
+     * @param array                                   $params Additional param
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []);
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..423300cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/DatetimeCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use DateTime;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Class DatetimeCast
+ */
+class DatetimeCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return Time
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = [])
+    {
+        if ($value instanceof Time) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if ($value instanceof DateTime) {
+            return Time::createFromInstance($value);
+        }
+
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return Time::createFromTimestamp($value);
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($value)) {
+            return Time::parse($value);
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78f87570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/FloatCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class FloatCast
+ */
+class FloatCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): float
+    {
+        return (float) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce572d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/IntBoolCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Int Bool Cast
+ *
+ * DB column: int (0/1) <--> Class property: bool
+ */
+final class IntBoolCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * @param int $value
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param bool|int|string $value
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []): int
+    {
+        return (int) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9357d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/IntegerCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class IntegerCast
+ */
+class IntegerCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): int
+    {
+        return (int) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..534631be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/JsonCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
+use JsonException;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Class JsonCast
+ */
+class JsonCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = [])
+    {
+        $associative = in_array('array', $params, true);
+
+        $tmp = $value !== null ? ($associative ? [] : new stdClass()) : null;
+
+        if (function_exists('json_decode')
+            && (
+                (is_string($value)
+                    && strlen($value) > 1
+                    && in_array($value[0], ['[', '{', '"'], true))
+                || is_numeric($value)
+            )
+        ) {
+            try {
+                $tmp = json_decode($value, $associative, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+            } catch (JsonException $e) {
+                throw CastException::forInvalidJsonFormat($e->getCode());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tmp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function set($value, array $params = []): string
+    {
+        if (function_exists('json_encode')) {
+            try {
+                $value = json_encode($value, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+            } catch (JsonException $e) {
+                throw CastException::forInvalidJsonFormat($e->getCode());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a22ed8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/ObjectCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class ObjectCast
+ */
+class ObjectCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): object
+    {
+        return (object) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..974567cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/StringCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+/**
+ * Class StringCast
+ */
+class StringCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): string
+    {
+        return (string) $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9669d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/TimestampCast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
+
+/**
+ * Class TimestampCast
+ */
+class TimestampCast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = [])
+    {
+        $value = strtotime($value);
+
+        if ($value === false) {
+            throw CastException::forInvalidTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php b/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb49e745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Cast/URICast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+
+/**
+ * Class URICast
+ */
+class URICast extends BaseCast
+{
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static function get($value, array $params = []): URI
+    {
+        return $value instanceof URI ? $value : new URI($value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Entity.php b/system/Entity/Entity.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65898c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Entity.php
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\ArrayCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\BooleanCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\CastInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\CSVCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\DatetimeCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\FloatCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\IntBoolCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\IntegerCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\JsonCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\ObjectCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\StringCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\TimestampCast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\URICast;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use DateTime;
+use Exception;
+use JsonSerializable;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Entity encapsulation, for use with CodeIgniter\Model
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Entity\EntityTest
+ */
+class Entity implements JsonSerializable
+{
+    /**
+     * Maps names used in sets and gets against unique
+     * names within the class, allowing independence from
+     * database column names.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  $datamap = [
+     *      'class_property_name' => 'db_column_name'
+     *  ];
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $datamap = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The date fields.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    protected $dates = [
+        'created_at',
+        'updated_at',
+        'deleted_at',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of field names and the type of value to cast them as when
+     * they are accessed.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $casts = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Custom convert handlers
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $castHandlers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Default convert handlers
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    private array $defaultCastHandlers = [
+        'array'     => ArrayCast::class,
+        'bool'      => BooleanCast::class,
+        'boolean'   => BooleanCast::class,
+        'csv'       => CSVCast::class,
+        'datetime'  => DatetimeCast::class,
+        'double'    => FloatCast::class,
+        'float'     => FloatCast::class,
+        'int'       => IntegerCast::class,
+        'integer'   => IntegerCast::class,
+        'int-bool'  => IntBoolCast::class,
+        'json'      => JsonCast::class,
+        'object'    => ObjectCast::class,
+        'string'    => StringCast::class,
+        'timestamp' => TimestampCast::class,
+        'uri'       => URICast::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the current values of all class vars.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $attributes = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds original copies of all class vars so we can determine
+     * what's actually been changed and not accidentally write
+     * nulls where we shouldn't.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $original = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds info whenever properties have to be casted
+     */
+    private bool $_cast = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Allows filling in Entity parameters during construction.
+     */
+    public function __construct(?array $data = null)
+    {
+        $this->syncOriginal();
+
+        $this->fill($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an array of key/value pairs and sets them as class
+     * properties, using any `setCamelCasedProperty()` methods
+     * that may or may not exist.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, array|bool|float|int|object|string|null> $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function fill(?array $data = null)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            $this->__set($key, $value);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * General method that will return all public and protected values
+     * of this entity as an array. All values are accessed through the
+     * __get() magic method so will have any casts, etc applied to them.
+     *
+     * @param bool $onlyChanged If true, only return values that have changed since object creation
+     * @param bool $cast        If true, properties will be cast.
+     * @param bool $recursive   If true, inner entities will be cast as array as well.
+     */
+    public function toArray(bool $onlyChanged = false, bool $cast = true, bool $recursive = false): array
+    {
+        $this->_cast = $cast;
+
+        $keys = array_filter(array_keys($this->attributes), static fn ($key) => strpos($key, '_') !== 0);
+
+        if (is_array($this->datamap)) {
+            $keys = array_unique(
+                [...array_diff($keys, $this->datamap), ...array_keys($this->datamap)]
+            );
+        }
+
+        $return = [];
+
+        // Loop over the properties, to allow magic methods to do their thing.
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if ($onlyChanged && ! $this->hasChanged($key)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $return[$key] = $this->__get($key);
+
+            if ($recursive) {
+                if ($return[$key] instanceof self) {
+                    $return[$key] = $return[$key]->toArray($onlyChanged, $cast, $recursive);
+                } elseif (is_callable([$return[$key], 'toArray'])) {
+                    $return[$key] = $return[$key]->toArray();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->_cast = true;
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw values of the current attributes.
+     *
+     * @param bool $onlyChanged If true, only return values that have changed since object creation
+     * @param bool $recursive   If true, inner entities will be cast as array as well.
+     */
+    public function toRawArray(bool $onlyChanged = false, bool $recursive = false): array
+    {
+        $return = [];
+
+        if (! $onlyChanged) {
+            if ($recursive) {
+                return array_map(static function ($value) use ($onlyChanged, $recursive) {
+                    if ($value instanceof self) {
+                        $value = $value->toRawArray($onlyChanged, $recursive);
+                    } elseif (is_callable([$value, 'toRawArray'])) {
+                        $value = $value->toRawArray();
+                    }
+
+                    return $value;
+                }, $this->attributes);
+            }
+
+            return $this->attributes;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->attributes as $key => $value) {
+            if (! $this->hasChanged($key)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($recursive) {
+                if ($value instanceof self) {
+                    $value = $value->toRawArray($onlyChanged, $recursive);
+                } elseif (is_callable([$value, 'toRawArray'])) {
+                    $value = $value->toRawArray();
+                }
+            }
+
+            $return[$key] = $value;
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures our "original" values match the current values.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function syncOriginal()
+    {
+        $this->original = $this->attributes;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a property to see if it has changed since the entity
+     * was created. Or, without a parameter, checks if any
+     * properties have changed.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $key class property
+     */
+    public function hasChanged(?string $key = null): bool
+    {
+        // If no parameter was given then check all attributes
+        if ($key === null) {
+            return $this->original !== $this->attributes;
+        }
+
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        // Key doesn't exist in either
+        if (! array_key_exists($dbColumn, $this->original) && ! array_key_exists($dbColumn, $this->attributes)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // It's a new element
+        if (! array_key_exists($dbColumn, $this->original) && array_key_exists($dbColumn, $this->attributes)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->original[$dbColumn] !== $this->attributes[$dbColumn];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set raw data array without any mutations
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function injectRawData(array $data)
+    {
+        $this->attributes = $data;
+
+        $this->syncOriginal();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set raw data array without any mutations
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use injectRawData() instead.
+     */
+    public function setAttributes(array $data)
+    {
+        return $this->injectRawData($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the datamap to see if this property name is being mapped,
+     * and returns the db column name, if any, or the original property name.
+     *
+     * @return string db column name
+     */
+    protected function mapProperty(string $key)
+    {
+        if (empty($this->datamap)) {
+            return $key;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->datamap[$key])) {
+            return $this->datamap[$key];
+        }
+
+        return $key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the given string|timestamp|DateTime|Time instance
+     * into the "CodeIgniter\I18n\Time" object.
+     *
+     * @param DateTime|float|int|string|Time $value
+     *
+     * @return Time
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function mutateDate($value)
+    {
+        return DatetimeCast::get($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides the ability to cast an item as a specific data type.
+     * Add ? at the beginning of $type  (i.e. ?string) to get NULL
+     * instead of casting $value if $value === null
+     *
+     * @param bool|float|int|string|null $value     Attribute value
+     * @param string                     $attribute Attribute name
+     * @param string                     $method    Allowed to "get" and "set"
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws CastException
+     */
+    protected function castAs($value, string $attribute, string $method = 'get')
+    {
+        if (empty($this->casts[$attribute])) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $type = $this->casts[$attribute];
+
+        $isNullable = false;
+
+        if (strpos($type, '?') === 0) {
+            $isNullable = true;
+
+            if ($value === null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            $type = substr($type, 1);
+        }
+
+        // In order not to create a separate handler for the
+        // json-array type, we transform the required one.
+        $type = $type === 'json-array' ? 'json[array]' : $type;
+
+        if (! in_array($method, ['get', 'set'], true)) {
+            throw CastException::forInvalidMethod($method);
+        }
+
+        $params = [];
+
+        // Attempt to retrieve additional parameters if specified
+        // type[param, param2,param3]
+        if (preg_match('/^(.+)\[(.+)\]$/', $type, $matches)) {
+            $type   = $matches[1];
+            $params = array_map('trim', explode(',', $matches[2]));
+        }
+
+        if ($isNullable) {
+            $params[] = 'nullable';
+        }
+
+        $type = trim($type, '[]');
+
+        $handlers = array_merge($this->defaultCastHandlers, $this->castHandlers);
+
+        if (empty($handlers[$type])) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_subclass_of($handlers[$type], CastInterface::class)) {
+            throw CastException::forInvalidInterface($handlers[$type]);
+        }
+
+        return $handlers[$type]::$method($value, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Support for json_encode()
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function jsonSerialize()
+    {
+        return $this->toArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the value of the private $_cast property
+     *
+     * @return bool|Entity
+     */
+    public function cast(?bool $cast = null)
+    {
+        if ($cast === null) {
+            return $this->_cast;
+        }
+
+        $this->_cast = $cast;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Magic method to all protected/private class properties to be
+     * easily set, either through a direct access or a
+     * `setCamelCasedProperty()` method.
+     *
+     * Examples:
+     *  $this->my_property = $p;
+     *  $this->setMyProperty() = $p;
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function __set(string $key, $value = null)
+    {
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        // Check if the field should be mutated into a date
+        if (in_array($dbColumn, $this->dates, true)) {
+            $value = $this->mutateDate($value);
+        }
+
+        $value = $this->castAs($value, $dbColumn, 'set');
+
+        // if a setter method exists for this key, use that method to
+        // insert this value. should be outside $isNullable check,
+        // so maybe wants to do sth with null value automatically
+        $method = 'set' . str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(str_replace(['-', '_'], ' ', $dbColumn)));
+
+        // If a "`_set` + $key" method exists, it is a setter.
+        if (method_exists($this, '_' . $method)) {
+            $this->{'_' . $method}($value);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // If a "`set` + $key" method exists, it is also a setter.
+        if (method_exists($this, $method) && $method !== 'setAttributes') {
+            $this->{$method}($value);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, just the value. This allows for creation of new
+        // class properties that are undefined, though they cannot be
+        // saved. Useful for grabbing values through joins, assigning
+        // relationships, etc.
+        $this->attributes[$dbColumn] = $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Magic method to allow retrieval of protected and private class properties
+     * either by their name, or through a `getCamelCasedProperty()` method.
+     *
+     * Examples:
+     *  $p = $this->my_property
+     *  $p = $this->getMyProperty()
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *
+     * @params string $key class property
+     */
+    public function __get(string $key)
+    {
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        $result = null;
+
+        // Convert to CamelCase for the method
+        $method = 'get' . str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(str_replace(['-', '_'], ' ', $dbColumn)));
+
+        // if a getter method exists for this key,
+        // use that method to insert this value.
+        if (method_exists($this, '_' . $method)) {
+            // If a "`_get` + $key" method exists, it is a getter.
+            $result = $this->{'_' . $method}();
+        } elseif (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+            // If a "`get` + $key" method exists, it is also a getter.
+            $result = $this->{$method}();
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise return the protected property
+        // if it exists.
+        elseif (array_key_exists($dbColumn, $this->attributes)) {
+            $result = $this->attributes[$dbColumn];
+        }
+
+        // Do we need to mutate this into a date?
+        if (in_array($dbColumn, $this->dates, true)) {
+            $result = $this->mutateDate($result);
+        }
+        // Or cast it as something?
+        elseif ($this->_cast) {
+            $result = $this->castAs($result, $dbColumn);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if a property exists names $key, or a getter method
+     * exists named like for __get().
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $key): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->isMappedDbColumn($key)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        $method = 'get' . str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(str_replace(['-', '_'], ' ', $dbColumn)));
+
+        if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return isset($this->attributes[$dbColumn]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unsets an attribute property.
+     */
+    public function __unset(string $key): void
+    {
+        if ($this->isMappedDbColumn($key)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        unset($this->attributes[$dbColumn]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this key is mapped db column name?
+     */
+    protected function isMappedDbColumn(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $dbColumn = $this->mapProperty($key);
+
+        // The $key is a property name which has mapped db column name
+        if ($key !== $dbColumn) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->hasMappedProperty($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this key has mapped property?
+     */
+    protected function hasMappedProperty(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $property = array_search($key, $this->datamap, true);
+
+        return $property !== false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Entity/Exceptions/CastException.php b/system/Entity/Exceptions/CastException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e259447b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Entity/Exceptions/CastException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HasExitCodeInterface;
+
+/**
+ * CastException is thrown for invalid cast initialization and management.
+ */
+class CastException extends FrameworkException implements HasExitCodeInterface
+{
+    public function getExitCode(): int
+    {
+        return EXIT_CONFIG;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the cast class does not extends BaseCast.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidInterface(string $class)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cast.baseCastMissing', [$class]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the Json format is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidJsonFormat(int $error)
+    {
+        switch ($error) {
+            case JSON_ERROR_DEPTH:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorDepth'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_STATE_MISMATCH:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorStateMismatch'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_CTRL_CHAR:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorCtrlChar'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_SYNTAX:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorSyntax'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_UTF8:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorUtf8'));
+
+            default:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorUnknown'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the cast method is not `get` or `set`.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMethod(string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cast.invalidCastMethod', [$method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the casting timestamp is not correct timestamp.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidTimestamp()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Cast.invalidTimestamp'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Events/Events.php b/system/Events/Events.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b240dc29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Events/Events.php
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Events;
+
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Events
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Events\EventsTest
+ */
+class Events
+{
+    public const PRIORITY_LOW    = 200;
+    public const PRIORITY_NORMAL = 100;
+    public const PRIORITY_HIGH   = 10;
+
+    /**
+     * The list of listeners.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $listeners = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to let us know if we've read from the Config file(s)
+     * and have all of the defined events.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $initialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, events will not actually be fired.
+     * Useful during testing.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected static $simulate = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores information about the events
+     * for display in the debug toolbar.
+     *
+     * @var array<array<string, float|string>>
+     */
+    protected static $performanceLog = [];
+
+    /**
+     * A list of found files.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected static $files = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that we have a events file ready.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function initialize()
+    {
+        // Don't overwrite anything....
+        if (static::$initialized) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $config = config(Modules::class);
+        $events = APPPATH . 'Config' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'Events.php';
+        $files  = [];
+
+        if ($config->shouldDiscover('events')) {
+            $files = Services::locator()->search('Config/Events.php');
+        }
+
+        $files = array_filter(array_map(static function (string $file) {
+            if (is_file($file)) {
+                return realpath($file) ?: $file;
+            }
+
+            return false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }, $files));
+
+        static::$files = array_unique(array_merge($files, [$events]));
+
+        foreach (static::$files as $file) {
+            include $file;
+        }
+
+        static::$initialized = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers an action to happen on an event. The action can be any sort
+     * of callable:
+     *
+     *  Events::on('create', 'myFunction');               // procedural function
+     *  Events::on('create', ['myClass', 'myMethod']);    // Class::method
+     *  Events::on('create', [$myInstance, 'myMethod']);  // Method on an existing instance
+     *  Events::on('create', function() {});              // Closure
+     *
+     * @param string   $eventName
+     * @param callable $callback
+     * @param int      $priority
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function on($eventName, $callback, $priority = self::PRIORITY_NORMAL)
+    {
+        if (! isset(static::$listeners[$eventName])) {
+            static::$listeners[$eventName] = [
+                true, // If there's only 1 item, it's sorted.
+                [$priority],
+                [$callback],
+            ];
+        } else {
+            static::$listeners[$eventName][0]   = false; // Not sorted
+            static::$listeners[$eventName][1][] = $priority;
+            static::$listeners[$eventName][2][] = $callback;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs through all subscribed methods running them one at a time,
+     * until either:
+     *  a) All subscribers have finished or
+     *  b) a method returns false, at which point execution of subscribers stops.
+     *
+     * @param string $eventName
+     * @param mixed  $arguments
+     */
+    public static function trigger($eventName, ...$arguments): bool
+    {
+        // Read in our Config/Events file so that we have them all!
+        if (! static::$initialized) {
+            static::initialize();
+        }
+
+        $listeners = static::listeners($eventName);
+
+        foreach ($listeners as $listener) {
+            $start = microtime(true);
+
+            $result = static::$simulate === false ? $listener(...$arguments) : true;
+
+            if (CI_DEBUG) {
+                static::$performanceLog[] = [
+                    'start' => $start,
+                    'end'   => microtime(true),
+                    'event' => strtolower($eventName),
+                ];
+            }
+
+            if ($result === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of listeners for a single event. They are
+     * sorted by priority.
+     *
+     * @param string $eventName
+     */
+    public static function listeners($eventName): array
+    {
+        if (! isset(static::$listeners[$eventName])) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // The list is not sorted
+        if (! static::$listeners[$eventName][0]) {
+            // Sort it!
+            array_multisort(static::$listeners[$eventName][1], SORT_NUMERIC, static::$listeners[$eventName][2]);
+
+            // Mark it as sorted already!
+            static::$listeners[$eventName][0] = true;
+        }
+
+        return static::$listeners[$eventName][2];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single listener from an event.
+     *
+     * If the listener couldn't be found, returns FALSE, else TRUE if
+     * it was removed.
+     *
+     * @param string $eventName
+     */
+    public static function removeListener($eventName, callable $listener): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset(static::$listeners[$eventName])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach (static::$listeners[$eventName][2] as $index => $check) {
+            if ($check === $listener) {
+                unset(
+                    static::$listeners[$eventName][1][$index],
+                    static::$listeners[$eventName][2][$index]
+                );
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all listeners.
+     *
+     * If the event_name is specified, only listeners for that event will be
+     * removed, otherwise all listeners for all events are removed.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $eventName
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function removeAllListeners($eventName = null)
+    {
+        if ($eventName !== null) {
+            unset(static::$listeners[$eventName]);
+        } else {
+            static::$listeners = [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path to the file that routes are read from.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function setFiles(array $files)
+    {
+        static::$files = $files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the files that were found/loaded during this request.
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public static function getFiles()
+    {
+        return static::$files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Turns simulation on or off. When on, events will not be triggered,
+     * simply logged. Useful during testing when you don't actually want
+     * the tests to run.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function simulate(bool $choice = true)
+    {
+        static::$simulate = $choice;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Getter for the performance log records.
+     *
+     * @return array<array<string, float|string>>
+     */
+    public static function getPerformanceLogs()
+    {
+        return static::$performanceLog;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/AlertError.php b/system/Exceptions/AlertError.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..274bb73c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/AlertError.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use Error;
+
+/**
+ * Error: Action must be taken immediately (system/db down, etc)
+ */
+class AlertError extends Error
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/CastException.php b/system/Exceptions/CastException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dfb2954
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/CastException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Cast Exceptions.
+ *
+ * @deprecated use CodeIgniter\Entity\Exceptions\CastException instead.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class CastException extends CriticalError implements HasExitCodeInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    public function getExitCode(): int
+    {
+        return EXIT_CONFIG;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidJsonFormatException(int $error)
+    {
+        switch ($error) {
+            case JSON_ERROR_DEPTH:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorDepth'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_STATE_MISMATCH:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorStateMismatch'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_CTRL_CHAR:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorCtrlChar'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_SYNTAX:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorSyntax'));
+
+            case JSON_ERROR_UTF8:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorUtf8'));
+
+            default:
+                return new static(lang('Cast.jsonErrorUnknown'));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php b/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6eea2638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/ConfigException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception for automatic logging.
+ */
+class ConfigException extends CriticalError implements HasExitCodeInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    public function getExitCode(): int
+    {
+        return EXIT_CONFIG;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forDisabledMigrations()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Migrations.disabled'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php b/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5129bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/CriticalError.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use Error;
+
+/**
+ * Error: Critical conditions, like component unavailable, etc.
+ */
+class CriticalError extends Error
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/DebugTraceableTrait.php b/system/Exceptions/DebugTraceableTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5fb691d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/DebugTraceableTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * This trait provides framework exceptions the ability to pinpoint
+ * accurately where the exception was raised rather than instantiated.
+ *
+ * This is used primarily for factory-instantiated exceptions.
+ */
+trait DebugTraceableTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Tweaks the exception's constructor to assign the file/line to where
+     * it is actually raised rather than were it is instantiated.
+     */
+    final public function __construct(string $message = '', int $code = 0, ?Throwable $previous = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+
+        $trace = $this->getTrace()[0];
+
+        if (isset($trace['class']) && $trace['class'] === static::class) {
+            [
+                'line' => $this->line,
+                'file' => $this->file,
+            ] = $trace;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php b/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5626cfef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/DownloadException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Class DownloadException
+ */
+class DownloadException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCannotSetFilePath(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.cannotSetFilepath', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCannotSetBinary()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.cannotSetBinary'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNotFoundDownloadSource()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.notFoundDownloadSource'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCannotSetCache()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.cannotSetCache'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCannotSetStatusCode(int $code, string $reason)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.cannotSetStatusCode', [$code, $reason]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/EmergencyError.php b/system/Exceptions/EmergencyError.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db3e25e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/EmergencyError.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use Error;
+
+/**
+ * Error: system is unusable
+ */
+class EmergencyError extends Error
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be8ac692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a domain-level interface for broad capture
+ * of all framework-related exceptions.
+ *
+ * catch (\CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface) { ... }
+ */
+interface ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php b/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4cafd711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/FrameworkException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Class FrameworkException
+ *
+ * A collection of exceptions thrown by the framework
+ * that can only be determined at run time.
+ */
+class FrameworkException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forEnabledZlibOutputCompression()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Core.enabledZlibOutputCompression'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidFile(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Core.invalidFile', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidDirectory(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Core.invalidDirectory', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCopyError(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Core.copyError', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMissingExtension(string $extension)
+    {
+        if (strpos($extension, 'intl') !== false) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $message = sprintf(
+                'The framework needs the following extension(s) installed and loaded: %s.',
+                $extension
+            );
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        } else {
+            $message = lang('Core.missingExtension', [$extension]);
+        }
+
+        return new static($message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoHandlers(string $class)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Core.noHandlers', [$class]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forFabricatorCreateFailed(string $table, string $reason)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Fabricator.createFailed', [$table, $reason]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php b/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..901f0b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/HTTPExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for Exceptions that has exception code as HTTP status code.
+ */
+interface HTTPExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php b/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3380d00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/HasExitCodeInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for Exceptions that has exception code as exit code.
+ */
+interface HasExitCodeInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns exit status code.
+     */
+    public function getExitCode(): int;
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/ModelException.php b/system/Exceptions/ModelException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39590a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/ModelException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Model Exceptions.
+ */
+class ModelException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoPrimaryKey(string $modelName)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.noPrimaryKey', [$modelName]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoDateFormat(string $modelName)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.noDateFormat', [$modelName]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMethodNotAvailable(string $modelName, string $methodName)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Database.methodNotAvailable', [$modelName, $methodName]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php b/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69e93f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/PageNotFoundException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+use Config\Services;
+use OutOfBoundsException;
+
+class PageNotFoundException extends OutOfBoundsException implements ExceptionInterface, HTTPExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * HTTP status code
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $code = 404;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forPageNotFound(?string $message = null)
+    {
+        return new static($message ?? self::lang('HTTP.pageNotFound'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forEmptyController()
+    {
+        return new static(self::lang('HTTP.emptyController'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forControllerNotFound(string $controller, string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(self::lang('HTTP.controllerNotFound', [$controller, $method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMethodNotFound(string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(self::lang('HTTP.methodNotFound', [$method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forLocaleNotSupported(string $locale)
+    {
+        return new static(self::lang('HTTP.localeNotSupported', [$locale]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get translated system message
+     *
+     * Use a non-shared Language instance in the Services.
+     * If a shared instance is created, the Language will
+     * have the current locale, so even if users call
+     * `$this->request->setLocale()` in the controller afterwards,
+     * the Language locale will not be changed.
+     */
+    private static function lang(string $line, array $args = []): string
+    {
+        $lang = Services::language(null, false);
+
+        return $lang->getLine($line, $args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Exceptions/TestException.php b/system/Exceptions/TestException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dadbbc00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Exceptions/TestException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Exception for automatic logging.
+ */
+class TestException extends CriticalError
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMockClass(string $name)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Test.invalidMockClass', [$name]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b877bad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class FileException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forUnableToMove(?string $from = null, ?string $to = null, ?string $error = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Files.cannotMove', [$from, $to, $error]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when an item is expected to be a directory but is not or is missing.
+     *
+     * @param string $caller The method causing the exception
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forExpectedDirectory(string $caller)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Files.expectedDirectory', [$caller]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when an item is expected to be a file but is not or is missing.
+     *
+     * @param string $caller The method causing the exception
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forExpectedFile(string $caller)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Files.expectedFile', [$caller]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c0f4cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/Exceptions/FileNotFoundException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class FileNotFoundException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forFileNotFound(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Files.fileNotFound', [$path]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Files/File.php b/system/Files/File.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e4ee388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/File.php
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileException;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Mimes;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper for PHP's built-in SplFileInfo, with goodies.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Files\FileTest
+ */
+class File extends SplFileInfo
+{
+    /**
+     * The files size in bytes
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $size;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $originalMimeType;
+
+    /**
+     * Run our SplFileInfo constructor with an optional verification
+     * that the path is really a file.
+     *
+     * @throws FileNotFoundException
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $path, bool $checkFile = false)
+    {
+        if ($checkFile && ! is_file($path)) {
+            throw FileNotFoundException::forFileNotFound($path);
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the file size.
+     *
+     * Implementations SHOULD return the value stored in the "size" key of
+     * the file in the $_FILES array if available, as PHP calculates this based
+     * on the actual size transmitted.
+     *
+     * @return false|int The file size in bytes, or false on failure
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function getSize()
+    {
+        return $this->size ?? ($this->size = parent::getSize());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the file size by unit.
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string
+     */
+    public function getSizeByUnit(string $unit = 'b')
+    {
+        switch (strtolower($unit)) {
+            case 'kb':
+                return number_format($this->getSize() / 1024, 3);
+
+            case 'mb':
+                return number_format(($this->getSize() / 1024) / 1024, 3);
+
+            default:
+                return $this->getSize();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the file extension based on the trusted
+     * getType() method. If the mime type is unknown, will return null.
+     */
+    public function guessExtension(): ?string
+    {
+        // naively get the path extension using pathinfo
+        $pathinfo = pathinfo($this->getRealPath() ?: $this->__toString()) + ['extension' => ''];
+
+        $proposedExtension = $pathinfo['extension'];
+
+        return Mimes::guessExtensionFromType($this->getMimeType(), $proposedExtension);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the media type of the file. SHOULD not use information from
+     * the $_FILES array, but should use other methods to more accurately
+     * determine the type of file, like finfo, or mime_content_type().
+     *
+     * @return string The media type we determined it to be.
+     */
+    public function getMimeType(): string
+    {
+        if (! function_exists('finfo_open')) {
+            return $this->originalMimeType ?? 'application/octet-stream'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $finfo    = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE);
+        $mimeType = finfo_file($finfo, $this->getRealPath() ?: $this->__toString());
+        finfo_close($finfo);
+
+        return $mimeType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a random names based on a simple hash and the time, with
+     * the correct file extension attached.
+     */
+    public function getRandomName(): string
+    {
+        $extension = $this->getExtension();
+        $extension = empty($extension) ? '' : '.' . $extension;
+
+        return Time::now()->getTimestamp() . '_' . bin2hex(random_bytes(10)) . $extension;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves a file to a new location.
+     *
+     * @return File
+     */
+    public function move(string $targetPath, ?string $name = null, bool $overwrite = false)
+    {
+        $targetPath = rtrim($targetPath, '/') . '/';
+        $name ??= $this->getBaseName();
+        $destination = $overwrite ? $targetPath . $name : $this->getDestination($targetPath . $name);
+
+        $oldName = $this->getRealPath() ?: $this->__toString();
+
+        if (! @rename($oldName, $destination)) {
+            $error = error_get_last();
+
+            throw FileException::forUnableToMove($this->getBasename(), $targetPath, strip_tags($error['message']));
+        }
+
+        @chmod($destination, 0777 & ~umask());
+
+        return new self($destination);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the destination path for the move operation where overwriting is not expected.
+     *
+     * First, it checks whether the delimiter is present in the filename, if it is, then it checks whether the
+     * last element is an integer as there may be cases that the delimiter may be present in the filename.
+     * For the all other cases, it appends an integer starting from zero before the file's extension.
+     */
+    public function getDestination(string $destination, string $delimiter = '_', int $i = 0): string
+    {
+        if ($delimiter === '') {
+            $delimiter = '_';
+        }
+
+        while (is_file($destination)) {
+            $info      = pathinfo($destination);
+            $extension = isset($info['extension']) ? '.' . $info['extension'] : '';
+
+            if (strpos($info['filename'], $delimiter) !== false) {
+                $parts = explode($delimiter, $info['filename']);
+
+                if (is_numeric(end($parts))) {
+                    $i = end($parts);
+                    array_pop($parts);
+                    $parts[]     = ++$i;
+                    $destination = $info['dirname'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . implode($delimiter, $parts) . $extension;
+                } else {
+                    $destination = $info['dirname'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $info['filename'] . $delimiter . ++$i . $extension;
+                }
+            } else {
+                $destination = $info['dirname'] . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $info['filename'] . $delimiter . ++$i . $extension;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $destination;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87f987eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Files;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileException;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
+use Countable;
+use Generator;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use IteratorAggregate;
+
+/**
+ * File Collection Class
+ *
+ * Representation for a group of files, with utilities for locating,
+ * filtering, and ordering them.
+ *
+ * @template-implements IteratorAggregate<int, File>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Files\FileCollectionTest
+ */
+class FileCollection implements Countable, IteratorAggregate
+{
+    /**
+     * The current list of file paths.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $files = [];
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Support Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves a full path and verifies it is an actual directory.
+     *
+     * @throws FileException
+     */
+    final protected static function resolveDirectory(string $directory): string
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($directory = set_realpath($directory))) {
+            $caller = debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS, 2)[1];
+
+            throw FileException::forExpectedDirectory($caller['function']);
+        }
+
+        return $directory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves a full path and verifies it is an actual file.
+     *
+     * @throws FileException
+     */
+    final protected static function resolveFile(string $file): string
+    {
+        if (! is_file($file = set_realpath($file))) {
+            $caller = debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS, 2)[1];
+
+            throw FileException::forExpectedFile($caller['function']);
+        }
+
+        return $file;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes files that are not part of the given directory (recursive).
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    final protected static function filterFiles(array $files, string $directory): array
+    {
+        $directory = self::resolveDirectory($directory);
+
+        return array_filter($files, static fn (string $value): bool => strpos($value, $directory) === 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns any files whose `basename` matches the given pattern.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files
+     * @param string   $pattern Regex or pseudo-regex string
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    final protected static function matchFiles(array $files, string $pattern): array
+    {
+        // Convert pseudo-regex into their true form
+        if (@preg_match($pattern, '') === false) {
+            $pattern = str_replace(
+                ['#', '.', '*', '?'],
+                ['\#', '\.', '.*', '.'],
+                $pattern
+            );
+            $pattern = "#{$pattern}#";
+        }
+
+        return array_filter($files, static fn ($value) => (bool) preg_match($pattern, basename($value)));
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Class Core
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the Filesystem helper and adds any initial files.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $files = [])
+    {
+        helper(['filesystem']);
+
+        $this->add($files)->define();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies any initial inputs after the constructor.
+     * This method is a stub to be implemented by child classes.
+     */
+    protected function define(): void
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Optimizes and returns the current file list.
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        $this->files = array_unique($this->files);
+        sort($this->files, SORT_STRING);
+
+        return $this->files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the file list directly, files are still subject to verification.
+     * This works as a "reset" method with [].
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files The new file list to use
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function set(array $files)
+    {
+        $this->files = [];
+
+        return $this->addFiles($files);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an array/single file or directory to the list.
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $paths
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function add($paths, bool $recursive = true)
+    {
+        $paths = (array) $paths;
+
+        foreach ($paths as $path) {
+            if (! is_string($path)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('FileCollection paths must be strings.');
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // Test for a directory
+                self::resolveDirectory($path);
+            } catch (FileException $e) {
+                $this->addFile($path);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->addDirectory($path, $recursive);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // File Handling
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies and adds files to the list.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFiles(array $files)
+    {
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $this->addFile($file);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies and adds a single file to the file list.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFile(string $file)
+    {
+        $this->files[] = self::resolveFile($file);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes files from the list.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $files
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removeFiles(array $files)
+    {
+        $this->files = array_diff($this->files, $files);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single file from the list.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removeFile(string $file)
+    {
+        return $this->removeFiles([$file]);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Directory Handling
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies and adds files from each
+     * directory to the list.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $directories
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addDirectories(array $directories, bool $recursive = false)
+    {
+        foreach ($directories as $directory) {
+            $this->addDirectory($directory, $recursive);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies and adds all files from a directory.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addDirectory(string $directory, bool $recursive = false)
+    {
+        $directory = self::resolveDirectory($directory);
+
+        // Map the directory to depth 2 to so directories become arrays
+        foreach (directory_map($directory, 2, true) as $key => $path) {
+            if (is_string($path)) {
+                $this->addFile($directory . $path);
+            } elseif ($recursive && is_array($path)) {
+                $this->addDirectory($directory . $key, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Filtering
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Removes any files from the list that match the supplied pattern
+     * (within the optional scope).
+     *
+     * @param string      $pattern Regex or pseudo-regex string
+     * @param string|null $scope   The directory to limit the scope
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removePattern(string $pattern, ?string $scope = null)
+    {
+        if ($pattern === '') {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // Start with all files or those in scope
+        $files = $scope === null ? $this->files : self::filterFiles($this->files, $scope);
+
+        // Remove any files that match the pattern
+        return $this->removeFiles(self::matchFiles($files, $pattern));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keeps only the files from the list that match
+     * (within the optional scope).
+     *
+     * @param string      $pattern Regex or pseudo-regex string
+     * @param string|null $scope   A directory to limit the scope
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function retainPattern(string $pattern, ?string $scope = null)
+    {
+        if ($pattern === '') {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // Start with all files or those in scope
+        $files = $scope === null ? $this->files : self::filterFiles($this->files, $scope);
+
+        // Matches the pattern within the scoped files and remove their inverse.
+        return $this->removeFiles(array_diff($files, self::matchFiles($files, $pattern)));
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Interface Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current number of files in the collection.
+     * Fulfills Countable.
+     */
+    public function count(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->files);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Yields as an Iterator for the current files.
+     * Fulfills IteratorAggregate.
+     *
+     * @return Generator<File>
+     *
+     * @throws FileNotFoundException
+     */
+    public function getIterator(): Generator
+    {
+        foreach ($this->get() as $file) {
+            yield new File($file, true);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/CSRF.php b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23e6e254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions\SecurityException;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * CSRF filter.
+ *
+ * This filter is not intended to be used from the command line.
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\CSRFTest
+ */
+class CSRF implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Do whatever processing this filter needs to do.
+     * By default it should not return anything during
+     * normal execution. However, when an abnormal state
+     * is found, it should return an instance of
+     * CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response. If it does, script
+     * execution will end and that Response will be
+     * sent back to the client, allowing for error pages,
+     * redirects, etc.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return RedirectResponse|void
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $security = Services::security();
+
+        try {
+            $security->verify($request);
+        } catch (SecurityException $e) {
+            if ($security->shouldRedirect() && ! $request->isAJAX()) {
+                return redirect()->back()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
+            }
+
+            throw $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * We don't have anything to do here.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75662d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Debug toolbar filter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbarTest
+ */
+class DebugToolbar implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * We don't need to do anything here.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the debug flag is set (CI_DEBUG) then collect performance
+     * and debug information and display it in a toolbar.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        Services::toolbar()->prepare($request, $response);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php b/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04bb36bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/Exceptions/FilterException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+
+/**
+ * FilterException
+ */
+class FilterException extends ConfigException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the provided alias is not within
+     * the list of configured filter aliases.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoAlias(string $alias)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Filters.noFilter', [$alias]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the filter class does not implement FilterInterface.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forIncorrectInterface(string $class)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Filters.incorrectInterface', [$class]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php b/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a3363c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/FilterInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Filter interface
+ */
+interface FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Do whatever processing this filter needs to do.
+     * By default it should not return anything during
+     * normal execution. However, when an abnormal state
+     * is found, it should return an instance of
+     * CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response. If it does, script
+     * execution will end and that Response will be
+     * sent back to the client, allowing for error pages,
+     * redirects, etc.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Allows After filters to inspect and modify the response
+     * object as needed. This method does not allow any way
+     * to stop execution of other after filters, short of
+     * throwing an Exception or Error.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|void
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null);
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/Filters.php b/system/Filters/Filters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df27e3f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/Filters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,665 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions\FilterException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Filters as FiltersConfig;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Filters
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\FiltersTest
+ */
+class Filters
+{
+    /**
+     * The original config file
+     *
+     * @var FiltersConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The active IncomingRequest or CLIRequest
+     *
+     * @var RequestInterface
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * The active Response instance
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle to the modules config.
+     *
+     * @var Modules
+     */
+    protected $modules;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether we've done initial processing
+     * on the filter lists.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $initialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The processed filters that will
+     * be used to check against.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array>
+     */
+    protected $filters = [
+        'before' => [],
+        'after'  => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The collection of filters' class names that will
+     * be used to execute in each position.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array>
+     */
+    protected $filtersClass = [
+        'before' => [],
+        'after'  => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Any arguments to be passed to filters.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<int, string>|null> [name => params]
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, list<string>|null>
+     */
+    protected $arguments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Any arguments to be passed to filtersClass.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array|null> [classname => arguments]
+     * @phpstan-var array<class-string, array<string, list<string>>|null>
+     */
+    protected $argumentsClass = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param FiltersConfig $config
+     */
+    public function __construct($config, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, ?Modules $modules = null)
+    {
+        $this->config  = $config;
+        $this->request = &$request;
+        $this->setResponse($response);
+
+        $this->modules = $modules ?? config(Modules::class);
+
+        if ($this->modules->shouldDiscover('filters')) {
+            $this->discoverFilters();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If discoverFilters is enabled in Config then system will try to
+     * auto-discover custom filters files in Namespaces and allow access to
+     * the config object via the variable $filters as with the routes file
+     *
+     * Sample :
+     * $filters->aliases['custom-auth'] = \Acme\Blob\Filters\BlobAuth::class;
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Use Registrar instead.
+     */
+    private function discoverFilters(): void
+    {
+        $locator = Services::locator();
+
+        // for access by custom filters
+        $filters = $this->config;
+
+        $files = $locator->search('Config/Filters.php');
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $className = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+            // Don't include our main Filter config again...
+            if ($className === FiltersConfig::class) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            include $file;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the response explicitly.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setResponse(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        $this->response = $response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs through all of the filters for the specified
+     * uri and position.
+     *
+     * @param string $uri URI path relative to baseURL
+     *
+     * @return RequestInterface|ResponseInterface|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws FilterException
+     */
+    public function run(string $uri, string $position = 'before')
+    {
+        $this->initialize(strtolower($uri));
+
+        foreach ($this->filtersClass[$position] as $className) {
+            $class = new $className();
+
+            if (! $class instanceof FilterInterface) {
+                throw FilterException::forIncorrectInterface(get_class($class));
+            }
+
+            if ($position === 'before') {
+                $result = $class->before(
+                    $this->request,
+                    $this->argumentsClass[$className] ?? null
+                );
+
+                if ($result instanceof RequestInterface) {
+                    $this->request = $result;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // If the response object was sent back,
+                // then send it and quit.
+                if ($result instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                    // short circuit - bypass any other filters
+                    return $result;
+                }
+                // Ignore an empty result
+                if (empty($result)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return $result;
+            }
+
+            if ($position === 'after') {
+                $result = $class->after(
+                    $this->request,
+                    $this->response,
+                    $this->argumentsClass[$className] ?? null
+                );
+
+                if ($result instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                    $this->response = $result;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $position === 'before' ? $this->request : $this->response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs through our list of filters provided by the configuration
+     * object to get them ready for use, including getting uri masks
+     * to proper regex, removing those we can from the possibilities
+     * based on HTTP method, etc.
+     *
+     * The resulting $this->filters is an array of only filters
+     * that should be applied to this request.
+     *
+     * We go ahead and process the entire tree because we'll need to
+     * run through both a before and after and don't want to double
+     * process the rows.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri URI path relative to baseURL (all lowercase)
+     *
+     * @return Filters
+     */
+    public function initialize(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        if ($this->initialized === true) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $this->processGlobals($uri);
+        $this->processMethods();
+        $this->processFilters($uri);
+
+        // Set the toolbar filter to the last position to be executed
+        if (in_array('toolbar', $this->filters['after'], true)
+            && ($count = count($this->filters['after'])) > 1
+            && $this->filters['after'][$count - 1] !== 'toolbar'
+        ) {
+            array_splice($this->filters['after'], array_search('toolbar', $this->filters['after'], true), 1);
+            $this->filters['after'][] = 'toolbar';
+        }
+
+        $this->processAliasesToClass('before');
+        $this->processAliasesToClass('after');
+
+        $this->initialized = true;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restores instance to its pre-initialized state.
+     * Most useful for testing so the service can be
+     * re-initialized to a different path.
+     */
+    public function reset(): self
+    {
+        $this->initialized = false;
+
+        $this->arguments = $this->argumentsClass = [];
+
+        $this->filters = $this->filtersClass = [
+            'before' => [],
+            'after'  => [],
+        ];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the processed filters array.
+     */
+    public function getFilters(): array
+    {
+        return $this->filters;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filtersClass array.
+     */
+    public function getFiltersClass(): array
+    {
+        return $this->filtersClass;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new alias to the config file.
+     * MUST be called prior to initialize();
+     * Intended for use within routes files.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFilter(string $class, ?string $alias = null, string $when = 'before', string $section = 'globals')
+    {
+        $alias ??= md5($class);
+
+        if (! isset($this->config->{$section})) {
+            $this->config->{$section} = [];
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($this->config->{$section}[$when])) {
+            $this->config->{$section}[$when] = [];
+        }
+
+        $this->config->aliases[$alias] = $class;
+
+        $this->config->{$section}[$when][] = $alias;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that a specific filter is on and enabled for the current request.
+     *
+     * Filters can have "arguments". This is done by placing a colon immediately
+     * after the filter name, followed by a comma-separated list of arguments that
+     * are passed to the filter when executed.
+     *
+     * @param string $name filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use enableFilters(). This method will be private.
+     */
+    public function enableFilter(string $name, string $when = 'before')
+    {
+        // Get arguments and clean name
+        [$name, $arguments]     = $this->getCleanName($name);
+        $this->arguments[$name] = ($arguments !== []) ? $arguments : null;
+
+        if (class_exists($name)) {
+            $this->config->aliases[$name] = $name;
+        } elseif (! array_key_exists($name, $this->config->aliases)) {
+            throw FilterException::forNoAlias($name);
+        }
+
+        $classNames = (array) $this->config->aliases[$name];
+
+        foreach ($classNames as $className) {
+            $this->argumentsClass[$className] = $this->arguments[$name] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($this->filters[$when][$name])) {
+            $this->filters[$when][]    = $name;
+            $this->filtersClass[$when] = array_merge($this->filtersClass[$when], $classNames);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get clean name and arguments
+     *
+     * @param string $name filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * @return array [name, arguments]
+     * @phpstan-return array{0: string, 1: list<string>}
+     */
+    private function getCleanName(string $name): array
+    {
+        $arguments = [];
+
+        if (strpos($name, ':') !== false) {
+            [$name, $arguments] = explode(':', $name);
+
+            $arguments = explode(',', $arguments);
+            array_walk($arguments, static function (&$item) {
+                $item = trim($item);
+            });
+        }
+
+        return [$name, $arguments];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that specific filters are on and enabled for the current request.
+     *
+     * Filters can have "arguments". This is done by placing a colon immediately
+     * after the filter name, followed by a comma-separated list of arguments that
+     * are passed to the filter when executed.
+     *
+     * @params array<string> $names filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * @return Filters
+     */
+    public function enableFilters(array $names, string $when = 'before')
+    {
+        foreach ($names as $filter) {
+            $this->enableFilter($filter, $when);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the arguments for a specified key, or all.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string>|string
+     */
+    public function getArguments(?string $key = null)
+    {
+        return $key === null ? $this->arguments : $this->arguments[$key];
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Processors
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Add any applicable (not excluded) global filter settings to the mix.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri URI path relative to baseURL (all lowercase)
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function processGlobals(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->config->globals) || ! is_array($this->config->globals)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $uri = strtolower(trim($uri ?? '', '/ '));
+
+        // Add any global filters, unless they are excluded for this URI
+        $sets = ['before', 'after'];
+
+        foreach ($sets as $set) {
+            if (isset($this->config->globals[$set])) {
+                // look at each alias in the group
+                foreach ($this->config->globals[$set] as $alias => $rules) {
+                    $keep = true;
+                    if (is_array($rules)) {
+                        // see if it should be excluded
+                        if (isset($rules['except'])) {
+                            // grab the exclusion rules
+                            $check = $rules['except'];
+                            if ($this->checkExcept($uri, $check)) {
+                                $keep = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        $alias = $rules; // simple name of filter to apply
+                    }
+
+                    if ($keep) {
+                        $this->filters[$set][] = $alias;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add any method-specific filters to the mix.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function processMethods()
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->config->methods) || ! is_array($this->config->methods)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Request method won't be set for CLI-based requests
+        $method = strtolower($this->request->getMethod()) ?? 'cli';
+
+        if (array_key_exists($method, $this->config->methods)) {
+            $this->filters['before'] = array_merge($this->filters['before'], $this->config->methods[$method]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add any applicable configured filters to the mix.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri URI path relative to baseURL (all lowercase)
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function processFilters(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->config->filters) || ! $this->config->filters) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $uri = strtolower(trim($uri, '/ '));
+
+        // Add any filters that apply to this URI
+        foreach ($this->config->filters as $alias => $settings) {
+            // Look for inclusion rules
+            if (isset($settings['before'])) {
+                $path = $settings['before'];
+
+                if ($this->pathApplies($uri, $path)) {
+                    // Get arguments and clean name
+                    [$name, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($alias);
+
+                    $this->filters['before'][] = $name;
+
+                    $this->registerArguments($name, $arguments);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isset($settings['after'])) {
+                $path = $settings['after'];
+
+                if ($this->pathApplies($uri, $path)) {
+                    // Get arguments and clean name
+                    [$name, $arguments] = $this->getCleanName($alias);
+
+                    $this->filters['after'][] = $name;
+
+                    // The arguments may have already been registered in the before filter.
+                    // So disable check.
+                    $this->registerArguments($name, $arguments, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $name      filter alias
+     * @param array  $arguments filter arguments
+     * @param bool   $check     if true, check if already defined
+     */
+    private function registerArguments(string $name, array $arguments, bool $check = true): void
+    {
+        if ($arguments !== []) {
+            if ($check && array_key_exists($name, $this->arguments)) {
+                throw new ConfigException(
+                    '"' . $name . '" already has arguments: '
+                    . (($this->arguments[$name] === null) ? 'null' : implode(',', $this->arguments[$name]))
+                );
+            }
+
+            $this->arguments[$name] = $arguments;
+        }
+
+        $classNames = (array) $this->config->aliases[$name];
+
+        foreach ($classNames as $className) {
+            $this->argumentsClass[$className] = $this->arguments[$name] ?? null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Maps filter aliases to the equivalent filter classes
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws FilterException
+     */
+    protected function processAliasesToClass(string $position)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->filters[$position] as $alias => $rules) {
+            if (is_numeric($alias) && is_string($rules)) {
+                $alias = $rules;
+            }
+
+            if (! array_key_exists($alias, $this->config->aliases)) {
+                throw FilterException::forNoAlias($alias);
+            }
+
+            if (is_array($this->config->aliases[$alias])) {
+                $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_merge($this->filtersClass[$position], $this->config->aliases[$alias]);
+            } else {
+                $this->filtersClass[$position][] = $this->config->aliases[$alias];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // when using enableFilter() we already write the class name in $filtersClass as well as the
+        // alias in $filters. This leads to duplicates when using route filters.
+        // Since some filters like rate limiters rely on being executed once a request we filter em here.
+        $this->filtersClass[$position] = array_values(array_unique($this->filtersClass[$position]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check paths for match for URI
+     *
+     * @param string       $uri   URI to test against
+     * @param array|string $paths The path patterns to test
+     *
+     * @return bool True if any of the paths apply to the URI
+     */
+    private function pathApplies(string $uri, $paths)
+    {
+        // empty path matches all
+        if (empty($paths)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // make sure the paths are iterable
+        if (is_string($paths)) {
+            $paths = [$paths];
+        }
+
+        return $this->checkPseudoRegex($uri, $paths);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check except paths
+     *
+     * @param string       $uri   URI path relative to baseURL (all lowercase)
+     * @param array|string $paths The except path patterns
+     *
+     * @return bool True if the URI matches except paths.
+     */
+    private function checkExcept(string $uri, $paths): bool
+    {
+        // empty array does not match anything
+        if ($paths === []) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // make sure the paths are iterable
+        if (is_string($paths)) {
+            $paths = [$paths];
+        }
+
+        return $this->checkPseudoRegex($uri, $paths);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check the URI path as pseudo-regex
+     *
+     * @param string $uri   URI path relative to baseURL (all lowercase)
+     * @param array  $paths The except path patterns
+     */
+    private function checkPseudoRegex(string $uri, array $paths): bool
+    {
+        // treat each path as pseudo-regex
+        foreach ($paths as $path) {
+            // need to escape path separators
+            $path = str_replace('/', '\/', trim($path, '/ '));
+            // need to make pseudo wildcard real
+            $path = strtolower(str_replace('*', '.*', $path));
+
+            // Does this rule apply here?
+            if (preg_match('#^' . $path . '$#', $uri, $match) === 1) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/Honeypot.php b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e30e90f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Exceptions\HoneypotException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Honeypot filter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\HoneypotTest
+ */
+class Honeypot implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Checks if Honeypot field is empty, if not then the
+     * requester is a bot
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @throws HoneypotException
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (Services::honeypot()->hasContent($request)) {
+            throw HoneypotException::isBot();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attach a honeypot to the current response.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        Services::honeypot()->attachHoneypot($response);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93124fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions\SecurityException;
+
+/**
+ * InvalidChars filter.
+ *
+ * Check if user input data ($_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE, php://input) do not contain
+ * invalid characters:
+ *   - invalid UTF-8 characters
+ *   - control characters except line break and tab code
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\InvalidCharsTest
+ */
+class InvalidChars implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Data source
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $source;
+
+    /**
+     * Regular expressions for valid control codes
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $controlCodeRegex = '/\A[\r\n\t[:^cntrl:]]*\z/u';
+
+    /**
+     * Check invalid characters.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $data = [
+            'get'      => $request->getGet(),
+            'post'     => $request->getPost(),
+            'cookie'   => $request->getCookie(),
+            'rawInput' => $request->getRawInput(),
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($data as $source => $values) {
+            $this->source = $source;
+            $this->checkEncoding($values);
+            $this->checkControl($values);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * We don't have anything to do here.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check the character encoding is valid UTF-8.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $value
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     */
+    protected function checkEncoding($value)
+    {
+        if (is_array($value)) {
+            array_map([$this, 'checkEncoding'], $value);
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (mb_check_encoding($value, 'UTF-8')) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        throw SecurityException::forInvalidUTF8Chars($this->source, $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check for the presence of control characters except line breaks and tabs.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $value
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     */
+    protected function checkControl($value)
+    {
+        if (is_array($value)) {
+            array_map([$this, 'checkControl'], $value);
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match($this->controlCodeRegex, $value) === 1) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        throw SecurityException::forInvalidControlChars($this->source, $value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..952926b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Add Common Security Headers
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\SecureHeadersTest
+ */
+class SecureHeaders implements FilterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $headers = [
+        // https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/#x-frame-options
+        'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
+
+        // https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/#x-content-type-options
+        'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
+
+        // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/internet-explorer/ie-developer/compatibility/jj542450(v=vs.85)#the-noopen-directive
+        'X-Download-Options' => 'noopen',
+
+        // https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/#x-permitted-cross-domain-policies
+        'X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies' => 'none',
+
+        // https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/#referrer-policy
+        'Referrer-Policy' => 'same-origin',
+
+        // https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/#x-xss-protection
+        // If you do not need to support legacy browsers, it is recommended that you use
+        // Content-Security-Policy without allowing unsafe-inline scripts instead.
+        // 'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * We don't have anything to do here.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add security headers.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $arguments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->headers as $header => $value) {
+            $response->setHeader($header, $value);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php b/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55c36d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Format/Exceptions/FormatException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DebugTraceableTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * FormatException
+ */
+class FormatException extends RuntimeException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    use DebugTraceableTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the instantiated class does not exist.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidFormatter(string $class)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Format.invalidFormatter', [$class]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown in JSONFormatter when the json_encode produces
+     * an error code other than JSON_ERROR_NONE and JSON_ERROR_RECURSION.
+     *
+     * @param string $error The error message
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidJSON(?string $error = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Format.invalidJSON', [$error]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the supplied MIME type has no
+     * defined Formatter class.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMime(string $mime)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Format.invalidMime', [$mime]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown on XMLFormatter when the `simplexml` extension
+     * is not installed.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function forMissingExtension()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Format.missingExtension'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Format/Format.php b/system/Format/Format.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b4eb73f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Format/Format.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Format;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions\FormatException;
+use Config\Format as FormatConfig;
+
+/**
+ * The Format class is a convenient place to create Formatters.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\FormatTest
+ */
+class Format
+{
+    /**
+     * Configuration instance
+     *
+     * @var FormatConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(FormatConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current configuration instance.
+     *
+     * @return FormatConfig
+     */
+    public function getConfig()
+    {
+        return $this->config;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A Factory method to return the appropriate formatter for the given mime type.
+     *
+     * @throws FormatException
+     */
+    public function getFormatter(string $mime): FormatterInterface
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($mime, $this->config->formatters)) {
+            throw FormatException::forInvalidMime($mime);
+        }
+
+        $className = $this->config->formatters[$mime];
+
+        if (! class_exists($className)) {
+            throw FormatException::forInvalidFormatter($className);
+        }
+
+        $class = new $className();
+
+        if (! $class instanceof FormatterInterface) {
+            throw FormatException::forInvalidFormatter($className);
+        }
+
+        return $class;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php b/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e8e9bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Format/FormatterInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Format;
+
+/**
+ * Formatter interface
+ */
+interface FormatterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes the given data and formats it.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $data
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    public function format($data);
+}
diff --git a/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e708e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Format;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions\FormatException;
+use Config\Format;
+
+/**
+ * JSON data formatter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatterTest
+ */
+class JSONFormatter implements FormatterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes the given data and formats it.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return false|string (JSON string | false)
+     */
+    public function format($data)
+    {
+        $config = new Format();
+
+        $options = $config->formatterOptions['application/json'] ?? JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES;
+        $options |= JSON_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_ON_ERROR;
+
+        $options = ENVIRONMENT === 'production' ? $options : $options | JSON_PRETTY_PRINT;
+
+        $result = json_encode($data, $options, 512);
+
+        if (! in_array(json_last_error(), [JSON_ERROR_NONE, JSON_ERROR_RECURSION], true)) {
+            throw FormatException::forInvalidJSON(json_last_error_msg());
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51b3003e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Format;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Format\Exceptions\FormatException;
+use Config\Format;
+use SimpleXMLElement;
+
+/**
+ * XML data formatter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatterTest
+ */
+class XMLFormatter implements FormatterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes the given data and formats it.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return false|string (XML string | false)
+     */
+    public function format($data)
+    {
+        $config = new Format();
+
+        // SimpleXML is installed but default
+        // but best to check, and then provide a fallback.
+        if (! extension_loaded('simplexml')) {
+            throw FormatException::forMissingExtension(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $options = $config->formatterOptions['application/xml'] ?? 0;
+        $output  = new SimpleXMLElement('<?xml version="1.0"?><response></response>', $options);
+
+        $this->arrayToXML((array) $data, $output);
+
+        return $output->asXML();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A recursive method to convert an array into a valid XML string.
+     *
+     * Written by CodexWorld. Received permission by email on Nov 24, 2016 to use this code.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.codexworld.com/convert-array-to-xml-in-php/
+     *
+     * @param SimpleXMLElement $output
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function arrayToXML(array $data, &$output)
+    {
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            $key = $this->normalizeXMLTag($key);
+
+            if (is_array($value)) {
+                $subnode = $output->addChild("{$key}");
+                $this->arrayToXML($value, $subnode);
+            } else {
+                $output->addChild("{$key}", htmlspecialchars("{$value}"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes tags into the allowed by W3C.
+     * Regex adopted from this StackOverflow answer.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $key
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60001029/invalid-characters-in-xml-tag-name
+     */
+    protected function normalizeXMLTag($key)
+    {
+        $startChar = 'A-Z_a-z' .
+            '\\x{C0}-\\x{D6}\\x{D8}-\\x{F6}\\x{F8}-\\x{2FF}\\x{370}-\\x{37D}' .
+            '\\x{37F}-\\x{1FFF}\\x{200C}-\\x{200D}\\x{2070}-\\x{218F}' .
+            '\\x{2C00}-\\x{2FEF}\\x{3001}-\\x{D7FF}\\x{F900}-\\x{FDCF}' .
+            '\\x{FDF0}-\\x{FFFD}\\x{10000}-\\x{EFFFF}';
+        $validName = $startChar . '\\.\\d\\x{B7}\\x{300}-\\x{36F}\\x{203F}-\\x{2040}';
+
+        $key = trim($key);
+        $key = preg_replace("/[^{$validName}-]+/u", '', $key);
+        $key = preg_replace("/^[^{$startChar}]+/u", 'item$0', $key);
+
+        return preg_replace('/^(xml).*/iu', 'item$0', $key); // XML is a reserved starting word
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..878e8a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use Config\App;
+use Locale;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a request from the command-line. Provides additional
+ * tools to interact with that request since CLI requests are not
+ * static like HTTP requests might be.
+ *
+ * Portions of this code were initially from the FuelPHP Framework,
+ * version 1.7.x, and used here under the MIT license they were
+ * originally made available under.
+ *
+ * http://fuelphp.com
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequestTest
+ */
+class CLIRequest extends Request
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores the segments of our cli "URI" command.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $segments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Command line options and their values.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $options = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Command line arguments (segments and options).
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $args = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Set the expected HTTP verb
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $method = 'cli';
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(App $config)
+    {
+        if (! is_cli()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(static::class . ' needs to run from the command line.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        // Don't terminate the script when the cli's tty goes away
+        ignore_user_abort(true);
+
+        $this->parseCommand();
+
+        // Set SiteURI for this request
+        $this->uri = new SiteURI($config, $this->getPath());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "path" of the request script so that it can be used
+     * in routing to the appropriate controller/method.
+     *
+     * The path is determined by treating the command line arguments
+     * as if it were a URL - up until we hit our first option.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *      php index.php users 21 profile -foo bar
+     *
+     *      // Routes to /users/21/profile (index is removed for routing sake)
+     *      // with the option foo = bar.
+     */
+    public function getPath(): string
+    {
+        $path = implode('/', $this->segments);
+
+        return empty($path) ? '' : $path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an associative array of all CLI options found, with
+     * their values.
+     */
+    public function getOptions(): array
+    {
+        return $this->options;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of all CLI arguments (segments and options).
+     */
+    public function getArgs(): array
+    {
+        return $this->args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the path segments.
+     */
+    public function getSegments(): array
+    {
+        return $this->segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value for a single CLI option that was passed in.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getOption(string $key)
+    {
+        return $this->options[$key] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the options as a string, suitable for passing along on
+     * the CLI to other commands.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *      $options = [
+     *          'foo' => 'bar',
+     *          'baz' => 'queue some stuff'
+     *      ];
+     *
+     *      getOptionString() = '-foo bar -baz "queue some stuff"'
+     */
+    public function getOptionString(bool $useLongOpts = false): string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->options)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($this->options as $name => $value) {
+            if ($useLongOpts && mb_strlen($name) > 1) {
+                $out .= "--{$name} ";
+            } else {
+                $out .= "-{$name} ";
+            }
+
+            if ($value === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (mb_strpos($value, ' ') !== false) {
+                $out .= '"' . $value . '" ';
+            } else {
+                $out .= "{$value} ";
+            }
+        }
+
+        return trim($out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the command line it was called from and collects all options
+     * and valid segments.
+     *
+     * NOTE: I tried to use getopt but had it fail occasionally to find
+     * any options, where argv has always had our back.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function parseCommand()
+    {
+        $args = $this->getServer('argv');
+        array_shift($args); // Scrap index.php
+
+        $optionValue = false;
+
+        foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
+            if (mb_strpos($arg, '-') !== 0) {
+                if ($optionValue) {
+                    $optionValue = false;
+                } else {
+                    $this->segments[] = $arg;
+                    $this->args[]     = $arg;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $arg   = ltrim($arg, '-');
+            $value = null;
+
+            if (isset($args[$i + 1]) && mb_strpos($args[$i + 1], '-') !== 0) {
+                $value       = $args[$i + 1];
+                $optionValue = true;
+            }
+
+            $this->options[$arg] = $value;
+            $this->args[$arg]    = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if this request was made from the command line (CLI).
+     */
+    public function isCLI(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from GET data.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_GET.
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply.
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getGet($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->returnNullOrEmptyArray($index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from POST.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_POST.
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getPost($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->returnNullOrEmptyArray($index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from POST data with fallback to GET.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_POST or $_GET
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getPostGet($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->returnNullOrEmptyArray($index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from GET data with fallback to POST.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_GET or $_POST
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getGetPost($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->returnNullOrEmptyArray($index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is a place holder for calls from cookie_helper get_cookie().
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_COOKIE
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to be applied
+     * @param mixed             $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getCookie($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->returnNullOrEmptyArray($index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string|null $index
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    private function returnNullOrEmptyArray($index)
+    {
+        return ($index === null || is_array($index)) ? [] : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current locale, with a fallback to the default
+     * locale if none is set.
+     */
+    public function getLocale(): string
+    {
+        return Locale::getDefault();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks this request type.
+     *
+     * @param string $type HTTP verb or 'json' or 'ajax'
+     * @phpstan-param string|'get'|'post'|'put'|'delete'|'head'|'patch'|'options'|'json'|'ajax' $type
+     */
+    public function is(string $type): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8b3b9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\CURLRequest as ConfigCURLRequest;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * A lightweight HTTP client for sending synchronous HTTP requests via cURL.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequestTest
+ */
+class CURLRequest extends OutgoingRequest
+{
+    /**
+     * The response object associated with this request
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * The original response object associated with this request
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $responseOrig;
+
+    /**
+     * The URI associated with this request
+     *
+     * @var URI
+     */
+    protected $baseURI;
+
+    /**
+     * The setting values
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The default setting values
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $defaultConfig = [
+        'timeout'         => 0.0,
+        'connect_timeout' => 150,
+        'debug'           => false,
+        'verify'          => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Default values for when 'allow_redirects'
+     * option is true.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $redirectDefaults = [
+        'max'       => 5,
+        'strict'    => true,
+        'protocols' => [
+            'http',
+            'https',
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The number of milliseconds to delay before
+     * sending the request.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $delay = 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * The default options from the constructor. Applied to all requests.
+     */
+    private array $defaultOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether share options between requests or not.
+     *
+     * If true, all the options won't be reset between requests.
+     * It may cause an error request with unnecessary headers.
+     */
+    private bool $shareOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an array of options to set the following possible class properties:
+     *
+     *  - baseURI
+     *  - timeout
+     *  - any other request options to use as defaults.
+     */
+    public function __construct(App $config, URI $uri, ?ResponseInterface $response = null, array $options = [])
+    {
+        if (! function_exists('curl_version')) {
+            throw HTTPException::forMissingCurl(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct('GET', $uri);
+
+        $this->responseOrig   = $response ?? new Response(config(App::class));
+        $this->baseURI        = $uri->useRawQueryString();
+        $this->defaultOptions = $options;
+
+        /** @var ConfigCURLRequest|null $configCURLRequest */
+        $configCURLRequest  = config(ConfigCURLRequest::class);
+        $this->shareOptions = $configCURLRequest->shareOptions ?? true;
+
+        $this->config = $this->defaultConfig;
+        $this->parseOptions($options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends an HTTP request to the specified $url. If this is a relative
+     * URL, it will be merged with $this->baseURI to form a complete URL.
+     *
+     * @param string $method
+     */
+    public function request($method, string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        $this->response = clone $this->responseOrig;
+
+        $this->parseOptions($options);
+
+        $url = $this->prepareURL($url);
+
+        $method = esc(strip_tags($method));
+
+        $this->send($method, $url);
+
+        if ($this->shareOptions === false) {
+            $this->resetOptions();
+        }
+
+        return $this->response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset all options to default.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function resetOptions()
+    {
+        // Reset headers
+        $this->headers   = [];
+        $this->headerMap = [];
+
+        // Reset body
+        $this->body = null;
+
+        // Reset configs
+        $this->config = $this->defaultConfig;
+
+        // Set the default options for next request
+        $this->parseOptions($this->defaultOptions);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a GET request.
+     */
+    public function get(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('get', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a DELETE request.
+     */
+    public function delete(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('delete', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a HEAD request.
+     */
+    public function head(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('head', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending an OPTIONS request.
+     */
+    public function options(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('options', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a PATCH request.
+     */
+    public function patch(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('patch', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a POST request.
+     */
+    public function post(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('post', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for sending a PUT request.
+     */
+    public function put(string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        return $this->request('put', $url, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the HTTP Authentication.
+     *
+     * @param string $type basic or digest
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setAuth(string $username, string $password, string $type = 'basic')
+    {
+        $this->config['auth'] = [
+            $username,
+            $password,
+            $type,
+        ];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set form data to be sent.
+     *
+     * @param bool $multipart Set TRUE if you are sending CURLFiles
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setForm(array $params, bool $multipart = false)
+    {
+        if ($multipart) {
+            $this->config['multipart'] = $params;
+        } else {
+            $this->config['form_params'] = $params;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set JSON data to be sent.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setJSON($data)
+    {
+        $this->config['json'] = $data;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the correct settings based on the options array
+     * passed in.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function parseOptions(array $options)
+    {
+        if (array_key_exists('baseURI', $options)) {
+            $this->baseURI = $this->baseURI->setURI($options['baseURI']);
+            unset($options['baseURI']);
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('headers', $options) && is_array($options['headers'])) {
+            foreach ($options['headers'] as $name => $value) {
+                $this->setHeader($name, $value);
+            }
+
+            unset($options['headers']);
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('delay', $options)) {
+            // Convert from the milliseconds passed in
+            // to the seconds that sleep requires.
+            $this->delay = (float) $options['delay'] / 1000;
+            unset($options['delay']);
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists('body', $options)) {
+            $this->setBody($options['body']);
+            unset($options['body']);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($options as $key => $value) {
+            $this->config[$key] = $value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the $url is a relative URL, will attempt to create
+     * a full URL by prepending $this->baseURI to it.
+     */
+    protected function prepareURL(string $url): string
+    {
+        // If it's a full URI, then we have nothing to do here...
+        if (strpos($url, '://') !== false) {
+            return $url;
+        }
+
+        $uri = $this->baseURI->resolveRelativeURI($url);
+
+        // Create the string instead of casting to prevent baseURL muddling
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the request method. Overrides the Request class' method
+     * since users expect a different answer here.
+     *
+     * @param bool|false $upper Whether to return in upper or lower case.
+     */
+    public function getMethod(bool $upper = false): string
+    {
+        return ($upper) ? strtoupper($this->method) : strtolower($this->method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fires the actual cURL request.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    public function send(string $method, string $url)
+    {
+        // Reset our curl options so we're on a fresh slate.
+        $curlOptions = [];
+
+        if (! empty($this->config['query']) && is_array($this->config['query'])) {
+            // This is likely too naive a solution.
+            // Should look into handling when $url already
+            // has query vars on it.
+            $url .= '?' . http_build_query($this->config['query']);
+            unset($this->config['query']);
+        }
+
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_URL]            = $url;
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER] = true;
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HEADER]         = true;
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT]  = true;
+        // Disable @file uploads in post data.
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_SAFE_UPLOAD] = true;
+
+        $curlOptions = $this->setCURLOptions($curlOptions, $this->config);
+        $curlOptions = $this->applyMethod($method, $curlOptions);
+        $curlOptions = $this->applyRequestHeaders($curlOptions);
+
+        // Do we need to delay this request?
+        if ($this->delay > 0) {
+            usleep((int) $this->delay * 1_000_000);
+        }
+
+        $output = $this->sendRequest($curlOptions);
+
+        // Set the string we want to break our response from
+        $breakString = "\r\n\r\n";
+
+        if (strpos($output, 'HTTP/1.1 100 Continue') === 0) {
+            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
+        }
+
+        if (strpos($output, 'HTTP/1.1 200 Connection established') === 0) {
+            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
+        }
+
+        // If request and response have Digest
+        if (isset($this->config['auth'][2]) && $this->config['auth'][2] === 'digest' && strpos($output, 'WWW-Authenticate: Digest') !== false) {
+            $output = substr($output, strpos($output, $breakString) + 4);
+        }
+
+        // Split out our headers and body
+        $break = strpos($output, $breakString);
+
+        if ($break !== false) {
+            // Our headers
+            $headers = explode("\n", substr($output, 0, $break));
+
+            $this->setResponseHeaders($headers);
+
+            // Our body
+            $body = substr($output, $break + 4);
+            $this->response->setBody($body);
+        } else {
+            $this->response->setBody($output);
+        }
+
+        return $this->response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds $this->headers to the cURL request.
+     */
+    protected function applyRequestHeaders(array $curlOptions = []): array
+    {
+        if (empty($this->headers)) {
+            return $curlOptions;
+        }
+
+        $set = [];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->headers) as $name) {
+            $set[] = $name . ': ' . $this->getHeaderLine($name);
+        }
+
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER] = $set;
+
+        return $curlOptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply method
+     */
+    protected function applyMethod(string $method, array $curlOptions): array
+    {
+        $method = strtoupper($method);
+
+        $this->method                       = $method;
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST] = $method;
+
+        $size = strlen($this->body ?? '');
+
+        // Have content?
+        if ($size > 0) {
+            return $this->applyBody($curlOptions);
+        }
+
+        if ($method === 'PUT' || $method === 'POST') {
+            // See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.2
+            if ($this->header('content-length') === null && ! isset($this->config['multipart'])) {
+                $this->setHeader('Content-Length', '0');
+            }
+        } elseif ($method === 'HEAD') {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_NOBODY] = 1;
+        }
+
+        return $curlOptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply body
+     */
+    protected function applyBody(array $curlOptions = []): array
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->body)) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS] = (string) $this->getBody();
+        }
+
+        return $curlOptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the header retrieved from the cURL response into
+     * our Response object.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function setResponseHeaders(array $headers = [])
+    {
+        foreach ($headers as $header) {
+            if (($pos = strpos($header, ':')) !== false) {
+                $title = substr($header, 0, $pos);
+                $value = substr($header, $pos + 1);
+
+                $this->response->setHeader($title, $value);
+            } elseif (strpos($header, 'HTTP') === 0) {
+                preg_match('#^HTTP\/([12](?:\.[01])?) (\d+) (.+)#', $header, $matches);
+
+                if (isset($matches[1])) {
+                    $this->response->setProtocolVersion($matches[1]);
+                }
+
+                if (isset($matches[2])) {
+                    $this->response->setStatusCode((int) $matches[2], $matches[3] ?? null);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set CURL options
+     *
+     * @return array
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    protected function setCURLOptions(array $curlOptions = [], array $config = [])
+    {
+        // Auth Headers
+        if (! empty($config['auth'])) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_USERPWD] = $config['auth'][0] . ':' . $config['auth'][1];
+
+            if (! empty($config['auth'][2]) && strtolower($config['auth'][2]) === 'digest') {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH] = CURLAUTH_DIGEST;
+            } else {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH] = CURLAUTH_BASIC;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Certificate
+        if (! empty($config['cert'])) {
+            $cert = $config['cert'];
+
+            if (is_array($cert)) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_SSLCERTPASSWD] = $cert[1];
+                $cert                               = $cert[0];
+            }
+
+            if (! is_file($cert)) {
+                throw HTTPException::forSSLCertNotFound($cert);
+            }
+
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_SSLCERT] = $cert;
+        }
+
+        // SSL Verification
+        if (isset($config['verify'])) {
+            if (is_string($config['verify'])) {
+                $file = realpath($config['ssl_key']) ?: $config['ssl_key'];
+
+                if (! is_file($file)) {
+                    throw HTTPException::forInvalidSSLKey($config['ssl_key']);
+                }
+
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_CAINFO]         = $file;
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER] = 1;
+            } elseif (is_bool($config['verify'])) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER] = $config['verify'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Proxy
+        if (isset($config['proxy'])) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL] = true;
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_PROXY]           = $config['proxy'];
+        }
+
+        // Debug
+        if ($config['debug']) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_VERBOSE] = 1;
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_STDERR]  = is_string($config['debug']) ? fopen($config['debug'], 'a+b') : fopen('php://stderr', 'wb');
+        }
+
+        // Decode Content
+        if (! empty($config['decode_content'])) {
+            $accept = $this->getHeaderLine('Accept-Encoding');
+
+            if ($accept !== '') {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_ENCODING] = $accept;
+            } else {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_ENCODING]   = '';
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER] = 'Accept-Encoding';
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Allow Redirects
+        if (array_key_exists('allow_redirects', $config)) {
+            $settings = $this->redirectDefaults;
+
+            if (is_array($config['allow_redirects'])) {
+                $settings = array_merge($settings, $config['allow_redirects']);
+            }
+
+            if ($config['allow_redirects'] === false) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION] = 0;
+            } else {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION] = 1;
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS]      = $settings['max'];
+
+                if ($settings['strict'] === true) {
+                    $curlOptions[CURLOPT_POSTREDIR] = 1 | 2 | 4;
+                }
+
+                $protocols = 0;
+
+                foreach ($settings['protocols'] as $proto) {
+                    $protocols += constant('CURLPROTO_' . strtoupper($proto));
+                }
+
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS] = $protocols;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Timeout
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS] = (float) $config['timeout'] * 1000;
+
+        // Connection Timeout
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS] = (float) $config['connect_timeout'] * 1000;
+
+        // Post Data - application/x-www-form-urlencoded
+        if (! empty($config['form_params']) && is_array($config['form_params'])) {
+            $postFields                      = http_build_query($config['form_params']);
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS] = $postFields;
+
+            // Ensure content-length is set, since CURL doesn't seem to
+            // calculate it when HTTPHEADER is set.
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Length', (string) strlen($postFields));
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
+        }
+
+        // Post Data - multipart/form-data
+        if (! empty($config['multipart']) && is_array($config['multipart'])) {
+            // setting the POSTFIELDS option automatically sets multipart
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS] = $config['multipart'];
+        }
+
+        // HTTP Errors
+        $curlOptions[CURLOPT_FAILONERROR] = array_key_exists('http_errors', $config) ? (bool) $config['http_errors'] : true;
+
+        // JSON
+        if (isset($config['json'])) {
+            // Will be set as the body in `applyBody()`
+            $json = json_encode($config['json']);
+            $this->setBody($json);
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Length', (string) strlen($json));
+        }
+
+        // version
+        if (! empty($config['version'])) {
+            if ($config['version'] === 1.0) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0;
+            } elseif ($config['version'] === 1.1) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1;
+            } elseif ($config['version'] === 2.0) {
+                $curlOptions[CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION] = CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Cookie
+        if (isset($config['cookie'])) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR]  = $config['cookie'];
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE] = $config['cookie'];
+        }
+
+        // User Agent
+        if (isset($config['user_agent'])) {
+            $curlOptions[CURLOPT_USERAGENT] = $config['user_agent'];
+        }
+
+        return $curlOptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual work of initializing cURL, setting the options,
+     * and grabbing the output.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected function sendRequest(array $curlOptions = []): string
+    {
+        $ch = curl_init();
+
+        curl_setopt_array($ch, $curlOptions);
+
+        // Send the request and wait for a response.
+        $output = curl_exec($ch);
+
+        if ($output === false) {
+            throw HTTPException::forCurlError((string) curl_errno($ch), curl_error($ch));
+        }
+
+        curl_close($ch);
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php b/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37b0ce65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
@@ -0,0 +1,817 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use Config\App;
+use Config\ContentSecurityPolicy as ContentSecurityPolicyConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Provides tools for working with the Content-Security-Policy header
+ * to help defeat XSS attacks.
+ *
+ * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
+ * @see http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/
+ * @see http://content-security-policy.com/
+ * @see https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Content_Security_Policy
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\ContentSecurityPolicyTest
+ */
+class ContentSecurityPolicy
+{
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $baseURI = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $childSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $connectSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $defaultSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $fontSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $formAction = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $frameAncestors = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $frameSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $imageSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $mediaSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $objectSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $pluginTypes = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $reportURI;
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $sandbox = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $scriptSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $styleSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $manifestSrc = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $upgradeInsecureRequests = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $reportOnly = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $validSources = [
+        'self',
+        'none',
+        'unsafe-inline',
+        'unsafe-eval',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Used for security enforcement
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $nonces = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce for style
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $styleNonce;
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce for script
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $scriptNonce;
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce tag for style
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $styleNonceTag = '{csp-style-nonce}';
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce tag for script
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $scriptNonceTag = '{csp-script-nonce}';
+
+    /**
+     * Replace nonce tag automatically
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $autoNonce = true;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of header info since we have
+     * to build ourself before passing to Response.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $tempHeaders = [];
+
+    /**
+     * An array of header info to build
+     * that should only be reported.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $reportOnlyHeaders = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether Content Security Policy is being enforced.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $CSPEnabled = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Stores our default values from the Config file.
+     */
+    public function __construct(ContentSecurityPolicyConfig $config)
+    {
+        $appConfig        = config(App::class);
+        $this->CSPEnabled = $appConfig->CSPEnabled;
+
+        foreach (get_object_vars($config) as $setting => $value) {
+            if (property_exists($this, $setting)) {
+                $this->{$setting} = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->styleSrc)) {
+            $this->styleSrc = [$this->styleSrc];
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->scriptSrc)) {
+            $this->scriptSrc = [$this->scriptSrc];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether Content Security Policy is being enforced.
+     */
+    public function enabled(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->CSPEnabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the nonce for the style tag.
+     */
+    public function getStyleNonce(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->styleNonce === null) {
+            $this->styleNonce = bin2hex(random_bytes(12));
+            $this->styleSrc[] = 'nonce-' . $this->styleNonce;
+        }
+
+        return $this->styleNonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the nonce for the script tag.
+     */
+    public function getScriptNonce(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->scriptNonce === null) {
+            $this->scriptNonce = bin2hex(random_bytes(12));
+            $this->scriptSrc[] = 'nonce-' . $this->scriptNonce;
+        }
+
+        return $this->scriptNonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles and sets the appropriate headers in the request.
+     *
+     * Should be called just prior to sending the response to the user agent.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function finalize(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        if ($this->autoNonce) {
+            $this->generateNonces($response);
+        }
+
+        $this->buildHeaders($response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, nothing will be restricted. Instead all violations will
+     * be reported to the reportURI for monitoring. This is useful when
+     * you are just starting to implement the policy, and will help
+     * determine what errors need to be addressed before you turn on
+     * all filtering.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function reportOnly(bool $value = true)
+    {
+        $this->reportOnly = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new base_uri value. Can be either a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * base_uri restricts the URLs that can appear in a page's <base> element.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-base-uri
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addBaseURI($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'baseURI', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for a form's action. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * child-src lists the URLs for workers and embedded frame contents.
+     * For example: child-src https://youtube.com would enable embedding
+     * videos from YouTube but not from other origins.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-child-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addChildSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'childSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for a form's action. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * connect-src limits the origins to which you can connect
+     * (via XHR, WebSockets, and EventSource).
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-connect-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addConnectSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'connectSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for a form's action. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * default_src is the URI that is used for many of the settings when
+     * no other source has been set.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-default-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setDefaultSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->defaultSrc = [(string) $uri => $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for a form's action. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * font-src specifies the origins that can serve web fonts.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-font-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFontSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'fontSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for a form's action. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-form-action
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFormAction($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'formAction', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new resource that should allow embedding the resource using
+     * <frame>, <iframe>, <object>, <embed>, or <applet>
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-frame-ancestors
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFrameAncestor($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'frameAncestors', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for valid frame sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-frame-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addFrameSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'frameSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for valid image sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-img-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addImageSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'imageSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for valid video and audio. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-media-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addMediaSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'mediaSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for manifest sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or simple string.
+     *
+     * @see https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-manifest-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addManifestSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'manifestSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for Flash and other plugin sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-object-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addObjectSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'objectSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the types of plugins that can be used. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-plugin-types
+     *
+     * @param array|string $mime One or more plugin mime types, separate by spaces
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addPluginType($mime, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($mime, 'pluginTypes', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a URL where a browser will send reports when a content
+     * security policy is violated. Can be either a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-report-uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setReportURI(string $uri)
+    {
+        $this->reportURI = $uri;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * specifies an HTML sandbox policy that the user agent applies to
+     * the protected resource.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-sandbox
+     *
+     * @param array|string $flags An array of sandbox flags that can be added to the directive.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addSandbox($flags, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($flags, 'sandbox', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for javascript file sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-connect-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addScriptSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'scriptSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new valid endpoint for CSS file sources. Can be either
+     * a URI class or a simple string.
+     *
+     * @see http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/#directive-connect-src
+     *
+     * @param array|string $uri
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addStyleSrc($uri, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        $this->addOption($uri, 'styleSrc', $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether the user agents should rewrite URL schemes, changing
+     * HTTP to HTTPS.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function upgradeInsecureRequests(bool $value = true)
+    {
+        $this->upgradeInsecureRequests = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DRY method to add an string or array to a class property.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $options
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function addOption($options, string $target, ?bool $explicitReporting = null)
+    {
+        // Ensure we have an array to work with...
+        if (is_string($this->{$target})) {
+            $this->{$target} = [$this->{$target}];
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($options)) {
+            foreach ($options as $opt) {
+                $this->{$target}[$opt] = $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $this->{$target}[$options] = $explicitReporting ?? $this->reportOnly;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the body of the request message and replaces any nonce
+     * placeholders with actual nonces, that we'll then add to our
+     * headers.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function generateNonces(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        $body = $response->getBody();
+
+        if (empty($body)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Replace style and script placeholders with nonces
+        $pattern = '/(' . preg_quote($this->styleNonceTag, '/')
+            . '|' . preg_quote($this->scriptNonceTag, '/') . ')/';
+
+        $body = preg_replace_callback($pattern, function ($match) {
+            $nonce = $match[0] === $this->styleNonceTag ? $this->getStyleNonce() : $this->getScriptNonce();
+
+            return "nonce=\"{$nonce}\"";
+        }, $body);
+
+        $response->setBody($body);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Based on the current state of the elements, will add the appropriate
+     * Content-Security-Policy and Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only headers
+     * with their values to the response object.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function buildHeaders(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        // Ensure both headers are available and arrays...
+        $response->setHeader('Content-Security-Policy', []);
+        $response->setHeader('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only', []);
+
+        $directives = [
+            'base-uri'        => 'baseURI',
+            'child-src'       => 'childSrc',
+            'connect-src'     => 'connectSrc',
+            'default-src'     => 'defaultSrc',
+            'font-src'        => 'fontSrc',
+            'form-action'     => 'formAction',
+            'frame-ancestors' => 'frameAncestors',
+            'frame-src'       => 'frameSrc',
+            'img-src'         => 'imageSrc',
+            'media-src'       => 'mediaSrc',
+            'object-src'      => 'objectSrc',
+            'plugin-types'    => 'pluginTypes',
+            'script-src'      => 'scriptSrc',
+            'style-src'       => 'styleSrc',
+            'manifest-src'    => 'manifestSrc',
+            'sandbox'         => 'sandbox',
+            'report-uri'      => 'reportURI',
+        ];
+
+        // inject default base & default URIs if needed
+        if (empty($this->baseURI)) {
+            $this->baseURI = 'self';
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->defaultSrc)) {
+            $this->defaultSrc = 'self';
+        }
+
+        foreach ($directives as $name => $property) {
+            if (! empty($this->{$property})) {
+                $this->addToHeader($name, $this->{$property});
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compile our own header strings here since if we just
+        // append it to the response, it will be joined with
+        // commas, not semi-colons as we need.
+        if (! empty($this->tempHeaders)) {
+            $header = '';
+
+            foreach ($this->tempHeaders as $name => $value) {
+                $header .= " {$name} {$value};";
+            }
+
+            // add token only if needed
+            if ($this->upgradeInsecureRequests) {
+                $header .= ' upgrade-insecure-requests;';
+            }
+
+            $response->appendHeader('Content-Security-Policy', $header);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->reportOnlyHeaders)) {
+            $header = '';
+
+            foreach ($this->reportOnlyHeaders as $name => $value) {
+                $header .= " {$name} {$value};";
+            }
+
+            $response->appendHeader('Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only', $header);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempHeaders       = [];
+        $this->reportOnlyHeaders = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a directive and it's options to the appropriate header. The $values
+     * array might have options that are geared toward either the regular or the
+     * reportOnly header, since it's viable to have both simultaneously.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $values
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function addToHeader(string $name, $values = null)
+    {
+        if (is_string($values)) {
+            $values = [$values => $this->reportOnly];
+        }
+
+        $sources       = [];
+        $reportSources = [];
+
+        foreach ($values as $value => $reportOnly) {
+            if (is_numeric($value) && is_string($reportOnly) && ! empty($reportOnly)) {
+                $value      = $reportOnly;
+                $reportOnly = $this->reportOnly;
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($value, 'nonce-') === 0) {
+                $value = "'{$value}'";
+            }
+
+            if ($reportOnly === true) {
+                $reportSources[] = in_array($value, $this->validSources, true) ? "'{$value}'" : $value;
+            } else {
+                $sources[] = in_array($value, $this->validSources, true) ? "'{$value}'" : $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($sources)) {
+            $this->tempHeaders[$name] = implode(' ', $sources);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($reportSources)) {
+            $this->reportOnlyHeaders[$name] = implode(' ', $reportSources);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14dc3fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\DownloadException;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\File;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Mimes;
+
+/**
+ * HTTP response when a download is requested.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\DownloadResponseTest
+ */
+class DownloadResponse extends Response
+{
+    /**
+     * Download file name
+     */
+    private string $filename;
+
+    /**
+     * Download for file
+     */
+    private ?File $file = null;
+
+    /**
+     * mime set flag
+     */
+    private bool $setMime;
+
+    /**
+     * Download for binary
+     */
+    private ?string $binary = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Download charset
+     */
+    private string $charset = 'UTF-8';
+
+    /**
+     * Download reason
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $reason = 'OK';
+
+    /**
+     * The current status code for this response.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $statusCode = 200;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $filename, bool $setMime)
+    {
+        parent::__construct(config(App::class));
+
+        $this->filename = $filename;
+        $this->setMime  = $setMime;
+
+        // Make sure the content type is either specified or detected
+        $this->removeHeader('Content-Type');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set download for binary string.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setBinary(string $binary)
+    {
+        if ($this->file !== null) {
+            throw DownloadException::forCannotSetBinary();
+        }
+
+        $this->binary = $binary;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set download for file.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setFilePath(string $filepath)
+    {
+        if ($this->binary !== null) {
+            throw DownloadException::forCannotSetFilePath($filepath);
+        }
+
+        $this->file = new File($filepath, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set name for the download.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setFileName(string $filename)
+    {
+        $this->filename = $filename;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get content length.
+     */
+    public function getContentLength(): int
+    {
+        if (is_string($this->binary)) {
+            return strlen($this->binary);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->file instanceof File) {
+            return $this->file->getSize();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set content type by guessing mime type from file extension
+     */
+    private function setContentTypeByMimeType(): void
+    {
+        $mime    = null;
+        $charset = '';
+
+        if ($this->setMime === true && ($lastDotPosition = strrpos($this->filename, '.')) !== false) {
+            $mime    = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension(substr($this->filename, $lastDotPosition + 1));
+            $charset = $this->charset;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($mime)) {
+            // Set the default MIME type to send
+            $mime    = 'application/octet-stream';
+            $charset = '';
+        }
+
+        $this->setContentType($mime, $charset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get download filename.
+     */
+    private function getDownloadFileName(): string
+    {
+        $filename  = $this->filename;
+        $x         = explode('.', $this->filename);
+        $extension = end($x);
+
+        /* It was reported that browsers on Android 2.1 (and possibly older as well)
+         * need to have the filename extension upper-cased in order to be able to
+         * download it.
+         *
+         * Reference: http://digiblog.de/2011/04/19/android-and-the-download-file-headers/
+         */
+        // @todo: depend super global
+        if (count($x) !== 1 && isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])
+                && preg_match('/Android\s(1|2\.[01])/', $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) {
+            $x[count($x) - 1] = strtoupper($extension);
+            $filename         = implode('.', $x);
+        }
+
+        return $filename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get Content-Disposition Header string.
+     */
+    private function getContentDisposition(): string
+    {
+        $downloadFilename = $this->getDownloadFileName();
+
+        $utf8Filename = $downloadFilename;
+
+        if (strtoupper($this->charset) !== 'UTF-8') {
+            $utf8Filename = mb_convert_encoding($downloadFilename, 'UTF-8', $this->charset);
+        }
+
+        $result = sprintf('attachment; filename="%s"', $downloadFilename);
+
+        if ($utf8Filename) {
+            $result .= '; filename*=UTF-8\'\'' . rawurlencode($utf8Filename);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disallows status changing.
+     *
+     * @throws DownloadException
+     */
+    public function setStatusCode(int $code, string $reason = '')
+    {
+        throw DownloadException::forCannotSetStatusCode($code, $reason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Content Type header for this response with the mime type
+     * and, optionally, the charset.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    public function setContentType(string $mime, string $charset = 'UTF-8')
+    {
+        parent::setContentType($mime, $charset);
+
+        if ($charset !== '') {
+            $this->charset = $charset;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the appropriate headers to ensure this response
+     * is not cached by the browsers.
+     */
+    public function noCache(): self
+    {
+        $this->removeHeader('Cache-Control');
+        $this->setHeader('Cache-Control', ['private', 'no-transform', 'no-store', 'must-revalidate']);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables cache configuration.
+     *
+     * @throws DownloadException
+     */
+    public function setCache(array $options = [])
+    {
+        throw DownloadException::forCannotSetCache();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @todo Do downloads need CSP or Cookies? Compare with ResponseTrait::send()
+     */
+    public function send()
+    {
+        // Turn off output buffering completely, even if php.ini output_buffering is not off
+        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+            while (ob_get_level() > 0) {
+                ob_end_clean();
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->buildHeaders();
+        $this->sendHeaders();
+        $this->sendBody();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set header for file download.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function buildHeaders()
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasHeader('Content-Type')) {
+            $this->setContentTypeByMimeType();
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->hasHeader('Content-Disposition')) {
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Disposition', $this->getContentDisposition());
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('Expires-Disposition', '0');
+        $this->setHeader('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'binary');
+        $this->setHeader('Content-Length', (string) $this->getContentLength());
+        $this->noCache();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * output download file text.
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse
+     *
+     * @throws DownloadException
+     */
+    public function sendBody()
+    {
+        if ($this->binary !== null) {
+            return $this->sendBodyByBinary();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->file !== null) {
+            return $this->sendBodyByFilePath();
+        }
+
+        throw DownloadException::forNotFoundDownloadSource();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * output download text by file.
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse
+     */
+    private function sendBodyByFilePath()
+    {
+        $splFileObject = $this->file->openFile('rb');
+
+        // Flush 1MB chunks of data
+        while (! $splFileObject->eof() && ($data = $splFileObject->fread(1_048_576)) !== false) {
+            echo $data;
+            unset($data);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * output download text by binary
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse
+     */
+    private function sendBodyByBinary()
+    {
+        echo $this->binary;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the response header to display the file in the browser.
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse
+     */
+    public function inline()
+    {
+        $this->setHeader('Content-Disposition', 'inline');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d22c48bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/HTTPException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+/**
+ * Things that can go wrong with HTTP
+ */
+class HTTPException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * For CurlRequest
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function forMissingCurl()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.missingCurl'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For CurlRequest
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forSSLCertNotFound(string $cert)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.sslCertNotFound', [$cert]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For CurlRequest
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSSLKey(string $key)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidSSLKey', [$key]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For CurlRequest
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function forCurlError(string $errorNum, string $error)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.curlError', [$errorNum, $error]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For IncomingRequest
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidNegotiationType(string $type)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidNegotiationType', [$type]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Message
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidHTTPProtocol(string $invalidVersion)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidHTTPProtocol', [$invalidVersion]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Negotiate
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forEmptySupportedNegotiations()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.emptySupportedNegotiations'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For RedirectResponse
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidRedirectRoute(string $route)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidRoute', [$route]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Response
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forMissingResponseStatus()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.missingResponseStatus'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Response
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidStatusCode(int $code)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidStatusCode', [$code]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Response
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forUnkownStatusCode(int $code)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.unknownStatusCode', [$code]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For URI
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forUnableToParseURI(string $uri)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.cannotParseURI', [$uri]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For URI
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forURISegmentOutOfRange(int $segment)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.segmentOutOfRange', [$segment]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For URI
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidPort(int $port)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidPort', [$port]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For URI
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forMalformedQueryString()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.malformedQueryString'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Uploaded file move
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forAlreadyMoved()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.alreadyMoved'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Uploaded file move
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidFile(?string $path = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidFile'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Uploaded file move
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     */
+    public static function forMoveFailed(string $source, string $target, string $error)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.moveFailed', [$source, $target, $error]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For Invalid SameSite attribute setting
+     *
+     * @return HTTPException
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `CookieException::forInvalidSameSite()` instead.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSameSiteSetting(string $samesite)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Security.invalidSameSiteSetting', [$samesite]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..605f40ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponsableInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * RedirectException
+ */
+class RedirectException extends Exception implements ResponsableInterface, HTTPExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * HTTP status code for redirects
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $code = 302;
+
+    protected ?ResponseInterface $response = null;
+
+    /**
+     * @param ResponseInterface|string $message Response object or a string containing a relative URI.
+     * @param int                      $code    HTTP status code to redirect if $message is a string.
+     */
+    public function __construct($message = '', int $code = 0, ?Throwable $previous = null)
+    {
+        if (! is_string($message) && ! $message instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                'RedirectException::__construct() first argument must be a string or ResponseInterface',
+                0,
+                $this
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ($message instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            $this->response = $message;
+            $message        = '';
+
+            if ($this->response->getHeaderLine('Location') === '' && $this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh') === '') {
+                throw new LogicException(
+                    'The Response object passed to RedirectException does not contain a redirect address.'
+                );
+            }
+
+            if ($this->response->getStatusCode() < 301 || $this->response->getStatusCode() > 308) {
+                $this->response->setStatusCode($this->code);
+            }
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
+    }
+
+    public function getResponse(): ResponseInterface
+    {
+        if (null === $this->response) {
+            $this->response = Services::response()
+                ->redirect(base_url($this->getMessage()), 'auto', $this->getCode());
+        }
+
+        Services::logger()->info(
+            'REDIRECTED ROUTE at '
+            . ($this->response->getHeaderLine('Location') ?: substr($this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh'), 6))
+        );
+
+        return $this->response;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f01cc69f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files;
+
+use RecursiveArrayIterator;
+use RecursiveIteratorIterator;
+
+/**
+ * Class FileCollection
+ *
+ * Provides easy access to uploaded files for a request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\FileCollectionTest
+ */
+class FileCollection
+{
+    /**
+     * An array of UploadedFile instances for any files
+     * uploaded as part of this request.
+     * Populated the first time either files(), file(), or hasFile()
+     * is called.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $files;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of all uploaded files that were found.
+     * Each element in the array will be an instance of UploadedFile.
+     * The key of each element will be the client filename.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function all()
+    {
+        $this->populateFiles();
+
+        return $this->files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to get a single file from the collection of uploaded files.
+     *
+     * @return UploadedFile|null
+     */
+    public function getFile(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->populateFiles();
+
+        if ($this->hasFile($name)) {
+            if (strpos($name, '.') !== false) {
+                $name         = explode('.', $name);
+                $uploadedFile = $this->getValueDotNotationSyntax($name, $this->files);
+
+                return $uploadedFile instanceof UploadedFile ? $uploadedFile : null;
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($name, $this->files)) {
+                $uploadedFile = $this->files[$name];
+
+                return $uploadedFile instanceof UploadedFile ? $uploadedFile : null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify if a file exist in the collection of uploaded files and is have been uploaded with multiple option.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getFileMultiple(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->populateFiles();
+
+        if ($this->hasFile($name)) {
+            if (strpos($name, '.') !== false) {
+                $name         = explode('.', $name);
+                $uploadedFile = $this->getValueDotNotationSyntax($name, $this->files);
+
+                return (is_array($uploadedFile) && ($uploadedFile[array_key_first($uploadedFile)] instanceof UploadedFile)) ?
+                    $uploadedFile : null;
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($name, $this->files)) {
+                $uploadedFile = $this->files[$name];
+
+                return (is_array($uploadedFile) && ($uploadedFile[array_key_first($uploadedFile)] instanceof UploadedFile)) ?
+                    $uploadedFile : null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether an uploaded file with name $fileID exists in
+     * this request.
+     *
+     * @param string $fileID The name of the uploaded file (from the input)
+     */
+    public function hasFile(string $fileID): bool
+    {
+        $this->populateFiles();
+
+        if (strpos($fileID, '.') !== false) {
+            $segments = explode('.', $fileID);
+
+            $el = $this->files;
+
+            foreach ($segments as $segment) {
+                if (! array_key_exists($segment, $el)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                $el = $el[$segment];
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return isset($this->files[$fileID]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Taking information from the $_FILES array, it creates an instance
+     * of UploadedFile for each one, saving the results to this->files.
+     *
+     * Called by files(), file(), and hasFile()
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function populateFiles()
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->files)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->files = [];
+
+        if (empty($_FILES)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $files = $this->fixFilesArray($_FILES);
+
+        foreach ($files as $name => $file) {
+            $this->files[$name] = $this->createFileObject($file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a file array, will create UploadedFile instances. Will
+     * loop over an array and create objects for each.
+     *
+     * @return UploadedFile|UploadedFile[]
+     */
+    protected function createFileObject(array $array)
+    {
+        if (! isset($array['name'])) {
+            $output = [];
+
+            foreach ($array as $key => $values) {
+                if (! is_array($values)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $output[$key] = $this->createFileObject($values);
+            }
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        return new UploadedFile(
+            $array['tmp_name'] ?? null,
+            $array['name'] ?? null,
+            $array['type'] ?? null,
+            $array['size'] ?? null,
+            $array['error'] ?? null,
+            $array['full_path'] ?? null
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reformats the odd $_FILES array into something much more like
+     * we would expect, with each object having its own array.
+     *
+     * Thanks to Jack Sleight on the PHP Manual page for the basis
+     * of this method.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.variables.files.php#118294
+     */
+    protected function fixFilesArray(array $data): array
+    {
+        $output = [];
+
+        foreach ($data as $name => $array) {
+            foreach ($array as $field => $value) {
+                $pointer = &$output[$name];
+
+                if (! is_array($value)) {
+                    $pointer[$field] = $value;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $stack    = [&$pointer];
+                $iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+                    new RecursiveArrayIterator($value),
+                    RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+                );
+
+                foreach ($iterator as $key => $val) {
+                    array_splice($stack, $iterator->getDepth() + 1);
+                    $pointer = &$stack[count($stack) - 1];
+                    $pointer = &$pointer[$key];
+                    $stack[] = &$pointer;
+
+                    // RecursiveIteratorIterator::hasChildren() can be used. RecursiveIteratorIterator
+                    // forwards all unknown method calls to the underlying RecursiveIterator internally.
+                    // See https://github.com/php/doc-en/issues/787#issuecomment-881446121
+                    if (! $iterator->hasChildren()) {
+                        $pointer[$field] = $val;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Navigate through an array looking for a particular index
+     *
+     * @param array $index The index sequence we are navigating down
+     * @param array $value The portion of the array to process
+     *
+     * @return UploadedFile|null
+     */
+    protected function getValueDotNotationSyntax(array $index, array $value)
+    {
+        $currentIndex = array_shift($index);
+
+        if (isset($currentIndex) && is_array($index) && $index && is_array($value[$currentIndex]) && $value[$currentIndex]) {
+            return $this->getValueDotNotationSyntax($index, $value[$currentIndex]);
+        }
+
+        return $value[$currentIndex] ?? null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70ece748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFile.php
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\File;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\Mimes;
+use Exception;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Value object representing a single file uploaded through an
+ * HTTP request. Used by the IncomingRequest class to
+ * provide files.
+ *
+ * Typically, implementors will extend the SplFileInfo class.
+ */
+class UploadedFile extends File implements UploadedFileInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * The path to the temporary file.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * The webkit relative path of the file.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $clientPath;
+
+    /**
+     * The original filename as provided by the client.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $originalName;
+
+    /**
+     * The filename given to a file during a move.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * The type of file as provided by PHP
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $originalMimeType;
+
+    /**
+     * The error constant of the upload
+     * (one of PHP's UPLOADERRXXX constants)
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $error;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the file has been moved already or not.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $hasMoved = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts the file information as would be filled in from the $_FILES array.
+     *
+     * @param string $path         The temporary location of the uploaded file.
+     * @param string $originalName The client-provided filename.
+     * @param string $mimeType     The type of file as provided by PHP
+     * @param int    $size         The size of the file, in bytes
+     * @param int    $error        The error constant of the upload (one of PHP's UPLOADERRXXX constants)
+     * @param string $clientPath   The webkit relative path of the uploaded file.
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $path, string $originalName, ?string $mimeType = null, ?int $size = null, ?int $error = null, ?string $clientPath = null)
+    {
+        $this->path             = $path;
+        $this->name             = $originalName;
+        $this->originalName     = $originalName;
+        $this->originalMimeType = $mimeType;
+        $this->size             = $size;
+        $this->error            = $error;
+        $this->clientPath       = $clientPath;
+
+        parent::__construct($path, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move the uploaded file to a new location.
+     *
+     * $targetPath may be an absolute path, or a relative path. If it is a
+     * relative path, resolution should be the same as used by PHP's rename()
+     * function.
+     *
+     * The original file MUST be removed on completion.
+     *
+     * If this method is called more than once, any subsequent calls MUST raise
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * When used in an SAPI environment where $_FILES is populated, when writing
+     * files via moveTo(), is_uploaded_file() and move_uploaded_file() SHOULD be
+     * used to ensure permissions and upload status are verified correctly.
+     *
+     * If you wish to move to a stream, use getStream(), as SAPI operations
+     * cannot guarantee writing to stream destinations.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/is_uploaded_file
+     * @see http://php.net/move_uploaded_file
+     *
+     * @param string $targetPath Path to which to move the uploaded file.
+     * @param string $name       the name to rename the file to.
+     * @param bool   $overwrite  State for indicating whether to overwrite the previously generated file with the same
+     *                           name or not.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException if the $path specified is invalid.
+     * @throws RuntimeException         on any error during the move operation.
+     * @throws RuntimeException         on the second or subsequent call to the method.
+     */
+    public function move(string $targetPath, ?string $name = null, bool $overwrite = false)
+    {
+        $targetPath = rtrim($targetPath, '/') . '/';
+        $targetPath = $this->setPath($targetPath); // set the target path
+
+        if ($this->hasMoved) {
+            throw HTTPException::forAlreadyMoved();
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->isValid()) {
+            throw HTTPException::forInvalidFile();
+        }
+
+        $name ??= $this->getName();
+        $destination = $overwrite ? $targetPath . $name : $this->getDestination($targetPath . $name);
+
+        try {
+            $this->hasMoved = move_uploaded_file($this->path, $destination);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $error   = error_get_last();
+            $message = strip_tags($error['message'] ?? '');
+
+            throw HTTPException::forMoveFailed(basename($this->path), $targetPath, $message);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->hasMoved === false) {
+            $message = 'move_uploaded_file() returned false';
+
+            throw HTTPException::forMoveFailed(basename($this->path), $targetPath, $message);
+        }
+
+        @chmod($targetPath, 0777 & ~umask());
+
+        // Success, so store our new information
+        $this->path = $targetPath;
+        $this->name = basename($destination);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create file target path if
+     * the set path does not exist
+     *
+     * @return string The path set or created.
+     */
+    protected function setPath(string $path): string
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($path)) {
+            mkdir($path, 0777, true);
+            // create the index.html file
+            if (! is_file($path . 'index.html')) {
+                $file = fopen($path . 'index.html', 'x+b');
+                fclose($file);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the file has been moved or not. If it has,
+     * the move() method will not work and certain properties, like
+     * the tempName, will no longer be available.
+     */
+    public function hasMoved(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->hasMoved;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the error associated with the uploaded file.
+     *
+     * The return value MUST be one of PHP's UPLOAD_ERR_XXX constants.
+     *
+     * If the file was uploaded successfully, this method MUST return
+     * UPLOAD_ERR_OK.
+     *
+     * Implementations SHOULD return the value stored in the "error" key of
+     * the file in the $_FILES array.
+     *
+     * @see    http://php.net/manual/en/features.file-upload.errors.php
+     *
+     * @return int One of PHP's UPLOAD_ERR_XXX constants.
+     */
+    public function getError(): int
+    {
+        return $this->error ?? UPLOAD_ERR_OK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get error string
+     */
+    public function getErrorString(): string
+    {
+        $errors = [
+            UPLOAD_ERR_OK         => lang('HTTP.uploadErrOk'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE   => lang('HTTP.uploadErrIniSize'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE  => lang('HTTP.uploadErrFormSize'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL    => lang('HTTP.uploadErrPartial'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE    => lang('HTTP.uploadErrNoFile'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_CANT_WRITE => lang('HTTP.uploadErrCantWrite'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_NO_TMP_DIR => lang('HTTP.uploadErrNoTmpDir'),
+            UPLOAD_ERR_EXTENSION  => lang('HTTP.uploadErrExtension'),
+        ];
+
+        $error = $this->error ?? UPLOAD_ERR_OK;
+
+        return sprintf($errors[$error] ?? lang('HTTP.uploadErrUnknown'), $this->getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mime type as provided by the client.
+     * This is NOT a trusted value.
+     * For a trusted version, use getMimeType() instead.
+     *
+     * @return string The media type sent by the client or null if none was provided.
+     */
+    public function getClientMimeType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->originalMimeType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the filename. This will typically be the filename sent
+     * by the client, and should not be trusted. If the file has been
+     * moved, this will return the final name of the moved file.
+     *
+     * @return string The filename sent by the client or null if none was provided.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the file as provided by the client during upload.
+     */
+    public function getClientName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->originalName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * (PHP 8.1+)
+     * Returns the webkit relative path of the uploaded file on directory uploads.
+     */
+    public function getClientPath(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->clientPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the temporary filename where the file was uploaded to.
+     */
+    public function getTempName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Overrides SPLFileInfo's to work with uploaded files, since
+     * the temp file that's been uploaded doesn't have an extension.
+     *
+     * This method tries to guess the extension from the files mime
+     * type but will return the clientExtension if it fails to do so.
+     *
+     * This method will always return a more or less helpfull extension
+     * but might be insecure if the mime type is not matched. Consider
+     * using guessExtension for a more safe version.
+     */
+    public function getExtension(): string
+    {
+        return $this->guessExtension() ?: $this->getClientExtension();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to determine the best file extension from the file's
+     * mime type. In contrast to getExtension, this method will return
+     * an empty string if it fails to determine an extension instead of
+     * falling back to the unsecure clientExtension.
+     */
+    public function guessExtension(): string
+    {
+        return Mimes::guessExtensionFromType($this->getMimeType(), $this->getClientExtension()) ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the original file extension, based on the file name that
+     * was uploaded. This is NOT a trusted source.
+     * For a trusted version, use guessExtension() instead.
+     */
+    public function getClientExtension(): string
+    {
+        return pathinfo($this->originalName, PATHINFO_EXTENSION) ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the file was uploaded successfully, based on whether
+     * it was uploaded via HTTP and has no errors.
+     */
+    public function isValid(): bool
+    {
+        return is_uploaded_file($this->path) && $this->error === UPLOAD_ERR_OK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save the uploaded file to a new location.
+     *
+     * By default, upload files are saved in writable/uploads directory. The YYYYMMDD folder
+     * and random file name will be created.
+     *
+     * @param string $folderName the folder name to writable/uploads directory.
+     * @param string $fileName   the name to rename the file to.
+     *
+     * @return string file full path
+     */
+    public function store(?string $folderName = null, ?string $fileName = null): string
+    {
+        $folderName = rtrim($folderName ?? date('Ymd'), '/') . '/';
+        $fileName ??= $this->getRandomName();
+
+        // Move the uploaded file to a new location.
+        $this->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads/' . $folderName, $fileName);
+
+        return $folderName . $this->name;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..170f81c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/UploadedFileInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Value object representing a single file uploaded through an
+ * HTTP request. Used by the IncomingRequest class to
+ * provide files.
+ *
+ * Typically, implementors will extend the SplFileInfo class.
+ */
+interface UploadedFileInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Accepts the file information as would be filled in from the $_FILES array.
+     *
+     * @param string $path         The temporary location of the uploaded file.
+     * @param string $originalName The client-provided filename.
+     * @param string $mimeType     The type of file as provided by PHP
+     * @param int    $size         The size of the file, in bytes
+     * @param int    $error        The error constant of the upload (one of PHP's UPLOADERRXXX constants)
+     * @param string $clientPath   The webkit relative path of the uploaded file.
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $path, string $originalName, ?string $mimeType = null, ?int $size = null, ?int $error = null, ?string $clientPath = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Move the uploaded file to a new location.
+     *
+     * $targetPath may be an absolute path, or a relative path. If it is a
+     * relative path, resolution should be the same as used by PHP's rename()
+     * function.
+     *
+     * The original file MUST be removed on completion.
+     *
+     * If this method is called more than once, any subsequent calls MUST raise
+     * an exception.
+     *
+     * When used in an SAPI environment where $_FILES is populated, when writing
+     * files via moveTo(), is_uploaded_file() and move_uploaded_file() SHOULD be
+     * used to ensure permissions and upload status are verified correctly.
+     *
+     * If you wish to move to a stream, use getStream(), as SAPI operations
+     * cannot guarantee writing to stream destinations.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/is_uploaded_file
+     * @see http://php.net/move_uploaded_file
+     *
+     * @param string $targetPath Path to which to move the uploaded file.
+     * @param string $name       the name to rename the file to.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException if the $path specified is invalid.
+     * @throws RuntimeException         on any error during the move operation.
+     * @throws RuntimeException         on the second or subsequent call to the method.
+     */
+    public function move(string $targetPath, ?string $name = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the file has been moved or not. If it has,
+     * the move() method will not work and certain properties, like
+     * the tempName, will no longer be available.
+     */
+    public function hasMoved(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the error associated with the uploaded file.
+     *
+     * The return value MUST be one of PHP's UPLOAD_ERR_XXX constants.
+     *
+     * If the file was uploaded successfully, this method MUST return
+     * UPLOAD_ERR_OK.
+     *
+     * Implementations SHOULD return the value stored in the "error" key of
+     * the file in the $_FILES array.
+     *
+     * @see    http://php.net/manual/en/features.file-upload.errors.php
+     *
+     * @return int One of PHP's UPLOAD_ERR_XXX constants.
+     */
+    public function getError(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the filename sent by the client.
+     *
+     * Do not trust the value returned by this method. A client could send
+     * a malicious filename with the intention to corrupt or hack your
+     * application.
+     *
+     * Implementations SHOULD return the value stored in the "name" key of
+     * the file in the $_FILES array.
+     *
+     * @return string The filename sent by the client or null if none
+     *                was provided.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the temporary filename where the file was uploaded to.
+     */
+    public function getTempName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * (PHP 8.1+)
+     * Returns the webkit relative path of the uploaded file on directory uploads.
+     */
+    public function getClientPath(): ?string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the original file extension, based on the file name that
+     * was uploaded. This is NOT a trusted source.
+     * For a trusted version, use guessExtension() instead.
+     */
+    public function getClientExtension(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mime type as provided by the client.
+     * This is NOT a trusted value.
+     * For a trusted version, use getMimeType() instead.
+     */
+    public function getClientMimeType(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the file was uploaded successfully, based on whether
+     * it was uploaded via HTTP and has no errors.
+     */
+    public function isValid(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the destination path for the move operation where overwriting is not expected.
+     *
+     * First, it checks whether the delimiter is present in the filename, if it is, then it checks whether the
+     * last element is an integer as there may be cases that the delimiter may be present in the filename.
+     * For the all other cases, it appends an integer starting from zero before the file's extension.
+     */
+    public function getDestination(string $destination, string $delimiter = '_', int $i = 0): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Header.php b/system/HTTP/Header.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67c6cb06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Header.php
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+/**
+ * Class Header
+ *
+ * Represents a single HTTP header.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\HeaderTest
+ */
+class Header
+{
+    /**
+     * The name of the header.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $name;
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the header. May have more than one
+     * value. If so, will be an array of strings.
+     * E.g.,
+     *   [
+     *       'foo',
+     *       [
+     *           'bar' => 'fizz',
+     *       ],
+     *       'baz' => 'buzz',
+     *   ]
+     *
+     * @var array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string
+     */
+    protected $value;
+
+    /**
+     * Header constructor. name is mandatory, if a value is provided, it will be set.
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string|null $value
+     */
+    public function __construct(string $name, $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->name = $name;
+        $this->setValue($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the header, in the same case it was set.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the raw value of the header. This may return either a string
+     * of an array, depending on whether the header has multiple values or not.
+     *
+     * @return array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string
+     */
+    public function getValue()
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the name of the header, overwriting any previous value.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setName(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->name = $name;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of the header, overwriting any previous value(s).
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, array<string, string>|string>|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValue($value = null)
+    {
+        $this->value = is_array($value) ? $value : (string) $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a value to the list of values for this header. If the
+     * header is a single value string, it will be converted to an array.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, string>|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function appendValue($value = null)
+    {
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->value)) {
+            $this->value = [$this->value];
+        }
+
+        if (! in_array($value, $this->value, true)) {
+            $this->value[] = is_array($value) ? $value : (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepends a value to the list of values for this header. If the
+     * header is a single value string, it will be converted to an array.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, string>|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function prependValue($value = null)
+    {
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->value)) {
+            $this->value = [$this->value];
+        }
+
+        array_unshift($this->value, $value);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a comma-separated string of the values for a single header.
+     *
+     * NOTE: Not all header values may be appropriately represented using
+     * comma concatenation. For such headers, use getHeader() instead
+     * and supply your own delimiter when concatenating.
+     *
+     * @see https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2
+     */
+    public function getValueLine(): string
+    {
+        if (is_string($this->value)) {
+            return $this->value;
+        }
+        if (! is_array($this->value)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $options = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->value as $key => $value) {
+            if (is_string($key) && ! is_array($value)) {
+                $options[] = $key . '=' . $value;
+            } elseif (is_array($value)) {
+                $key       = key($value);
+                $options[] = $key . '=' . $value[$key];
+            } elseif (is_numeric($key)) {
+                $options[] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return implode(', ', $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a representation of the entire header string, including
+     * the header name and all values converted to the proper format.
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name . ': ' . $this->getValueLine();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..079a3b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\FileCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\UploadedFile;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Locale;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * Class IncomingRequest
+ *
+ * Represents an incoming, server-side HTTP request.
+ *
+ * Per the HTTP specification, this interface includes properties for
+ * each of the following:
+ *
+ * - Protocol version
+ * - HTTP method
+ * - URI
+ * - Headers
+ * - Message body
+ *
+ * Additionally, it encapsulates all data as it has arrived to the
+ * application from the CGI and/or PHP environment, including:
+ *
+ * - The values represented in $_SERVER.
+ * - Any cookies provided (generally via $_COOKIE)
+ * - Query string arguments (generally via $_GET, or as parsed via parse_str())
+ * - Upload files, if any (as represented by $_FILES)
+ * - Deserialized body binds (generally from $_POST)
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequestTest
+ */
+class IncomingRequest extends Request
+{
+    /**
+     * Enable CSRF flag
+     *
+     * Enables a CSRF cookie token to be set.
+     * Set automatically based on Config setting.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Not used
+     */
+    protected $enableCSRF = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The URI for this request.
+     *
+     * Note: This WILL NOT match the actual URL in the browser since for
+     * everything this cares about (and the router, etc) is the portion
+     * AFTER the baseURL. So, if hosted in a sub-folder this will
+     * appear different than actual URI path. If you need that use getPath().
+     *
+     * @deprecated Will be protected. Use getUri() instead.
+     *
+     * @var URI
+     */
+    public $uri;
+
+    /**
+     * The detected URI path (relative to the baseURL).
+     *
+     * Note: current_url() uses this to build its URI,
+     * so this becomes the source for the "current URL"
+     * when working with the share request instance.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * File collection
+     *
+     * @var FileCollection|null
+     */
+    protected $files;
+
+    /**
+     * Negotiator
+     *
+     * @var Negotiate|null
+     */
+    protected $negotiator;
+
+    /**
+     * The default Locale this request
+     * should operate under.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $defaultLocale;
+
+    /**
+     * The current locale of the application.
+     * Default value is set in app/Config/App.php
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $locale;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the valid locale codes.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $validLocales = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration settings.
+     *
+     * @var App
+     *
+     * @deprecated Will be protected.
+     */
+    public $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the old data from a redirect.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $oldInput = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The user agent this request is from.
+     *
+     * @var UserAgent
+     */
+    protected $userAgent;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param App         $config
+     * @param string|null $body
+     */
+    public function __construct($config, ?URI $uri = null, $body = 'php://input', ?UserAgent $userAgent = null)
+    {
+        if (empty($uri) || empty($userAgent)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: uri, userAgent.');
+        }
+
+        $this->populateHeaders();
+
+        if (
+            $body === 'php://input'
+            // php://input is not available with enctype="multipart/form-data".
+            // See https://www.php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php.php#wrappers.php.input
+            && strpos($this->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'multipart/form-data') === false
+            && (int) $this->getHeaderLine('Content-Length') <= $this->getPostMaxSize()
+        ) {
+            // Get our body from php://input
+            $body = file_get_contents('php://input');
+        }
+
+        $this->config       = $config;
+        $this->uri          = $uri;
+        $this->body         = ! empty($body) ? $body : null;
+        $this->userAgent    = $userAgent;
+        $this->validLocales = $config->supportedLocales;
+
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        if ($uri instanceof SiteURI) {
+            $this->setPath($uri->getRoutePath());
+        } else {
+            $this->setPath($uri->getPath());
+        }
+
+        $this->detectLocale($config);
+    }
+
+    private function getPostMaxSize(): int
+    {
+        $postMaxSize = ini_get('post_max_size');
+
+        switch (strtoupper(substr($postMaxSize, -1))) {
+            case 'G':
+                $postMaxSize = (int) str_replace('G', '', $postMaxSize) * 1024 ** 3;
+                break;
+
+            case 'M':
+                $postMaxSize = (int) str_replace('M', '', $postMaxSize) * 1024 ** 2;
+                break;
+
+            case 'K':
+                $postMaxSize = (int) str_replace('K', '', $postMaxSize) * 1024;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                $postMaxSize = (int) $postMaxSize;
+        }
+
+        return $postMaxSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles setting up the locale, perhaps auto-detecting through
+     * content negotiation.
+     *
+     * @param App $config
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function detectLocale($config)
+    {
+        $this->locale = $this->defaultLocale = $config->defaultLocale;
+
+        if (! $config->negotiateLocale) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->setLocale($this->negotiate('language', $config->supportedLocales));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up our URI object based on the information we have. This is
+     * either provided by the user in the baseURL Config setting, or
+     * determined from the environment as needed.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used.
+     */
+    protected function detectURI(string $protocol, string $baseURL)
+    {
+        $this->setPath($this->detectPath($this->config->uriProtocol), $this->config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects the relative path based on
+     * the URIProtocol Config setting.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to SiteURIFactory.
+     */
+    public function detectPath(string $protocol = ''): string
+    {
+        if (empty($protocol)) {
+            $protocol = 'REQUEST_URI';
+        }
+
+        switch ($protocol) {
+            case 'REQUEST_URI':
+                $this->path = $this->parseRequestURI();
+                break;
+
+            case 'QUERY_STRING':
+                $this->path = $this->parseQueryString();
+                break;
+
+            case 'PATH_INFO':
+            default:
+                $this->path = $this->fetchGlobal('server', $protocol) ?? $this->parseRequestURI();
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return $this->path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will parse the REQUEST_URI and automatically detect the URI from it,
+     * fixing the query string if necessary.
+     *
+     * @return string The URI it found.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to SiteURIFactory.
+     */
+    protected function parseRequestURI(): string
+    {
+        if (! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        // parse_url() returns false if no host is present, but the path or query string
+        // contains a colon followed by a number. So we attach a dummy host since
+        // REQUEST_URI does not include the host. This allows us to parse out the query string and path.
+        $parts = parse_url('http://dummy' . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);
+        $query = $parts['query'] ?? '';
+        $uri   = $parts['path'] ?? '';
+
+        // Strip the SCRIPT_NAME path from the URI
+        if (
+            $uri !== '' && isset($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'][0])
+            && pathinfo($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], PATHINFO_EXTENSION) === 'php'
+        ) {
+            // Compare each segment, dropping them until there is no match
+            $segments = $keep = explode('/', $uri);
+
+            foreach (explode('/', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']) as $i => $segment) {
+                // If these segments are not the same then we're done
+                if (! isset($segments[$i]) || $segment !== $segments[$i]) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                array_shift($keep);
+            }
+
+            $uri = implode('/', $keep);
+        }
+
+        // This section ensures that even on servers that require the URI to contain the query string (Nginx) a correct
+        // URI is found, and also fixes the QUERY_STRING Server var and $_GET array.
+        if (trim($uri, '/') === '' && strncmp($query, '/', 1) === 0) {
+            $query                   = explode('?', $query, 2);
+            $uri                     = $query[0];
+            $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $query[1] ?? '';
+        } else {
+            $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $query;
+        }
+
+        // Update our globals for values likely to been have changed
+        parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+        $this->populateGlobals('server');
+        $this->populateGlobals('get');
+
+        $uri = URI::removeDotSegments($uri);
+
+        return ($uri === '/' || $uri === '') ? '/' : ltrim($uri, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse QUERY_STRING
+     *
+     * Will parse QUERY_STRING and automatically detect the URI from it.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to SiteURIFactory.
+     */
+    protected function parseQueryString(): string
+    {
+        $uri = $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] ?? @getenv('QUERY_STRING');
+
+        if (trim($uri, '/') === '') {
+            return '/';
+        }
+
+        if (strncmp($uri, '/', 1) === 0) {
+            $uri                     = explode('?', $uri, 2);
+            $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $uri[1] ?? '';
+            $uri                     = $uri[0];
+        }
+
+        // Update our globals for values likely to been have changed
+        parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+        $this->populateGlobals('server');
+        $this->populateGlobals('get');
+
+        $uri = URI::removeDotSegments($uri);
+
+        return ($uri === '/' || $uri === '') ? '/' : ltrim($uri, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a convenient way to work with the Negotiate class
+     * for content negotiation.
+     */
+    public function negotiate(string $type, array $supported, bool $strictMatch = false): string
+    {
+        if ($this->negotiator === null) {
+            $this->negotiator = Services::negotiator($this, true);
+        }
+
+        switch (strtolower($type)) {
+            case 'media':
+                return $this->negotiator->media($supported, $strictMatch);
+
+            case 'charset':
+                return $this->negotiator->charset($supported);
+
+            case 'encoding':
+                return $this->negotiator->encoding($supported);
+
+            case 'language':
+                return $this->negotiator->language($supported);
+        }
+
+        throw HTTPException::forInvalidNegotiationType($type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks this request type.
+     *
+     * @param string $type HTTP verb or 'json' or 'ajax'
+     * @phpstan-param string|'get'|'post'|'put'|'delete'|'head'|'patch'|'options'|'json'|'ajax' $type
+     */
+    public function is(string $type): bool
+    {
+        $valueUpper = strtoupper($type);
+
+        $httpMethods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'HEAD', 'PATCH', 'OPTIONS'];
+
+        if (in_array($valueUpper, $httpMethods, true)) {
+            return strtoupper($this->getMethod()) === $valueUpper;
+        }
+
+        if ($valueUpper === 'JSON') {
+            return strpos($this->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'application/json') !== false;
+        }
+
+        if ($valueUpper === 'AJAX') {
+            return $this->isAJAX();
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unknown type: ' . $type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if this request was made from the command line (CLI).
+     */
+    public function isCLI(): bool
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header.
+     */
+    public function isAJAX(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->hasHeader('X-Requested-With')
+            && strtolower($this->header('X-Requested-With')->getValue()) === 'xmlhttprequest';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to detect if the current connection is secure through
+     * a few different methods.
+     */
+    public function isSecure(): bool
+    {
+        if (! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->hasHeader('X-Forwarded-Proto') && $this->header('X-Forwarded-Proto')->getValue() === 'https') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->hasHeader('Front-End-Https') && ! empty($this->header('Front-End-Https')->getValue()) && strtolower($this->header('Front-End-Https')->getValue()) !== 'off';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the URI path relative to baseURL.
+     *
+     * Note: Since current_url() accesses the shared request
+     * instance, this can be used to change the "current URL"
+     * for testing.
+     *
+     * @param string   $path   URI path relative to baseURL
+     * @param App|null $config Optional alternate config to use
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 This method will be private. The parameter $config is deprecated. No longer used.
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path, ?App $config = null)
+    {
+        $this->path = $path;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI path relative to baseURL,
+     * running detection as necessary.
+     */
+    public function getPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the locale string for this request.
+     *
+     * @return IncomingRequest
+     */
+    public function setLocale(string $locale)
+    {
+        // If it's not a valid locale, set it
+        // to the default locale for the site.
+        if (! in_array($locale, $this->validLocales, true)) {
+            $locale = $this->defaultLocale;
+        }
+
+        $this->locale = $locale;
+        Locale::setDefault($locale);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the valid locales.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setValidLocales(array $locales)
+    {
+        $this->validLocales = $locales;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current locale, with a fallback to the default
+     * locale if none is set.
+     */
+    public function getLocale(): string
+    {
+        return $this->locale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the default locale as set in app/Config/App.php
+     */
+    public function getDefaultLocale(): string
+    {
+        return $this->defaultLocale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from JSON input stream with fallback to $_REQUEST object. This is the simplest way
+     * to grab data from the request object and can be used in lieu of the
+     * other get* methods in most cases.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index
+     * @param int|null          $filter Filter constant
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|stdClass|string|null
+     */
+    public function getVar($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        if (
+            strpos($this->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'application/json') !== false
+            && $this->body !== null
+        ) {
+            return $this->getJsonVar($index, false, $filter, $flags);
+        }
+
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('request', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method that grabs the raw input stream and decodes
+     * the JSON into an array.
+     *
+     * If $assoc == true, then all objects in the response will be converted
+     * to associative arrays.
+     *
+     * @param bool $assoc   Whether to return objects as associative arrays
+     * @param int  $depth   How many levels deep to decode
+     * @param int  $options Bitmask of options
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.json-decode.php
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|stdClass|null
+     */
+    public function getJSON(bool $assoc = false, int $depth = 512, int $options = 0)
+    {
+        return json_decode($this->body ?? '', $assoc, $depth, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a specific variable from a JSON input stream
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  The variable that you want which can use dot syntax for getting specific values.
+     * @param bool              $assoc  If true, return the result as an associative array.
+     * @param int|null          $filter Filter Constant
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags  Option
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|stdClass|string|null
+     */
+    public function getJsonVar($index = null, bool $assoc = false, ?int $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        helper('array');
+
+        $data = $this->getJSON(true);
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($index)) {
+            $data = dot_array_search($index, $data);
+        } elseif (is_array($index)) {
+            $result = [];
+
+            foreach ($index as $key) {
+                $result[$key] = dot_array_search($key, $data);
+            }
+
+            [$data, $result] = [$result, null];
+        }
+
+        if ($data === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $filter ??= FILTER_DEFAULT;
+        $flags = is_array($flags) ? $flags : (is_numeric($flags) ? (int) $flags : 0);
+
+        if ($filter !== FILTER_DEFAULT
+            || (
+                (is_numeric($flags) && $flags !== 0)
+                || is_array($flags) && $flags !== []
+            )
+        ) {
+            if (is_array($data)) {
+                // Iterate over array and append filter and flags
+                array_walk_recursive($data, static function (&$val) use ($filter, $flags) {
+                    $valType = gettype($val);
+                    $val     = filter_var($val, $filter, $flags);
+
+                    if (in_array($valType, ['int', 'integer', 'float', 'double', 'bool', 'boolean'], true) && $val !== false) {
+                        settype($val, $valType);
+                    }
+                });
+            } else {
+                $dataType = gettype($data);
+                $data     = filter_var($data, $filter, $flags);
+
+                if (in_array($dataType, ['int', 'integer', 'float', 'double', 'bool', 'boolean'], true) && $data !== false) {
+                    settype($data, $dataType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $assoc) {
+            if (is_array($index)) {
+                foreach ($data as &$val) {
+                    $val = is_array($val) ? json_decode(json_encode($val)) : $val;
+                }
+
+                return $data;
+            }
+
+            return json_decode(json_encode($data));
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method that grabs the raw input stream(send method in PUT, PATCH, DELETE) and decodes
+     * the String into an array.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getRawInput()
+    {
+        parse_str($this->body ?? '', $output);
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a specific variable from raw input stream (send method in PUT, PATCH, DELETE).
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  The variable that you want which can use dot syntax for getting specific values.
+     * @param int|null          $filter Filter Constant
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags  Option
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getRawInputVar($index = null, ?int $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        helper('array');
+
+        parse_str($this->body ?? '', $output);
+
+        if (is_string($index)) {
+            $output = dot_array_search($index, $output);
+        } elseif (is_array($index)) {
+            $data = [];
+
+            foreach ($index as $key) {
+                $data[$key] = dot_array_search($key, $output);
+            }
+
+            [$output, $data] = [$data, null];
+        }
+
+        $filter ??= FILTER_DEFAULT;
+        $flags = is_array($flags) ? $flags : (is_numeric($flags) ? (int) $flags : 0);
+
+        if (is_array($output)
+            && (
+                $filter !== FILTER_DEFAULT
+                || (
+                    (is_numeric($flags) && $flags !== 0)
+                    || is_array($flags) && $flags !== []
+                )
+            )
+        ) {
+            // Iterate over array and append filter and flags
+            array_walk_recursive($output, static function (&$val) use ($filter, $flags) {
+                $val = filter_var($val, $filter, $flags);
+            });
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($output)) {
+            return filter_var($output, $filter, $flags);
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from GET data.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_GET.
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply.
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getGet($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('get', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from POST.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_POST.
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getPost($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('post', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from POST data with fallback to GET.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to fetch from $_POST or $_GET
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getPostGet($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        if ($index === null) {
+            return array_merge($this->getGet($index, $filter, $flags), $this->getPost($index, $filter, $flags));
+        }
+
+        // Use $_POST directly here, since filter_has_var only
+        // checks the initial POST data, not anything that might
+        // have been added since.
+        return isset($_POST[$index])
+            ? $this->getPost($index, $filter, $flags)
+            : (isset($_GET[$index]) ? $this->getGet($index, $filter, $flags) : $this->getPost($index, $filter, $flags));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from GET data with fallback to POST.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_GET or $_POST
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to apply
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getGetPost($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        if ($index === null) {
+            return array_merge($this->getPost($index, $filter, $flags), $this->getGet($index, $filter, $flags));
+        }
+
+        // Use $_GET directly here, since filter_has_var only
+        // checks the initial GET data, not anything that might
+        // have been added since.
+        return isset($_GET[$index])
+            ? $this->getGet($index, $filter, $flags)
+            : (isset($_POST[$index]) ? $this->getPost($index, $filter, $flags) : $this->getGet($index, $filter, $flags));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_COOKIE
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to be applied
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function getCookie($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('cookie', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch the user agent string
+     *
+     * @return UserAgent
+     */
+    public function getUserAgent()
+    {
+        return $this->userAgent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to get old Input data that has been flashed to the session
+     * with redirect_with_input(). It first checks for the data in the old
+     * POST data, then the old GET data and finally check for dot arrays
+     *
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    public function getOldInput(string $key)
+    {
+        // If the session hasn't been started, we're done.
+        if (! isset($_SESSION)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Get previously saved in session
+        $old = session('_ci_old_input');
+
+        // If no data was previously saved, we're done.
+        if ($old === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Check for the value in the POST array first.
+        if (isset($old['post'][$key])) {
+            return $old['post'][$key];
+        }
+
+        // Next check in the GET array.
+        if (isset($old['get'][$key])) {
+            return $old['get'][$key];
+        }
+
+        helper('array');
+
+        // Check for an array value in POST.
+        if (isset($old['post'])) {
+            $value = dot_array_search($key, $old['post']);
+            if ($value !== null) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for an array value in GET.
+        if (isset($old['get'])) {
+            $value = dot_array_search($key, $old['get']);
+            if ($value !== null) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // requested session key not found
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of all files that have been uploaded with this
+     * request. Each file is represented by an UploadedFile instance.
+     */
+    public function getFiles(): array
+    {
+        if ($this->files === null) {
+            $this->files = new FileCollection();
+        }
+
+        return $this->files->all(); // return all files
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify if a file exist, by the name of the input field used to upload it, in the collection
+     * of uploaded files and if is have been uploaded with multiple option.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getFileMultiple(string $fileID)
+    {
+        if ($this->files === null) {
+            $this->files = new FileCollection();
+        }
+
+        return $this->files->getFileMultiple($fileID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a single file by the name of the input field used
+     * to upload it.
+     *
+     * @return UploadedFile|null
+     */
+    public function getFile(string $fileID)
+    {
+        if ($this->files === null) {
+            $this->files = new FileCollection();
+        }
+
+        return $this->files->getFile($fileID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove relative directory (../) and multi slashes (///)
+     *
+     * Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it, currently only used in static::_parse_request_uri()
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.1.2 Use URI::removeDotSegments() directly
+     */
+    protected function removeRelativeDirectory(string $uri): string
+    {
+        $uri = URI::removeDotSegments($uri);
+
+        return $uri === '/' ? $uri : ltrim($uri, '/');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Message.php b/system/HTTP/Message.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d0b5177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Message.php
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+/**
+ * An HTTP message
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\MessageTest
+ */
+class Message implements MessageInterface
+{
+    use MessageTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Protocol version
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $protocolVersion;
+
+    /**
+     * List of valid protocol versions
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $validProtocolVersions = [
+        '1.0',
+        '1.1',
+        '2.0',
+        '3.0',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Message body
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $body;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Message's body.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getBody()
+    {
+        return $this->body;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing all headers.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, Header> An array of the request headers
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use Message::headers() to make room for PSR-7
+     *
+     * @TODO Incompatible return value with PSR-7
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getHeaders(): array
+    {
+        return $this->headers();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single header object. If multiple headers with the same
+     * name exist, then will return an array of header objects.
+     *
+     * @return array|Header|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use Message::header() to make room for PSR-7
+     *
+     * @TODO Incompatible return value with PSR-7
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getHeader(string $name)
+    {
+        return $this->header($name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether a header exists.
+     */
+    public function hasHeader(string $name): bool
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        return isset($this->headers[$origName]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a comma-separated string of the values for a single header.
+     *
+     * This method returns all of the header values of the given
+     * case-insensitive header name as a string concatenated together using
+     * a comma.
+     *
+     * NOTE: Not all header values may be appropriately represented using
+     * comma concatenation. For such headers, use getHeader() instead
+     * and supply your own delimiter when concatenating.
+     */
+    public function getHeaderLine(string $name): string
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($origName, $this->headers)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return $this->headers[$origName]->getValueLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the HTTP Protocol Version.
+     */
+    public function getProtocolVersion(): string
+    {
+        return $this->protocolVersion ?? '1.1';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/MessageInterface.php b/system/HTTP/MessageInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99867bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/MessageInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of an HTTP message
+ */
+interface MessageInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the HTTP protocol version as a string.
+     *
+     * The string MUST contain only the HTTP version number (e.g., "1.1", "1.0").
+     *
+     * @return string HTTP protocol version.
+     */
+    public function getProtocolVersion(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the body of the current message.
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setBody($data);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the body of the message.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     *
+     * @TODO Incompatible return type with PSR-7
+     */
+    public function getBody();
+
+    /**
+     * Appends data to the body of the current message.
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function appendBody($data);
+
+    /**
+     * Populates the $headers array with any headers the server knows about.
+     */
+    public function populateHeaders(): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing all Headers.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, Header> An array of the Header objects
+     */
+    public function headers(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a header exists by the given case-insensitive name.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Case-insensitive header field name.
+     *
+     * @return bool Returns true if any header names match the given header
+     *              name using a case-insensitive string comparison. Returns false if
+     *              no matching header name is found in the message.
+     */
+    public function hasHeader(string $name): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single Header object. If multiple headers with the same
+     * name exist, then will return an array of header objects.
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return array|Header|null
+     */
+    public function header($name);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves a comma-separated string of the values for a single header.
+     *
+     * This method returns all of the header values of the given
+     * case-insensitive header name as a string concatenated together using
+     * a comma.
+     *
+     * NOTE: Not all header values may be appropriately represented using
+     * comma concatenation. For such headers, use getHeader() instead
+     * and supply your own delimiter when concatenating.
+     */
+    public function getHeaderLine(string $name): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a header and it's value.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setHeader(string $name, $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a header from the list of headers we track.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removeHeader(string $name);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an additional header value to any headers that accept
+     * multiple values (i.e. are an array or implement ArrayAccess)
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function appendHeader(string $name, ?string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an additional header value to any headers that accept
+     * multiple values (i.e. are an array or implement ArrayAccess)
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function prependHeader(string $name, string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the HTTP protocol version.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid protocols
+     */
+    public function setProtocolVersion(string $version);
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php b/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac3e5b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/MessageTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+
+/**
+ * Message Trait
+ * Additional methods to make a PSR-7 Message class
+ * compliant with the framework's own MessageInterface.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/php-fig/http-message/blob/master/src/MessageInterface.php
+ */
+trait MessageTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * List of all HTTP request headers.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, Header>
+     */
+    protected $headers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds a map of lower-case header names
+     * and their normal-case key as it is in $headers.
+     * Used for case-insensitive header access.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $headerMap = [];
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Body
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the body of the current message.
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setBody($data): self
+    {
+        $this->body = $data;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends data to the body of the current message.
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function appendBody($data): self
+    {
+        $this->body .= (string) $data;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Headers
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Populates the $headers array with any headers the server knows about.
+     */
+    public function populateHeaders(): void
+    {
+        $contentType = $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] ?? getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
+        if (! empty($contentType)) {
+            $this->setHeader('Content-Type', $contentType);
+        }
+        unset($contentType);
+
+        foreach (array_keys($_SERVER) as $key) {
+            if (sscanf($key, 'HTTP_%s', $header) === 1) {
+                // take SOME_HEADER and turn it into Some-Header
+                $header = str_replace('_', ' ', strtolower($header));
+                $header = str_replace(' ', '-', ucwords($header));
+
+                $this->setHeader($header, $_SERVER[$key]);
+
+                // Add us to the header map so we can find them case-insensitively
+                $this->headerMap[strtolower($header)] = $header;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing all Headers.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, Header> An array of the Header objects
+     */
+    public function headers(): array
+    {
+        // If no headers are defined, but the user is
+        // requesting it, then it's likely they want
+        // it to be populated so do that...
+        if (empty($this->headers)) {
+            $this->populateHeaders();
+        }
+
+        return $this->headers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single Header object. If multiple headers with the same
+     * name exist, then will return an array of header objects.
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return array|Header|null
+     */
+    public function header($name)
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        return $this->headers[$origName] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a header and it's value.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setHeader(string $name, $value): self
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        if (isset($this->headers[$origName]) && is_array($this->headers[$origName]->getValue())) {
+            if (! is_array($value)) {
+                $value = [$value];
+            }
+
+            foreach ($value as $v) {
+                $this->appendHeader($origName, $v);
+            }
+        } else {
+            $this->headers[$origName]               = new Header($origName, $value);
+            $this->headerMap[strtolower($origName)] = $origName;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a header from the list of headers we track.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removeHeader(string $name): self
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+        unset($this->headers[$origName], $this->headerMap[strtolower($name)]);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an additional header value to any headers that accept
+     * multiple values (i.e. are an array or implement ArrayAccess)
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function appendHeader(string $name, ?string $value): self
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        array_key_exists($origName, $this->headers)
+            ? $this->headers[$origName]->appendValue($value)
+            : $this->setHeader($name, $value);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an additional header value to any headers that accept
+     * multiple values (i.e. are an array or implement ArrayAccess)
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function prependHeader(string $name, string $value): self
+    {
+        $origName = $this->getHeaderName($name);
+
+        $this->headers[$origName]->prependValue($value);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a header name in any case, and returns the
+     * normal-case version of the header.
+     */
+    protected function getHeaderName(string $name): string
+    {
+        return $this->headerMap[strtolower($name)] ?? $name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the HTTP protocol version.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid protocols
+     */
+    public function setProtocolVersion(string $version): self
+    {
+        if (! is_numeric($version)) {
+            $version = substr($version, strpos($version, '/') + 1);
+        }
+
+        // Make sure that version is in the correct format
+        $version = number_format((float) $version, 1);
+
+        if (! in_array($version, $this->validProtocolVersions, true)) {
+            throw HTTPException::forInvalidHTTPProtocol($version);
+        }
+
+        $this->protocolVersion = $version;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1d5fdfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+
+/**
+ * Class Negotiate
+ *
+ * Provides methods to negotiate with the HTTP headers to determine the best
+ * type match between what the application supports and what the requesting
+ * server wants.
+ *
+ * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\NegotiateTest
+ */
+class Negotiate
+{
+    /**
+     * Request
+     *
+     * @var IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(?RequestInterface $request = null)
+    {
+        if ($request !== null) {
+            assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
+
+            $this->request = $request;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the request instance to grab the headers from.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setRequest(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
+
+        $this->request = $request;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the best content-type to use based on the $supported
+     * types the application says it supports, and the types requested
+     * by the client.
+     *
+     * If no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
+     * type is returned.
+     *
+     * @param bool $strictMatch If TRUE, will return an empty string when no match found.
+     *                          If FALSE, will return the first supported element.
+     */
+    public function media(array $supported, bool $strictMatch = false): string
+    {
+        return $this->getBestMatch($supported, $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept'), true, $strictMatch);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the best charset to use based on the $supported
+     * types the application says it supports, and the types requested
+     * by the client.
+     *
+     * If no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
+     * type is returned.
+     */
+    public function charset(array $supported): string
+    {
+        $match = $this->getBestMatch(
+            $supported,
+            $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-charset'),
+            false,
+            true
+        );
+
+        // If no charset is shown as a match, ignore the directive
+        // as allowed by the RFC, and tell it a default value.
+        if (empty($match)) {
+            return 'utf-8';
+        }
+
+        return $match;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the best encoding type to use based on the $supported
+     * types the application says it supports, and the types requested
+     * by the client.
+     *
+     * If no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
+     * type is returned.
+     */
+    public function encoding(array $supported = []): string
+    {
+        $supported[] = 'identity';
+
+        return $this->getBestMatch($supported, $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-encoding'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the best language to use based on the $supported
+     * types the application says it supports, and the types requested
+     * by the client.
+     *
+     * If no match is found, the first, highest-ranking client requested
+     * type is returned.
+     */
+    public function language(array $supported): string
+    {
+        return $this->getBestMatch($supported, $this->request->getHeaderLine('accept-language'), false, false, true);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Does the grunt work of comparing any of the app-supported values
+     * against a given Accept* header string.
+     *
+     * Portions of this code base on Aura.Accept library.
+     *
+     * @param array  $supported    App-supported values
+     * @param string $header       header string
+     * @param bool   $enforceTypes If TRUE, will compare media types and sub-types.
+     * @param bool   $strictMatch  If TRUE, will return empty string on no match.
+     *                             If FALSE, will return the first supported element.
+     * @param bool   $matchLocales If TRUE, will match locale sub-types to a broad type (fr-FR = fr)
+     *
+     * @return string Best match
+     */
+    protected function getBestMatch(
+        array $supported,
+        ?string $header = null,
+        bool $enforceTypes = false,
+        bool $strictMatch = false,
+        bool $matchLocales = false
+    ): string {
+        if (empty($supported)) {
+            throw HTTPException::forEmptySupportedNegotiations();
+        }
+
+        if (empty($header)) {
+            return $strictMatch ? '' : $supported[0];
+        }
+
+        $acceptable = $this->parseHeader($header);
+
+        foreach ($acceptable as $accept) {
+            // if acceptable quality is zero, skip it.
+            if ($accept['q'] === 0.0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // if acceptable value is "anything", return the first available
+            if ($accept['value'] === '*' || $accept['value'] === '*/*') {
+                return $supported[0];
+            }
+
+            // If an acceptable value is supported, return it
+            foreach ($supported as $available) {
+                if ($this->match($accept, $available, $enforceTypes, $matchLocales)) {
+                    return $available;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // No matches? Return the first supported element.
+        return $strictMatch ? '' : $supported[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an Accept* header into it's multiple values.
+     *
+     * This is based on code from Aura.Accept library.
+     */
+    public function parseHeader(string $header): array
+    {
+        $results    = [];
+        $acceptable = explode(',', $header);
+
+        foreach ($acceptable as $value) {
+            $pairs = explode(';', $value);
+
+            $value = $pairs[0];
+
+            unset($pairs[0]);
+
+            $parameters = [];
+
+            foreach ($pairs as $pair) {
+                if (preg_match(
+                    '/^(?P<name>.+?)=(?P<quoted>"|\')?(?P<value>.*?)(?:\k<quoted>)?$/',
+                    $pair,
+                    $param
+                )) {
+                    $parameters[trim($param['name'])] = trim($param['value']);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $quality = 1.0;
+
+            if (array_key_exists('q', $parameters)) {
+                $quality = $parameters['q'];
+                unset($parameters['q']);
+            }
+
+            $results[] = [
+                'value'  => trim($value),
+                'q'      => (float) $quality,
+                'params' => $parameters,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        // Sort to get the highest results first
+        usort($results, static function ($a, $b) {
+            if ($a['q'] === $b['q']) {
+                $aAst = substr_count($a['value'], '*');
+                $bAst = substr_count($b['value'], '*');
+
+                // '*/*' has lower precedence than 'text/*',
+                // and 'text/*' has lower priority than 'text/plain'
+                //
+                // This seems backwards, but needs to be that way
+                // due to the way PHP7 handles ordering or array
+                // elements created by reference.
+                if ($aAst > $bAst) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+
+                // If the counts are the same, but one element
+                // has more params than another, it has higher precedence.
+                //
+                // This seems backwards, but needs to be that way
+                // due to the way PHP7 handles ordering or array
+                // elements created by reference.
+                if ($aAst === $bAst) {
+                    return count($b['params']) - count($a['params']);
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            // Still here? Higher q values have precedence.
+            return ($a['q'] > $b['q']) ? -1 : 1;
+        });
+
+        return $results;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match-maker
+     *
+     * @param bool $matchLocales
+     */
+    protected function match(array $acceptable, string $supported, bool $enforceTypes = false, $matchLocales = false): bool
+    {
+        $supported = $this->parseHeader($supported);
+        if (is_array($supported) && count($supported) === 1) {
+            $supported = $supported[0];
+        }
+
+        // Is it an exact match?
+        if ($acceptable['value'] === $supported['value']) {
+            return $this->matchParameters($acceptable, $supported);
+        }
+
+        // Do we need to compare types/sub-types? Only used
+        // by negotiateMedia().
+        if ($enforceTypes) {
+            return $this->matchTypes($acceptable, $supported);
+        }
+
+        // Do we need to match locales against broader locales?
+        if ($matchLocales) {
+            return $this->matchLocales($acceptable, $supported);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks two Accept values with matching 'values' to see if their
+     * 'params' are the same.
+     */
+    protected function matchParameters(array $acceptable, array $supported): bool
+    {
+        if (count($acceptable['params']) !== count($supported['params'])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($supported['params'] as $label => $value) {
+            if (! isset($acceptable['params'][$label])
+                || $acceptable['params'][$label] !== $value
+            ) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the types/subtypes of an acceptable Media type and
+     * the supported string.
+     */
+    public function matchTypes(array $acceptable, array $supported): bool
+    {
+        // PHPDocumentor v2 cannot parse yet the shorter list syntax,
+        // causing no API generation for the file.
+        [$aType, $aSubType] = explode('/', $acceptable['value']);
+        [$sType, $sSubType] = explode('/', $supported['value']);
+
+        // If the types don't match, we're done.
+        if ($aType !== $sType) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If there's an asterisk, we're cool
+        if ($aSubType === '*') {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, subtypes must match also.
+        return $aSubType === $sSubType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will match locales against their broader pairs, so that fr-FR would
+     * match a supported localed of fr
+     */
+    public function matchLocales(array $acceptable, array $supported): bool
+    {
+        $aBroad = mb_strpos($acceptable['value'], '-') > 0
+            ? mb_substr($acceptable['value'], 0, mb_strpos($acceptable['value'], '-'))
+            : $acceptable['value'];
+        $sBroad = mb_strpos($supported['value'], '-') > 0
+            ? mb_substr($supported['value'], 0, mb_strpos($supported['value'], '-'))
+            : $supported['value'];
+
+        return strtolower($aBroad) === strtolower($sBroad);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..698cde26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an outgoing, client-side request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\OutgoingRequestTest
+ */
+class OutgoingRequest extends Message implements OutgoingRequestInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Request method.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $method;
+
+    /**
+     * A URI instance.
+     *
+     * @var URI|null
+     */
+    protected $uri;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string      $method HTTP method
+     * @param string|null $body
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        string $method,
+        ?URI $uri = null,
+        array $headers = [],
+        $body = null,
+        string $version = '1.1'
+    ) {
+        $this->method = $method;
+        $this->uri    = $uri;
+
+        foreach ($headers as $header => $value) {
+            $this->setHeader($header, $value);
+        }
+
+        $this->body            = $body;
+        $this->protocolVersion = $version;
+
+        if (! $this->hasHeader('Host') && $this->uri->getHost() !== '') {
+            $this->setHeader('Host', $this->getHostFromUri($this->uri));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function getHostFromUri(URI $uri): string
+    {
+        $host = $uri->getHost();
+
+        return $host . ($uri->getPort() ? ':' . $uri->getPort() : '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the request method.
+     *
+     * @param bool $upper Whether to return in upper or lower case.
+     *
+     * @deprecated The $upper functionality will be removed and this will revert to its PSR-7 equivalent
+     */
+    public function getMethod(bool $upper = false): string
+    {
+        return ($upper) ? strtoupper($this->method) : strtolower($this->method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the request method. Used when spoofing the request.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use withMethod() instead for immutability
+     */
+    public function setMethod(string $method)
+    {
+        $this->method = $method;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance with the specified method.
+     *
+     * @param string $method
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withMethod($method)
+    {
+        $request         = clone $this;
+        $request->method = $method;
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the URI instance.
+     *
+     * @return URI|null
+     */
+    public function getUri()
+    {
+        return $this->uri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance with the provided URI.
+     *
+     * @param URI  $uri          New request URI to use.
+     * @param bool $preserveHost Preserve the original state of the Host header.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withUri(URI $uri, $preserveHost = false)
+    {
+        $request      = clone $this;
+        $request->uri = $uri;
+
+        if ($preserveHost) {
+            if ($this->isHostHeaderMissingOrEmpty() && $uri->getHost() !== '') {
+                $request->setHeader('Host', $this->getHostFromUri($uri));
+
+                return $request;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->isHostHeaderMissingOrEmpty() && $uri->getHost() === '') {
+                return $request;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->isHostHeaderMissingOrEmpty()) {
+                return $request;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($uri->getHost() !== '') {
+            $request->setHeader('Host', $this->getHostFromUri($uri));
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    private function isHostHeaderMissingOrEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasHeader('Host')) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->header('Host')->getValue() === '';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3839b64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequestInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an outgoing, client-side request.
+ *
+ * Corresponds to Psr7\RequestInterface.
+ */
+interface OutgoingRequestInterface extends MessageInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Get the request method.
+     * An extension of PSR-7's getMethod to allow casing.
+     *
+     * @param bool $upper Whether to return in upper or lower case.
+     *
+     * @deprecated The $upper functionality will be removed and this will revert to its PSR-7 equivalent
+     */
+    public function getMethod(bool $upper = false): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Return an instance with the provided HTTP method.
+     *
+     * While HTTP method names are typically all uppercase characters, HTTP
+     * method names are case-sensitive and thus implementations SHOULD NOT
+     * modify the given string.
+     *
+     * This method MUST be implemented in such a way as to retain the
+     * immutability of the message, and MUST return an instance that has the
+     * changed request method.
+     *
+     * @param string $method Case-sensitive method.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException for invalid HTTP methods.
+     */
+    public function withMethod($method);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the URI instance.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-4.3
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function getUri();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance with the provided URI.
+     *
+     * This method MUST update the Host header of the returned request by
+     * default if the URI contains a host component. If the URI does not
+     * contain a host component, any pre-existing Host header MUST be carried
+     * over to the returned request.
+     *
+     * You can opt-in to preserving the original state of the Host header by
+     * setting `$preserveHost` to `true`. When `$preserveHost` is set to
+     * `true`, this method interacts with the Host header in the following ways:
+     *
+     * - If the Host header is missing or empty, and the new URI contains
+     *   a host component, this method MUST update the Host header in the returned
+     *   request.
+     * - If the Host header is missing or empty, and the new URI does not contain a
+     *   host component, this method MUST NOT update the Host header in the returned
+     *   request.
+     * - If a Host header is present and non-empty, this method MUST NOT update
+     *   the Host header in the returned request.
+     *
+     * This method MUST be implemented in such a way as to retain the
+     * immutability of the message, and MUST return an instance that has the
+     * new UriInterface instance.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-4.3
+     *
+     * @param URI  $uri          New request URI to use.
+     * @param bool $preserveHost Preserve the original state of the Host header.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withUri(URI $uri, $preserveHost = false);
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6f234ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Handle a redirect response
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponseTest
+ */
+class RedirectResponse extends Response
+{
+    /**
+     * Sets the URI to redirect to and, optionally, the HTTP status code to use.
+     * If no code is provided it will be automatically determined.
+     *
+     * @param string   $uri  The URI path (relative to baseURL) to redirect to
+     * @param int|null $code HTTP status code
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function to(string $uri, ?int $code = null, string $method = 'auto')
+    {
+        // If it appears to be a relative URL, then convert to full URL
+        // for better security.
+        if (strpos($uri, 'http') !== 0) {
+            $uri = site_url($uri);
+        }
+
+        return $this->redirect($uri, $method, $code);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the URI to redirect to but as a reverse-routed or named route
+     * instead of a raw URI.
+     *
+     * @param string $route Route name or Controller::method
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     */
+    public function route(string $route, array $params = [], ?int $code = null, string $method = 'auto')
+    {
+        $namedRoute = $route;
+
+        $route = Services::routes()->reverseRoute($route, ...$params);
+
+        if (! $route) {
+            throw HTTPException::forInvalidRedirectRoute($namedRoute);
+        }
+
+        return $this->redirect(site_url($route), $method, $code);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to return to previous page.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  return redirect()->back();
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function back(?int $code = null, string $method = 'auto')
+    {
+        Services::session();
+
+        return $this->redirect(previous_url(), $method, $code);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current $_GET and $_POST arrays in the session.
+     * This also saves the validation errors.
+     *
+     * It will then be available via the 'old()' helper function.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withInput()
+    {
+        $session = Services::session();
+        $session->setFlashdata('_ci_old_input', [
+            'get'  => $_GET ?? [],
+            'post' => $_POST ?? [],
+        ]);
+
+        $this->withErrors();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets validation errors in the session.
+     *
+     * If the validation has any errors, transmit those back
+     * so they can be displayed when the validation is handled
+     * within a method different than displaying the form.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    private function withErrors(): self
+    {
+        $validation = Services::validation();
+
+        if ($validation->getErrors()) {
+            $session = Services::session();
+            $session->setFlashdata('_ci_validation_errors', $validation->getErrors());
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a key and message to the session as Flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $message
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function with(string $key, $message)
+    {
+        Services::session()->setFlashdata($key, $message);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies any cookies from the global Response instance
+     * into this RedirectResponse. Useful when you've just
+     * set a cookie but need ensure that's actually sent
+     * with the response instead of lost.
+     *
+     * @return $this|RedirectResponse
+     */
+    public function withCookies()
+    {
+        $this->cookieStore = new CookieStore(Services::response()->getCookies());
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies any headers from the global Response instance
+     * into this RedirectResponse. Useful when you've just
+     * set a header be need to ensure its actually sent
+     * with the redirect response.
+     *
+     * @return $this|RedirectResponse
+     */
+    public function withHeaders()
+    {
+        foreach (Services::response()->headers() as $name => $header) {
+            $this->setHeader($name, $header->getValue());
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Request.php b/system/HTTP/Request.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afb0b22a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Request.php
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRules;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an incoming, server-side HTTP request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestTest
+ */
+class Request extends OutgoingRequest implements RequestInterface
+{
+    use RequestTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Proxy IPs
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.0.5 No longer used. Check the App config directly
+     */
+    protected $proxyIPs;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param App $config
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.0.5 The $config is no longer needed and will be removed in a future version
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = null) // @phpstan-ignore-line
+    {
+        if (empty($this->method)) {
+            $this->method = $this->getServer('REQUEST_METHOD') ?? 'GET';
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->uri)) {
+            $this->uri = new URI();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate an IP address
+     *
+     * @param string $ip    IP Address
+     * @param string $which IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.0.5 Use Validation instead
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function isValidIP(?string $ip = null, ?string $which = null): bool
+    {
+        return (new FormatRules())->valid_ip($ip, $which);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the request method.
+     *
+     * @param bool $upper Whether to return in upper or lower case.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.0.5 The $upper functionality will be removed and this will revert to its PSR-7 equivalent
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getMethod(bool $upper = false): string
+    {
+        return ($upper) ? strtoupper($this->method) : strtolower($this->method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the request method. Used when spoofing the request.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.0.5 Use withMethod() instead for immutability
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function setMethod(string $method)
+    {
+        $this->method = $method;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance with the specified method.
+     *
+     * @param string $method
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function withMethod($method)
+    {
+        $request = clone $this;
+
+        $request->method = $method;
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the URI instance.
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function getUri()
+    {
+        return $this->uri;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RequestInterface.php b/system/HTTP/RequestInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..367c4949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/RequestInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an incoming, server-side HTTP request.
+ *
+ * Corresponds to Psr7\ServerRequestInterface.
+ */
+interface RequestInterface extends OutgoingRequestInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the user's IP address.
+     * Supplied by RequestTrait.
+     *
+     * @return string IP address
+     */
+    public function getIPAddress(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Validate an IP address
+     *
+     * @param string $ip    IP Address
+     * @param string $which IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use Validation instead
+     */
+    public function isValidIP(string $ip, ?string $which = null): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from the $_SERVER array.
+     * Supplied by RequestTrait.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_SERVER
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to be applied
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getServer($index = null, $filter = null);
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php b/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52ffa812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/RequestTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRules;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * Request Trait
+ *
+ * Additional methods to make a PSR-7 Request class
+ * compliant with the framework's own RequestInterface.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/php-fig/http-message/blob/master/src/RequestInterface.php
+ */
+trait RequestTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * IP address of the current user.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Will become private in a future release
+     */
+    protected $ipAddress = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Stores values we've retrieved from
+     * PHP globals.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $globals = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the user's IP address.
+     *
+     * @return string IP address if it can be detected.
+     *                If the IP address is not a valid IP address,
+     *                then will return '0.0.0.0'.
+     */
+    public function getIPAddress(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->ipAddress) {
+            return $this->ipAddress;
+        }
+
+        $ipValidator = [
+            new FormatRules(),
+            'valid_ip',
+        ];
+
+        $proxyIPs = config(App::class)->proxyIPs;
+
+        if (! empty($proxyIPs) && (! is_array($proxyIPs) || is_int(array_key_first($proxyIPs)))) {
+            throw new ConfigException(
+                'You must set an array with Proxy IP address key and HTTP header name value in Config\App::$proxyIPs.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->ipAddress = $this->getServer('REMOTE_ADDR');
+
+        // If this is a CLI request, $this->ipAddress is null.
+        if ($this->ipAddress === null) {
+            return $this->ipAddress = '0.0.0.0';
+        }
+
+        // @TODO Extract all this IP address logic to another class.
+        foreach ($proxyIPs as $proxyIP => $header) {
+            // Check if we have an IP address or a subnet
+            if (strpos($proxyIP, '/') === false) {
+                // An IP address (and not a subnet) is specified.
+                // We can compare right away.
+                if ($proxyIP === $this->ipAddress) {
+                    $spoof = $this->getClientIP($header);
+
+                    if ($spoof !== null) {
+                        $this->ipAddress = $spoof;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // We have a subnet ... now the heavy lifting begins
+            if (! isset($separator)) {
+                $separator = $ipValidator($this->ipAddress, 'ipv6') ? ':' : '.';
+            }
+
+            // If the proxy entry doesn't match the IP protocol - skip it
+            if (strpos($proxyIP, $separator) === false) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Convert the REMOTE_ADDR IP address to binary, if needed
+            if (! isset($ip, $sprintf)) {
+                if ($separator === ':') {
+                    // Make sure we're having the "full" IPv6 format
+                    $ip = explode(':', str_replace('::', str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($this->ipAddress, ':')), $this->ipAddress));
+
+                    for ($j = 0; $j < 8; $j++) {
+                        $ip[$j] = intval($ip[$j], 16);
+                    }
+
+                    $sprintf = '%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b';
+                } else {
+                    $ip      = explode('.', $this->ipAddress);
+                    $sprintf = '%08b%08b%08b%08b';
+                }
+
+                $ip = vsprintf($sprintf, $ip);
+            }
+
+            // Split the netmask length off the network address
+            sscanf($proxyIP, '%[^/]/%d', $netaddr, $masklen);
+
+            // Again, an IPv6 address is most likely in a compressed form
+            if ($separator === ':') {
+                $netaddr = explode(':', str_replace('::', str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($netaddr, ':')), $netaddr));
+
+                for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++) {
+                    $netaddr[$i] = intval($netaddr[$i], 16);
+                }
+            } else {
+                $netaddr = explode('.', $netaddr);
+            }
+
+            // Convert to binary and finally compare
+            if (strncmp($ip, vsprintf($sprintf, $netaddr), $masklen) === 0) {
+                $spoof = $this->getClientIP($header);
+
+                if ($spoof !== null) {
+                    $this->ipAddress = $spoof;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $ipValidator($this->ipAddress)) {
+            return $this->ipAddress = '0.0.0.0';
+        }
+
+        return $this->ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the client IP address from the HTTP header.
+     */
+    private function getClientIP(string $header): ?string
+    {
+        $ipValidator = [
+            new FormatRules(),
+            'valid_ip',
+        ];
+        $spoof     = null;
+        $headerObj = $this->header($header);
+
+        if ($headerObj !== null) {
+            $spoof = $headerObj->getValue();
+
+            // Some proxies typically list the whole chain of IP
+            // addresses through which the client has reached us.
+            // e.g. client_ip, proxy_ip1, proxy_ip2, etc.
+            sscanf($spoof, '%[^,]', $spoof);
+
+            if (! $ipValidator($spoof)) {
+                $spoof = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $spoof;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from the $_SERVER array.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_SERVER
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to be applied
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getServer($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('server', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from the $_ENV array.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $index  Index for item to be fetched from $_ENV
+     * @param int|null          $filter A filter name to be applied
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getEnv($index = null, $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fetchGlobal('env', $index, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows manually setting the value of PHP global, like $_GET, $_POST, etc.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setGlobal(string $method, $value)
+    {
+        $this->globals[$method] = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches one or more items from a global, like cookies, get, post, etc.
+     * Can optionally filter the input when you retrieve it by passing in
+     * a filter.
+     *
+     * If $type is an array, it must conform to the input allowed by the
+     * filter_input_array method.
+     *
+     * http://php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.sanitize.php
+     *
+     * @param string            $method Input filter constant
+     * @param array|string|null $index
+     * @param int|null          $filter Filter constant
+     * @param array|int|null    $flags  Options
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function fetchGlobal(string $method, $index = null, ?int $filter = null, $flags = null)
+    {
+        $method = strtolower($method);
+
+        if (! isset($this->globals[$method])) {
+            $this->populateGlobals($method);
+        }
+
+        // Null filters cause null values to return.
+        $filter ??= FILTER_DEFAULT;
+        $flags = is_array($flags) ? $flags : (is_numeric($flags) ? (int) $flags : 0);
+
+        // Return all values when $index is null
+        if ($index === null) {
+            $values = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->globals[$method] as $key => $value) {
+                $values[$key] = is_array($value)
+                    ? $this->fetchGlobal($method, $key, $filter, $flags)
+                    : filter_var($value, $filter, $flags);
+            }
+
+            return $values;
+        }
+
+        // allow fetching multiple keys at once
+        if (is_array($index)) {
+            $output = [];
+
+            foreach ($index as $key) {
+                $output[$key] = $this->fetchGlobal($method, $key, $filter, $flags);
+            }
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        // Does the index contain array notation?
+        if (($count = preg_match_all('/(?:^[^\[]+)|\[[^]]*\]/', $index, $matches)) > 1) {
+            $value = $this->globals[$method];
+
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
+                $key = trim($matches[0][$i], '[]');
+
+                if ($key === '') { // Empty notation will return the value as array
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (isset($value[$key])) {
+                    $value = $value[$key];
+                } else {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($value)) {
+            $value = $this->globals[$method][$index] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($value)
+            && (
+                $filter !== FILTER_DEFAULT
+                || (
+                    (is_numeric($flags) && $flags !== 0)
+                    || is_array($flags) && $flags !== []
+                )
+            )
+        ) {
+            // Iterate over array and append filter and flags
+            array_walk_recursive($value, static function (&$val) use ($filter, $flags) {
+                $val = filter_var($val, $filter, $flags);
+            });
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        // Cannot filter these types of data automatically...
+        if (is_array($value) || is_object($value) || $value === null) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        return filter_var($value, $filter, $flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves a copy of the current state of one of several PHP globals
+     * so we can retrieve them later.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function populateGlobals(string $method)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->globals[$method])) {
+            $this->globals[$method] = [];
+        }
+
+        // Don't populate ENV as it might contain
+        // sensitive data that we don't want to get logged.
+        switch ($method) {
+            case 'get':
+                $this->globals['get'] = $_GET;
+                break;
+
+            case 'post':
+                $this->globals['post'] = $_POST;
+                break;
+
+            case 'request':
+                $this->globals['request'] = $_REQUEST;
+                break;
+
+            case 'cookie':
+                $this->globals['cookie'] = $_COOKIE;
+                break;
+
+            case 'server':
+                $this->globals['server'] = $_SERVER;
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ResponsableInterface.php b/system/HTTP/ResponsableInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cca5356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/ResponsableInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+interface ResponsableInterface
+{
+    public function getResponse(): ResponseInterface;
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Response.php b/system/HTTP/Response.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc37e741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/Response.php
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an outgoing, server-side response.
+ *
+ * Per the HTTP specification, this interface includes properties for
+ * each of the following:
+ *
+ * - Protocol version
+ * - Status code and reason phrase
+ * - Headers
+ * - Message body
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseTest
+ */
+class Response extends Message implements ResponseInterface
+{
+    use ResponseTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * HTTP status codes
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $statusCodes = [
+        // 1xx: Informational
+        100 => 'Continue',
+        101 => 'Switching Protocols',
+        102 => 'Processing', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc2518
+        103 => 'Early Hints', // http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc8297.txt
+        // 2xx: Success
+        200 => 'OK',
+        201 => 'Created',
+        202 => 'Accepted',
+        203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information', // 1.1
+        204 => 'No Content',
+        205 => 'Reset Content',
+        206 => 'Partial Content',
+        207 => 'Multi-Status', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918
+        208 => 'Already Reported', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc5842
+        226 => 'IM Used', // 1.1; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3229.txt
+        // 3xx: Redirection
+        300 => 'Multiple Choices',
+        301 => 'Moved Permanently',
+        302 => 'Found', // Formerly 'Moved Temporarily'
+        303 => 'See Other', // 1.1
+        304 => 'Not Modified',
+        305 => 'Use Proxy', // 1.1
+        306 => 'Switch Proxy', // No longer used
+        307 => 'Temporary Redirect', // 1.1
+        308 => 'Permanent Redirect', // 1.1; Experimental; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7238.txt
+        // 4xx: Client error
+        400 => 'Bad Request',
+        401 => 'Unauthorized',
+        402 => 'Payment Required',
+        403 => 'Forbidden',
+        404 => 'Not Found',
+        405 => 'Method Not Allowed',
+        406 => 'Not Acceptable',
+        407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required',
+        408 => 'Request Timeout',
+        409 => 'Conflict',
+        410 => 'Gone',
+        411 => 'Length Required',
+        412 => 'Precondition Failed',
+        413 => 'Content Too Large', // https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xml
+        414 => 'URI Too Long', // https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xml
+        415 => 'Unsupported Media Type',
+        416 => 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
+        417 => 'Expectation Failed',
+        418 => "I'm a teapot", // April's Fools joke; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2324.txt
+        // 419 (Authentication Timeout) is a non-standard status code with unknown origin
+        421 => 'Misdirected Request', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc7540 Section 9.1.2
+        422 => 'Unprocessable Content', // https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xml
+        423 => 'Locked', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918
+        424 => 'Failed Dependency', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918
+        425 => 'Too Early', // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpbis-replay/
+        426 => 'Upgrade Required',
+        428 => 'Precondition Required', // 1.1; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6585.txt
+        429 => 'Too Many Requests', // 1.1; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6585.txt
+        431 => 'Request Header Fields Too Large', // 1.1; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6585.txt
+        451 => 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons', // http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7725
+        499 => 'Client Closed Request', // http://lxr.nginx.org/source/src/http/ngx_http_request.h#0133
+        // 5xx: Server error
+        500 => 'Internal Server Error',
+        501 => 'Not Implemented',
+        502 => 'Bad Gateway',
+        503 => 'Service Unavailable',
+        504 => 'Gateway Timeout',
+        505 => 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
+        506 => 'Variant Also Negotiates', // 1.1; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2295.txt
+        507 => 'Insufficient Storage', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc4918
+        508 => 'Loop Detected', // http://www.iana.org/go/rfc5842
+        510 => 'Not Extended', // http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2774.txt
+        511 => 'Network Authentication Required', // http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6585.txt
+        599 => 'Network Connect Timeout Error', // https://httpstatuses.com/599
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The current reason phrase for this response.
+     * If empty string, will use the default provided for the status code.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $reason = '';
+
+    /**
+     * The current status code for this response.
+     * The status code is a 3-digit integer result code of the server's attempt
+     * to understand and satisfy the request.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $statusCode = 200;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will not write output. Useful during testing.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @internal Used for framework testing, should not be relied on otherwise
+     */
+    protected $pretend = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param App $config
+     *
+     * @todo Recommend removing reliance on config injection
+     */
+    public function __construct($config)
+    {
+        // Default to a non-caching page.
+        // Also ensures that a Cache-control header exists.
+        $this->noCache();
+
+        // We need CSP object even if not enabled to avoid calls to non existing methods
+        $this->CSP = Services::csp();
+
+        $this->CSPEnabled = $config->CSPEnabled;
+
+        $this->cookieStore = new CookieStore([]);
+
+        $cookie = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+        Cookie::setDefaults($cookie);
+
+        // Default to an HTML Content-Type. Devs can override if needed.
+        $this->setContentType('text/html');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Turns "pretend" mode on or off to aid in testing.
+     *
+     * Note that this is not a part of the interface so
+     * should not be relied on outside of internal testing.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @testTag only available to test code
+     */
+    public function pretend(bool $pretend = true)
+    {
+        $this->pretend = $pretend;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response status code.
+     *
+     * The status code is a 3-digit integer result code of the server's attempt
+     * to understand and satisfy the request.
+     *
+     * @return int Status code.
+     */
+    public function getStatusCode(): int
+    {
+        if (empty($this->statusCode)) {
+            throw HTTPException::forMissingResponseStatus();
+        }
+
+        return $this->statusCode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response response phrase associated with the status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use getReasonPhrase()
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getReason(): string
+    {
+        return $this->getReasonPhrase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response reason phrase associated with the status code.
+     *
+     * Because a reason phrase is not a required element in a response
+     * status line, the reason phrase value MAY be null. Implementations MAY
+     * choose to return the default RFC 7231 recommended reason phrase (or those
+     * listed in the IANA HTTP Status Code Registry) for the response's
+     * status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @return string Reason phrase; must return an empty string if none present.
+     */
+    public function getReasonPhrase()
+    {
+        if ($this->reason === '') {
+            return ! empty($this->statusCode) ? static::$statusCodes[$this->statusCode] : '';
+        }
+
+        return $this->reason;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php b/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..878d1488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerInterface;
+use DateTime;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Representation of an outgoing, server-side response.
+ * Most of these methods are supplied by ResponseTrait.
+ *
+ * Per the HTTP specification, this interface includes properties for
+ * each of the following:
+ *
+ * - Protocol version
+ * - Status code and reason phrase
+ * - Headers
+ * - Message body
+ */
+interface ResponseInterface extends MessageInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Constants for status codes.
+     * From  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes
+     */
+    // Informational
+    public const HTTP_CONTINUE                        = 100;
+    public const HTTP_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS             = 101;
+    public const HTTP_PROCESSING                      = 102;
+    public const HTTP_EARLY_HINTS                     = 103;
+    public const HTTP_OK                              = 200;
+    public const HTTP_CREATED                         = 201;
+    public const HTTP_ACCEPTED                        = 202;
+    public const HTTP_NONAUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION    = 203;
+    public const HTTP_NO_CONTENT                      = 204;
+    public const HTTP_RESET_CONTENT                   = 205;
+    public const HTTP_PARTIAL_CONTENT                 = 206;
+    public const HTTP_MULTI_STATUS                    = 207;
+    public const HTTP_ALREADY_REPORTED                = 208;
+    public const HTTP_IM_USED                         = 226;
+    public const HTTP_MULTIPLE_CHOICES                = 300;
+    public const HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY               = 301;
+    public const HTTP_FOUND                           = 302;
+    public const HTTP_SEE_OTHER                       = 303;
+    public const HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED                    = 304;
+    public const HTTP_USE_PROXY                       = 305;
+    public const HTTP_SWITCH_PROXY                    = 306;
+    public const HTTP_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT              = 307;
+    public const HTTP_PERMANENT_REDIRECT              = 308;
+    public const HTTP_BAD_REQUEST                     = 400;
+    public const HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED                    = 401;
+    public const HTTP_PAYMENT_REQUIRED                = 402;
+    public const HTTP_FORBIDDEN                       = 403;
+    public const HTTP_NOT_FOUND                       = 404;
+    public const HTTP_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED              = 405;
+    public const HTTP_NOT_ACCEPTABLE                  = 406;
+    public const HTTP_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED   = 407;
+    public const HTTP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT                 = 408;
+    public const HTTP_CONFLICT                        = 409;
+    public const HTTP_GONE                            = 410;
+    public const HTTP_LENGTH_REQUIRED                 = 411;
+    public const HTTP_PRECONDITION_FAILED             = 412;
+    public const HTTP_PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE               = 413;
+    public const HTTP_URI_TOO_LONG                    = 414;
+    public const HTTP_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE          = 415;
+    public const HTTP_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE           = 416;
+    public const HTTP_EXPECTATION_FAILED              = 417;
+    public const HTTP_IM_A_TEAPOT                     = 418;
+    public const HTTP_MISDIRECTED_REQUEST             = 421;
+    public const HTTP_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY            = 422;
+    public const HTTP_LOCKED                          = 423;
+    public const HTTP_FAILED_DEPENDENCY               = 424;
+    public const HTTP_TOO_EARLY                       = 425;
+    public const HTTP_UPGRADE_REQUIRED                = 426;
+    public const HTTP_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED           = 428;
+    public const HTTP_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS               = 429;
+    public const HTTP_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE = 431;
+    public const HTTP_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS   = 451;
+    public const HTTP_CLIENT_CLOSED_REQUEST           = 499;
+    public const HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR           = 500;
+    public const HTTP_NOT_IMPLEMENTED                 = 501;
+    public const HTTP_BAD_GATEWAY                     = 502;
+    public const HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE             = 503;
+    public const HTTP_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT                 = 504;
+    public const HTTP_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED      = 505;
+    public const HTTP_VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES         = 506;
+    public const HTTP_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE            = 507;
+    public const HTTP_LOOP_DETECTED                   = 508;
+    public const HTTP_NOT_EXTENDED                    = 510;
+    public const HTTP_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 511;
+    public const HTTP_NETWORK_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_ERROR   = 599;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response status code.
+     *
+     * The status code is a 3-digit integer result code of the server's attempt
+     * to understand and satisfy the request.
+     *
+     * @return int Status code.
+     *
+     * @deprecated To be replaced by the PSR-7 version (compatible)
+     */
+    public function getStatusCode(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Return an instance with the specified status code and, optionally, reason phrase.
+     *
+     * If no reason phrase is specified, will default recommended reason phrase for
+     * the response's status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @param int    $code   The 3-digit integer result code to set.
+     * @param string $reason The reason phrase to use with the
+     *                       provided status code; if none is provided, will
+     *                       default to the IANA name.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid status code arguments.
+     */
+    public function setStatusCode(int $code, string $reason = '');
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response phrase associated with the status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use getReasonPhrase()
+     */
+    public function getReason(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the response reason phrase associated with the status code.
+     *
+     * Because a reason phrase is not a required element in a response
+     * status line, the reason phrase value MAY be null. Implementations MAY
+     * choose to return the default RFC 7231 recommended reason phrase (or those
+     * listed in the IANA HTTP Status Code Registry) for the response's
+     * status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @return string Reason phrase; must return an empty string if none present.
+     */
+    public function getReasonPhrase();
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Convenience Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the date header
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setDate(DateTime $date);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Last-Modified date header.
+     *
+     * $date can be either a string representation of the date or,
+     * preferably, an instance of DateTime.
+     *
+     * @param DateTime|string $date
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setLastModified($date);
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Link Header
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @todo Recommend moving to Pager
+     */
+    public function setLink(PagerInterface $pager);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Content Type header for this response with the mime type
+     * and, optionally, the charset.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setContentType(string $mime, string $charset = 'UTF-8');
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Formatter Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the $body into JSON and sets the Content Type header.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setJSON($body, bool $unencoded = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current body, converted to JSON is it isn't already.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the body property is not array.
+     */
+    public function getJSON();
+
+    /**
+     * Converts $body into XML, and sets the correct Content-Type.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setXML($body);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the current body into XML and returns it.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the body property is not array.
+     */
+    public function getXML();
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Cache Control Methods
+    //
+    // http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the appropriate headers to ensure this response
+     * is not cached by the browsers.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function noCache();
+
+    /**
+     * A shortcut method that allows the developer to set all of the
+     * cache-control headers in one method call.
+     *
+     * The options array is used to provide the cache-control directives
+     * for the header. It might look something like:
+     *
+     *      $options = [
+     *          'max-age'  => 300,
+     *          's-maxage' => 900
+     *          'etag'     => 'abcde',
+     *      ];
+     *
+     * Typical options are:
+     *  - etag
+     *  - last-modified
+     *  - max-age
+     *  - s-maxage
+     *  - private
+     *  - public
+     *  - must-revalidate
+     *  - proxy-revalidate
+     *  - no-transform
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setCache(array $options = []);
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Output Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the output to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function send();
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the headers of this HTTP request to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function sendHeaders();
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the Body of the message to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function sendBody();
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Cookie Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Set a cookie
+     *
+     * Accepts an arbitrary number of binds (up to 7) or an associative
+     * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $name     Cookie name or array containing binds
+     * @param string       $value    Cookie value
+     * @param string       $expire   Cookie expiration time in seconds
+     * @param string       $domain   Cookie domain (e.g.: '.yourdomain.com')
+     * @param string       $path     Cookie path (default: '/')
+     * @param string       $prefix   Cookie name prefix
+     * @param bool         $secure   Whether to only transfer cookies via SSL
+     * @param bool         $httponly Whether only make the cookie accessible via HTTP (no javascript)
+     * @param string|null  $samesite
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setCookie(
+        $name,
+        $value = '',
+        $expire = '',
+        $domain = '',
+        $path = '/',
+        $prefix = '',
+        $secure = false,
+        $httponly = false,
+        $samesite = null
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the Response has a specified cookie or not.
+     */
+    public function hasCookie(string $name, ?string $value = null, string $prefix = ''): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cookie
+     *
+     * @return Cookie|Cookie[]|null
+     */
+    public function getCookie(?string $name = null, string $prefix = '');
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a cookie to be deleted when the response is sent.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function deleteCookie(string $name = '', string $domain = '', string $path = '/', string $prefix = '');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all cookies currently set.
+     *
+     * @return Cookie[]
+     */
+    public function getCookies();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the `CookieStore` instance.
+     *
+     * @return CookieStore
+     */
+    public function getCookieStore();
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Response Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a redirect to a new URL, in two flavors: header or location.
+     *
+     * @param string $uri  The URI to redirect to
+     * @param int    $code The type of redirection, defaults to 302
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid status code.
+     */
+    public function redirect(string $uri, string $method = 'auto', ?int $code = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Force a download.
+     *
+     * Generates the headers that force a download to happen. And
+     * sends the file to the browser.
+     *
+     * @param string      $filename The path to the file to send
+     * @param string|null $data     The data to be downloaded
+     * @param bool        $setMime  Whether to try and send the actual MIME type
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse|null
+     */
+    public function download(string $filename = '', $data = '', bool $setMime = false);
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // CSP Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Get Content Security Policy handler.
+     */
+    public function getCSP(): ContentSecurityPolicy;
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php b/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c074131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions\SecurityException;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use DateTime;
+use DateTimeZone;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Response Trait
+ *
+ * Additional methods to make a PSR-7 Response class
+ * compliant with the framework's own ResponseInterface.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/php-fig/http-message/blob/master/src/ResponseInterface.php
+ */
+trait ResponseTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Whether Content Security Policy is being enforced.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->CSP->enabled() instead.
+     */
+    protected $CSPEnabled = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Content security policy handler
+     *
+     * @var ContentSecurityPolicy
+     *
+     * @deprecated Will be protected. Use `getCSP()` instead.
+     */
+    public $CSP;
+
+    /**
+     * CookieStore instance.
+     *
+     * @var CookieStore
+     */
+    protected $cookieStore;
+
+    /**
+     * Set a cookie name prefix if you need to avoid collisions
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookiePrefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Set to .your-domain.com for site-wide cookies
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookieDomain = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Typically will be a forward slash
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookiePath = '/';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie will only be set if a secure HTTPS connection exists.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookieSecure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie will only be accessible via HTTP(S) (no javascript)
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookieHTTPOnly = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie SameSite setting
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookieSameSite = Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores all cookies that were set in the response.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use the dedicated Cookie class instead.
+     */
+    protected $cookies = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Type of format the body is in.
+     * Valid: html, json, xml
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $bodyFormat = 'html';
+
+    /**
+     * Return an instance with the specified status code and, optionally, reason phrase.
+     *
+     * If no reason phrase is specified, will default recommended reason phrase for
+     * the response's status code.
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6
+     * @see http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @param int    $code   The 3-digit integer result code to set.
+     * @param string $reason The reason phrase to use with the
+     *                       provided status code; if none is provided, will
+     *                       default to the IANA name.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid status code arguments.
+     */
+    public function setStatusCode(int $code, string $reason = '')
+    {
+        // Valid range?
+        if ($code < 100 || $code > 599) {
+            throw HTTPException::forInvalidStatusCode($code);
+        }
+
+        // Unknown and no message?
+        if (! array_key_exists($code, static::$statusCodes) && empty($reason)) {
+            throw HTTPException::forUnkownStatusCode($code);
+        }
+
+        $this->statusCode = $code;
+
+        $this->reason = ! empty($reason) ? $reason : static::$statusCodes[$code];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Convenience Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the date header
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setDate(DateTime $date)
+    {
+        $date->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'));
+
+        $this->setHeader('Date', $date->format('D, d M Y H:i:s') . ' GMT');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Link Header
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @todo Recommend moving to Pager
+     */
+    public function setLink(PagerInterface $pager)
+    {
+        $links = '';
+
+        if ($previous = $pager->getPreviousPageURI()) {
+            $links .= '<' . $pager->getPageURI($pager->getFirstPage()) . '>; rel="first",';
+            $links .= '<' . $previous . '>; rel="prev"';
+        }
+
+        if (($next = $pager->getNextPageURI()) && $previous) {
+            $links .= ',';
+        }
+
+        if ($next) {
+            $links .= '<' . $next . '>; rel="next",';
+            $links .= '<' . $pager->getPageURI($pager->getLastPage()) . '>; rel="last"';
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('Link', $links);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Content Type header for this response with the mime type
+     * and, optionally, the charset.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setContentType(string $mime, string $charset = 'UTF-8')
+    {
+        // add charset attribute if not already there and provided as parm
+        if ((strpos($mime, 'charset=') < 1) && ! empty($charset)) {
+            $mime .= '; charset=' . $charset;
+        }
+
+        $this->removeHeader('Content-Type'); // replace existing content type
+        $this->setHeader('Content-Type', $mime);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the $body into JSON and sets the Content Type header.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setJSON($body, bool $unencoded = false)
+    {
+        $this->body = $this->formatBody($body, 'json' . ($unencoded ? '-unencoded' : ''));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current body, converted to JSON is it isn't already.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the body property is not array.
+     */
+    public function getJSON()
+    {
+        $body = $this->body;
+
+        if ($this->bodyFormat !== 'json') {
+            $body = Services::format()->getFormatter('application/json')->format($body);
+        }
+
+        return $body ?: null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts $body into XML, and sets the correct Content-Type.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setXML($body)
+    {
+        $this->body = $this->formatBody($body, 'xml');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the current body into XML and returns it.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string|null
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the body property is not array.
+     */
+    public function getXML()
+    {
+        $body = $this->body;
+
+        if ($this->bodyFormat !== 'xml') {
+            $body = Services::format()->getFormatter('application/xml')->format($body);
+        }
+
+        return $body;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles conversion of the data into the appropriate format,
+     * and sets the correct Content-Type header for our response.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $body
+     * @param string              $format Valid: json, xml
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the body property is not string or array.
+     */
+    protected function formatBody($body, string $format)
+    {
+        $this->bodyFormat = ($format === 'json-unencoded' ? 'json' : $format);
+        $mime             = "application/{$this->bodyFormat}";
+        $this->setContentType($mime);
+
+        // Nothing much to do for a string...
+        if (! is_string($body) || $format === 'json-unencoded') {
+            $body = Services::format()->getFormatter($mime)->format($body);
+        }
+
+        return $body;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Cache Control Methods
+    //
+    // http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the appropriate headers to ensure this response
+     * is not cached by the browsers.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @todo Recommend researching these directives, might need: 'private', 'no-transform', 'no-store', 'must-revalidate'
+     *
+     * @see DownloadResponse::noCache()
+     */
+    public function noCache()
+    {
+        $this->removeHeader('Cache-Control');
+        $this->setHeader('Cache-Control', ['no-store', 'max-age=0', 'no-cache']);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A shortcut method that allows the developer to set all of the
+     * cache-control headers in one method call.
+     *
+     * The options array is used to provide the cache-control directives
+     * for the header. It might look something like:
+     *
+     *      $options = [
+     *          'max-age'  => 300,
+     *          's-maxage' => 900
+     *          'etag'     => 'abcde',
+     *      ];
+     *
+     * Typical options are:
+     *  - etag
+     *  - last-modified
+     *  - max-age
+     *  - s-maxage
+     *  - private
+     *  - public
+     *  - must-revalidate
+     *  - proxy-revalidate
+     *  - no-transform
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setCache(array $options = [])
+    {
+        if (empty($options)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $this->removeHeader('Cache-Control');
+        $this->removeHeader('ETag');
+
+        // ETag
+        if (isset($options['etag'])) {
+            $this->setHeader('ETag', $options['etag']);
+            unset($options['etag']);
+        }
+
+        // Last Modified
+        if (isset($options['last-modified'])) {
+            $this->setLastModified($options['last-modified']);
+
+            unset($options['last-modified']);
+        }
+
+        $this->setHeader('Cache-Control', $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Last-Modified date header.
+     *
+     * $date can be either a string representation of the date or,
+     * preferably, an instance of DateTime.
+     *
+     * @param DateTime|string $date
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setLastModified($date)
+    {
+        if ($date instanceof DateTime) {
+            $date->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'));
+            $this->setHeader('Last-Modified', $date->format('D, d M Y H:i:s') . ' GMT');
+        } elseif (is_string($date)) {
+            $this->setHeader('Last-Modified', $date);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Output Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the output to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function send()
+    {
+        // If we're enforcing a Content Security Policy,
+        // we need to give it a chance to build out it's headers.
+        if ($this->CSP->enabled()) {
+            $this->CSP->finalize($this);
+        } else {
+            $this->body = str_replace(['{csp-style-nonce}', '{csp-script-nonce}'], '', $this->body ?? '');
+        }
+
+        $this->sendHeaders();
+        $this->sendCookies();
+        $this->sendBody();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the headers of this HTTP response to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function sendHeaders()
+    {
+        // Have the headers already been sent?
+        if ($this->pretend || headers_sent()) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // Per spec, MUST be sent with each request, if possible.
+        // http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec13.html
+        if (! isset($this->headers['Date']) && PHP_SAPI !== 'cli-server') {
+            $this->setDate(DateTime::createFromFormat('U', (string) Time::now()->getTimestamp()));
+        }
+
+        // HTTP Status
+        header(sprintf('HTTP/%s %s %s', $this->getProtocolVersion(), $this->getStatusCode(), $this->getReasonPhrase()), true, $this->getStatusCode());
+
+        // Send all of our headers
+        foreach (array_keys($this->headers()) as $name) {
+            header($name . ': ' . $this->getHeaderLine($name), false, $this->getStatusCode());
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the Body of the message to the browser.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function sendBody()
+    {
+        echo $this->body;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a redirect to a new URL, in two flavors: header or location.
+     *
+     * @param string   $uri  The URI to redirect to
+     * @param int|null $code The type of redirection, defaults to 302
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException For invalid status code.
+     */
+    public function redirect(string $uri, string $method = 'auto', ?int $code = null)
+    {
+        // IIS environment likely? Use 'refresh' for better compatibility
+        if (
+            $method === 'auto'
+            && isset($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+            && strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'], 'Microsoft-IIS') !== false
+        ) {
+            $method = 'refresh';
+        } elseif ($method !== 'refresh' && $code === null) {
+            // override status code for HTTP/1.1 & higher
+            if (
+                isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'], $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'])
+                && $this->getProtocolVersion() >= 1.1
+            ) {
+                if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET') {
+                    $code = 302;
+                } elseif (in_array($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'], ['POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE'], true)) {
+                    // reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get
+                    $code = 303;
+                } else {
+                    $code = 307;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($code === null) {
+            $code = 302;
+        }
+
+        switch ($method) {
+            case 'refresh':
+                $this->setHeader('Refresh', '0;url=' . $uri);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                $this->setHeader('Location', $uri);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $this->setStatusCode($code);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a cookie
+     *
+     * Accepts an arbitrary number of binds (up to 7) or an associative
+     * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+     *
+     * @param array|Cookie|string $name     Cookie name / array containing binds / Cookie object
+     * @param string              $value    Cookie value
+     * @param string              $expire   Cookie expiration time in seconds
+     * @param string              $domain   Cookie domain (e.g.: '.yourdomain.com')
+     * @param string              $path     Cookie path (default: '/')
+     * @param string              $prefix   Cookie name prefix ('': the default prefix)
+     * @param bool|null           $secure   Whether to only transfer cookies via SSL
+     * @param bool|null           $httponly Whether only make the cookie accessible via HTTP (no javascript)
+     * @param string|null         $samesite
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setCookie(
+        $name,
+        $value = '',
+        $expire = '',
+        $domain = '',
+        $path = '/',
+        $prefix = '',
+        $secure = null,
+        $httponly = null,
+        $samesite = null
+    ) {
+        if ($name instanceof Cookie) {
+            $this->cookieStore = $this->cookieStore->put($name);
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        /** @var CookieConfig|null $cookieConfig */
+        $cookieConfig = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+        if ($cookieConfig instanceof CookieConfig) {
+            $secure ??= $cookieConfig->secure;
+            $httponly ??= $cookieConfig->httponly;
+            $samesite ??= $cookieConfig->samesite;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($name)) {
+            // always leave 'name' in last place, as the loop will break otherwise, due to ${$item}
+            foreach (['samesite', 'value', 'expire', 'domain', 'path', 'prefix', 'secure', 'httponly', 'name'] as $item) {
+                if (isset($name[$item])) {
+                    ${$item} = $name[$item];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_numeric($expire)) {
+            $expire = $expire > 0 ? Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $expire : 0;
+        }
+
+        $cookie = new Cookie($name, $value, [
+            'expires'  => $expire ?: 0,
+            'domain'   => $domain,
+            'path'     => $path,
+            'prefix'   => $prefix,
+            'secure'   => $secure,
+            'httponly' => $httponly,
+            'samesite' => $samesite ?? '',
+        ]);
+
+        $this->cookieStore = $this->cookieStore->put($cookie);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the `CookieStore` instance.
+     *
+     * @return CookieStore
+     */
+    public function getCookieStore()
+    {
+        return $this->cookieStore;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the Response has a specified cookie or not.
+     */
+    public function hasCookie(string $name, ?string $value = null, string $prefix = ''): bool
+    {
+        $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+
+        return $this->cookieStore->has($name, $prefix, $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cookie
+     *
+     * @param string $prefix Cookie prefix.
+     *                       '': the default prefix
+     *
+     * @return Cookie|Cookie[]|null
+     */
+    public function getCookie(?string $name = null, string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        if ((string) $name === '') {
+            return $this->cookieStore->display();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+
+            return $this->cookieStore->get($name, $prefix);
+        } catch (CookieException $e) {
+            log_message('error', (string) $e);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a cookie to be deleted when the response is sent.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function deleteCookie(string $name = '', string $domain = '', string $path = '/', string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        if ($name === '') {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $prefix = $prefix ?: Cookie::setDefaults()['prefix']; // to retain BC
+
+        $prefixed = $prefix . $name;
+        $store    = $this->cookieStore;
+        $found    = false;
+
+        /** @var Cookie $cookie */
+        foreach ($store as $cookie) {
+            if ($cookie->getPrefixedName() === $prefixed) {
+                if ($domain !== $cookie->getDomain()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ($path !== $cookie->getPath()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $cookie = $cookie->withValue('')->withExpired();
+                $found  = true;
+
+                $this->cookieStore = $store->put($cookie);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $found) {
+            $this->setCookie($name, '', '', $domain, $path, $prefix);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all cookies currently set.
+     *
+     * @return Cookie[]
+     */
+    public function getCookies()
+    {
+        return $this->cookieStore->display();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Actually sets the cookies.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function sendCookies()
+    {
+        if ($this->pretend) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->dispatchCookies();
+    }
+
+    private function dispatchCookies(): void
+    {
+        /** @var IncomingRequest $request */
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        foreach ($this->cookieStore->display() as $cookie) {
+            if ($cookie->isSecure() && ! $request->isSecure()) {
+                throw SecurityException::forDisallowedAction();
+            }
+
+            $name    = $cookie->getPrefixedName();
+            $value   = $cookie->getValue();
+            $options = $cookie->getOptions();
+
+            if ($cookie->isRaw()) {
+                $this->doSetRawCookie($name, $value, $options);
+            } else {
+                $this->doSetCookie($name, $value, $options);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->cookieStore->clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracted call to `setrawcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    private function doSetRawCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
+    {
+        setrawcookie($name, $value, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracted call to `setcookie()` in order to run unit tests on it.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    private function doSetCookie(string $name, string $value, array $options): void
+    {
+        setcookie($name, $value, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Force a download.
+     *
+     * Generates the headers that force a download to happen. And
+     * sends the file to the browser.
+     *
+     * @param string      $filename The name you want the downloaded file to be named
+     *                              or the path to the file to send
+     * @param string|null $data     The data to be downloaded. Set null if the $filename is the file path
+     * @param bool        $setMime  Whether to try and send the actual MIME type
+     *
+     * @return DownloadResponse|null
+     */
+    public function download(string $filename = '', $data = '', bool $setMime = false)
+    {
+        if ($filename === '' || $data === '') {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $filepath = '';
+        if ($data === null) {
+            $filepath = $filename;
+            $filename = explode('/', str_replace(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '/', $filename));
+            $filename = end($filename);
+        }
+
+        $response = new DownloadResponse($filename, $setMime);
+
+        if ($filepath !== '') {
+            $response->setFilePath($filepath);
+        } elseif ($data !== null) {
+            $response->setBinary($data);
+        }
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+
+    public function getCSP(): ContentSecurityPolicy
+    {
+        return $this->CSP;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d01f614a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * URI for the application site
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURITest
+ */
+class SiteURI extends URI
+{
+    /**
+     * The current baseURL.
+     */
+    private URI $baseURL;
+
+    /**
+     * The path part of baseURL.
+     *
+     * The baseURL "http://example.com/" → '/'
+     * The baseURL "http://localhost:8888/ci431/public/" → '/ci431/public/'
+     */
+    private string $basePathWithoutIndexPage;
+
+    /**
+     * The Index File.
+     */
+    private string $indexPage;
+
+    /**
+     * List of URI segments in baseURL and indexPage.
+     *
+     * If the URI is "http://localhost:8888/ci431/public/index.php/test?a=b",
+     * and the baseURL is "http://localhost:8888/ci431/public/", then:
+     *   $baseSegments = [
+     *       0 => 'ci431',
+     *       1 => 'public',
+     *       2 => 'index.php',
+     *   ];
+     */
+    private array $baseSegments;
+
+    /**
+     * List of URI segments after indexPage.
+     *
+     * The word "URI Segments" originally means only the URI path part relative
+     * to the baseURL.
+     *
+     * If the URI is "http://localhost:8888/ci431/public/index.php/test?a=b",
+     * and the baseURL is "http://localhost:8888/ci431/public/", then:
+     *   $segments = [
+     *       0 => 'test',
+     *   ];
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * @deprecated This property will be private.
+     */
+    protected $segments;
+
+    /**
+     * URI path relative to baseURL.
+     *
+     * If the baseURL contains sub folders, this value will be different from
+     * the current URI path.
+     *
+     * This value never starts with '/'.
+     */
+    private string $routePath;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string      $relativePath URI path relative to baseURL. May include
+     *                                  queries or fragments.
+     * @param string|null $host         Optional current hostname.
+     * @param string|null $scheme       Optional scheme. 'http' or 'https'.
+     * @phpstan-param 'http'|'https'|null $scheme
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        App $configApp,
+        string $relativePath = '',
+        ?string $host = null,
+        ?string $scheme = null
+    ) {
+        $this->indexPage = $configApp->indexPage;
+
+        $this->baseURL = $this->determineBaseURL($configApp, $host, $scheme);
+
+        $this->setBasePath();
+
+        // Fix routePath, query, fragment
+        [$routePath, $query, $fragment] = $this->parseRelativePath($relativePath);
+
+        // Fix indexPage and routePath
+        $indexPageRoutePath = $this->getIndexPageRoutePath($routePath);
+
+        // Fix the current URI
+        $uri = $this->baseURL . $indexPageRoutePath;
+
+        // applyParts
+        $parts = parse_url($uri);
+        if ($parts === false) {
+            throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
+        }
+        $parts['query']    = $query;
+        $parts['fragment'] = $fragment;
+        $this->applyParts($parts);
+
+        $this->setRoutePath($routePath);
+    }
+
+    private function parseRelativePath(string $relativePath): array
+    {
+        $parts = parse_url('http://dummy/' . $relativePath);
+        if ($parts === false) {
+            throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($relativePath);
+        }
+
+        $routePath = $relativePath === '/' ? '/' : ltrim($parts['path'], '/');
+
+        $query    = $parts['query'] ?? '';
+        $fragment = $parts['fragment'] ?? '';
+
+        return [$routePath, $query, $fragment];
+    }
+
+    private function determineBaseURL(
+        App $configApp,
+        ?string $host,
+        ?string $scheme
+    ): URI {
+        $baseURL = $this->normalizeBaseURL($configApp);
+
+        $uri = new URI($baseURL);
+
+        // Update scheme
+        if ($scheme !== null && $scheme !== '') {
+            $uri->setScheme($scheme);
+        } elseif ($configApp->forceGlobalSecureRequests) {
+            $uri->setScheme('https');
+        }
+
+        // Update host
+        if ($host !== null) {
+            $uri->setHost($host);
+        }
+
+        return $uri;
+    }
+
+    private function getIndexPageRoutePath(string $routePath): string
+    {
+        // Remove starting slash unless it is `/`.
+        if ($routePath !== '' && $routePath[0] === '/' && $routePath !== '/') {
+            $routePath = ltrim($routePath, '/');
+        }
+
+        // Check for an index page
+        $indexPage = '';
+        if ($this->indexPage !== '') {
+            $indexPage = $this->indexPage;
+
+            // Check if we need a separator
+            if ($routePath !== '' && $routePath[0] !== '/' && $routePath[0] !== '?') {
+                $indexPage .= '/';
+            }
+        }
+
+        $indexPageRoutePath = $indexPage . $routePath;
+
+        if ($indexPageRoutePath === '/') {
+            $indexPageRoutePath = '';
+        }
+
+        return $indexPageRoutePath;
+    }
+
+    private function normalizeBaseURL(App $configApp): string
+    {
+        // It's possible the user forgot a trailing slash on their
+        // baseURL, so let's help them out.
+        $baseURL = rtrim($configApp->baseURL, '/ ') . '/';
+
+        // Validate baseURL
+        if (filter_var($baseURL, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) === false) {
+            throw new ConfigException(
+                'Config\App::$baseURL is invalid.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $baseURL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets basePathWithoutIndexPage and baseSegments.
+     */
+    private function setBasePath(): void
+    {
+        $this->basePathWithoutIndexPage = $this->baseURL->getPath();
+
+        $this->baseSegments = $this->convertToSegments($this->basePathWithoutIndexPage);
+
+        if ($this->indexPage !== '') {
+            $this->baseSegments[] = $this->indexPage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public function setBaseURL(string $baseURL): void
+    {
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot use this method.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public function setURI(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot use this method.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the baseURL.
+     *
+     * @interal
+     */
+    public function getBaseURL(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->baseURL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI path relative to baseURL.
+     *
+     * @return string The Route path.
+     */
+    public function getRoutePath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->routePath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Formats the URI as a string.
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return static::createURIString(
+            $this->getScheme(),
+            $this->getAuthority(),
+            $this->getPath(),
+            $this->getQuery(),
+            $this->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the route path (and segments).
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path)
+    {
+        $this->setRoutePath($path);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the route path (and segments).
+     */
+    private function setRoutePath(string $routePath): void
+    {
+        $routePath = $this->filterPath($routePath);
+
+        $indexPageRoutePath = $this->getIndexPageRoutePath($routePath);
+
+        $this->path = $this->basePathWithoutIndexPage . $indexPageRoutePath;
+
+        $this->routePath = ltrim($routePath, '/');
+
+        $this->segments = $this->convertToSegments($this->routePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts path to segments
+     */
+    private function convertToSegments(string $path): array
+    {
+        $tempPath = trim($path, '/');
+
+        return ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path portion of the URI based on segments.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method will be private.
+     */
+    public function refreshPath()
+    {
+        $allSegments = array_merge($this->baseSegments, $this->segments);
+        $this->path  = '/' . $this->filterPath(implode('/', $allSegments));
+
+        if ($this->routePath === '/' && $this->path !== '/') {
+            $this->path .= '/';
+        }
+
+        $this->routePath = $this->filterPath(implode('/', $this->segments));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves our parts from a parse_url() call.
+     */
+    protected function applyParts(array $parts): void
+    {
+        if (! empty($parts['host'])) {
+            $this->host = $parts['host'];
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['user'])) {
+            $this->user = $parts['user'];
+        }
+        if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
+            $this->path = $this->filterPath($parts['path']);
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['query'])) {
+            $this->setQuery($parts['query']);
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['fragment'])) {
+            $this->fragment = $parts['fragment'];
+        }
+
+        // Scheme
+        if (isset($parts['scheme'])) {
+            $this->setScheme(rtrim($parts['scheme'], ':/'));
+        } else {
+            $this->setScheme('http');
+        }
+
+        // Port
+        if (isset($parts['port']) && $parts['port'] !== null) {
+            // Valid port numbers are enforced by earlier parse_url() or setPort()
+            $this->port = $parts['port'];
+        }
+
+        if (isset($parts['pass'])) {
+            $this->password = $parts['pass'];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For base_url() helper.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $relativePath URI string or array of URI segments
+     * @param string|null  $scheme       URI scheme. E.g., http, ftp
+     */
+    public function baseUrl($relativePath = '', ?string $scheme = null): string
+    {
+        $relativePath = $this->stringifyRelativePath($relativePath);
+
+        $config            = clone config(App::class);
+        $config->indexPage = '';
+
+        $host = $this->getHost();
+
+        $uri = new self($config, $relativePath, $host, $scheme);
+
+        // Support protocol-relative links
+        if ($scheme === '') {
+            return substr((string) $uri, strlen($uri->getScheme()) + 1);
+        }
+
+        return (string) $uri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $relativePath URI string or array of URI segments
+     */
+    private function stringifyRelativePath($relativePath): string
+    {
+        if (is_array($relativePath)) {
+            $relativePath = implode('/', $relativePath);
+        }
+
+        return $relativePath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For site_url() helper.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $relativePath URI string or array of URI segments
+     * @param string|null  $scheme       URI scheme. E.g., http, ftp
+     * @param App|null     $config       Alternate configuration to use
+     */
+    public function siteUrl($relativePath = '', ?string $scheme = null, ?App $config = null): string
+    {
+        $relativePath = $this->stringifyRelativePath($relativePath);
+
+        // Check current host.
+        $host = $config === null ? $this->getHost() : null;
+
+        $config ??= config(App::class);
+
+        $uri = new self($config, $relativePath, $host, $scheme);
+
+        // Support protocol-relative links
+        if ($scheme === '') {
+            return substr((string) $uri, strlen($uri->getScheme()) + 1);
+        }
+
+        return (string) $uri;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36b9d705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\Superglobals;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * Creates SiteURI using superglobals.
+ *
+ * This class also updates superglobal $_SERVER and $_GET.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactoryTest
+ */
+final class SiteURIFactory
+{
+    private App $appConfig;
+    private Superglobals $superglobals;
+
+    public function __construct(App $appConfig, Superglobals $superglobals)
+    {
+        $this->appConfig    = $appConfig;
+        $this->superglobals = $superglobals;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the current URI object from superglobals.
+     *
+     * This method updates superglobal $_SERVER and $_GET.
+     */
+    public function createFromGlobals(): SiteURI
+    {
+        $routePath = $this->detectRoutePath();
+
+        return $this->createURIFromRoutePath($routePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the SiteURI object from URI string.
+     *
+     * @internal Used for testing purposes only.
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public function createFromString(string $uri): SiteURI
+    {
+        // Validate URI
+        if (filter_var($uri, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) === false) {
+            throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
+        }
+
+        $parts = parse_url($uri);
+
+        if ($parts === false) {
+            throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
+        }
+
+        $query = $fragment = '';
+        if (isset($parts['query'])) {
+            $query = '?' . $parts['query'];
+        }
+        if (isset($parts['fragment'])) {
+            $fragment = '#' . $parts['fragment'];
+        }
+
+        $relativePath = ($parts['path'] ?? '') . $query . $fragment;
+        $host         = $this->getValidHost($parts['host']);
+
+        return new SiteURI($this->appConfig, $relativePath, $host, $parts['scheme']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects the current URI path relative to baseURL based on the URIProtocol
+     * Config setting.
+     *
+     * @param string $protocol URIProtocol
+     *
+     * @return string The route path
+     *
+     * @internal Used for testing purposes only.
+     * @testTag
+     */
+    public function detectRoutePath(string $protocol = ''): string
+    {
+        if ($protocol === '') {
+            $protocol = $this->appConfig->uriProtocol;
+        }
+
+        switch ($protocol) {
+            case 'REQUEST_URI':
+                $routePath = $this->parseRequestURI();
+                break;
+
+            case 'QUERY_STRING':
+                $routePath = $this->parseQueryString();
+                break;
+
+            case 'PATH_INFO':
+            default:
+                $routePath = $this->superglobals->server($protocol) ?? $this->parseRequestURI();
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return ($routePath === '/' || $routePath === '') ? '/' : ltrim($routePath, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will parse the REQUEST_URI and automatically detect the URI from it,
+     * fixing the query string if necessary.
+     *
+     * This method updates superglobal $_SERVER and $_GET.
+     *
+     * @return string The route path (before normalization).
+     */
+    private function parseRequestURI(): string
+    {
+        if (
+            $this->superglobals->server('REQUEST_URI') === null
+            || $this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME') === null
+        ) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        // parse_url() returns false if no host is present, but the path or query
+        // string contains a colon followed by a number. So we attach a dummy
+        // host since REQUEST_URI does not include the host. This allows us to
+        // parse out the query string and path.
+        $parts = parse_url('http://dummy' . $this->superglobals->server('REQUEST_URI'));
+        $query = $parts['query'] ?? '';
+        $path  = $parts['path'] ?? '';
+
+        // Strip the SCRIPT_NAME path from the URI
+        if (
+            $path !== '' && $this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME') !== ''
+            && pathinfo($this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME'), PATHINFO_EXTENSION) === 'php'
+        ) {
+            // Compare each segment, dropping them until there is no match
+            $segments = $keep = explode('/', $path);
+
+            foreach (explode('/', $this->superglobals->server('SCRIPT_NAME')) as $i => $segment) {
+                // If these segments are not the same then we're done
+                if (! isset($segments[$i]) || $segment !== $segments[$i]) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                array_shift($keep);
+            }
+
+            $path = implode('/', $keep);
+        }
+
+        // This section ensures that even on servers that require the URI to
+        // contain the query string (Nginx) a correct URI is found, and also
+        // fixes the QUERY_STRING Server var and $_GET array.
+        if (trim($path, '/') === '' && strncmp($query, '/', 1) === 0) {
+            $parts    = explode('?', $query, 2);
+            $path     = $parts[0];
+            $newQuery = $query[1] ?? '';
+
+            $this->superglobals->setServer('QUERY_STRING', $newQuery);
+        } else {
+            $this->superglobals->setServer('QUERY_STRING', $query);
+        }
+
+        // Update our global GET for values likely to have been changed
+        parse_str($this->superglobals->server('QUERY_STRING'), $get);
+        $this->superglobals->setGetArray($get);
+
+        return URI::removeDotSegments($path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will parse QUERY_STRING and automatically detect the URI from it.
+     *
+     * This method updates superglobal $_SERVER and $_GET.
+     *
+     * @return string The route path (before normalization).
+     */
+    private function parseQueryString(): string
+    {
+        $query = $this->superglobals->server('QUERY_STRING') ?? (string) getenv('QUERY_STRING');
+
+        if (trim($query, '/') === '') {
+            return '/';
+        }
+
+        if (strncmp($query, '/', 1) === 0) {
+            $parts    = explode('?', $query, 2);
+            $path     = $parts[0];
+            $newQuery = $parts[1] ?? '';
+
+            $this->superglobals->setServer('QUERY_STRING', $newQuery);
+        } else {
+            $path = $query;
+        }
+
+        // Update our global GET for values likely to have been changed
+        parse_str($this->superglobals->server('QUERY_STRING'), $get);
+        $this->superglobals->setGetArray($get);
+
+        return URI::removeDotSegments($path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create current URI object.
+     *
+     * @param string $routePath URI path relative to baseURL
+     */
+    private function createURIFromRoutePath(string $routePath): SiteURI
+    {
+        $query = $this->superglobals->server('QUERY_STRING') ?? '';
+
+        $relativePath = $query !== '' ? $routePath . '?' . $query : $routePath;
+
+        return new SiteURI($this->appConfig, $relativePath, $this->getHost());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string|null The current hostname. Returns null if no valid host.
+     */
+    private function getHost(): ?string
+    {
+        $httpHostPort = $this->superglobals->server('HTTP_HOST') ?? null;
+
+        if ($httpHostPort !== null) {
+            [$httpHost] = explode(':', $httpHostPort, 2);
+
+            return $this->getValidHost($httpHost);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string|null The valid hostname. Returns null if not valid.
+     */
+    private function getValidHost(string $host): ?string
+    {
+        if (in_array($host, $this->appConfig->allowedHostnames, true)) {
+            return $host;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/URI.php b/system/HTTP/URI.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..608f8b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/URI.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1182 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use Config\App;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Abstraction for a uniform resource identifier (URI).
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\URITest
+ */
+class URI
+{
+    /**
+     * Sub-delimiters used in query strings and fragments.
+     */
+    public const CHAR_SUB_DELIMS = '!\$&\'\(\)\*\+,;=';
+
+    /**
+     * Unreserved characters used in paths, query strings, and fragments.
+     */
+    public const CHAR_UNRESERVED = 'a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.~';
+
+    /**
+     * Current URI string
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Not used.
+     */
+    protected $uriString;
+
+    /**
+     * The Current baseURL.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use SiteURI instead.
+     */
+    private ?string $baseURL = null;
+
+    /**
+     * List of URI segments.
+     *
+     * Starts at 1 instead of 0
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $segments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The URI Scheme.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $scheme = 'http';
+
+    /**
+     * URI User Info
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $user;
+
+    /**
+     * URI User Password
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $password;
+
+    /**
+     * URI Host
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $host;
+
+    /**
+     * URI Port
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $port;
+
+    /**
+     * URI path.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of any fragment.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $fragment = '';
+
+    /**
+     * The query string.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $query = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Default schemes/ports.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $defaultPorts = [
+        'http'  => 80,
+        'https' => 443,
+        'ftp'   => 21,
+        'sftp'  => 22,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether passwords should be shown in userInfo/authority calls.
+     * Default to false because URIs often show up in logs
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $showPassword = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will continue instead of throwing exceptions.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $silent = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will use raw query string.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $rawQueryString = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Builds a representation of the string from the component parts.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $scheme URI scheme. E.g., http, ftp
+     *
+     * @return string URI string with only passed parts. Maybe incomplete as a URI.
+     */
+    public static function createURIString(
+        ?string $scheme = null,
+        ?string $authority = null,
+        ?string $path = null,
+        ?string $query = null,
+        ?string $fragment = null
+    ): string {
+        $uri = '';
+        if (! empty($scheme)) {
+            $uri .= $scheme . '://';
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($authority)) {
+            $uri .= $authority;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($path) && $path !== '') {
+            $uri .= substr($uri, -1, 1) !== '/'
+                ? '/' . ltrim($path, '/')
+                : ltrim($path, '/');
+        }
+
+        if ($query !== '' && $query !== null) {
+            $uri .= '?' . $query;
+        }
+
+        if ($fragment !== '' && $fragment !== null) {
+            $uri .= '#' . $fragment;
+        }
+
+        return $uri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used when resolving and merging paths to correctly interpret and
+     * remove single and double dot segments from the path per
+     * RFC 3986 Section 5.2.4
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function removeDotSegments(string $path): string
+    {
+        if ($path === '' || $path === '/') {
+            return $path;
+        }
+
+        $output = [];
+
+        $input = explode('/', $path);
+
+        if ($input[0] === '') {
+            unset($input[0]);
+            $input = array_values($input);
+        }
+
+        // This is not a perfect representation of the
+        // RFC, but matches most cases and is pretty
+        // much what Guzzle uses. Should be good enough
+        // for almost every real use case.
+        foreach ($input as $segment) {
+            if ($segment === '..') {
+                array_pop($output);
+            } elseif ($segment !== '.' && $segment !== '') {
+                $output[] = $segment;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $output = implode('/', $output);
+        $output = trim($output, '/ ');
+
+        // Add leading slash if necessary
+        if (strpos($path, '/') === 0) {
+            $output = '/' . $output;
+        }
+
+        // Add trailing slash if necessary
+        if ($output !== '/' && substr($path, -1, 1) === '/') {
+            $output .= '/';
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri The URI to parse.
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     *
+     * @TODO null for param $uri should be removed.
+     *      See https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-17/#26-urifactoryinterface
+     */
+    public function __construct(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        if ($uri !== null) {
+            $this->setURI($uri);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If $silent == true, then will not throw exceptions and will
+     * attempt to continue gracefully.
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function setSilent(bool $silent = true)
+    {
+        $this->silent = $silent;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If $raw == true, then will use parseStr() method
+     * instead of native parse_str() function.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function useRawQueryString(bool $raw = true)
+    {
+        $this->rawQueryString = $raw;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets and overwrites any current URI information.
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     *
+     * @throws HTTPException
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 This method will be private.
+     */
+    public function setURI(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        if ($uri !== null) {
+            $parts = parse_url($uri);
+
+            if ($parts === false) {
+                if ($this->silent) {
+                    return $this;
+                }
+
+                throw HTTPException::forUnableToParseURI($uri);
+            }
+
+            $this->applyParts($parts);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the scheme component of the URI.
+     *
+     * If no scheme is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
+     *
+     * The value returned MUST be normalized to lowercase, per RFC 3986
+     * Section 3.1.
+     *
+     * The trailing ":" character is not part of the scheme and MUST NOT be
+     * added.
+     *
+     * @see    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1
+     *
+     * @return string The URI scheme.
+     */
+    public function getScheme(): string
+    {
+        return $this->scheme;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the authority component of the URI.
+     *
+     * If no authority information is present, this method MUST return an empty
+     * string.
+     *
+     * The authority syntax of the URI is:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * [user-info@]host[:port]
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * If the port component is not set or is the standard port for the current
+     * scheme, it SHOULD NOT be included.
+     *
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2
+     *
+     * @return string The URI authority, in "[user-info@]host[:port]" format.
+     */
+    public function getAuthority(bool $ignorePort = false): string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->host)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $authority = $this->host;
+
+        if (! empty($this->getUserInfo())) {
+            $authority = $this->getUserInfo() . '@' . $authority;
+        }
+
+        // Don't add port if it's a standard port for
+        // this scheme
+        if (! empty($this->port) && ! $ignorePort && $this->port !== $this->defaultPorts[$this->scheme]) {
+            $authority .= ':' . $this->port;
+        }
+
+        $this->showPassword = false;
+
+        return $authority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the user information component of the URI.
+     *
+     * If no user information is present, this method MUST return an empty
+     * string.
+     *
+     * If a user is present in the URI, this will return that value;
+     * additionally, if the password is also present, it will be appended to the
+     * user value, with a colon (":") separating the values.
+     *
+     * NOTE that be default, the password, if available, will NOT be shown
+     * as a security measure as discussed in RFC 3986, Section 7.5. If you know
+     * the password is not a security issue, you can force it to be shown
+     * with $this->showPassword();
+     *
+     * The trailing "@" character is not part of the user information and MUST
+     * NOT be added.
+     *
+     * @return string|null The URI user information, in "username[:password]" format.
+     */
+    public function getUserInfo()
+    {
+        $userInfo = $this->user;
+
+        if ($this->showPassword === true && ! empty($this->password)) {
+            $userInfo .= ':' . $this->password;
+        }
+
+        return $userInfo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Temporarily sets the URI to show a password in userInfo. Will
+     * reset itself after the first call to authority().
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function showPassword(bool $val = true)
+    {
+        $this->showPassword = $val;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the host component of the URI.
+     *
+     * If no host is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
+     *
+     * The value returned MUST be normalized to lowercase, per RFC 3986
+     * Section 3.2.2.
+     *
+     * @see    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2
+     *
+     * @return string The URI host.
+     */
+    public function getHost(): string
+    {
+        return $this->host ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the port component of the URI.
+     *
+     * If a port is present, and it is non-standard for the current scheme,
+     * this method MUST return it as an integer. If the port is the standard port
+     * used with the current scheme, this method SHOULD return null.
+     *
+     * If no port is present, and no scheme is present, this method MUST return
+     * a null value.
+     *
+     * If no port is present, but a scheme is present, this method MAY return
+     * the standard port for that scheme, but SHOULD return null.
+     *
+     * @return int|null The URI port.
+     */
+    public function getPort()
+    {
+        return $this->port;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the path component of the URI.
+     *
+     * The path can either be empty or absolute (starting with a slash) or
+     * rootless (not starting with a slash). Implementations MUST support all
+     * three syntaxes.
+     *
+     * Normally, the empty path "" and absolute path "/" are considered equal as
+     * defined in RFC 7230 Section 2.7.3. But this method MUST NOT automatically
+     * do this normalization because in contexts with a trimmed base path, e.g.
+     * the front controller, this difference becomes significant. It's the task
+     * of the user to handle both "" and "/".
+     *
+     * The value returned MUST be percent-encoded, but MUST NOT double-encode
+     * any characters. To determine what characters to encode, please refer to
+     * RFC 3986, Sections 2 and 3.3.
+     *
+     * As an example, if the value should include a slash ("/") not intended as
+     * delimiter between path segments, that value MUST be passed in encoded
+     * form (e.g., "%2F") to the instance.
+     *
+     * @see    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2
+     * @see    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.3
+     *
+     * @return string The URI path.
+     */
+    public function getPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->path ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the query string
+     */
+    public function getQuery(array $options = []): string
+    {
+        $vars = $this->query;
+
+        if (array_key_exists('except', $options)) {
+            if (! is_array($options['except'])) {
+                $options['except'] = [$options['except']];
+            }
+
+            foreach ($options['except'] as $var) {
+                unset($vars[$var]);
+            }
+        } elseif (array_key_exists('only', $options)) {
+            $temp = [];
+
+            if (! is_array($options['only'])) {
+                $options['only'] = [$options['only']];
+            }
+
+            foreach ($options['only'] as $var) {
+                if (array_key_exists($var, $vars)) {
+                    $temp[$var] = $vars[$var];
+                }
+            }
+
+            $vars = $temp;
+        }
+
+        return empty($vars) ? '' : http_build_query($vars);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve a URI fragment
+     */
+    public function getFragment(): string
+    {
+        return $this->fragment ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the segments of the path as an array.
+     */
+    public function getSegments(): array
+    {
+        return $this->segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of a specific segment of the URI path.
+     * Allows to get only existing segments or the next one.
+     *
+     * @param int    $number  Segment number starting at 1
+     * @param string $default Default value
+     *
+     * @return string The value of the segment. If you specify the last +1
+     *                segment, the $default value. If you specify the last +2
+     *                or more throws HTTPException.
+     */
+    public function getSegment(int $number, string $default = ''): string
+    {
+        if ($number < 1) {
+            throw HTTPException::forURISegmentOutOfRange($number);
+        }
+
+        if ($number > count($this->segments) + 1 && ! $this->silent) {
+            throw HTTPException::forURISegmentOutOfRange($number);
+        }
+
+        // The segment should treat the array as 1-based for the user
+        // but we still have to deal with a zero-based array.
+        $number--;
+
+        return $this->segments[$number] ?? $default;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of a specific segment of the URI path.
+     * Allows to set only existing segments or add new one.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @param int        $number Segment number starting at 1
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setSegment(int $number, $value)
+    {
+        if ($number < 1) {
+            throw HTTPException::forURISegmentOutOfRange($number);
+        }
+
+        if ($number > count($this->segments) + 1) {
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                return $this;
+            }
+
+            throw HTTPException::forURISegmentOutOfRange($number);
+        }
+
+        // The segment should treat the array as 1-based for the user
+        // but we still have to deal with a zero-based array.
+        $number--;
+
+        $this->segments[$number] = $value;
+        $this->refreshPath();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of segments.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     */
+    public function getTotalSegments(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->segments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Formats the URI as a string.
+     *
+     * Warning: For backwards-compatability this method
+     * assumes URIs with the same host as baseURL should
+     * be relative to the project's configuration.
+     * This aspect of __toString() is deprecated and should be avoided.
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        $path   = $this->getPath();
+        $scheme = $this->getScheme();
+
+        // If the hosts matches then assume this should be relative to baseURL
+        [$scheme, $path] = $this->changeSchemeAndPath($scheme, $path);
+
+        return static::createURIString(
+            $scheme,
+            $this->getAuthority(),
+            $path, // Absolute URIs should use a "/" for an empty path
+            $this->getQuery(),
+            $this->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the path (and scheme) assuming URIs with the same host as baseURL
+     * should be relative to the project's configuration.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method will be deleted.
+     */
+    private function changeSchemeAndPath(string $scheme, string $path): array
+    {
+        // Check if this is an internal URI
+        $config  = config(App::class);
+        $baseUri = new self($config->baseURL);
+
+        if (
+            substr($this->getScheme(), 0, 4) === 'http'
+            && $this->getHost() === $baseUri->getHost()
+        ) {
+            // Check for additional segments
+            $basePath = trim($baseUri->getPath(), '/') . '/';
+            $trimPath = ltrim($path, '/');
+
+            if ($basePath !== '/' && strpos($trimPath, $basePath) !== 0) {
+                $path = $basePath . $trimPath;
+            }
+
+            // Check for forced HTTPS
+            if ($config->forceGlobalSecureRequests) {
+                $scheme = 'https';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [$scheme, $path];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the given string and saves the appropriate authority pieces.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setAuthority(string $str)
+    {
+        $parts = parse_url($str);
+
+        if (! isset($parts['path'])) {
+            $parts['path'] = $this->getPath();
+        }
+
+        if (empty($parts['host']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
+            $parts['host'] = $parts['path'];
+            unset($parts['path']);
+        }
+
+        $this->applyParts($parts);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the scheme for this URI.
+     *
+     * Because of the large number of valid schemes we cannot limit this
+     * to only http or https.
+     *
+     * @see https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/uri-schemes.xhtml
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use `withScheme()` instead.
+     */
+    public function setScheme(string $str)
+    {
+        $str          = strtolower($str);
+        $this->scheme = preg_replace('#:(//)?$#', '', $str);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return an instance with the specified scheme.
+     *
+     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
+     * an instance that contains the specified scheme.
+     *
+     * Implementations MUST support the schemes "http" and "https" case
+     * insensitively, and MAY accommodate other schemes if required.
+     *
+     * An empty scheme is equivalent to removing the scheme.
+     *
+     * @param string $scheme The scheme to use with the new instance.
+     *
+     * @return static A new instance with the specified scheme.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException for invalid or unsupported schemes.
+     */
+    public function withScheme(string $scheme)
+    {
+        $uri = clone $this;
+
+        $scheme = strtolower($scheme);
+
+        $uri->scheme = preg_replace('#:(//)?$#', '', $scheme);
+
+        return $uri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the userInfo/Authority portion of the URI.
+     *
+     * @param string $user The user's username
+     * @param string $pass The user's password
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withUserInfo($user, $password = null)`.
+     */
+    public function setUserInfo(string $user, string $pass)
+    {
+        $this->user     = trim($user);
+        $this->password = trim($pass);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the host name to use.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withHost($host)`.
+     */
+    public function setHost(string $str)
+    {
+        $this->host = trim($str);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port portion of the URI.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withPort($port)`.
+     */
+    public function setPort(?int $port = null)
+    {
+        if ($port === null) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if ($port <= 0 || $port > 65535) {
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                return $this;
+            }
+
+            throw HTTPException::forInvalidPort($port);
+        }
+
+        $this->port = $port;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path portion of the URI.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withPath($port)`.
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path)
+    {
+        $this->path = $this->filterPath($path);
+
+        $tempPath = trim($this->path, '/');
+
+        $this->segments = ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current baseURL.
+     *
+     * @interal
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use SiteURI instead.
+     */
+    public function setBaseURL(string $baseURL): void
+    {
+        $this->baseURL = $baseURL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current baseURL.
+     *
+     * @interal
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use SiteURI instead.
+     */
+    public function getBaseURL(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->baseURL === null) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('The $baseURL is not set.');
+        }
+
+        return $this->baseURL;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path portion of the URI based on segments.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method will be private.
+     */
+    public function refreshPath()
+    {
+        $this->path = $this->filterPath(implode('/', $this->segments));
+
+        $tempPath = trim($this->path, '/');
+
+        $this->segments = ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the query portion of the URI, while attempting
+     * to clean the various parts of the query keys and values.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withQuery($query)`.
+     */
+    public function setQuery(string $query)
+    {
+        if (strpos($query, '#') !== false) {
+            if ($this->silent) {
+                return $this;
+            }
+
+            throw HTTPException::forMalformedQueryString();
+        }
+
+        // Can't have leading ?
+        if (! empty($query) && strpos($query, '?') === 0) {
+            $query = substr($query, 1);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->rawQueryString) {
+            $this->query = $this->parseStr($query);
+        } else {
+            parse_str($query, $this->query);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A convenience method to pass an array of items in as the Query
+     * portion of the URI.
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     *
+     * @TODO: PSR-7: Should be `withQueryParams(array $query)`
+     */
+    public function setQueryArray(array $query)
+    {
+        $query = http_build_query($query);
+
+        return $this->setQuery($query);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a single new element to the query vars.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addQuery(string $key, $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->query[$key] = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes one or more query vars from the URI.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @param string ...$params
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function stripQuery(...$params)
+    {
+        foreach ($params as $param) {
+            unset($this->query[$param]);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters the query variables so that only the keys passed in
+     * are kept. The rest are removed from the object.
+     *
+     * Note: Method not in PSR-7
+     *
+     * @param string ...$params
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function keepQuery(...$params)
+    {
+        $temp = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->query as $key => $value) {
+            if (! in_array($key, $params, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $temp[$key] = $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->query = $temp;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the fragment portion of the URI.
+     *
+     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.5
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @TODO PSR-7: Should be `withFragment($fragment)`.
+     */
+    public function setFragment(string $string)
+    {
+        $this->fragment = trim($string, '# ');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes any dangerous characters, and removes dot segments.
+     * While dot segments have valid uses according to the spec,
+     * this URI class does not allow them.
+     */
+    protected function filterPath(?string $path = null): string
+    {
+        $orig = $path;
+
+        // Decode/normalize percent-encoded chars so
+        // we can always have matching for Routes, etc.
+        $path = urldecode($path);
+
+        // Remove dot segments
+        $path = self::removeDotSegments($path);
+
+        // Fix up some leading slash edge cases...
+        if (strpos($orig, './') === 0) {
+            $path = '/' . $path;
+        }
+        if (strpos($orig, '../') === 0) {
+            $path = '/' . $path;
+        }
+
+        // Encode characters
+        $path = preg_replace_callback(
+            '/(?:[^' . static::CHAR_UNRESERVED . ':@&=\+\$,\/;%]+|%(?![A-Fa-f0-9]{2}))/',
+            static fn (array $matches) => rawurlencode($matches[0]),
+            $path
+        );
+
+        return $path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves our parts from a parse_url call.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function applyParts(array $parts)
+    {
+        if (! empty($parts['host'])) {
+            $this->host = $parts['host'];
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['user'])) {
+            $this->user = $parts['user'];
+        }
+        if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
+            $this->path = $this->filterPath($parts['path']);
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['query'])) {
+            $this->setQuery($parts['query']);
+        }
+        if (! empty($parts['fragment'])) {
+            $this->fragment = $parts['fragment'];
+        }
+
+        // Scheme
+        if (isset($parts['scheme'])) {
+            $this->setScheme(rtrim($parts['scheme'], ':/'));
+        } else {
+            $this->setScheme('http');
+        }
+
+        // Port
+        if (isset($parts['port']) && $parts['port'] !== null) {
+            // Valid port numbers are enforced by earlier parse_url or setPort()
+            $this->port = $parts['port'];
+        }
+
+        if (isset($parts['pass'])) {
+            $this->password = $parts['pass'];
+        }
+
+        // Populate our segments array
+        if (isset($parts['path']) && $parts['path'] !== '') {
+            $tempPath = trim($parts['path'], '/');
+
+            $this->segments = ($tempPath === '') ? [] : explode('/', $tempPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Combines one URI string with this one based on the rules set out in
+     * RFC 3986 Section 2
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2
+     *
+     * @return URI
+     */
+    public function resolveRelativeURI(string $uri)
+    {
+        /*
+         * NOTE: We don't use removeDotSegments in this
+         * algorithm since it's already done by this line!
+         */
+        $relative = new self();
+        $relative->setURI($uri);
+
+        if ($relative->getScheme() === $this->getScheme()) {
+            $relative->setScheme('');
+        }
+
+        $transformed = clone $relative;
+
+        // 5.2.2 Transform References in a non-strict method (no scheme)
+        if (! empty($relative->getAuthority())) {
+            $transformed
+                ->setAuthority($relative->getAuthority())
+                ->setPath($relative->getPath())
+                ->setQuery($relative->getQuery());
+        } else {
+            if ($relative->getPath() === '') {
+                $transformed->setPath($this->getPath());
+
+                if ($relative->getQuery() !== '') {
+                    $transformed->setQuery($relative->getQuery());
+                } else {
+                    $transformed->setQuery($this->getQuery());
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (strpos($relative->getPath(), '/') === 0) {
+                    $transformed->setPath($relative->getPath());
+                } else {
+                    $transformed->setPath($this->mergePaths($this, $relative));
+                }
+
+                $transformed->setQuery($relative->getQuery());
+            }
+
+            $transformed->setAuthority($this->getAuthority());
+        }
+
+        $transformed->setScheme($this->getScheme());
+
+        $transformed->setFragment($relative->getFragment());
+
+        return $transformed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given 2 paths, will merge them according to rules set out in RFC 2986,
+     * Section 5.2
+     *
+     * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.3
+     */
+    protected function mergePaths(self $base, self $reference): string
+    {
+        if (! empty($base->getAuthority()) && $base->getPath() === '') {
+            return '/' . ltrim($reference->getPath(), '/ ');
+        }
+
+        $path = explode('/', $base->getPath());
+
+        if ($path[0] === '') {
+            unset($path[0]);
+        }
+
+        array_pop($path);
+        $path[] = $reference->getPath();
+
+        return implode('/', $path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is equivalent to the native PHP parse_str() function.
+     * This version allows the dot to be used as a key of the query string.
+     */
+    protected function parseStr(string $query): array
+    {
+        $return = [];
+        $query  = explode('&', $query);
+
+        $params = array_map(static fn (string $chunk) => preg_replace_callback(
+            '/^(?<key>[^&=]+?)(?:\[[^&=]*\])?=(?<value>[^&=]+)/',
+            static fn (array $match) => str_replace($match['key'], bin2hex($match['key']), $match[0]),
+            urldecode($chunk)
+        ), $query);
+
+        $params = implode('&', $params);
+        parse_str($params, $result);
+
+        foreach ($result as $key => $value) {
+            $return[hex2bin($key)] = $value;
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77e7cb43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HTTP;
+
+use Config\UserAgents;
+
+/**
+ * Abstraction for an HTTP user agent
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgentTest
+ */
+class UserAgent
+{
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $agent = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Flag for if the user-agent belongs to a browser
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $isBrowser = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag for if the user-agent is a robot
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $isRobot = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag for if the user-agent is a mobile browser
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $isMobile = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the config file contents.
+     *
+     * @var UserAgents
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent platform
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $platform = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent browser
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $browser = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent version
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $version = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent mobile name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $mobile = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Current user-agent robot name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $robot = '';
+
+    /**
+     * HTTP Referer
+     *
+     * @var bool|string|null
+     */
+    protected $referrer;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * Sets the User Agent and runs the compilation routine
+     */
+    public function __construct(?UserAgents $config = null)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config ?? config(UserAgents::class);
+
+        if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) {
+            $this->agent = trim($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
+            $this->compileData();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is Browser
+     */
+    public function isBrowser(?string $key = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->isBrowser) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // No need to be specific, it's a browser
+        if ($key === null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check for a specific browser
+        return isset($this->config->browsers[$key]) && $this->browser === $this->config->browsers[$key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is Robot
+     */
+    public function isRobot(?string $key = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->isRobot) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // No need to be specific, it's a robot
+        if ($key === null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check for a specific robot
+        return isset($this->config->robots[$key]) && $this->robot === $this->config->robots[$key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is Mobile
+     */
+    public function isMobile(?string $key = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->isMobile) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // No need to be specific, it's a mobile
+        if ($key === null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check for a specific robot
+        return isset($this->config->mobiles[$key]) && $this->mobile === $this->config->mobiles[$key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is this a referral from another site?
+     */
+    public function isReferral(): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->referrer)) {
+            if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'])) {
+                $this->referrer = false;
+            } else {
+                $refererHost = @parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'], PHP_URL_HOST);
+                $ownHost     = parse_url(\base_url(), PHP_URL_HOST);
+
+                $this->referrer = ($refererHost && $refererHost !== $ownHost);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->referrer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Agent String
+     */
+    public function getAgentString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->agent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Platform
+     */
+    public function getPlatform(): string
+    {
+        return $this->platform;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Browser Name
+     */
+    public function getBrowser(): string
+    {
+        return $this->browser;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Browser Version
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        return $this->version;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get The Robot Name
+     */
+    public function getRobot(): string
+    {
+        return $this->robot;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Mobile Device
+     */
+    public function getMobile(): string
+    {
+        return $this->mobile;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the referrer
+     */
+    public function getReferrer(): string
+    {
+        return empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']) ? '' : trim($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a custom user-agent string
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function parse(string $string)
+    {
+        // Reset values
+        $this->isBrowser = false;
+        $this->isRobot   = false;
+        $this->isMobile  = false;
+        $this->browser   = '';
+        $this->version   = '';
+        $this->mobile    = '';
+        $this->robot     = '';
+
+        // Set the new user-agent string and parse it, unless empty
+        $this->agent = $string;
+
+        if (! empty($string)) {
+            $this->compileData();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compile the User Agent Data
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function compileData()
+    {
+        $this->setPlatform();
+
+        foreach (['setRobot', 'setBrowser', 'setMobile'] as $function) {
+            if ($this->{$function}() === true) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Platform
+     */
+    protected function setPlatform(): bool
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->config->platforms) && $this->config->platforms) {
+            foreach ($this->config->platforms as $key => $val) {
+                if (preg_match('|' . preg_quote($key, '|') . '|i', $this->agent)) {
+                    $this->platform = $val;
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->platform = 'Unknown Platform';
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Browser
+     */
+    protected function setBrowser(): bool
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->config->browsers) && $this->config->browsers) {
+            foreach ($this->config->browsers as $key => $val) {
+                if (preg_match('|' . $key . '.*?([0-9\.]+)|i', $this->agent, $match)) {
+                    $this->isBrowser = true;
+                    $this->version   = $match[1];
+                    $this->browser   = $val;
+                    $this->setMobile();
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Robot
+     */
+    protected function setRobot(): bool
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->config->robots) && $this->config->robots) {
+            foreach ($this->config->robots as $key => $val) {
+                if (preg_match('|' . preg_quote($key, '|') . '|i', $this->agent)) {
+                    $this->isRobot = true;
+                    $this->robot   = $val;
+                    $this->setMobile();
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Mobile Device
+     */
+    protected function setMobile(): bool
+    {
+        if (is_array($this->config->mobiles) && $this->config->mobiles) {
+            foreach ($this->config->mobiles as $key => $val) {
+                if (false !== (stripos($this->agent, $key))) {
+                    $this->isMobile = true;
+                    $this->mobile   = $val;
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs the original Agent String when cast as a string.
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->getAgentString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/array_helper.php b/system/Helpers/array_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65645c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/array_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CodeIgniter Array Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('dot_array_search')) {
+    /**
+     * Searches an array through dot syntax. Supports
+     * wildcard searches, like foo.*.bar
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    function dot_array_search(string $index, array $array)
+    {
+        // See https://regex101.com/r/44Ipql/1
+        $segments = preg_split(
+            '/(?<!\\\\)\./',
+            rtrim($index, '* '),
+            0,
+            PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+        );
+
+        $segments = array_map(static fn ($key) => str_replace('\.', '.', $key), $segments);
+
+        return _array_search_dot($segments, $array);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_array_search_dot')) {
+    /**
+     * Used by `dot_array_search` to recursively search the
+     * array with wildcards.
+     *
+     * @internal This should not be used on its own.
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    function _array_search_dot(array $indexes, array $array)
+    {
+        // If index is empty, returns null.
+        if ($indexes === []) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Grab the current index
+        $currentIndex = array_shift($indexes);
+
+        if (! isset($array[$currentIndex]) && $currentIndex !== '*') {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Handle Wildcard (*)
+        if ($currentIndex === '*') {
+            $answer = [];
+
+            foreach ($array as $value) {
+                if (! is_array($value)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                $answer[] = _array_search_dot($indexes, $value);
+            }
+
+            $answer = array_filter($answer, static fn ($value) => $value !== null);
+
+            if ($answer !== []) {
+                if (count($answer) === 1) {
+                    // If array only has one element, we return that element for BC.
+                    return current($answer);
+                }
+
+                return $answer;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // If this is the last index, make sure to return it now,
+        // and not try to recurse through things.
+        if (empty($indexes)) {
+            return $array[$currentIndex];
+        }
+
+        // Do we need to recursively search this value?
+        if (is_array($array[$currentIndex]) && $array[$currentIndex] !== []) {
+            return _array_search_dot($indexes, $array[$currentIndex]);
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, not found.
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('array_deep_search')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of an element at a key in an array of uncertain depth.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $key
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    function array_deep_search($key, array $array)
+    {
+        if (isset($array[$key])) {
+            return $array[$key];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($array as $value) {
+            if (is_array($value) && ($result = array_deep_search($key, $value))) {
+                return $result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('array_sort_by_multiple_keys')) {
+    /**
+     * Sorts a multidimensional array by its elements values. The array
+     * columns to be used for sorting are passed as an associative
+     * array of key names and sorting flags.
+     *
+     * Both arrays of objects and arrays of array can be sorted.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *     array_sort_by_multiple_keys($players, [
+     *         'team.hierarchy' => SORT_ASC,
+     *         'position'       => SORT_ASC,
+     *         'name'           => SORT_STRING,
+     *     ]);
+     *
+     * The '.' dot operator in the column name indicates a deeper array or
+     * object level. In principle, any number of sublevels could be used,
+     * as long as the level and column exist in every array element.
+     *
+     * For information on multi-level array sorting, refer to Example #3 here:
+     * https://www.php.net/manual/de/function.array-multisort.php
+     *
+     * @param array $array       the reference of the array to be sorted
+     * @param array $sortColumns an associative array of columns to sort
+     *                           after and their sorting flags
+     */
+    function array_sort_by_multiple_keys(array &$array, array $sortColumns): bool
+    {
+        // Check if there really are columns to sort after
+        if (empty($sortColumns) || empty($array)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Group sorting indexes and data
+        $tempArray = [];
+
+        foreach ($sortColumns as $key => $sortFlag) {
+            // Get sorting values
+            $carry = $array;
+
+            // The '.' operator separates nested elements
+            foreach (explode('.', $key) as $keySegment) {
+                // Loop elements if they are objects
+                if (is_object(reset($carry))) {
+                    // Extract the object attribute
+                    foreach ($carry as $index => $object) {
+                        $carry[$index] = $object->{$keySegment};
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Extract the target column if elements are arrays
+                $carry = array_column($carry, $keySegment);
+            }
+
+            // Store the collected sorting parameters
+            $tempArray[] = $carry;
+            $tempArray[] = $sortFlag;
+        }
+
+        // Append the array as reference
+        $tempArray[] = &$array;
+
+        // Pass sorting arrays and flags as an argument list.
+        return array_multisort(...$tempArray);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('array_flatten_with_dots')) {
+    /**
+     * Flatten a multidimensional array using dots as separators.
+     *
+     * @param iterable $array The multi-dimensional array
+     * @param string   $id    Something to initially prepend to the flattened keys
+     *
+     * @return array The flattened array
+     */
+    function array_flatten_with_dots(iterable $array, string $id = ''): array
+    {
+        $flattened = [];
+
+        foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
+            $newKey = $id . $key;
+
+            if (is_array($value) && $value !== []) {
+                $flattened = array_merge($flattened, array_flatten_with_dots($value, $newKey . '.'));
+            } else {
+                $flattened[$newKey] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $flattened;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('array_group_by')) {
+    /**
+     * Groups all rows by their index values. Result's depth equals number of indexes
+     *
+     * @param array $array        Data array (i.e. from query result)
+     * @param array $indexes      Indexes to group by. Dot syntax used. Returns $array if empty
+     * @param bool  $includeEmpty If true, null and '' are also added as valid keys to group
+     *
+     * @return array Result array where rows are grouped together by indexes values.
+     */
+    function array_group_by(array $array, array $indexes, bool $includeEmpty = false): array
+    {
+        if ($indexes === []) {
+            return $array;
+        }
+
+        $result = [];
+
+        foreach ($array as $row) {
+            $result = _array_attach_indexed_value($result, $row, $indexes, $includeEmpty);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_array_attach_indexed_value')) {
+    /**
+     * Used by `array_group_by` to recursively attach $row to the $indexes path of values found by
+     * `dot_array_search`
+     *
+     * @internal This should not be used on its own
+     */
+    function _array_attach_indexed_value(array $result, array $row, array $indexes, bool $includeEmpty): array
+    {
+        if (($index = array_shift($indexes)) === null) {
+            $result[] = $row;
+
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        $value = dot_array_search($index, $row);
+
+        if (! is_scalar($value)) {
+            $value = '';
+        }
+
+        if (is_bool($value)) {
+            $value = (int) $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! $includeEmpty && $value === '') {
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($value, $result)) {
+            $result[$value] = [];
+        }
+
+        $result[$value] = _array_attach_indexed_value($result[$value], $row, $indexes, $includeEmpty);
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php b/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de8fb614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/cookie_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+
+// =============================================================================
+// CodeIgniter Cookie Helpers
+// =============================================================================
+
+if (! function_exists('set_cookie')) {
+    /**
+     * Set cookie
+     *
+     * Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
+     * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+     *
+     * @param array|Cookie|string $name     Cookie name / array containing binds / Cookie object
+     * @param string              $value    The value of the cookie
+     * @param string              $expire   The number of seconds until expiration
+     * @param string              $domain   For site-wide cookie. Usually: .yourdomain.com
+     * @param string              $path     The cookie path
+     * @param string              $prefix   The cookie prefix ('': the default prefix)
+     * @param bool|null           $secure   True makes the cookie secure
+     * @param bool|null           $httpOnly True makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
+     * @param string|null         $sameSite The cookie SameSite value
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response::setCookie()
+     */
+    function set_cookie(
+        $name,
+        string $value = '',
+        string $expire = '',
+        string $domain = '',
+        string $path = '/',
+        string $prefix = '',
+        ?bool $secure = null,
+        ?bool $httpOnly = null,
+        ?string $sameSite = null
+    ) {
+        $response = Services::response();
+        $response->setCookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure, $httpOnly, $sameSite);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('get_cookie')) {
+    /**
+     * Fetch an item from the $_COOKIE array
+     *
+     * @param string      $index
+     * @param string|null $prefix Cookie name prefix.
+     *                            '': the prefix in Config\Cookie
+     *                            null: no prefix
+     *
+     * @return array|string|null
+     *
+     * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest::getCookie()
+     */
+    function get_cookie($index, bool $xssClean = false, ?string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        if ($prefix === '') {
+            $cookie = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+            $prefix = $cookie->prefix;
+        }
+
+        $request = Services::request();
+        $filter  = $xssClean ? FILTER_SANITIZE_FULL_SPECIAL_CHARS : FILTER_DEFAULT;
+
+        return $request->getCookie($prefix . $index, $filter);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('delete_cookie')) {
+    /**
+     * Delete a cookie
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     * @param string $domain the cookie domain. Usually: .yourdomain.com
+     * @param string $path   the cookie path
+     * @param string $prefix the cookie prefix
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response::deleteCookie()
+     */
+    function delete_cookie($name, string $domain = '', string $path = '/', string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        Services::response()->deleteCookie($name, $domain, $path, $prefix);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('has_cookie')) {
+    /**
+     * Checks if a cookie exists by name.
+     */
+    function has_cookie(string $name, ?string $value = null, string $prefix = ''): bool
+    {
+        return Services::response()->hasCookie($name, $value, $prefix);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/date_helper.php b/system/Helpers/date_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba9c9a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/date_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+// CodeIgniter Date Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('now')) {
+    /**
+     * Get "now" time
+     *
+     * Returns Time::now()->getTimestamp() based on the timezone parameter or on the
+     * app_timezone() setting
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    function now(?string $timezone = null): int
+    {
+        $timezone = empty($timezone) ? app_timezone() : $timezone;
+
+        if ($timezone === 'local' || $timezone === date_default_timezone_get()) {
+            return Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        $time = Time::now($timezone);
+        sscanf(
+            $time->format('j-n-Y G:i:s'),
+            '%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d',
+            $day,
+            $month,
+            $year,
+            $hour,
+            $minute,
+            $second
+        );
+
+        return mktime($hour, $minute, $second, $month, $day, $year);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('timezone_select')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates a select field of all available timezones
+     *
+     * Returns a string with the formatted HTML
+     *
+     * @param string $class   Optional class to apply to the select field
+     * @param string $default Default value for initial selection
+     * @param int    $what    One of the DateTimeZone class constants (for listIdentifiers)
+     * @param string $country A two-letter ISO 3166-1 compatible country code (for listIdentifiers)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    function timezone_select(string $class = '', string $default = '', int $what = DateTimeZone::ALL, ?string $country = null): string
+    {
+        $timezones = DateTimeZone::listIdentifiers($what, $country);
+
+        $buffer = "<select name='timezone' class='{$class}'>\n";
+
+        foreach ($timezones as $timezone) {
+            $selected = ($timezone === $default) ? 'selected' : '';
+            $buffer .= "<option value='{$timezone}' {$selected}>{$timezone}</option>\n";
+        }
+
+        return $buffer . ("</select>\n");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php b/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47c829bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/filesystem_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CodeIgniter File System Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('directory_map')) {
+    /**
+     * Create a Directory Map
+     *
+     * Reads the specified directory and builds an array
+     * representation of it. Sub-folders contained with the
+     * directory will be mapped as well.
+     *
+     * @param string $sourceDir      Path to source
+     * @param int    $directoryDepth Depth of directories to traverse
+     *                               (0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)
+     * @param bool   $hidden         Whether to show hidden files
+     */
+    function directory_map(string $sourceDir, int $directoryDepth = 0, bool $hidden = false): array
+    {
+        try {
+            $fp = opendir($sourceDir);
+
+            $fileData  = [];
+            $newDepth  = $directoryDepth - 1;
+            $sourceDir = rtrim($sourceDir, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+            while (false !== ($file = readdir($fp))) {
+                // Remove '.', '..', and hidden files [optional]
+                if ($file === '.' || $file === '..' || ($hidden === false && $file[0] === '.')) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (is_dir($sourceDir . $file)) {
+                    $file .= DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+                }
+
+                if (($directoryDepth < 1 || $newDepth > 0) && is_dir($sourceDir . $file)) {
+                    $fileData[$file] = directory_map($sourceDir . $file, $newDepth, $hidden);
+                } else {
+                    $fileData[] = $file;
+                }
+            }
+
+            closedir($fp);
+
+            return $fileData;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('directory_mirror')) {
+    /**
+     * Recursively copies the files and directories of the origin directory
+     * into the target directory, i.e. "mirror" its contents.
+     *
+     * @param bool $overwrite Whether individual files overwrite on collision
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    function directory_mirror(string $originDir, string $targetDir, bool $overwrite = true): void
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($originDir = rtrim($originDir, '\\/'))) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('The origin directory "%s" was not found.', $originDir));
+        }
+
+        if (! is_dir($targetDir = rtrim($targetDir, '\\/'))) {
+            @mkdir($targetDir, 0755, true);
+        }
+
+        $dirLen = strlen($originDir);
+
+        /**
+         * @var SplFileInfo $file
+         */
+        foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+            new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($originDir, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
+            RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+        ) as $file) {
+            $origin = $file->getPathname();
+            $target = $targetDir . substr($origin, $dirLen);
+
+            if ($file->isDir()) {
+                if (! is_dir($target)) {
+                    mkdir($target, 0755);
+                }
+            } elseif (! is_file($target) || ($overwrite && is_file($target))) {
+                copy($origin, $target);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('write_file')) {
+    /**
+     * Write File
+     *
+     * Writes data to the file specified in the path.
+     * Creates a new file if non-existent.
+     *
+     * @param string $path File path
+     * @param string $data Data to write
+     * @param string $mode fopen() mode (default: 'wb')
+     */
+    function write_file(string $path, string $data, string $mode = 'wb'): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            $fp = fopen($path, $mode);
+
+            flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
+
+            for ($result = $written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+                if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+            fclose($fp);
+
+            return is_int($result);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('delete_files')) {
+    /**
+     * Delete Files
+     *
+     * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
+     * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
+     * If the second parameter is set to true, any directories contained
+     * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
+     *
+     * @param string $path   File path
+     * @param bool   $delDir Whether to delete any directories found in the path
+     * @param bool   $htdocs Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
+     * @param bool   $hidden Whether to include hidden files (files beginning with a period)
+     */
+    function delete_files(string $path, bool $delDir = false, bool $htdocs = false, bool $hidden = false): bool
+    {
+        $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
+        $path = rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        try {
+            foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+                new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($path, RecursiveDirectoryIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
+                RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST
+            ) as $object) {
+                $filename = $object->getFilename();
+                if (! $hidden && $filename[0] === '.') {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (! $htdocs || ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename)) {
+                    $isDir = $object->isDir();
+                    if ($isDir && $delDir) {
+                        rmdir($object->getPathname());
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (! $isDir) {
+                        unlink($object->getPathname());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('get_filenames')) {
+    /**
+     * Get Filenames
+     *
+     * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames.
+     * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+     *
+     * @param string    $sourceDir   Path to source
+     * @param bool|null $includePath Whether to include the path as part of the filename; false for no path, null for a relative path, true for full path
+     * @param bool      $hidden      Whether to include hidden files (files beginning with a period)
+     * @param bool      $includeDir  Whether to include directories
+     */
+    function get_filenames(
+        string $sourceDir,
+        ?bool $includePath = false,
+        bool $hidden = false,
+        bool $includeDir = true
+    ): array {
+        $files = [];
+
+        $sourceDir = realpath($sourceDir) ?: $sourceDir;
+        $sourceDir = rtrim($sourceDir, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+        try {
+            foreach (new RecursiveIteratorIterator(
+                new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($sourceDir, RecursiveDirectoryIterator::SKIP_DOTS),
+                RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST
+            ) as $name => $object) {
+                $basename = pathinfo($name, PATHINFO_BASENAME);
+                if (! $hidden && $basename[0] === '.') {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ($includeDir || ! $object->isDir()) {
+                    if ($includePath === false) {
+                        $files[] = $basename;
+                    } elseif ($includePath === null) {
+                        $files[] = str_replace($sourceDir, '', $name);
+                    } else {
+                        $files[] = $name;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        sort($files);
+
+        return $files;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('get_dir_file_info')) {
+    /**
+     * Get Directory File Information
+     *
+     * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
+     * filesize, dates, and permissions
+     *
+     * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+     *
+     * @param string $sourceDir    Path to source
+     * @param bool   $topLevelOnly Look only at the top level directory specified?
+     * @param bool   $recursion    Internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+     */
+    function get_dir_file_info(string $sourceDir, bool $topLevelOnly = true, bool $recursion = false): array
+    {
+        static $fileData = [];
+        $relativePath    = $sourceDir;
+
+        try {
+            $fp = opendir($sourceDir);
+
+            // reset the array and make sure $source_dir has a trailing slash on the initial call
+            if ($recursion === false) {
+                $fileData  = [];
+                $sourceDir = rtrim(realpath($sourceDir), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+
+            // Used to be foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
+            while (false !== ($file = readdir($fp))) {
+                if (is_dir($sourceDir . $file) && $file[0] !== '.' && $topLevelOnly === false) {
+                    get_dir_file_info($sourceDir . $file . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $topLevelOnly, true);
+                } elseif ($file[0] !== '.') {
+                    $fileData[$file]                  = get_file_info($sourceDir . $file);
+                    $fileData[$file]['relative_path'] = $relativePath;
+                }
+            }
+
+            closedir($fp);
+
+            return $fileData;
+        } catch (Throwable $fe) {
+            return [];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('get_file_info')) {
+    /**
+     * Get File Info
+     *
+     * Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
+     * Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
+     * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
+     * Returns false if the file cannot be found.
+     *
+     * @param string       $file           Path to file
+     * @param array|string $returnedValues Array or comma separated string of information returned
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    function get_file_info(string $file, $returnedValues = ['name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'])
+    {
+        if (! is_file($file)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $fileInfo = [];
+
+        if (is_string($returnedValues)) {
+            $returnedValues = explode(',', $returnedValues);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($returnedValues as $key) {
+            switch ($key) {
+                case 'name':
+                    $fileInfo['name'] = basename($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'server_path':
+                    $fileInfo['server_path'] = $file;
+                    break;
+
+                case 'size':
+                    $fileInfo['size'] = filesize($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'date':
+                    $fileInfo['date'] = filemtime($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'readable':
+                    $fileInfo['readable'] = is_readable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'writable':
+                    $fileInfo['writable'] = is_really_writable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'executable':
+                    $fileInfo['executable'] = is_executable($file);
+                    break;
+
+                case 'fileperms':
+                    $fileInfo['fileperms'] = fileperms($file);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $fileInfo;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('symbolic_permissions')) {
+    /**
+     * Symbolic Permissions
+     *
+     * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+     * standard symbolic notation representing that value
+     *
+     * @param int $perms Permissions
+     */
+    function symbolic_permissions(int $perms): string
+    {
+        if (($perms & 0xC000) === 0xC000) {
+            $symbolic = 's'; // Socket
+        } elseif (($perms & 0xA000) === 0xA000) {
+            $symbolic = 'l'; // Symbolic Link
+        } elseif (($perms & 0x8000) === 0x8000) {
+            $symbolic = '-'; // Regular
+        } elseif (($perms & 0x6000) === 0x6000) {
+            $symbolic = 'b'; // Block special
+        } elseif (($perms & 0x4000) === 0x4000) {
+            $symbolic = 'd'; // Directory
+        } elseif (($perms & 0x2000) === 0x2000) {
+            $symbolic = 'c'; // Character special
+        } elseif (($perms & 0x1000) === 0x1000) {
+            $symbolic = 'p'; // FIFO pipe
+        } else {
+            $symbolic = 'u'; // Unknown
+        }
+
+        // Owner
+        $symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0100) ? 'r' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0080) ? 'w' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0040) ? (($perms & 0x0800) ? 's' : 'x') : (($perms & 0x0800) ? 'S' : '-'));
+
+        // Group
+        $symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0020) ? 'r' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0010) ? 'w' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0008) ? (($perms & 0x0400) ? 's' : 'x') : (($perms & 0x0400) ? 'S' : '-'));
+
+        // World
+        $symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0004) ? 'r' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0002) ? 'w' : '-')
+                . (($perms & 0x0001) ? (($perms & 0x0200) ? 't' : 'x') : (($perms & 0x0200) ? 'T' : '-'));
+
+        return $symbolic;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('octal_permissions')) {
+    /**
+     * Octal Permissions
+     *
+     * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+     * a three character string representing the file's octal permissions
+     *
+     * @param int $perms Permissions
+     */
+    function octal_permissions(int $perms): string
+    {
+        return substr(sprintf('%o', $perms), -3);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('same_file')) {
+    /**
+     * Checks if two files both exist and have identical hashes
+     *
+     * @return bool Same or not
+     */
+    function same_file(string $file1, string $file2): bool
+    {
+        return is_file($file1) && is_file($file2) && md5_file($file1) === md5_file($file2);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('set_realpath')) {
+    /**
+     * Set Realpath
+     *
+     * @param bool $checkExistence Checks to see if the path exists
+     */
+    function set_realpath(string $path, bool $checkExistence = false): string
+    {
+        // Security check to make sure the path is NOT a URL. No remote file inclusion!
+        if (preg_match('#^(http:\/\/|https:\/\/|www\.|ftp)#i', $path) || filter_var($path, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP) === $path) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The path you submitted must be a local server path, not a URL');
+        }
+
+        // Resolve the path
+        if (realpath($path) !== false) {
+            $path = realpath($path);
+        } elseif ($checkExistence && ! is_dir($path) && ! is_file($path)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Not a valid path: ' . $path);
+        }
+
+        // Add a trailing slash, if this is a directory
+        return is_dir($path) ? rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : $path;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/form_helper.php b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7edb05cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,809 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Validation;
+
+// CodeIgniter Form Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('form_open')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Declaration
+     *
+     * Creates the opening portion of the form.
+     *
+     * @param string       $action     the URI segments of the form destination
+     * @param array|string $attributes a key/value pair of attributes, or string representation
+     * @param array        $hidden     a key/value pair hidden data
+     */
+    function form_open(string $action = '', $attributes = [], array $hidden = []): string
+    {
+        // If no action is provided then set to the current url
+        if (! $action) {
+            $action = current_url(true);
+        } // If an action is not a full URL then turn it into one
+        elseif (strpos($action, '://') === false) {
+            // If an action has {locale}
+            if (strpos($action, '{locale}') !== false) {
+                $action = str_replace('{locale}', Services::request()->getLocale(), $action);
+            }
+
+            $action = site_url($action);
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($attributes) && array_key_exists('csrf_id', $attributes)) {
+            $csrfId = $attributes['csrf_id'];
+            unset($attributes['csrf_id']);
+        }
+
+        $attributes = stringify_attributes($attributes);
+
+        if (stripos($attributes, 'method=') === false) {
+            $attributes .= ' method="post"';
+        }
+        if (stripos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === false) {
+            $config = config(App::class);
+            $attributes .= ' accept-charset="' . strtolower($config->charset) . '"';
+        }
+
+        $form = '<form action="' . $action . '"' . $attributes . ">\n";
+
+        // Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites
+        $before = Services::filters()->getFilters()['before'];
+
+        if ((in_array('csrf', $before, true) || array_key_exists('csrf', $before)) && strpos($action, base_url()) !== false && ! stripos($form, 'method="get"')) {
+            $form .= csrf_field($csrfId ?? null);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($hidden as $name => $value) {
+            $form .= form_hidden($name, $value);
+        }
+
+        return $form;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_open_multipart')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Declaration - Multipart type
+     *
+     * Creates the opening portion of the form, but with "multipart/form-data".
+     *
+     * @param string       $action     The URI segments of the form destination
+     * @param array|string $attributes A key/value pair of attributes, or the same as a string
+     * @param array        $hidden     A key/value pair hidden data
+     */
+    function form_open_multipart(string $action = '', $attributes = [], array $hidden = []): string
+    {
+        if (is_string($attributes)) {
+            $attributes .= ' enctype="' . esc('multipart/form-data') . '"';
+        } else {
+            $attributes['enctype'] = 'multipart/form-data';
+        }
+
+        return form_open($action, $attributes, $hidden);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_hidden')) {
+    /**
+     * Hidden Input Field
+     *
+     * Generates hidden fields. You can pass a simple key/value string or
+     * an associative array with multiple values.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $name  Field name or associative array to create multiple fields
+     * @param array|string $value Field value
+     */
+    function form_hidden($name, $value = '', bool $recursing = false): string
+    {
+        static $form;
+
+        if ($recursing === false) {
+            $form = "\n";
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($name)) {
+            foreach ($name as $key => $val) {
+                form_hidden($key, $val, true);
+            }
+
+            return $form;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($value)) {
+            $form .= form_input($name, $value, '', 'hidden');
+        } else {
+            foreach ($value as $k => $v) {
+                $k = is_int($k) ? '' : $k;
+                form_hidden($name . '[' . $k . ']', $v, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $form;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_input')) {
+    /**
+     * Text Input Field. If 'type' is passed in the $type field, it will be
+     * used as the input type, for making 'email', 'phone', etc input fields.
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_input($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = '', string $type = 'text'): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'type'  => $type,
+            'name'  => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+            'value' => $value,
+        ];
+
+        return '<input ' . parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults) . stringify_attributes($extra) . _solidus() . ">\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_password')) {
+    /**
+     * Password Field
+     *
+     * Identical to the input function but adds the "password" type
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_password($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            $data = ['name' => $data];
+        }
+        $data['type'] = 'password';
+
+        return form_input($data, $value, $extra);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_upload')) {
+    /**
+     * Upload Field
+     *
+     * Identical to the input function but adds the "file" type
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_upload($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'type' => 'file',
+            'name' => '',
+        ];
+
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            $data = ['name' => $data];
+        }
+
+        $data['type'] = 'file';
+
+        return '<input ' . parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults) . stringify_attributes($extra) . _solidus() . ">\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_textarea')) {
+    /**
+     * Textarea field
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_textarea($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+            'cols' => '40',
+            'rows' => '10',
+        ];
+        if (! is_array($data) || ! isset($data['value'])) {
+            $val = $value;
+        } else {
+            $val = $data['value'];
+            unset($data['value']); // textareas don't use the value attribute
+        }
+
+        // Unsets default rows and cols if defined in extra field as array or string.
+        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('rows', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && stripos(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra), 'rows=') !== false)) {
+            unset($defaults['rows']);
+        }
+
+        if ((is_array($extra) && array_key_exists('cols', $extra)) || (is_string($extra) && stripos(preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $extra), 'cols=') !== false)) {
+            unset($defaults['cols']);
+        }
+
+        return '<textarea ' . rtrim(parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)) . stringify_attributes($extra) . '>'
+                . htmlspecialchars($val)
+                . "</textarea>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_multiselect')) {
+    /**
+     * Multi-select menu
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $name
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_multiselect($name = '', array $options = [], array $selected = [], $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $extra = stringify_attributes($extra);
+
+        if (stripos($extra, 'multiple') === false) {
+            $extra .= ' multiple="multiple"';
+        }
+
+        return form_dropdown($name, $options, $selected, $extra);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_dropdown')) {
+    /**
+     * Drop-down Menu
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|string        $options
+     * @param array|string        $selected
+     * @param array|object|string $extra    string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_dropdown($data = '', $options = [], $selected = [], $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [];
+        if (is_array($data)) {
+            if (isset($data['selected'])) {
+                $selected = $data['selected'];
+                unset($data['selected']); // select tags don't have a selected attribute
+            }
+            if (isset($data['options'])) {
+                $options = $data['options'];
+                unset($data['options']); // select tags don't use an options attribute
+            }
+        } else {
+            $defaults = ['name' => $data];
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($selected)) {
+            $selected = [$selected];
+        }
+        if (! is_array($options)) {
+            $options = [$options];
+        }
+
+        // If no selected state was submitted we will attempt to set it automatically
+        if (empty($selected)) {
+            if (is_array($data)) {
+                if (isset($data['name'], $_POST[$data['name']])) {
+                    $selected = [$_POST[$data['name']]];
+                }
+            } elseif (isset($_POST[$data])) {
+                $selected = [$_POST[$data]];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Standardize selected as strings, like the option keys will be
+        foreach ($selected as $key => $item) {
+            $selected[$key] = (string) $item;
+        }
+
+        $extra    = stringify_attributes($extra);
+        $multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && stripos($extra, 'multiple') === false) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
+        $form     = '<select ' . rtrim(parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)) . $extra . $multiple . ">\n";
+
+        foreach ($options as $key => $val) {
+            // Keys should always be strings for strict comparison
+            $key = (string) $key;
+
+            if (is_array($val)) {
+                if (empty($val)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $form .= '<optgroup label="' . $key . "\">\n";
+
+                foreach ($val as $optgroupKey => $optgroupVal) {
+                    // Keys should always be strings for strict comparison
+                    $optgroupKey = (string) $optgroupKey;
+
+                    $sel = in_array($optgroupKey, $selected, true) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+                    $form .= '<option value="' . htmlspecialchars($optgroupKey) . '"' . $sel . '>' . $optgroupVal . "</option>\n";
+                }
+
+                $form .= "</optgroup>\n";
+            } else {
+                $form .= '<option value="' . htmlspecialchars($key) . '"'
+                    . (in_array($key, $selected, true) ? ' selected="selected"' : '') . '>'
+                    . $val . "</option>\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $form . "</select>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_checkbox')) {
+    /**
+     * Checkbox Field
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_checkbox($data = '', string $value = '', bool $checked = false, $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'type'  => 'checkbox',
+            'name'  => (! is_array($data) ? $data : ''),
+            'value' => $value,
+        ];
+
+        if (is_array($data) && array_key_exists('checked', $data)) {
+            $checked = $data['checked'];
+
+            if ($checked === false) {
+                unset($data['checked']);
+            } else {
+                $data['checked'] = 'checked';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($checked === true) {
+            $defaults['checked'] = 'checked';
+        }
+
+        return '<input ' . parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults) . stringify_attributes($extra) . _solidus() . ">\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_radio')) {
+    /**
+     * Radio Button
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_radio($data = '', string $value = '', bool $checked = false, $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        if (! is_array($data)) {
+            $data = ['name' => $data];
+        }
+        $data['type'] = 'radio';
+
+        return form_checkbox($data, $value, $checked, $extra);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_submit')) {
+    /**
+     * Submit Button
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_submit($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        return form_input($data, $value, $extra, 'submit');
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_reset')) {
+    /**
+     * Reset Button
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_reset($data = '', string $value = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        return form_input($data, $value, $extra, 'reset');
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_button')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Button
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $data
+     * @param array|object|string $extra string, array, object that can be cast to array
+     */
+    function form_button($data = '', string $content = '', $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+            'type' => 'button',
+        ];
+
+        if (is_array($data) && isset($data['content'])) {
+            $content = $data['content'];
+            unset($data['content']); // content is not an attribute
+        }
+
+        return '<button ' . parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults) . stringify_attributes($extra) . '>'
+                . $content
+                . "</button>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_label')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Label Tag
+     *
+     * @param string $labelText  The text to appear onscreen
+     * @param string $id         The id the label applies to
+     * @param array  $attributes Additional attributes
+     */
+    function form_label(string $labelText = '', string $id = '', array $attributes = []): string
+    {
+        $label = '<label';
+
+        if ($id !== '') {
+            $label .= ' for="' . $id . '"';
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($attributes) && $attributes) {
+            foreach ($attributes as $key => $val) {
+                $label .= ' ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $label . '>' . $labelText . '</label>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_datalist')) {
+    /**
+     * Datalist
+     *
+     * The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element.
+     * Users will see a drop-down list of pre-defined options as they input data.
+     * The list attribute of the <input> element, must refer to the id attribute of the <datalist> element.
+     */
+    function form_datalist(string $name, string $value, array $options): string
+    {
+        $data = [
+            'type'  => 'text',
+            'name'  => $name,
+            'list'  => $name . '_list',
+            'value' => $value,
+        ];
+
+        $out = form_input($data) . "\n";
+
+        $out .= "<datalist id='" . $name . "_list'>";
+
+        foreach ($options as $option) {
+            $out .= "<option value='{$option}'>\n";
+        }
+
+        return $out . ("</datalist>\n");
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_fieldset')) {
+    /**
+     * Fieldset Tag
+     *
+     * Used to produce <fieldset><legend>text</legend>.  To close fieldset
+     * use form_fieldset_close()
+     *
+     * @param string $legendText The legend text
+     * @param array  $attributes Additional attributes
+     */
+    function form_fieldset(string $legendText = '', array $attributes = []): string
+    {
+        $fieldset = '<fieldset' . stringify_attributes($attributes) . ">\n";
+
+        if ($legendText !== '') {
+            return $fieldset . '<legend>' . $legendText . "</legend>\n";
+        }
+
+        return $fieldset;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_fieldset_close')) {
+    /**
+     * Fieldset Close Tag
+     */
+    function form_fieldset_close(string $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        return '</fieldset>' . $extra;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('form_close')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Close Tag
+     */
+    function form_close(string $extra = ''): string
+    {
+        return '</form>' . $extra;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('set_value')) {
+    /**
+     * Form Value
+     *
+     * Grabs a value from the POST array for the specified field so you can
+     * re-populate an input field or textarea
+     *
+     * @param string          $field      Field name
+     * @param string|string[] $default    Default value
+     * @param bool            $htmlEscape Whether to escape HTML special characters or not
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    function set_value(string $field, $default = '', bool $htmlEscape = true)
+    {
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        // Try any old input data we may have first
+        $value = $request->getOldInput($field);
+
+        if ($value === null) {
+            $value = $request->getPost($field) ?? $default;
+        }
+
+        return ($htmlEscape) ? esc($value) : $value;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('set_select')) {
+    /**
+     * Set Select
+     *
+     * Let's you set the selected value of a <select> menu via data in the POST array.
+     */
+    function set_select(string $field, string $value = '', bool $default = false): string
+    {
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        // Try any old input data we may have first
+        $input = $request->getOldInput($field);
+
+        if ($input === null) {
+            $input = $request->getPost($field);
+        }
+
+        if ($input === null) {
+            return ($default === true) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($input)) {
+            // Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+            foreach ($input as &$v) {
+                if ($value === $v) {
+                    return ' selected="selected"';
+                }
+            }
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return ($input === $value) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('set_checkbox')) {
+    /**
+     * Set Checkbox
+     *
+     * Let's you set the selected value of a checkbox via the value in the POST array.
+     */
+    function set_checkbox(string $field, string $value = '', bool $default = false): string
+    {
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        // Try any old input data we may have first
+        $input = $request->getOldInput($field);
+
+        if ($input === null) {
+            $input = $request->getPost($field);
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($input)) {
+            // Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+            foreach ($input as &$v) {
+                if ($value === $v) {
+                    return ' checked="checked"';
+                }
+            }
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $session     = Services::session();
+        $hasOldInput = $session->has('_ci_old_input');
+
+        // Unchecked checkbox and radio inputs are not even submitted by browsers ...
+        if ((string) $input === '0' || ! empty($request->getPost()) || $hasOldInput) {
+            return ($input === $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
+        }
+
+        return ($default === true) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('set_radio')) {
+    /**
+     * Set Radio
+     *
+     * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
+     */
+    function set_radio(string $field, string $value = '', bool $default = false): string
+    {
+        $request = Services::request();
+
+        // Try any old input data we may have first
+        $oldInput = $request->getOldInput($field);
+
+        $postInput = $request->getPost($field);
+
+        if ($oldInput !== null) {
+            $input = $oldInput;
+        } elseif ($postInput !== null) {
+            $input = $postInput;
+        } else {
+            $input = $default;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($input)) {
+            // Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+            foreach ($input as $v) {
+                if ($value === $v) {
+                    return ' checked="checked"';
+                }
+            }
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        // Unchecked checkbox and radio inputs are not even submitted by browsers ...
+        if ($oldInput !== null || $postInput !== null) {
+            return ((string) $input === $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
+        }
+
+        return ($default === true) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('validation_errors')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the validation errors.
+     *
+     * First, checks the validation errors that are stored in the session.
+     * To store the errors in the session, you need to use `withInput()` with `redirect()`.
+     *
+     * The returned array should be in the following format:
+     *     [
+     *         'field1' => 'error message',
+     *         'field2' => 'error message',
+     *     ]
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string>
+     */
+    function validation_errors()
+    {
+        $errors = session('_ci_validation_errors');
+
+        // Check the session to see if any were
+        // passed along from a redirect withErrors() request.
+        if ($errors !== null && (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing' || ! is_cli())) {
+            return $errors;
+        }
+
+        $validation = Services::validation();
+
+        return $validation->getErrors();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('validation_list_errors')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the rendered HTML of the validation errors.
+     *
+     * See Validation::listErrors()
+     */
+    function validation_list_errors(string $template = 'list'): string
+    {
+        $config = config(Validation::class);
+        $view   = Services::renderer();
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($template, $config->templates)) {
+            throw ValidationException::forInvalidTemplate($template);
+        }
+
+        return $view->setVar('errors', validation_errors())
+            ->render($config->templates[$template]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('validation_show_error')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns a single error for the specified field in formatted HTML.
+     *
+     * See Validation::showError()
+     */
+    function validation_show_error(string $field, string $template = 'single'): string
+    {
+        $config = config(Validation::class);
+        $view   = Services::renderer();
+
+        $errors = array_filter(validation_errors(), static fn ($key) => preg_match(
+            '/^' . str_replace(['\.\*', '\*\.'], ['\..+', '.+\.'], preg_quote($field, '/')) . '$/',
+            $key
+        ), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+
+        if ($errors === []) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($template, $config->templates)) {
+            throw ValidationException::forInvalidTemplate($template);
+        }
+
+        return $view->setVar('error', implode("\n", $errors))
+            ->render($config->templates[$template]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('parse_form_attributes')) {
+    /**
+     * Parse the form attributes
+     *
+     * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
+     *
+     * @internal
+     *
+     * @param array|string $attributes List of attributes
+     * @param array        $default    Default values
+     */
+    function parse_form_attributes($attributes, array $default): string
+    {
+        if (is_array($attributes)) {
+            foreach (array_keys($default) as $key) {
+                if (isset($attributes[$key])) {
+                    $default[$key] = $attributes[$key];
+                    unset($attributes[$key]);
+                }
+            }
+            if (! empty($attributes)) {
+                $default = array_merge($default, $attributes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $att = '';
+
+        foreach ($default as $key => $val) {
+            if (! is_bool($val)) {
+                if ($key === 'value') {
+                    $val = esc($val);
+                } elseif ($key === 'name' && ! strlen($default['name'])) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                $att .= $key . '="' . $val . '"' . ($key === array_key_last($default) ? '' : ' ');
+            } else {
+                $att .= $key . ' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $att;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/html_helper.php b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7a36e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
+use Config\DocTypes;
+use Config\Mimes;
+
+// CodeIgniter HTML Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('ul')) {
+    /**
+     * Unordered List
+     *
+     * Generates an HTML unordered list from an single or
+     * multi-dimensional array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes HTML attributes string, array, object
+     */
+    function ul(array $list, $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        return _list('ul', $list, $attributes);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('ol')) {
+    /**
+     * Ordered List
+     *
+     * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes HTML attributes string, array, object
+     */
+    function ol(array $list, $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        return _list('ol', $list, $attributes);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_list')) {
+    /**
+     * Generates the list
+     *
+     * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+     *
+     * @param array               $list
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes string, array, object
+     */
+    function _list(string $type = 'ul', $list = [], $attributes = '', int $depth = 0): string
+    {
+        // Set the indentation based on the depth
+        $out = str_repeat(' ', $depth)
+                // Write the opening list tag
+                . '<' . $type . stringify_attributes($attributes) . ">\n";
+
+        // Cycle through the list elements.  If an array is
+        // encountered we will recursively call _list()
+
+        foreach ($list as $key => $val) {
+            $out .= str_repeat(' ', $depth + 2) . '<li>';
+
+            if (! is_array($val)) {
+                $out .= $val;
+            } else {
+                $out .= $key
+                        . "\n"
+                        . _list($type, $val, '', $depth + 4)
+                        . str_repeat(' ', $depth + 2);
+            }
+
+            $out .= "</li>\n";
+        }
+
+        // Set the indentation for the closing tag and apply it
+        return $out . str_repeat(' ', $depth) . '</' . $type . ">\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('img')) {
+    /**
+     * Image
+     *
+     * Generates an image element
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $src        Image source URI, or array of attributes and values
+     * @param bool                $indexPage  Whether to treat $src as a routed URI string
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes Additional HTML attributes
+     */
+    function img($src = '', bool $indexPage = false, $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        if (! is_array($src)) {
+            $src = ['src' => $src];
+        }
+        if (! isset($src['src'])) {
+            $src['src'] = $attributes['src'] ?? '';
+        }
+        if (! isset($src['alt'])) {
+            $src['alt'] = $attributes['alt'] ?? '';
+        }
+
+        $img = '<img';
+
+        // Check for a relative URI
+        if (! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $src['src']) && strpos($src['src'], 'data:') !== 0) {
+            if ($indexPage === true) {
+                $img .= ' src="' . site_url($src['src']) . '"';
+            } else {
+                $img .= ' src="' . slash_item('baseURL') . $src['src'] . '"';
+            }
+
+            unset($src['src']);
+        }
+
+        // Append any other values
+        foreach ($src as $key => $value) {
+            $img .= ' ' . $key . '="' . $value . '"';
+        }
+
+        // Prevent passing completed values to stringify_attributes
+        if (is_array($attributes)) {
+            unset($attributes['alt'], $attributes['src']);
+        }
+
+        return $img . stringify_attributes($attributes) . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('img_data')) {
+    /**
+     * Image (data)
+     *
+     * Generates a src-ready string from an image using the "data:" protocol
+     *
+     * @param string      $path Image source path
+     * @param string|null $mime MIME type to use, or null to guess
+     */
+    function img_data(string $path, ?string $mime = null): string
+    {
+        if (! is_file($path) || ! is_readable($path)) {
+            throw FileNotFoundException::forFileNotFound($path);
+        }
+
+        // Read in file binary data
+        $handle = fopen($path, 'rb');
+        $data   = fread($handle, filesize($path));
+        fclose($handle);
+
+        // Encode as base64
+        $data = base64_encode($data);
+
+        // Figure out the type (Hail Mary to JPEG)
+        $mime ??= Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension(pathinfo($path, PATHINFO_EXTENSION)) ?? 'image/jpg';
+
+        return 'data:' . $mime . ';base64,' . $data;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('doctype')) {
+    /**
+     * Doctype
+     *
+     * Generates a page document type declaration
+     *
+     * Examples of valid options: html5, xhtml-11, xhtml-strict, xhtml-trans,
+     * xhtml-frame, html4-strict, html4-trans, and html4-frame.
+     * All values are saved in the doctypes config file.
+     *
+     * @param string $type The doctype to be generated
+     */
+    function doctype(string $type = 'html5'): string
+    {
+        $config   = new DocTypes();
+        $doctypes = $config->list;
+
+        return $doctypes[$type] ?? false;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('script_tag')) {
+    /**
+     * Script
+     *
+     * Generates link to a JS file
+     *
+     * @param array|string $src       Script source or an array of attributes
+     * @param bool         $indexPage Should indexPage be added to the JS path
+     */
+    function script_tag($src = '', bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        $cspNonce = csp_script_nonce();
+        $cspNonce = $cspNonce ? ' ' . $cspNonce : $cspNonce;
+        $script   = '<script' . $cspNonce . ' ';
+        if (! is_array($src)) {
+            $src = ['src' => $src];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($src as $k => $v) {
+            if ($k === 'src' && ! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $v)) {
+                if ($indexPage === true) {
+                    $script .= 'src="' . site_url($v) . '" ';
+                } else {
+                    $script .= 'src="' . slash_item('baseURL') . $v . '" ';
+                }
+            } else {
+                // for attributes without values, like async or defer, use NULL.
+                $script .= $k . (null === $v ? ' ' : '="' . $v . '" ');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($script) . '></script>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('link_tag')) {
+    /**
+     * Link
+     *
+     * Generates link tag
+     *
+     * @param array<string, bool|string>|string $href      Stylesheet href or an array
+     * @param bool                              $indexPage should indexPage be added to the CSS path.
+     */
+    function link_tag(
+        $href = '',
+        string $rel = 'stylesheet',
+        string $type = 'text/css',
+        string $title = '',
+        string $media = '',
+        bool $indexPage = false,
+        string $hreflang = ''
+    ): string {
+        $attributes = [];
+        // extract fields if needed
+        if (is_array($href)) {
+            $rel       = $href['rel'] ?? $rel;
+            $type      = $href['type'] ?? $type;
+            $title     = $href['title'] ?? $title;
+            $media     = $href['media'] ?? $media;
+            $hreflang  = $href['hreflang'] ?? '';
+            $indexPage = $href['indexPage'] ?? $indexPage;
+            $href      = $href['href'] ?? '';
+        }
+
+        if (! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $href)) {
+            $attributes['href'] = $indexPage ? site_url($href) : slash_item('baseURL') . $href;
+        } else {
+            $attributes['href'] = $href;
+        }
+
+        if ($hreflang !== '') {
+            $attributes['hreflang'] = $hreflang;
+        }
+
+        $attributes['rel'] = $rel;
+
+        if ($type !== '' && $rel !== 'canonical' && $hreflang === '' && ! ($rel === 'alternate' && $media !== '')) {
+            $attributes['type'] = $type;
+        }
+
+        if ($media !== '') {
+            $attributes['media'] = $media;
+        }
+
+        if ($title !== '') {
+            $attributes['title'] = $title;
+        }
+
+        return '<link' . stringify_attributes($attributes) . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('video')) {
+    /**
+     * Video
+     *
+     * Generates a video element to embed videos. The video element can
+     * contain one or more video sources
+     *
+     * @param array|string $src                Either a source string or an array of sources
+     * @param string       $unsupportedMessage The message to display if the media tag is not supported by the browser
+     * @param string       $attributes         HTML attributes
+     */
+    function video($src, string $unsupportedMessage = '', string $attributes = '', array $tracks = [], bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        if (is_array($src)) {
+            return _media('video', $src, $unsupportedMessage, $attributes, $tracks);
+        }
+
+        $video = '<video';
+
+        if (_has_protocol($src)) {
+            $video .= ' src="' . $src . '"';
+        } elseif ($indexPage === true) {
+            $video .= ' src="' . site_url($src) . '"';
+        } else {
+            $video .= ' src="' . slash_item('baseURL') . $src . '"';
+        }
+
+        if ($attributes !== '') {
+            $video .= ' ' . $attributes;
+        }
+
+        $video .= ">\n";
+
+        foreach ($tracks as $track) {
+            $video .= _space_indent() . $track . "\n";
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($unsupportedMessage)) {
+            $video .= _space_indent()
+                    . $unsupportedMessage
+                    . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return $video . "</video>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('audio')) {
+    /**
+     * Audio
+     *
+     * Generates an audio element to embed sounds
+     *
+     * @param array|string $src                Either a source string or an array of sources
+     * @param string       $unsupportedMessage The message to display if the media tag is not supported by the browser.
+     * @param string       $attributes         HTML attributes
+     */
+    function audio($src, string $unsupportedMessage = '', string $attributes = '', array $tracks = [], bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        if (is_array($src)) {
+            return _media('audio', $src, $unsupportedMessage, $attributes, $tracks);
+        }
+
+        $audio = '<audio';
+
+        if (_has_protocol($src)) {
+            $audio .= ' src="' . $src . '"';
+        } elseif ($indexPage === true) {
+            $audio .= ' src="' . site_url($src) . '"';
+        } else {
+            $audio .= ' src="' . slash_item('baseURL') . $src . '"';
+        }
+
+        if ($attributes !== '') {
+            $audio .= ' ' . $attributes;
+        }
+
+        $audio .= '>';
+
+        foreach ($tracks as $track) {
+            $audio .= "\n" . _space_indent() . $track;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($unsupportedMessage)) {
+            $audio .= "\n" . _space_indent() . $unsupportedMessage . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return $audio . "</audio>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_media')) {
+    /**
+     * Generate media based tag
+     *
+     * @param string $unsupportedMessage The message to display if the media tag is not supported by the browser.
+     */
+    function _media(string $name, array $types = [], string $unsupportedMessage = '', string $attributes = '', array $tracks = []): string
+    {
+        $media = '<' . $name;
+
+        if (empty($attributes)) {
+            $media .= '>';
+        } else {
+            $media .= ' ' . $attributes . '>';
+        }
+
+        $media .= "\n";
+
+        foreach ($types as $option) {
+            $media .= _space_indent() . $option . "\n";
+        }
+
+        foreach ($tracks as $track) {
+            $media .= _space_indent() . $track . "\n";
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($unsupportedMessage)) {
+            $media .= _space_indent() . $unsupportedMessage . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return $media . ('</' . $name . ">\n");
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('source')) {
+    /**
+     * Source
+     *
+     * Generates a source element that specifies multiple media resources
+     * for either audio or video element
+     *
+     * @param string $src        The path of the media resource
+     * @param string $type       The MIME-type of the resource with optional codecs parameters
+     * @param string $attributes HTML attributes
+     */
+    function source(string $src, string $type = 'unknown', string $attributes = '', bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        if (! _has_protocol($src)) {
+            $src = $indexPage === true ? site_url($src) : slash_item('baseURL') . $src;
+        }
+
+        $source = '<source src="' . $src
+                . '" type="' . $type . '"';
+
+        if (! empty($attributes)) {
+            $source .= ' ' . $attributes;
+        }
+
+        return $source . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('track')) {
+    /**
+     * Track
+     *
+     * Generates a track element to specify timed tracks. The tracks are
+     * formatted in WebVTT format.
+     *
+     * @param string $src The path of the .VTT file
+     */
+    function track(string $src, string $kind, string $srcLanguage, string $label): string
+    {
+        return '<track src="' . $src
+                . '" kind="' . $kind
+                . '" srclang="' . $srcLanguage
+                . '" label="' . $label
+                . '"' . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('object')) {
+    /**
+     * Object
+     *
+     * Generates an object element that represents the media
+     * as either image or a resource plugin such as audio, video,
+     * Java applets, ActiveX, PDF and Flash
+     *
+     * @param string $data       A resource URL
+     * @param string $type       Content-type of the resource
+     * @param string $attributes HTML attributes
+     */
+    function object(string $data, string $type = 'unknown', string $attributes = '', array $params = [], bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        if (! _has_protocol($data)) {
+            $data = $indexPage === true ? site_url($data) : slash_item('baseURL') . $data;
+        }
+
+        $object = '<object data="' . $data . '" '
+                . $attributes . '>';
+
+        if (! empty($params)) {
+            $object .= "\n";
+        }
+
+        foreach ($params as $param) {
+            $object .= _space_indent() . $param . "\n";
+        }
+
+        return $object . "</object>\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('param')) {
+    /**
+     * Param
+     *
+     * Generates a param element that defines parameters
+     * for the object element.
+     *
+     * @param string $name       The name of the parameter
+     * @param string $value      The value of the parameter
+     * @param string $type       The MIME-type
+     * @param string $attributes HTML attributes
+     */
+    function param(string $name, string $value, string $type = 'ref', string $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        return '<param name="' . $name
+                . '" type="' . $type
+                . '" value="' . $value
+                . '" ' . $attributes . _solidus() . '>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('embed')) {
+    /**
+     * Embed
+     *
+     * Generates an embed element
+     *
+     * @param string $src        The path of the resource to embed
+     * @param string $type       MIME-type
+     * @param string $attributes HTML attributes
+     */
+    function embed(string $src, string $type = 'unknown', string $attributes = '', bool $indexPage = false): string
+    {
+        if (! _has_protocol($src)) {
+            $src = $indexPage === true ? site_url($src) : slash_item('baseURL') . $src;
+        }
+
+        return '<embed src="' . $src
+                . '" type="' . $type . '" '
+                . $attributes . _solidus() . ">\n";
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_has_protocol')) {
+    /**
+     * Test the protocol of a URI.
+     *
+     * @return false|int
+     */
+    function _has_protocol(string $url)
+    {
+        return preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $url);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_space_indent')) {
+    /**
+     * Provide space indenting.
+     */
+    function _space_indent(int $depth = 2): string
+    {
+        return str_repeat(' ', $depth);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php b/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bac5ab1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/inflector_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CodeIgniter Inflector Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('singular')) {
+    /**
+     * Singular
+     *
+     * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function singular(string $string): string
+    {
+        $result = $string;
+
+        if (! is_pluralizable($result)) {
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        // Arranged in order.
+        $singularRules = [
+            '/(matr)ices$/'                                                   => '\1ix',
+            '/(vert|ind)ices$/'                                               => '\1ex',
+            '/^(ox)en/'                                                       => '\1',
+            '/(alias)es$/'                                                    => '\1',
+            '/([octop|vir])i$/'                                               => '\1us',
+            '/(cris|ax|test)es$/'                                             => '\1is',
+            '/(shoe)s$/'                                                      => '\1',
+            '/(o)es$/'                                                        => '\1',
+            '/(bus|campus)es$/'                                               => '\1',
+            '/([m|l])ice$/'                                                   => '\1ouse',
+            '/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'                                               => '\1',
+            '/(m)ovies$/'                                                     => '\1\2ovie',
+            '/(s)eries$/'                                                     => '\1\2eries',
+            '/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'                                            => '\1y',
+            '/([lr])ves$/'                                                    => '\1f',
+            '/(tive)s$/'                                                      => '\1',
+            '/(hive)s$/'                                                      => '\1',
+            '/([^f])ves$/'                                                    => '\1fe',
+            '/(^analy)ses$/'                                                  => '\1sis',
+            '/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$/' => '\1\2sis',
+            '/([ti])a$/'                                                      => '\1um',
+            '/(p)eople$/'                                                     => '\1\2erson',
+            '/(m)en$/'                                                        => '\1an',
+            '/(s)tatuses$/'                                                   => '\1\2tatus',
+            '/(c)hildren$/'                                                   => '\1\2hild',
+            '/(n)ews$/'                                                       => '\1\2ews',
+            '/(quiz)zes$/'                                                    => '\1',
+            '/([^us])s$/'                                                     => '\1',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($singularRules as $rule => $replacement) {
+            if (preg_match($rule, $result)) {
+                $result = preg_replace($rule, $replacement, $result);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('plural')) {
+    /**
+     * Plural
+     *
+     * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function plural(string $string): string
+    {
+        $result = $string;
+
+        if (! is_pluralizable($result)) {
+            return $result;
+        }
+
+        $pluralRules = [
+            '/(quiz)$/'               => '\1zes',    // quizzes
+            '/^(ox)$/'                => '\1\2en', // ox
+            '/([m|l])ouse$/'          => '\1ice', // mouse, louse
+            '/(matr|vert|ind)ix|ex$/' => '\1ices', // matrix, vertex, index
+            '/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/'         => '\1es', // search, switch, fix, box, process, address
+            '/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/'      => '\1ies', // query, ability, agency
+            '/(hive)$/'               => '\1s', // archive, hive
+            '/(?:([^f])fe|([lr])f)$/' => '\1\2ves', // half, safe, wife
+            '/sis$/'                  => 'ses', // basis, diagnosis
+            '/([ti])um$/'             => '\1a', // datum, medium
+            '/(p)erson$/'             => '\1eople', // person, salesperson
+            '/(m)an$/'                => '\1en', // man, woman, spokesman
+            '/(c)hild$/'              => '\1hildren', // child
+            '/(buffal|tomat)o$/'      => '\1\2oes', // buffalo, tomato
+            '/(bu|campu)s$/'          => '\1\2ses', // bus, campus
+            '/(alias|status|virus)$/' => '\1es', // alias
+            '/(octop)us$/'            => '\1i', // octopus
+            '/(ax|cris|test)is$/'     => '\1es', // axis, crisis
+            '/s$/'                    => 's', // no change (compatibility)
+            '/$/'                     => 's',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($pluralRules as $rule => $replacement) {
+            if (preg_match($rule, $result)) {
+                $result = preg_replace($rule, $replacement, $result);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('counted')) {
+    /**
+     * Counted
+     *
+     * Takes a number and a word to return the plural or not
+     * E.g. 0 cats, 1 cat, 2 cats, ...
+     *
+     * @param int    $count  Number of items
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function counted(int $count, string $string): string
+    {
+        $result = "{$count} ";
+
+        return $result . ($count === 1 ? singular($string) : plural($string));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('camelize')) {
+    /**
+     * Camelize
+     *
+     * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or
+     * underscores and converts them to camel case.
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function camelize(string $string): string
+    {
+        return lcfirst(str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(preg_replace('/[\s_]+/', ' ', $string))));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('pascalize')) {
+    /**
+     * Pascalize
+     *
+     * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or
+     * underscores and converts them to Pascal case,
+     * which is camel case with an uppercase first letter.
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function pascalize(string $string): string
+    {
+        return ucfirst(camelize($string));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('underscore')) {
+    /**
+     * Underscore
+     *
+     * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function underscore(string $string): string
+    {
+        $replacement = trim($string);
+
+        return preg_replace('/[\s]+/', '_', $replacement);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('decamelize')) {
+    /**
+     * Decamelize
+     *
+     * Takes multiple words separated by camel case and
+     * underscores them.
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function decamelize(string $string): string
+    {
+        return strtolower(preg_replace(['/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/', '/([^_])([A-Z][a-z])/'], '$1_$2', trim($string)));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('humanize')) {
+    /**
+     * Humanize
+     *
+     * Takes multiple words separated by the separator,
+     * camelizes and changes them to spaces
+     *
+     * @param string $string    Input string
+     * @param string $separator Input separator
+     */
+    function humanize(string $string, string $separator = '_'): string
+    {
+        $replacement = trim($string);
+
+        return ucwords(preg_replace('/[' . $separator . ']+/', ' ', $replacement));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('is_pluralizable')) {
+    /**
+     * Checks if the given word has a plural version.
+     *
+     * @param string $word Word to check
+     */
+    function is_pluralizable(string $word): bool
+    {
+        $uncountables = in_array(
+            strtolower($word),
+            [
+                'advice',
+                'bravery',
+                'butter',
+                'chaos',
+                'clarity',
+                'coal',
+                'courage',
+                'cowardice',
+                'curiosity',
+                'education',
+                'equipment',
+                'evidence',
+                'fish',
+                'fun',
+                'furniture',
+                'greed',
+                'help',
+                'homework',
+                'honesty',
+                'information',
+                'insurance',
+                'jewelry',
+                'knowledge',
+                'livestock',
+                'love',
+                'luck',
+                'marketing',
+                'meta',
+                'money',
+                'mud',
+                'news',
+                'patriotism',
+                'racism',
+                'rice',
+                'satisfaction',
+                'scenery',
+                'series',
+                'sexism',
+                'silence',
+                'species',
+                'spelling',
+                'sugar',
+                'water',
+                'weather',
+                'wisdom',
+                'work',
+            ],
+            true
+        );
+
+        return ! $uncountables;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('dasherize')) {
+    /**
+     * Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
+     *
+     * @param string $string Input string
+     */
+    function dasherize(string $string): string
+    {
+        return str_replace('_', '-', $string);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('ordinal')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the suffix that should be added to a
+     * number to denote the position in an ordered
+     * sequence such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
+     *
+     * @param int $integer The integer to determine the suffix
+     */
+    function ordinal(int $integer): string
+    {
+        $suffixes = [
+            'th',
+            'st',
+            'nd',
+            'rd',
+            'th',
+            'th',
+            'th',
+            'th',
+            'th',
+            'th',
+        ];
+
+        return $integer % 100 >= 11 && $integer % 100 <= 13 ? 'th' : $suffixes[$integer % 10];
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('ordinalize')) {
+    /**
+     * Turns a number into an ordinal string used
+     * to denote the position in an ordered sequence
+     * such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
+     *
+     * @param int $integer The integer to ordinalize
+     */
+    function ordinalize(int $integer): string
+    {
+        return $integer . ordinal($integer);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/kint_helper.php b/system/Helpers/kint_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eaa2e947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/kint_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// This helper is autoloaded by CodeIgniter.
+
+if (! function_exists('dd')) {
+    if (class_exists(Kint::class)) {
+        /**
+         * Prints a Kint debug report and exits.
+         *
+         * @param array $vars
+         *
+         * @phpstan-return never
+         *
+         * @codeCoverageIgnore Can't be tested ... exits
+         */
+        function dd(...$vars)
+        {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            Kint::$aliases[] = 'dd';
+            Kint::dump(...$vars);
+
+            exit;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+    } else {
+        // In case that Kint is not loaded.
+        /**
+         * dd function
+         *
+         * @param array $vars
+         *
+         * @return int
+         */
+        function dd(...$vars)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('d') && ! class_exists(Kint::class)) {
+    // In case that Kint is not loaded.
+    /**
+     * d function
+     *
+     * @param array $vars
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    function d(...$vars)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('trace')) {
+    if (class_exists(Kint::class)) {
+        /**
+         * Provides a backtrace to the current execution point, from Kint.
+         */
+        /**
+         * trace function
+         *
+         * @return void
+         */
+        function trace()
+        {
+            Kint::$aliases[] = 'trace';
+            Kint::trace();
+        }
+    } else {
+        // In case that Kint is not loaded.
+        /**
+         * trace function
+         *
+         * @return int
+         */
+        function trace()
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/number_helper.php b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74173501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CodeIgniter Number Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('number_to_size')) {
+    /**
+     * Formats a numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate suffix
+     *
+     * @param int|string $num Will be cast as int
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    function number_to_size($num, int $precision = 1, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        // Strip any formatting & ensure numeric input
+        try {
+            // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
+            $num = 0 + str_replace(',', '', $num);
+        } catch (ErrorException $ee) {
+            // Catch "Warning:  A non-numeric value encountered"
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // ignore sub part
+        $generalLocale = $locale;
+        if (! empty($locale) && ($underscorePos = strpos($locale, '_'))) {
+            $generalLocale = substr($locale, 0, $underscorePos);
+        }
+
+        if ($num >= 1_000_000_000_000) {
+            $num  = round($num / 1_099_511_627_776, $precision);
+            $unit = lang('Number.terabyteAbbr', [], $generalLocale);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1_000_000_000) {
+            $num  = round($num / 1_073_741_824, $precision);
+            $unit = lang('Number.gigabyteAbbr', [], $generalLocale);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1_000_000) {
+            $num  = round($num / 1_048_576, $precision);
+            $unit = lang('Number.megabyteAbbr', [], $generalLocale);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1000) {
+            $num  = round($num / 1024, $precision);
+            $unit = lang('Number.kilobyteAbbr', [], $generalLocale);
+        } else {
+            $unit = lang('Number.bytes', [], $generalLocale);
+        }
+
+        return format_number($num, $precision, $locale, ['after' => ' ' . $unit]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('number_to_amount')) {
+    /**
+     * Converts numbers to a more readable representation
+     * when dealing with very large numbers (in the thousands or above),
+     * up to the quadrillions, because you won't often deal with numbers
+     * larger than that.
+     *
+     * It uses the "short form" numbering system as this is most commonly
+     * used within most English-speaking countries today.
+     *
+     * @see https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_for_large_numbers
+     *
+     * @param int|string  $num       Will be cast as int
+     * @param int         $precision [optional] The optional number of decimal digits to round to.
+     * @param string|null $locale    [optional]
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     */
+    function number_to_amount($num, int $precision = 0, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        // Strip any formatting & ensure numeric input
+        try {
+            // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
+            $num = 0 + str_replace(',', '', $num);
+        } catch (ErrorException $ee) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $suffix = '';
+
+        // ignore sub part
+        $generalLocale = $locale;
+        if (! empty($locale) && ($underscorePos = strpos($locale, '_'))) {
+            $generalLocale = substr($locale, 0, $underscorePos);
+        }
+
+        if ($num >= 1_000_000_000_000_000) {
+            $suffix = lang('Number.quadrillion', [], $generalLocale);
+            $num    = round(($num / 1_000_000_000_000_000), $precision);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1_000_000_000_000) {
+            $suffix = lang('Number.trillion', [], $generalLocale);
+            $num    = round(($num / 1_000_000_000_000), $precision);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1_000_000_000) {
+            $suffix = lang('Number.billion', [], $generalLocale);
+            $num    = round(($num / 1_000_000_000), $precision);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1_000_000) {
+            $suffix = lang('Number.million', [], $generalLocale);
+            $num    = round(($num / 1_000_000), $precision);
+        } elseif ($num >= 1000) {
+            $suffix = lang('Number.thousand', [], $generalLocale);
+            $num    = round(($num / 1000), $precision);
+        }
+
+        return format_number($num, $precision, $locale, ['after' => $suffix]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('number_to_currency')) {
+    function number_to_currency(float $num, string $currency, ?string $locale = null, int $fraction = 0): string
+    {
+        return format_number($num, 1, $locale, [
+            'type'     => NumberFormatter::CURRENCY,
+            'currency' => $currency,
+            'fraction' => $fraction,
+        ]);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('format_number')) {
+    /**
+     * A general purpose, locale-aware, number_format method.
+     * Used by all of the functions of the number_helper.
+     */
+    function format_number(float $num, int $precision = 1, ?string $locale = null, array $options = []): string
+    {
+        // If locale is not passed, get from the default locale that is set from our config file
+        // or set by HTTP content negotiation.
+        $locale ??= Locale::getDefault();
+
+        // Type can be any of the NumberFormatter options, but provide a default.
+        $type = (int) ($options['type'] ?? NumberFormatter::DECIMAL);
+
+        $formatter = new NumberFormatter($locale, $type);
+
+        // Try to format it per the locale
+        if ($type === NumberFormatter::CURRENCY) {
+            $formatter->setAttribute(NumberFormatter::FRACTION_DIGITS, $options['fraction']);
+            $output = $formatter->formatCurrency($num, $options['currency']);
+        } else {
+            // In order to specify a precision, we'll have to modify
+            // the pattern used by NumberFormatter.
+            $pattern = '#,##0.' . str_repeat('#', $precision);
+
+            $formatter->setPattern($pattern);
+            $output = $formatter->format($num);
+        }
+
+        // This might lead a trailing period if $precision == 0
+        $output = trim($output, '. ');
+
+        if (intl_is_failure($formatter->getErrorCode())) {
+            throw new BadFunctionCallException($formatter->getErrorMessage());
+        }
+
+        // Add on any before/after text.
+        if (isset($options['before']) && is_string($options['before'])) {
+            $output = $options['before'] . $output;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($options['after']) && is_string($options['after'])) {
+            $output .= $options['after'];
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('number_to_roman')) {
+    /**
+     * Convert a number to a roman numeral.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $num it will convert to int
+     */
+    function number_to_roman($num): ?string
+    {
+        static $map = [
+            'M'  => 1000,
+            'CM' => 900,
+            'D'  => 500,
+            'CD' => 400,
+            'C'  => 100,
+            'XC' => 90,
+            'L'  => 50,
+            'XL' => 40,
+            'X'  => 10,
+            'IX' => 9,
+            'V'  => 5,
+            'IV' => 4,
+            'I'  => 1,
+        ];
+
+        $num = (int) $num;
+
+        if ($num < 1 || $num > 3999) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $result = '';
+
+        foreach ($map as $roman => $arabic) {
+            $repeat = (int) floor($num / $arabic);
+            $result .= str_repeat($roman, $repeat);
+            $num %= $arabic;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/security_helper.php b/system/Helpers/security_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eba12de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/security_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use Config\Services;
+
+// CodeIgniter Security Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('sanitize_filename')) {
+    /**
+     * Sanitize a filename to use in a URI.
+     */
+    function sanitize_filename(string $filename): string
+    {
+        return Services::security()->sanitizeFilename($filename);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('strip_image_tags')) {
+    /**
+     * Strip Image Tags
+     */
+    function strip_image_tags(string $str): string
+    {
+        return preg_replace(
+            [
+                '#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*(["\'])([^\\1]+?)\\1.*?\>#i',
+                '#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*?(([^\s"\'=<>`]+)).*?\>#i',
+            ],
+            '\\2',
+            $str
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('encode_php_tags')) {
+    /**
+     * Convert PHP tags to entities
+     */
+    function encode_php_tags(string $str): string
+    {
+        return str_replace(['<?', '?>'], ['&lt;?', '?&gt;'], $str);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/test_helper.php b/system/Helpers/test_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a542bb1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/test_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\TestException;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Fabricator;
+use Config\Services;
+
+// CodeIgniter Test Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('fake')) {
+    /**
+     * Creates a single item using Fabricator.
+     *
+     * @param Model|object|string $model     Instance or name of the model
+     * @param array|null          $overrides Overriding data to pass to Fabricator::setOverrides()
+     * @param bool                $persist
+     *
+     * @return array|object
+     */
+    function fake($model, ?array $overrides = null, $persist = true)
+    {
+        $fabricator = new Fabricator($model);
+
+        if ($overrides !== null) {
+            $fabricator->setOverrides($overrides);
+        }
+
+        if ($persist) {
+            return $fabricator->create();
+        }
+
+        return $fabricator->make();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('mock')) {
+    /**
+     * Used within our test suite to mock certain system tools.
+     *
+     * @param string $className Fully qualified class name
+     *
+     * @return object
+     */
+    function mock(string $className)
+    {
+        $mockClass   = $className::$mockClass;
+        $mockService = $className::$mockServiceName ?? '';
+
+        if (empty($mockClass) || ! class_exists($mockClass)) {
+            throw TestException::forInvalidMockClass($mockClass);
+        }
+
+        $mock = new $mockClass();
+
+        if (! empty($mockService)) {
+            Services::injectMock($mockService, $mock);
+        }
+
+        return $mock;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/text_helper.php b/system/Helpers/text_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56cf856f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use Config\ForeignCharacters;
+
+// CodeIgniter Text Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('word_limiter')) {
+    /**
+     * Word Limiter
+     *
+     * Limits a string to X number of words.
+     *
+     * @param string $endChar the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+     */
+    function word_limiter(string $str, int $limit = 100, string $endChar = '&#8230;'): string
+    {
+        if (trim($str) === '') {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        preg_match('/^\s*+(?:\S++\s*+){1,' . $limit . '}/', $str, $matches);
+
+        if (strlen($str) === strlen($matches[0])) {
+            $endChar = '';
+        }
+
+        return rtrim($matches[0]) . $endChar;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('character_limiter')) {
+    /**
+     * Character Limiter
+     *
+     * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
+     * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
+     *
+     * @param string $endChar the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+     */
+    function character_limiter(string $str, int $n = 500, string $endChar = '&#8230;'): string
+    {
+        if (mb_strlen($str) < $n) {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        // a bit complicated, but faster than preg_replace with \s+
+        $str = preg_replace('/ {2,}/', ' ', str_replace(["\r", "\n", "\t", "\x0B", "\x0C"], ' ', $str));
+
+        if (mb_strlen($str) <= $n) {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach (explode(' ', trim($str)) as $val) {
+            $out .= $val . ' ';
+            if (mb_strlen($out) >= $n) {
+                $out = trim($out);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (mb_strlen($out) === mb_strlen($str)) ? $out : $out . $endChar;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('ascii_to_entities')) {
+    /**
+     * High ASCII to Entities
+     *
+     * Converts high ASCII text and MS Word special characters to character entities
+     */
+    function ascii_to_entities(string $str): string
+    {
+        $out = '';
+
+        for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str) - 1, $count = 1, $temp = []; $i <= $s; $i++) {
+            $ordinal = ord($str[$i]);
+
+            if ($ordinal < 128) {
+                /*
+                  If the $temp array has a value but we have moved on, then it seems only
+                  fair that we output that entity and restart $temp before continuing.
+                 */
+                if (count($temp) === 1) {
+                    $out .= '&#' . array_shift($temp) . ';';
+                    $count = 1;
+                }
+
+                $out .= $str[$i];
+            } else {
+                if (empty($temp)) {
+                    $count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
+                }
+
+                $temp[] = $ordinal;
+
+                if (count($temp) === $count) {
+                    $number = ($count === 3) ? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64) : (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
+                    $out .= '&#' . $number . ';';
+                    $count = 1;
+                    $temp  = [];
+                }
+                // If this is the last iteration, just output whatever we have
+                elseif ($i === $s) {
+                    $out .= '&#' . implode(';', $temp) . ';';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('entities_to_ascii')) {
+    /**
+     * Entities to ASCII
+     *
+     * Converts character entities back to ASCII
+     */
+    function entities_to_ascii(string $str, bool $all = true): string
+    {
+        if (preg_match_all('/\&#(\d+)\;/', $str, $matches)) {
+            for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches[0]); $i < $s; $i++) {
+                $digits = $matches[1][$i];
+                $out    = '';
+                if ($digits < 128) {
+                    $out .= chr($digits);
+                } elseif ($digits < 2048) {
+                    $out .= chr(192 + (($digits - ($digits % 64)) / 64)) . chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+                } else {
+                    $out .= chr(224 + (($digits - ($digits % 4096)) / 4096))
+                            . chr(128 + ((($digits % 4096) - ($digits % 64)) / 64))
+                            . chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+                }
+                $str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], $out, $str);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($all) {
+            return str_replace(
+                ['&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#45;'],
+                ['&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'],
+                $str
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('word_censor')) {
+    /**
+     * Word Censoring Function
+     *
+     * Supply a string and an array of disallowed words and any
+     * matched words will be converted to #### or to the replacement
+     * word you've submitted.
+     *
+     * @param string $str         the text string
+     * @param array  $censored    the array of censored words
+     * @param string $replacement the optional replacement value
+     */
+    function word_censor(string $str, array $censored, string $replacement = ''): string
+    {
+        if (empty($censored)) {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        $str = ' ' . $str . ' ';
+
+        // \w, \b and a few others do not match on a unicode character
+        // set for performance reasons. As a result words like über
+        // will not match on a word boundary. Instead, we'll assume that
+        // a bad word will be bookended by any of these characters.
+        $delim = '[-_\'\"`(){}<>\[\]|!?@#%&,.:;^~*+=\/ 0-9\n\r\t]';
+
+        foreach ($censored as $badword) {
+            $badword = str_replace('\*', '\w*?', preg_quote($badword, '/'));
+
+            if ($replacement !== '') {
+                $str = preg_replace(
+                    "/({$delim})(" . $badword . ")({$delim})/i",
+                    "\\1{$replacement}\\3",
+                    $str
+                );
+            } elseif (preg_match_all("/{$delim}(" . $badword . "){$delim}/i", $str, $matches, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER | PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+                $matches = $matches[1];
+
+                for ($i = count($matches) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
+                    $length = strlen($matches[$i][0]);
+
+                    $str = substr_replace(
+                        $str,
+                        str_repeat('#', $length),
+                        $matches[$i][1],
+                        $length
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return trim($str);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('highlight_code')) {
+    /**
+     * Code Highlighter
+     *
+     * Colorizes code strings
+     *
+     * @param string $str the text string
+     */
+    function highlight_code(string $str): string
+    {
+        /* The highlight string function encodes and highlights
+         * brackets so we need them to start raw.
+         *
+         * Also replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers
+         * so they don't accidentally break the string out of PHP,
+         * and thus, thwart the highlighting.
+         */
+        $str = str_replace(
+            ['&lt;', '&gt;', '<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'],
+            ['<', '>', 'phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'],
+            $str
+        );
+
+        // The highlight_string function requires that the text be surrounded
+        // by PHP tags, which we will remove later
+        $str = highlight_string('<?php ' . $str . ' ?>', true);
+
+        // Remove our artificially added PHP, and the syntax highlighting that came with it
+        $str = preg_replace(
+            [
+                '/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i',
+                '/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is',
+                '/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i',
+            ],
+            [
+                '<span style="color: #$1">',
+                "$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>",
+                '',
+            ],
+            $str
+        );
+
+        // Replace our markers back to PHP tags.
+        return str_replace(
+            [
+                'phptagopen',
+                'phptagclose',
+                'asptagopen',
+                'asptagclose',
+                'backslashtmp',
+                'scriptclose',
+            ],
+            [
+                '&lt;?',
+                '?&gt;',
+                '&lt;%',
+                '%&gt;',
+                '\\',
+                '&lt;/script&gt;',
+            ],
+            $str
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('highlight_phrase')) {
+    /**
+     * Phrase Highlighter
+     *
+     * Highlights a phrase within a text string
+     *
+     * @param string $str      the text string
+     * @param string $phrase   the phrase you'd like to highlight
+     * @param string $tagOpen  the opening tag to precede the phrase with
+     * @param string $tagClose the closing tag to end the phrase with
+     */
+    function highlight_phrase(string $str, string $phrase, string $tagOpen = '<mark>', string $tagClose = '</mark>'): string
+    {
+        return ($str !== '' && $phrase !== '') ? preg_replace('/(' . preg_quote($phrase, '/') . ')/i', $tagOpen . '\\1' . $tagClose, $str) : $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('convert_accented_characters')) {
+    /**
+     * Convert Accented Foreign Characters to ASCII
+     *
+     * @param string $str Input string
+     */
+    function convert_accented_characters(string $str): string
+    {
+        static $arrayFrom, $arrayTo;
+
+        if (! is_array($arrayFrom)) {
+            $config = new ForeignCharacters();
+
+            if (empty($config->characterList) || ! is_array($config->characterList)) {
+                $arrayFrom = [];
+                $arrayTo   = [];
+
+                return $str;
+            }
+            $arrayFrom = array_keys($config->characterList);
+            $arrayTo   = array_values($config->characterList);
+
+            unset($config);
+        }
+
+        return preg_replace($arrayFrom, $arrayTo, $str);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('word_wrap')) {
+    /**
+     * Word Wrap
+     *
+     * Wraps text at the specified character. Maintains the integrity of words.
+     * Anything placed between {unwrap}{/unwrap} will not be word wrapped, nor
+     * will URLs.
+     *
+     * @param string $str     the text string
+     * @param int    $charlim = 76    the number of characters to wrap at
+     */
+    function word_wrap(string $str, int $charlim = 76): string
+    {
+        // Reduce multiple spaces
+        $str = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $str);
+
+        // Standardize newlines
+        if (strpos($str, "\r") !== false) {
+            $str = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $str);
+        }
+
+        // If the current word is surrounded by {unwrap} tags we'll
+        // strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
+        $unwrap = [];
+
+        if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches)) {
+            for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++) {
+                $unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
+                $str      = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped' . $i . '}}', $str);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Use PHP's native function to do the initial wordwrap.
+        // We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
+        // too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
+        $str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", false);
+
+        // Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
+        $output = '';
+
+        foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line) {
+            // Is the line within the allowed character count?
+            // If so we'll join it to the output and continue
+            if (mb_strlen($line) <= $charlim) {
+                $output .= $line . "\n";
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $temp = '';
+
+            while (mb_strlen($line) > $charlim) {
+                // If the over-length word is a URL we won't wrap it
+                if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|www\.!', $line)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Trim the word down
+                $temp .= mb_substr($line, 0, $charlim - 1);
+                $line = mb_substr($line, $charlim - 1);
+            }
+
+            // If $temp contains data it means we had to split up an over-length
+            // word into smaller chunks so we'll add it back to our current line
+            if ($temp !== '') {
+                $output .= $temp . "\n" . $line . "\n";
+            } else {
+                $output .= $line . "\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Put our markers back
+        foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val) {
+            $output = str_replace('{{unwrapped' . $key . '}}', $val, $output);
+        }
+
+        // remove any trailing newline
+        return rtrim($output);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('ellipsize')) {
+    /**
+     * Ellipsize String
+     *
+     * This function will strip tags from a string, split it at its max_length and ellipsize
+     *
+     * @param string    $str       String to ellipsize
+     * @param int       $maxLength Max length of string
+     * @param float|int $position  int (1|0) or float, .5, .2, etc for position to split
+     * @param string    $ellipsis  ellipsis ; Default '...'
+     *
+     * @return string Ellipsized string
+     */
+    function ellipsize(string $str, int $maxLength, $position = 1, string $ellipsis = '&hellip;'): string
+    {
+        // Strip tags
+        $str = trim(strip_tags($str));
+
+        // Is the string long enough to ellipsize?
+        if (mb_strlen($str) <= $maxLength) {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        $beg      = mb_substr($str, 0, (int) floor($maxLength * $position));
+        $position = ($position > 1) ? 1 : $position;
+
+        if ($position === 1) {
+            $end = mb_substr($str, 0, -($maxLength - mb_strlen($beg)));
+        } else {
+            $end = mb_substr($str, -($maxLength - mb_strlen($beg)));
+        }
+
+        return $beg . $ellipsis . $end;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('strip_slashes')) {
+    /**
+     * Strip Slashes
+     *
+     * Removes slashes contained in a string or in an array
+     *
+     * @param array|string $str string or array
+     *
+     * @return array|string string or array
+     */
+    function strip_slashes($str)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($str)) {
+            return stripslashes($str);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($str as $key => $val) {
+            $str[$key] = strip_slashes($val);
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('strip_quotes')) {
+    /**
+     * Strip Quotes
+     *
+     * Removes single and double quotes from a string
+     */
+    function strip_quotes(string $str): string
+    {
+        return str_replace(['"', "'"], '', $str);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('quotes_to_entities')) {
+    /**
+     * Quotes to Entities
+     *
+     * Converts single and double quotes to entities
+     */
+    function quotes_to_entities(string $str): string
+    {
+        return str_replace(["\\'", '"', "'", '"'], ['&#39;', '&quot;', '&#39;', '&quot;'], $str);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('reduce_double_slashes')) {
+    /**
+     * Reduce Double Slashes
+     *
+     * Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash,
+     * except those found in http://
+     *
+     * http://www.some-site.com//index.php
+     *
+     * becomes:
+     *
+     * http://www.some-site.com/index.php
+     */
+    function reduce_double_slashes(string $str): string
+    {
+        return preg_replace('#(^|[^:])//+#', '\\1/', $str);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('reduce_multiples')) {
+    /**
+     * Reduce Multiples
+     *
+     * Reduces multiple instances of a particular character.  Example:
+     *
+     * Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy
+     *
+     * becomes:
+     *
+     * Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy
+     *
+     * @param string $character the character you wish to reduce
+     * @param bool   $trim      TRUE/FALSE - whether to trim the character from the beginning/end
+     */
+    function reduce_multiples(string $str, string $character = ',', bool $trim = false): string
+    {
+        $str = preg_replace('#' . preg_quote($character, '#') . '{2,}#', $character, $str);
+
+        return ($trim) ? trim($str, $character) : $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('random_string')) {
+    /**
+     * Create a Random String
+     *
+     * Useful for generating passwords or hashes.
+     *
+     * @param string $type Type of random string.  basic, alpha, alnum, numeric, nozero, md5, sha1, and crypto
+     * @param int    $len  Number of characters
+     *
+     * @deprecated The type 'basic', 'md5', and 'sha1' are deprecated. They are not cryptographically secure.
+     */
+    function random_string(string $type = 'alnum', int $len = 8): string
+    {
+        switch ($type) {
+            case 'alnum':
+            case 'nozero':
+            case 'alpha':
+                switch ($type) {
+                    case 'alpha':
+                        $pool = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+                        break;
+
+                    case 'alnum':
+                        $pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+                        break;
+
+                    case 'nozero':
+                        $pool = '123456789';
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                return _from_random($len, $pool);
+
+            case 'numeric':
+                $max  = 10 ** $len - 1;
+                $rand = random_int(0, $max);
+
+                return sprintf('%0' . $len . 'd', $rand);
+
+            case 'md5':
+                return md5(uniqid((string) mt_rand(), true));
+
+            case 'sha1':
+                return sha1(uniqid((string) mt_rand(), true));
+
+            case 'crypto':
+                if ($len % 2 !== 0) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                        'You must set an even number to the second parameter when you use `crypto`.'
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return bin2hex(random_bytes($len / 2));
+        }
+
+        // 'basic' type treated as default
+        return (string) mt_rand();
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('_from_random')) {
+    /**
+     * The following function was derived from code of Symfony (v6.2.7 - 2023-02-28)
+     * https://github.com/symfony/symfony/blob/80cac46a31d4561804c17d101591a4f59e6db3a2/src/Symfony/Component/String/ByteString.php#L45
+     * Code subject to the MIT license (https://github.com/symfony/symfony/blob/v6.2.7/LICENSE).
+     * Copyright (c) 2004-present Fabien Potencier
+     *
+     * The following method was derived from code of the Hack Standard Library (v4.40 - 2020-05-03)
+     * https://github.com/hhvm/hsl/blob/80a42c02f036f72a42f0415e80d6b847f4bf62d5/src/random/private.php#L16
+     * Code subject to the MIT license (https://github.com/hhvm/hsl/blob/master/LICENSE).
+     * Copyright (c) 2004-2020, Facebook, Inc. (https://www.facebook.com/)
+     *
+     * @internal Outside the framework this should not be used directly.
+     */
+    function _from_random(int $length, string $pool): string
+    {
+        if ($length <= 0) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                sprintf('A strictly positive length is expected, "%d" given.', $length)
+            );
+        }
+
+        $poolSize = \strlen($pool);
+        $bits     = (int) ceil(log($poolSize, 2.0));
+        if ($bits <= 0 || $bits > 56) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                'The length of the alphabet must in the [2^1, 2^56] range.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        $string = '';
+
+        while ($length > 0) {
+            $urandomLength = (int) ceil(2 * $length * $bits / 8.0);
+            $data          = random_bytes($urandomLength);
+            $unpackedData  = 0;
+            $unpackedBits  = 0;
+
+            for ($i = 0; $i < $urandomLength && $length > 0; $i++) {
+                // Unpack 8 bits
+                $unpackedData = ($unpackedData << 8) | \ord($data[$i]);
+                $unpackedBits += 8;
+
+                // While we have enough bits to select a character from the alphabet, keep
+                // consuming the random data
+                for (; $unpackedBits >= $bits && $length > 0; $unpackedBits -= $bits) {
+                    $index = ($unpackedData & ((1 << $bits) - 1));
+                    $unpackedData >>= $bits;
+                    // Unfortunately, the alphabet size is not necessarily a power of two.
+                    // Worst case, it is 2^k + 1, which means we need (k+1) bits and we
+                    // have around a 50% chance of missing as k gets larger
+                    if ($index < $poolSize) {
+                        $string .= $pool[$index];
+                        $length--;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $string;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('increment_string')) {
+    /**
+     * Add's _1 to a string or increment the ending number to allow _2, _3, etc
+     *
+     * @param string $str       Required
+     * @param string $separator What should the duplicate number be appended with
+     * @param int    $first     Which number should be used for the first dupe increment
+     */
+    function increment_string(string $str, string $separator = '_', int $first = 1): string
+    {
+        preg_match('/(.+)' . preg_quote($separator, '/') . '([0-9]+)$/', $str, $match);
+
+        return isset($match[2]) ? $match[1] . $separator . ((int) $match[2] + 1) : $str . $separator . $first;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('alternator')) {
+    /**
+     * Alternator
+     *
+     * Allows strings to be alternated. See docs...
+     *
+     * @param string ...$args (as many parameters as needed)
+     */
+    function alternator(...$args): string
+    {
+        static $i;
+
+        if (func_num_args() === 0) {
+            $i = 0;
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return $args[($i++ % count($args))];
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('excerpt')) {
+    /**
+     * Excerpt.
+     *
+     * Allows to extract a piece of text surrounding a word or phrase.
+     *
+     * @param string $text     String to search the phrase
+     * @param string $phrase   Phrase that will be searched for.
+     * @param int    $radius   The amount of characters returned around the phrase.
+     * @param string $ellipsis Ending that will be appended
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * If no $phrase is passed, will generate an excerpt of $radius characters
+     * from the beginning of $text.
+     */
+    function excerpt(string $text, ?string $phrase = null, int $radius = 100, string $ellipsis = '...'): string
+    {
+        if (isset($phrase)) {
+            $phrasePos = stripos($text, $phrase);
+            $phraseLen = strlen($phrase);
+        } else {
+            $phrasePos = $radius / 2;
+            $phraseLen = 1;
+        }
+
+        $pre = explode(' ', substr($text, 0, $phrasePos));
+        $pos = explode(' ', substr($text, $phrasePos + $phraseLen));
+
+        $prev  = ' ';
+        $post  = ' ';
+        $count = 0;
+
+        foreach (array_reverse($pre) as $e) {
+            if ((strlen($e) + $count + 1) < $radius) {
+                $prev = ' ' . $e . $prev;
+            }
+            $count = ++$count + strlen($e);
+        }
+
+        $count = 0;
+
+        foreach ($pos as $s) {
+            if ((strlen($s) + $count + 1) < $radius) {
+                $post .= $s . ' ';
+            }
+            $count = ++$count + strlen($s);
+        }
+
+        $ellPre = $phrase ? $ellipsis : '';
+
+        return str_replace('  ', ' ', $ellPre . $prev . $phrase . $post . $ellipsis);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27e3ce1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RouterException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+
+// CodeIgniter URL Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('site_url')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns a site URL as defined by the App config.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $relativePath URI string or array of URI segments
+     * @param string|null  $scheme       URI scheme. E.g., http, ftp
+     * @param App|null     $config       Alternate configuration to use
+     */
+    function site_url($relativePath = '', ?string $scheme = null, ?App $config = null): string
+    {
+        $currentURI = Services::request()->getUri();
+
+        assert($currentURI instanceof SiteURI);
+
+        return $currentURI->siteUrl($relativePath, $scheme, $config);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('base_url')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the base URL as defined by the App config.
+     * Base URLs are trimmed site URLs without the index page.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $relativePath URI string or array of URI segments
+     * @param string|null  $scheme       URI scheme. E.g., http, ftp
+     */
+    function base_url($relativePath = '', ?string $scheme = null): string
+    {
+        $currentURI = Services::request()->getUri();
+
+        assert($currentURI instanceof SiteURI);
+
+        return $currentURI->baseUrl($relativePath, $scheme);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('current_url')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the current full URL based on the Config\App settings and IncomingRequest.
+     *
+     * @param bool                 $returnObject True to return an object instead of a string
+     * @param IncomingRequest|null $request      A request to use when retrieving the path
+     *
+     * @return string|URI When returning string, the query and fragment parts are removed.
+     *                    When returning URI, the query and fragment parts are preserved.
+     */
+    function current_url(bool $returnObject = false, ?IncomingRequest $request = null)
+    {
+        $request ??= Services::request();
+        /** @var CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request */
+        $uri = $request->getUri();
+
+        return $returnObject ? $uri : URI::createURIString($uri->getScheme(), $uri->getAuthority(), $uri->getPath());
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('previous_url')) {
+    /**
+     * Returns the previous URL the current visitor was on. For security reasons
+     * we first check in a saved session variable, if it exists, and use that.
+     * If that's not available, however, we'll use a sanitized url from $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']
+     * which can be set by the user so is untrusted and not set by certain browsers/servers.
+     *
+     * @return string|URI
+     */
+    function previous_url(bool $returnObject = false)
+    {
+        // Grab from the session first, if we have it,
+        // since it's more reliable and safer.
+        if (isset($_SESSION)) {
+            $referer = session('_ci_previous_url');
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, grab a sanitized version from $_SERVER.
+        $referer ??= request()->getServer('HTTP_REFERER', FILTER_SANITIZE_URL) ?? site_url('/');
+
+        return $returnObject ? new URI($referer) : $referer;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('uri_string')) {
+    /**
+     * URL String
+     *
+     * Returns the path part (relative to baseURL) of the current URL
+     */
+    function uri_string(): string
+    {
+        // The value of Services::request()->getUri()->getPath() returns
+        // full URI path.
+        $uri = Services::request()->getUri();
+
+        $path = $uri instanceof SiteURI ? $uri->getRoutePath() : $uri->getPath();
+
+        return ltrim($path, '/');
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('index_page')) {
+    /**
+     * Index page
+     *
+     * Returns the "index_page" from your config file
+     *
+     * @param App|null $altConfig Alternate configuration to use
+     */
+    function index_page(?App $altConfig = null): string
+    {
+        // use alternate config if provided, else default one
+        $config = $altConfig ?? config(App::class);
+
+        return $config->indexPage;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('anchor')) {
+    /**
+     * Anchor Link
+     *
+     * Creates an anchor based on the local URL.
+     *
+     * @param array|string        $uri        URI string or array of URI segments
+     * @param string              $title      The link title
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes Any attributes
+     * @param App|null            $altConfig  Alternate configuration to use
+     */
+    function anchor($uri = '', string $title = '', $attributes = '', ?App $altConfig = null): string
+    {
+        // use alternate config if provided, else default one
+        $config = $altConfig ?? config(App::class);
+
+        $siteUrl = is_array($uri) ? site_url($uri, null, $config) : (preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri, null, $config));
+        // eliminate trailing slash
+        $siteUrl = rtrim($siteUrl, '/');
+
+        if ($title === '') {
+            $title = $siteUrl;
+        }
+
+        if ($attributes !== '') {
+            $attributes = stringify_attributes($attributes);
+        }
+
+        return '<a href="' . $siteUrl . '"' . $attributes . '>' . $title . '</a>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('anchor_popup')) {
+    /**
+     * Anchor Link - Pop-up version
+     *
+     * Creates an anchor based on the local URL. The link
+     * opens a new window based on the attributes specified.
+     *
+     * @param string                    $uri        the URL
+     * @param string                    $title      the link title
+     * @param array|false|object|string $attributes any attributes
+     * @param App|null                  $altConfig  Alternate configuration to use
+     */
+    function anchor_popup($uri = '', string $title = '', $attributes = false, ?App $altConfig = null): string
+    {
+        // use alternate config if provided, else default one
+        $config = $altConfig ?? config(App::class);
+
+        $siteUrl = preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri, null, $config);
+        $siteUrl = rtrim($siteUrl, '/');
+
+        if ($title === '') {
+            $title = $siteUrl;
+        }
+
+        if ($attributes === false) {
+            return '<a href="' . $siteUrl . '" onclick="window.open(\'' . $siteUrl . "', '_blank'); return false;\">" . $title . '</a>';
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($attributes)) {
+            $attributes = [$attributes];
+
+            // Ref: http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_open.asp
+            $windowName = '_blank';
+        } elseif (! empty($attributes['window_name'])) {
+            $windowName = $attributes['window_name'];
+            unset($attributes['window_name']);
+        } else {
+            $windowName = '_blank';
+        }
+
+        foreach (['width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'menubar' => 'no', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0'] as $key => $val) {
+            $atts[$key] = $attributes[$key] ?? $val;
+            unset($attributes[$key]);
+        }
+
+        $attributes = stringify_attributes($attributes);
+
+        return '<a href="' . $siteUrl
+                . '" onclick="window.open(\'' . $siteUrl . "', '" . $windowName . "', '" . stringify_attributes($atts, true) . "'); return false;\""
+                . $attributes . '>' . $title . '</a>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('mailto')) {
+    /**
+     * Mailto Link
+     *
+     * @param string              $email      the email address
+     * @param string              $title      the link title
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes any attributes
+     */
+    function mailto(string $email, string $title = '', $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        if (trim($title) === '') {
+            $title = $email;
+        }
+
+        return '<a href="mailto:' . $email . '"' . stringify_attributes($attributes) . '>' . $title . '</a>';
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('safe_mailto')) {
+    /**
+     * Encoded Mailto Link
+     *
+     * Create a spam-protected mailto link written in Javascript
+     *
+     * @param string              $email      the email address
+     * @param string              $title      the link title
+     * @param array|object|string $attributes any attributes
+     */
+    function safe_mailto(string $email, string $title = '', $attributes = ''): string
+    {
+        $count = 0;
+        if (trim($title) === '') {
+            $title = $email;
+        }
+
+        $x = str_split('<a href="mailto:', 1);
+
+        for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($email); $i < $l; $i++) {
+            $x[] = '|' . ord($email[$i]);
+        }
+
+        $x[] = '"';
+
+        if ($attributes !== '') {
+            if (is_array($attributes)) {
+                foreach ($attributes as $key => $val) {
+                    $x[] = ' ' . $key . '="';
+
+                    for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($val); $i < $l; $i++) {
+                        $x[] = '|' . ord($val[$i]);
+                    }
+
+                    $x[] = '"';
+                }
+            } else {
+                for ($i = 0, $l = mb_strlen($attributes); $i < $l; $i++) {
+                    $x[] = mb_substr($attributes, $i, 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $x[] = '>';
+
+        $temp = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($title); $i < $l; $i++) {
+            $ordinal = ord($title[$i]);
+
+            if ($ordinal < 128) {
+                $x[] = '|' . $ordinal;
+            } else {
+                if (empty($temp)) {
+                    $count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
+                }
+
+                $temp[] = $ordinal;
+
+                if (count($temp) === $count) {
+                    $number = ($count === 3) ? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64) : (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
+                    $x[]    = '|' . $number;
+                    $count  = 1;
+                    $temp   = [];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $x[] = '<';
+        $x[] = '/';
+        $x[] = 'a';
+        $x[] = '>';
+
+        $x = array_reverse($x);
+
+        // improve obfuscation by eliminating newlines & whitespace
+        $cspNonce = csp_script_nonce();
+        $cspNonce = $cspNonce ? ' ' . $cspNonce : $cspNonce;
+        $output   = '<script' . $cspNonce . '>'
+                . 'var l=new Array();';
+
+        foreach ($x as $i => $value) {
+            $output .= 'l[' . $i . "] = '" . $value . "';";
+        }
+
+        return $output . ('for (var i = l.length-1; i >= 0; i=i-1) {'
+                . "if (l[i].substring(0, 1) === '|') document.write(\"&#\"+unescape(l[i].substring(1))+\";\");"
+                . 'else document.write(unescape(l[i]));'
+                . '}'
+                . '</script>');
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('auto_link')) {
+    /**
+     * Auto-linker
+     *
+     * Automatically links URL and Email addresses.
+     * Note: There's a bit of extra code here to deal with
+     * URLs or emails that end in a period. We'll strip these
+     * off and add them after the link.
+     *
+     * @param string $str   the string
+     * @param string $type  the type: email, url, or both
+     * @param bool   $popup whether to create pop-up links
+     */
+    function auto_link(string $str, string $type = 'both', bool $popup = false): string
+    {
+        // Find and replace any URLs.
+        if ($type !== 'email' && preg_match_all('#(\w*://|www\.)[^\s()<>;]+\w#i', $str, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE | PREG_SET_ORDER)) {
+            // Set our target HTML if using popup links.
+            $target = ($popup) ? ' target="_blank"' : '';
+
+            // We process the links in reverse order (last -> first) so that
+            // the returned string offsets from preg_match_all() are not
+            // moved as we add more HTML.
+            foreach (array_reverse($matches) as $match) {
+                // $match[0] is the matched string/link
+                // $match[1] is either a protocol prefix or 'www.'
+                //
+                // With PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE, both of the above is an array,
+                // where the actual value is held in [0] and its offset at the [1] index.
+                $a   = '<a href="' . (strpos($match[1][0], '/') ? '' : 'http://') . $match[0][0] . '"' . $target . '>' . $match[0][0] . '</a>';
+                $str = substr_replace($str, $a, $match[0][1], strlen($match[0][0]));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find and replace any emails.
+        if ($type !== 'url' && preg_match_all('#([\w\.\-\+]+@[a-z0-9\-]+\.[a-z0-9\-\.]+[^[:punct:]\s])#i', $str, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) {
+            foreach (array_reverse($matches[0]) as $match) {
+                if (filter_var($match[0], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== false) {
+                    $str = substr_replace($str, safe_mailto($match[0]), $match[1], strlen($match[0]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('prep_url')) {
+    /**
+     * Prep URL - Simply adds the http:// or https:// part if no scheme is included.
+     *
+     * Formerly used URI, but that does not play nicely with URIs missing
+     * the scheme.
+     *
+     * @param string $str    the URL
+     * @param bool   $secure set true if you want to force https://
+     */
+    function prep_url(string $str = '', bool $secure = false): string
+    {
+        if (in_array($str, ['http://', 'https://', '//', ''], true)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if (parse_url($str, PHP_URL_SCHEME) === null) {
+            $str = 'http://' . ltrim($str, '/');
+        }
+
+        // force replace http:// with https://
+        if ($secure) {
+            $str = preg_replace('/^(?:http):/i', 'https:', $str);
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('url_title')) {
+    /**
+     * Create URL Title
+     *
+     * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
+     * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string
+     * as the word separator.
+     *
+     * @param string $str       Input string
+     * @param string $separator Word separator (usually '-' or '_')
+     * @param bool   $lowercase Whether to transform the output string to lowercase
+     */
+    function url_title(string $str, string $separator = '-', bool $lowercase = false): string
+    {
+        $qSeparator = preg_quote($separator, '#');
+
+        $trans = [
+            '&.+?;'                  => '',
+            '[^\w\d\pL\pM _-]'       => '',
+            '\s+'                    => $separator,
+            '(' . $qSeparator . ')+' => $separator,
+        ];
+
+        $str = strip_tags($str);
+
+        foreach ($trans as $key => $val) {
+            $str = preg_replace('#' . $key . '#iu', $val, $str);
+        }
+
+        if ($lowercase === true) {
+            $str = mb_strtolower($str);
+        }
+
+        return trim(trim($str, $separator));
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('mb_url_title')) {
+    /**
+     * Create URL Title that takes into account accented characters
+     *
+     * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
+     * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string
+     * as the word separator.
+     *
+     * @param string $str       Input string
+     * @param string $separator Word separator (usually '-' or '_')
+     * @param bool   $lowercase Whether to transform the output string to lowercase
+     */
+    function mb_url_title(string $str, string $separator = '-', bool $lowercase = false): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return url_title(convert_accented_characters($str), $separator, $lowercase);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('url_to')) {
+    /**
+     * Get the full, absolute URL to a route name or controller method
+     * (with additional arguments)
+     *
+     * NOTE: This requires the controller/method to
+     * have a route defined in the routes Config file.
+     *
+     * @param string     $controller Route name or Controller::method
+     * @param int|string ...$args    One or more parameters to be passed to the route.
+     *                               The last parameter allows you to set the locale.
+     *
+     * @throws RouterException
+     */
+    function url_to(string $controller, ...$args): string
+    {
+        if (! $route = route_to($controller, ...$args)) {
+            $explode = explode('::', $controller);
+
+            if (isset($explode[1])) {
+                throw RouterException::forControllerNotFound($explode[0], $explode[1]);
+            }
+
+            throw RouterException::forInvalidRoute($controller);
+        }
+
+        return site_url($route);
+    }
+}
+
+if (! function_exists('url_is')) {
+    /**
+     * Determines if current url path contains
+     * the given path. It may contain a wildcard (*)
+     * which will allow any valid character.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *   if (url_is('admin*')) ...
+     */
+    function url_is(string $path): bool
+    {
+        // Setup our regex to allow wildcards
+        $path        = '/' . trim(str_replace('*', '(\S)*', $path), '/ ');
+        $currentPath = '/' . trim(uri_string(), '/ ');
+
+        return (bool) preg_match("|^{$path}$|", $currentPath, $matches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Helpers/xml_helper.php b/system/Helpers/xml_helper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ece28201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Helpers/xml_helper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CodeIgniter XML Helpers
+
+if (! function_exists('xml_convert')) {
+    /**
+     * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
+     */
+    function xml_convert(string $str, bool $protectAll = false): string
+    {
+        $temp = '__TEMP_AMPERSANDS__';
+
+        // Replace entities to temporary markers so that
+        // ampersands won't get messed up
+        $str = preg_replace('/&#(\d+);/', $temp . '\\1;', $str);
+
+        if ($protectAll === true) {
+            $str = preg_replace('/&(\w+);/', $temp . '\\1;', $str);
+        }
+
+        $original = [
+            '&',
+            '<',
+            '>',
+            '"',
+            "'",
+            '-',
+        ];
+
+        $replacement = [
+            '&amp;',
+            '&lt;',
+            '&gt;',
+            '&quot;',
+            '&apos;',
+            '&#45;',
+        ];
+
+        $str = str_replace($original, $replacement, $str);
+
+        // Decode the temp markers back to entities
+        $str = preg_replace('/' . $temp . '(\d+);/', '&#\\1;', $str);
+
+        if ($protectAll === true) {
+            return preg_replace('/' . $temp . '(\w+);/', '&\\1;', $str);
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php b/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31d13151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Honeypot/Exceptions/HoneypotException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ConfigException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+
+class HoneypotException extends ConfigException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the template value of config is empty.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoTemplate()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Honeypot.noTemplate'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the name value of config is empty.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoNameField()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Honeypot.noNameField'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the hidden value of config is false.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoHiddenValue()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Honeypot.noHiddenValue'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when there are no data in the request of honeypot field.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function isBot()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Honeypot.theClientIsABot'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82da9002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Honeypot;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Honeypot\Exceptions\HoneypotException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Honeypot as HoneypotConfig;
+
+/**
+ * class Honeypot
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Honeypot\HoneypotTest
+ */
+class Honeypot
+{
+    /**
+     * Our configuration.
+     *
+     * @var HoneypotConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @throws HoneypotException
+     */
+    public function __construct(HoneypotConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        if (! $this->config->hidden) {
+            throw HoneypotException::forNoHiddenValue();
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->config->container) || strpos($this->config->container, '{template}') === false) {
+            $this->config->container = '<div style="display:none">{template}</div>';
+        }
+
+        $this->config->containerId ??= 'hpc';
+
+        if ($this->config->template === '') {
+            throw HoneypotException::forNoTemplate();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->config->name === '') {
+            throw HoneypotException::forNoNameField();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the request if honeypot field has data.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function hasContent(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
+
+        return ! empty($request->getPost($this->config->name));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attaches Honeypot template to response.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function attachHoneypot(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        if ($response->getCSP()->enabled()) {
+            // Add id attribute to the container tag.
+            $this->config->container = str_ireplace(
+                '>{template}',
+                ' id="' . $this->config->containerId . '">{template}',
+                $this->config->container
+            );
+        }
+
+        $prepField = $this->prepareTemplate($this->config->template);
+
+        $bodyBefore = $response->getBody();
+        $bodyAfter  = str_ireplace('</form>', $prepField . '</form>', $bodyBefore);
+
+        if ($response->getCSP()->enabled() && ($bodyBefore !== $bodyAfter)) {
+            // Add style tag for the container tag in the head tag.
+            $style     = '<style ' . csp_style_nonce() . '>#' . $this->config->containerId . ' { display:none }</style>';
+            $bodyAfter = str_ireplace('</head>', $style . '</head>', $bodyAfter);
+        }
+
+        $response->setBody($bodyAfter);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares the template by adding label
+     * content and field name.
+     */
+    protected function prepareTemplate(string $template): string
+    {
+        $template = str_ireplace('{label}', $this->config->label, $template);
+        $template = str_ireplace('{name}', $this->config->name, $template);
+
+        if ($this->config->hidden) {
+            $template = str_ireplace('{template}', $template, $this->config->container);
+        }
+
+        return $template;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php b/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba8d2bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HotReloader;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use Config\Toolbar;
+use FilesystemIterator;
+use RecursiveDirectoryIterator;
+use RecursiveIteratorIterator;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HotReloader\DirectoryHasherTest
+ */
+final class DirectoryHasher
+{
+    /**
+     * Generates an md5 value of all directories that are watched by the
+     * Hot Reloader, as defined in the Config\Toolbar.
+     *
+     * This is the current app fingerprint.
+     */
+    public function hash(): string
+    {
+        return md5(implode('', $this->hashApp()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of md5 hashes for all directories that are
+     * watched by the Hot Reloader, as defined in the Config\Toolbar.
+     */
+    public function hashApp(): array
+    {
+        $hashes = [];
+
+        $watchedDirectories = config(Toolbar::class)->watchedDirectories;
+
+        foreach ($watchedDirectories as $directory) {
+            if (is_dir(ROOTPATH . $directory)) {
+                $hashes[$directory] = $this->hashDirectory(ROOTPATH . $directory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_unique(array_filter($hashes));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an md5 hash of a given directory and all of its files
+     * that match the watched extensions defined in Config\Toolbar.
+     */
+    public function hashDirectory(string $path): string
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($path)) {
+            throw FrameworkException::forInvalidDirectory($path);
+        }
+
+        $directory = new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($path, FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS);
+        $filter    = new IteratorFilter($directory);
+        $iterator  = new RecursiveIteratorIterator($filter);
+
+        $hashes = [];
+
+        foreach ($iterator as $file) {
+            if ($file->isFile()) {
+                $hashes[] = md5_file($file->getRealPath());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return md5(implode('', $hashes));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php b/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..564ba544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HotReloader/HotReloader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HotReloader;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class HotReloader
+{
+    public function run(): void
+    {
+        ini_set('zlib.output_compression', 'Off');
+
+        header('Cache-Control: no-store');
+        header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');
+        header('Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET');
+
+        ob_end_clean();
+        set_time_limit(0);
+
+        $hasher  = new DirectoryHasher();
+        $appHash = $hasher->hash();
+
+        while (true) {
+            if (connection_status() !== CONNECTION_NORMAL || connection_aborted()) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $currentHash = $hasher->hash();
+
+            // If hash has changed, tell the browser to reload.
+            if ($currentHash !== $appHash) {
+                $appHash = $currentHash;
+
+                $this->sendEvent('reload', ['time' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s')]);
+                break;
+            }
+            if (mt_rand(1, 10) > 8) {
+                $this->sendEvent('ping', ['time' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s')]);
+            }
+
+            sleep(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send an event to the browser.
+     */
+    private function sendEvent(string $event, array $data): void
+    {
+        echo "event: {$event}\n";
+        echo 'data: ' . json_encode($data) . "\n\n";
+
+        ob_flush();
+        flush();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/HotReloader/IteratorFilter.php b/system/HotReloader/IteratorFilter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db775f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/HotReloader/IteratorFilter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\HotReloader;
+
+use Config\Toolbar;
+use RecursiveFilterIterator;
+use RecursiveIterator;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ *
+ * @psalm-suppress MissingTemplateParam
+ */
+final class IteratorFilter extends RecursiveFilterIterator implements RecursiveIterator
+{
+    private array $watchedExtensions = [];
+
+    public function __construct(RecursiveIterator $iterator)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($iterator);
+
+        $this->watchedExtensions = config(Toolbar::class)->watchedExtensions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply filters to the files in the iterator.
+     */
+    public function accept(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->current()->isFile()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $filename = $this->current()->getFilename();
+
+        // Skip hidden files and directories.
+        if ($filename[0] === '.') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only consume files of interest.
+        $ext = trim(strtolower($this->current()->getExtension()), '. ');
+
+        return in_array($ext, $this->watchedExtensions, true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php b/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0af5078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/I18n/Exceptions/I18nException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\I18n\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+/**
+ * I18nException
+ */
+class I18nException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown when createFromFormat fails to receive a valid
+     * DateTime back from DateTime::createFromFormat.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidFormat(string $format)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidFormat', [$format]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the numeric representation of the month falls
+     * outside the range of allowed months.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMonth(string $month)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidMonth', [$month]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the supplied day falls outside the range
+     * of allowed days.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidDay(string $day)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidDay', [$day]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the day provided falls outside the allowed
+     * last day for the given month.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidOverDay(string $lastDay, string $day)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidOverDay', [$lastDay, $day]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the supplied hour falls outside the
+     * range of allowed hours.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidHour(string $hour)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidHour', [$hour]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the supplied minutes falls outside the
+     * range of allowed minutes.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMinutes(string $minutes)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidMinutes', [$minutes]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the supplied seconds falls outside the
+     * range of allowed seconds.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSeconds(string $seconds)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Time.invalidSeconds', [$seconds]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/I18n/Time.php b/system/I18n/Time.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..520f38eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/I18n/Time.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\I18n;
+
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+
+/**
+ * A localized date/time package inspired
+ * by Nesbot/Carbon and CakePHP/Chronos.
+ *
+ * Requires the intl PHP extension.
+ *
+ * @property string $date
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeTest
+ */
+class Time extends DateTimeImmutable
+{
+    use TimeTrait;
+}
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c797a422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\I18n;
+
+use DateTime;
+use IntlCalendar;
+
+/**
+ * Class TimeDifference
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeDifferenceTest
+ */
+class TimeDifference
+{
+    /**
+     * The timestamp of the "current" time.
+     *
+     * @var IntlCalendar
+     */
+    protected $currentTime;
+
+    /**
+     * The timestamp to compare the current time to.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $testTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Eras.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $eras = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Years.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $years = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Months.
+     *
+     * @var float
+     */
+    protected $months = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Weeks.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $weeks = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Days.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $days = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Hours.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $hours = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Minutes.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $minutes = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Seconds.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $seconds = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Difference in seconds.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $difference;
+
+    /**
+     * Note: both parameters are required to be in the same timezone. No timezone
+     * shifting is done internally.
+     */
+    public function __construct(DateTime $currentTime, DateTime $testTime)
+    {
+        $this->difference = $currentTime->getTimestamp() - $testTime->getTimestamp();
+
+        $current = IntlCalendar::fromDateTime($currentTime);
+        $time    = IntlCalendar::fromDateTime($testTime)->getTime();
+
+        $this->currentTime = $current;
+        $this->testTime    = $time;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of years of difference between the two.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getYears(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / YEAR;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_YEAR);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of months difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getMonths(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / MONTH;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MONTH);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of weeks difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getWeeks(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / WEEK;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return (int) ($time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_DAY_OF_YEAR) / 7);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of days difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getDays(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / DAY;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_DAY_OF_YEAR);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of hours difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getHours(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / HOUR;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_HOUR_OF_DAY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of minutes difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return float|int
+     */
+    public function getMinutes(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference / MINUTE;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MINUTE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of seconds difference between the two dates.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function getSeconds(bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($raw) {
+            return $this->difference;
+        }
+
+        $time = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        return $time->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_SECOND);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert the time to human readable format
+     */
+    public function humanize(?string $locale = null): string
+    {
+        $current = clone $this->currentTime;
+
+        $years   = $current->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_YEAR);
+        $months  = $current->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MONTH);
+        $days    = $current->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_DAY_OF_YEAR);
+        $hours   = $current->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_HOUR_OF_DAY);
+        $minutes = $current->fieldDifference($this->testTime, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MINUTE);
+
+        $phrase = null;
+
+        if ($years !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.years', [abs($years)], $locale);
+            $before = $years < 0;
+        } elseif ($months !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.months', [abs($months)], $locale);
+            $before = $months < 0;
+        } elseif ($days !== 0 && (abs($days) >= 7)) {
+            $weeks  = ceil($days / 7);
+            $phrase = lang('Time.weeks', [abs($weeks)], $locale);
+            $before = $days < 0;
+        } elseif ($days !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.days', [abs($days)], $locale);
+            $before = $days < 0;
+        } elseif ($hours !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.hours', [abs($hours)], $locale);
+            $before = $hours < 0;
+        } elseif ($minutes !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.minutes', [abs($minutes)], $locale);
+            $before = $minutes < 0;
+        } else {
+            return lang('Time.now', [], $locale);
+        }
+
+        return $before
+            ? lang('Time.ago', [$phrase], $locale)
+            : lang('Time.inFuture', [$phrase], $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow property-like access to our calculated values.
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return float|int|null
+     */
+    public function __get($name)
+    {
+        $name   = ucfirst(strtolower($name));
+        $method = "get{$name}";
+
+        if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+            return $this->{$method}();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow property-like checking for our calculated values.
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function __isset($name)
+    {
+        $name   = ucfirst(strtolower($name));
+        $method = "get{$name}";
+
+        return method_exists($this, $method);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7be9f80f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\I18n;
+
+use DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * Legacy Time class.
+ *
+ * This class is only for backward compatibility. Do not use.
+ * This is not immutable! Some methods are immutable,
+ * but some methods can alter the state.
+ *
+ * @property string $date
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use Time instead.
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeLegacyTest
+ */
+class TimeLegacy extends DateTime
+{
+    use TimeTrait;
+}
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php b/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f2068b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1187 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\I18n;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Exceptions\I18nException;
+use DateInterval;
+use DateTime;
+use DateTimeImmutable;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+use DateTimeZone;
+use Exception;
+use IntlCalendar;
+use IntlDateFormatter;
+use Locale;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * This trait has properties and methods for Time and TimeLegacy.
+ * When TimeLegacy is removed, this will be in Time.
+ */
+trait TimeTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * @var DateTimeZone
+     */
+    protected $timezone;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $locale;
+
+    /**
+     * Format to use when displaying datetime through __toString
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $toStringFormat = 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss';
+
+    /**
+     * Used to check time string to determine if it is relative time or not....
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected static $relativePattern = '/this|next|last|tomorrow|yesterday|midnight|today|[+-]|first|last|ago/i';
+
+    /**
+     * @var DateTimeInterface|static|null
+     */
+    protected static $testNow;
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Constructors
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Time constructor.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function __construct(?string $time = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $this->locale = $locale ?: Locale::getDefault();
+
+        $time ??= '';
+
+        // If a test instance has been provided, use it instead.
+        if ($time === '' && static::$testNow instanceof self) {
+            if ($timezone !== null) {
+                $testNow = static::$testNow->setTimezone($timezone);
+                $time    = $testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            } else {
+                $timezone = static::$testNow->getTimezone();
+                $time     = static::$testNow->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+            }
+        }
+
+        $timezone       = $timezone ?: date_default_timezone_get();
+        $this->timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
+
+        // If the time string was a relative string (i.e. 'next Tuesday')
+        // then we need to adjust the time going in so that we have a current
+        // timezone to work with.
+        if ($time !== '' && static::hasRelativeKeywords($time)) {
+            $instance = new DateTime('now', $this->timezone);
+            $instance->modify($time);
+            $time = $instance->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        }
+
+        parent::__construct($time, $this->timezone);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with the timezone set.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function now($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return new self(null, $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance while parsing a datetime string.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  $time = Time::parse('first day of December 2008');
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function parse(string $datetime, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return new self($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a new time with the time set to midnight.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function today($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00'), $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance set to midnight yesterday morning.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function yesterday($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('-1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance set to midnight tomorrow morning.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function tomorrow($timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return new self(date('Y-m-d 00:00:00', strtotime('+1 day')), $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance based on the year, month and day. If any of those three
+     * are left empty, will default to the current value.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function createFromDate(?int $year = null, ?int $month = null, ?int $day = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return static::create($year, $month, $day, null, null, null, $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the date set to today, and the time set to the values passed in.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function createFromTime(?int $hour = null, ?int $minutes = null, ?int $seconds = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return static::create(null, null, null, $hour, $minutes, $seconds, $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the date time values individually set.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function create(?int $year = null, ?int $month = null, ?int $day = null, ?int $hour = null, ?int $minutes = null, ?int $seconds = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $year ??= date('Y');
+        $month ??= date('m');
+        $day ??= date('d');
+        $hour    = empty($hour) ? 0 : $hour;
+        $minutes = empty($minutes) ? 0 : $minutes;
+        $seconds = empty($seconds) ? 0 : $seconds;
+
+        return new self(date('Y-m-d H:i:s', strtotime("{$year}-{$month}-{$day} {$hour}:{$minutes}:{$seconds}")), $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a replacement for DateTime's own createFromFormat function, that provides
+     * more flexible timeZone handling
+     *
+     * @param string                   $format
+     * @param string                   $datetime
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public static function createFromFormat($format, $datetime, $timezone = null)
+    {
+        if (! $date = parent::createFromFormat($format, $datetime)) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidFormat($format);
+        }
+
+        return new self($date->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'), $timezone);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the datetime set based on the provided UNIX timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function createFromTimestamp(int $timestamp, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $time = new self(gmdate('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp), 'UTC', $locale);
+        $timezone ??= 'UTC';
+
+        return $time->setTimezone($timezone);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an instance of DateTimeInterface and returns an instance of Time with it's same values.
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function createFromInstance(DateTimeInterface $dateTime, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $date     = $dateTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        $timezone = $dateTime->getTimezone();
+
+        return new self($date, $timezone, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes an instance of DateTime and returns an instance of Time with it's same values.
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *
+     * @deprecated         Use createFromInstance() instead
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function instance(DateTime $dateTime, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        return self::createFromInstance($dateTime, $locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the current instance to a mutable DateTime object.
+     *
+     * @return DateTime
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toDateTime()
+    {
+        $dateTime = new DateTime('', $this->getTimezone());
+        $dateTime->setTimestamp(parent::getTimestamp());
+
+        return $dateTime;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // For Testing
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an instance of Time that will be returned during testing
+     * when calling 'Time::now()' instead of the current time.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string|null $datetime
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string|null           $timezone
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static function setTestNow($datetime = null, $timezone = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        // Reset the test instance
+        if ($datetime === null) {
+            static::$testNow = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Convert to a Time instance
+        if (is_string($datetime)) {
+            $datetime = new self($datetime, $timezone, $locale);
+        } elseif ($datetime instanceof DateTimeInterface && ! $datetime instanceof self) {
+            $datetime = new self($datetime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'), $timezone);
+        }
+
+        static::$testNow = $datetime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether we have a testNow instance saved.
+     */
+    public static function hasTestNow(): bool
+    {
+        return static::$testNow !== null;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Getters
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the localized Year
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getYear(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('y');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the localized Month
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getMonth(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('M');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the localized day of the month.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getDay(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('d');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the localized hour (in 24-hour format).
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getHour(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('H');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the localized minutes in the hour.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getMinute(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('m');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the localized seconds
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getSecond(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('s');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the index of the day of the week
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getDayOfWeek(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('c');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the index of the day of the year
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getDayOfYear(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('D');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the index of the week in the month
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getWeekOfMonth(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('W');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the index of the week in the year
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getWeekOfYear(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('w');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the age in years from the date and 'now'
+     *
+     * @return int
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getAge()
+    {
+        // future dates have no age
+        return max(0, $this->difference(self::now())->getYears());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of the current quarter for the year.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getQuarter(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('Q');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Are we in daylight savings time currently?
+     */
+    public function getDst(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->format('I') === '1'; // 1 if Daylight Saving Time, 0 otherwise.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns boolean whether the passed timezone is the same as
+     * the local timezone.
+     */
+    public function getLocal(): bool
+    {
+        $local = date_default_timezone_get();
+
+        return $local === $this->timezone->getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns boolean whether object is in UTC.
+     */
+    public function getUtc(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->getOffset() === 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the current timezone.
+     */
+    public function getTimezoneName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->timezone->getName();
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Setters
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current year for this instance.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setYear($value)
+    {
+        return $this->setValue('year', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the month of the year.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setMonth($value)
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($value) && ($value < 1 || $value > 12)) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidMonth($value);
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($value) && ! is_numeric($value)) {
+            $value = date('m', strtotime("{$value} 1 2017"));
+        }
+
+        return $this->setValue('month', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the day of the month.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setDay($value)
+    {
+        if ($value < 1 || $value > 31) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidDay($value);
+        }
+
+        $date    = $this->getYear() . '-' . $this->getMonth();
+        $lastDay = date('t', strtotime($date));
+        if ($value > $lastDay) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidOverDay($lastDay, $value);
+        }
+
+        return $this->setValue('day', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hour of the day (24 hour cycle)
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setHour($value)
+    {
+        if ($value < 0 || $value > 23) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidHour($value);
+        }
+
+        return $this->setValue('hour', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minute of the hour
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setMinute($value)
+    {
+        if ($value < 0 || $value > 59) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidMinutes($value);
+        }
+
+        return $this->setValue('minute', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the second of the minute.
+     *
+     * @param int|string $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function setSecond($value)
+    {
+        if ($value < 0 || $value > 59) {
+            throw I18nException::forInvalidSeconds($value);
+        }
+
+        return $this->setValue('second', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to do the heavy lifting of the 'setX' methods.
+     *
+     * @param int $value
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function setValue(string $name, $value)
+    {
+        [$year, $month, $day, $hour, $minute, $second] = explode('-', $this->format('Y-n-j-G-i-s'));
+
+        ${$name} = $value;
+
+        return self::create(
+            (int) $year,
+            (int) $month,
+            (int) $day,
+            (int) $hour,
+            (int) $minute,
+            (int) $second,
+            $this->getTimezoneName(),
+            $this->locale
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the revised timezone.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeZone|string $timezone
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function setTimezone($timezone)
+    {
+        $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
+
+        return self::createFromInstance($this->toDateTime()->setTimezone($timezone), $this->locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance with the date set to the new timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param int $timestamp
+     *
+     * @return self
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function setTimestamp($timestamp)
+    {
+        $time = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp);
+
+        return self::parse($time, $this->timezone, $this->locale);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Add/Subtract
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $seconds added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addSeconds(int $seconds)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$seconds} seconds"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $minutes added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addMinutes(int $minutes)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$minutes} minutes"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $hours added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addHours(int $hours)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$hours} hours"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $days added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addDays(int $days)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$days} days"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $months added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addMonths(int $months)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$months} months"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $years added to the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function addYears(int $years)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->add(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$years} years"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $seconds subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subSeconds(int $seconds)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$seconds} seconds"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $minutes subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subMinutes(int $minutes)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$minutes} minutes"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $hours subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subHours(int $hours)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$hours} hours"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $days subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subDays(int $days)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$days} days"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $months subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subMonths(int $months)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$months} months"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new Time instance with $hours subtracted from the time.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public function subYears(int $years)
+    {
+        $time = clone $this;
+
+        return $time->sub(DateInterval::createFromDateString("{$years} years"));
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Formatters
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the localized value of the date in the format 'Y-m-d H:i:s'
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toDateTimeString()
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a localized version of the date in Y-m-d format.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toDateString()
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('yyyy-MM-dd');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a localized version of the date in nicer date format:
+     *
+     *  i.e. Apr 1, 2017
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toFormattedDateString()
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('MMM d, yyyy');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a localized version of the time in nicer date format:
+     *
+     *  i.e. 13:20:33
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toTimeString()
+    {
+        return $this->toLocalizedString('HH:mm:ss');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the localized value of this instance in $format.
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function toLocalizedString(?string $format = null)
+    {
+        $format ??= $this->toStringFormat;
+
+        return IntlDateFormatter::formatObject($this->toDateTime(), $format, $this->locale);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Comparison
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the datetime passed in is equal to the current instance.
+     * Equal in this case means that they represent the same moment in time,
+     * and are not required to be in the same timezone, as both times are
+     * converted to UTC and compared that way.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $testTime
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function equals($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
+    {
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone);
+
+        $ourTime = $this->toDateTime()
+            ->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'))
+            ->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+
+        return $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s') === $ourTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the times are identical, taking timezone into account.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $testTime
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function sameAs($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($testTime instanceof DateTimeInterface) {
+            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        } elseif (is_string($testTime)) {
+            $timezone = $timezone ?: $this->timezone;
+            $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
+            $testTime = new DateTime($testTime, $timezone);
+            $testTime = $testTime->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        }
+
+        $ourTime = $this->toDateTimeString();
+
+        return $testTime === $ourTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the current instance's time is before $testTime,
+     * after converting to UTC.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $testTime
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function isBefore($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
+    {
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone)->getTimestamp();
+        $ourTime  = $this->getTimestamp();
+
+        return $ourTime < $testTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the current instance's time is after $testTime,
+     * after converting in UTC.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $testTime
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function isAfter($testTime, ?string $timezone = null): bool
+    {
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone)->getTimestamp();
+        $ourTime  = $this->getTimestamp();
+
+        return $ourTime > $testTime;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Differences
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a text string that is easily readable that describes
+     * how long ago, or how long from now, a date is, like:
+     *
+     *  - 3 weeks ago
+     *  - in 4 days
+     *  - 6 hours ago
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function humanize()
+    {
+        $now  = IntlCalendar::fromDateTime(self::now($this->timezone));
+        $time = $this->getCalendar()->getTime();
+
+        $years   = $now->fieldDifference($time, IntlCalendar::FIELD_YEAR);
+        $months  = $now->fieldDifference($time, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MONTH);
+        $days    = $now->fieldDifference($time, IntlCalendar::FIELD_DAY_OF_YEAR);
+        $hours   = $now->fieldDifference($time, IntlCalendar::FIELD_HOUR_OF_DAY);
+        $minutes = $now->fieldDifference($time, IntlCalendar::FIELD_MINUTE);
+
+        $phrase = null;
+
+        if ($years !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.years', [abs($years)]);
+            $before = $years < 0;
+        } elseif ($months !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.months', [abs($months)]);
+            $before = $months < 0;
+        } elseif ($days !== 0 && (abs($days) >= 7)) {
+            $weeks  = ceil($days / 7);
+            $phrase = lang('Time.weeks', [abs($weeks)]);
+            $before = $days < 0;
+        } elseif ($days !== 0) {
+            $before = $days < 0;
+
+            // Yesterday/Tomorrow special cases
+            if (abs($days) === 1) {
+                return $before ? lang('Time.yesterday') : lang('Time.tomorrow');
+            }
+
+            $phrase = lang('Time.days', [abs($days)]);
+        } elseif ($hours !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.hours', [abs($hours)]);
+            $before = $hours < 0;
+        } elseif ($minutes !== 0) {
+            $phrase = lang('Time.minutes', [abs($minutes)]);
+            $before = $minutes < 0;
+        } else {
+            return lang('Time.now');
+        }
+
+        return $before ? lang('Time.ago', [$phrase]) : lang('Time.inFuture', [$phrase]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $testTime
+     *
+     * @return TimeDifference
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function difference($testTime, ?string $timezone = null)
+    {
+        $testTime = $this->getUTCObject($testTime, $timezone);
+        $ourTime  = $this->getUTCObject($this);
+
+        return new TimeDifference($ourTime, $testTime);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utilities
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a Time instance with the timezone converted to UTC.
+     *
+     * @param DateTimeInterface|self|string $time
+     *
+     * @return DateTime|static
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getUTCObject($time, ?string $timezone = null)
+    {
+        if ($time instanceof self) {
+            $time = $time->toDateTime();
+        } elseif (is_string($time)) {
+            $timezone = $timezone ?: $this->timezone;
+            $timezone = $timezone instanceof DateTimeZone ? $timezone : new DateTimeZone($timezone);
+            $time     = new DateTime($time, $timezone);
+        }
+
+        if ($time instanceof DateTime || $time instanceof DateTimeImmutable) {
+            $time = $time->setTimezone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'));
+        }
+
+        return $time;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the IntlCalendar object used for this object,
+     * taking into account the locale, date, etc.
+     *
+     * Primarily used internally to provide the difference and comparison functions,
+     * but available for public consumption if they need it.
+     *
+     * @return IntlCalendar
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function getCalendar()
+    {
+        return IntlCalendar::fromDateTime($this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check a time string to see if it includes a relative date (like 'next Tuesday').
+     */
+    protected static function hasRelativeKeywords(string $time): bool
+    {
+        // skip common format with a '-' in it
+        if (preg_match('/\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}/', $time) !== 1) {
+            return preg_match(static::$relativePattern, $time) > 0;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs a short format version of the datetime.
+     * The output is NOT localized intentionally.
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow for property-type access to any getX method...
+     *
+     * Note that we cannot use this for any of our setX methods,
+     * as they return new Time objects, but the __set ignores
+     * return values.
+     * See http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.overloading.php
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|DateTimeInterface|DateTimeZone|int|intlCalendar|self|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get($name)
+    {
+        $method = 'get' . ucfirst($name);
+
+        if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+            return $this->{$method}();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow for property-type checking to any getX method...
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     */
+    public function __isset($name): bool
+    {
+        $method = 'get' . ucfirst($name);
+
+        return method_exists($this, $method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is called when we unserialize the Time object.
+     */
+    public function __wakeup(): void
+    {
+        /**
+         * Prior to unserialization, this is a string.
+         *
+         * @var string $timezone
+         */
+        $timezone = $this->timezone;
+
+        $this->timezone = new DateTimeZone($timezone);
+        parent::__construct($this->date, $this->timezone);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php b/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e72a19f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/Exceptions/ImageException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ExceptionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class ImageException extends FrameworkException implements ExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the image is not found.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMissingImage()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.sourceImageRequired'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the file specific is not following the role.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forFileNotSupported()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.fileNotSupported'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the angle is undefined.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMissingAngle()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.rotationAngleRequired'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the direction property is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidDirection(?string $dir = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.invalidDirection', [$dir]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the path property is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidPath()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.invalidPath'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the EXIF function is not supported.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forEXIFUnsupported()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.exifNotSupported'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the image specific is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidImageCreate(?string $extra = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.unsupportedImageCreate') . ' ' . $extra);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the image save failed.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forSaveFailed()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.saveFailed'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the image library path is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidImageLibraryPath(?string $path = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.libPathInvalid', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the image process failed.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forImageProcessFailed()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Images.imageProcessFailed'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf23fd0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,781 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Image;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\ImageHandlerInterface;
+use Config\Images;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Base image handling implementation
+ */
+abstract class BaseHandler implements ImageHandlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Configuration settings.
+     *
+     * @var Images
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The image/file instance
+     *
+     * @var Image
+     */
+    protected $image;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the image file has been confirmed.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $verified = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Image width.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $width = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Image height.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $height = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * File permission mask.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $filePermissions = 0644;
+
+    /**
+     * X-axis.
+     *
+     * @var int|null
+     */
+    protected $xAxis = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Y-axis.
+     *
+     * @var int|null
+     */
+    protected $yAxis = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Master dimensioning.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $masterDim = 'auto';
+
+    /**
+     * Default options for text watermarking.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $textDefaults = [
+        'fontPath'     => null,
+        'fontSize'     => 16,
+        'color'        => 'ffffff',
+        'opacity'      => 1.0,
+        'vAlign'       => 'bottom',
+        'hAlign'       => 'center',
+        'vOffset'      => 0,
+        'hOffset'      => 0,
+        'padding'      => 0,
+        'withShadow'   => false,
+        'shadowColor'  => '000000',
+        'shadowOffset' => 3,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Image types with support for transparency.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportTransparency = [
+        IMAGETYPE_PNG,
+        IMAGETYPE_WEBP,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary image used by the different engines.
+     *
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    protected $resource;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param Images|null $config
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = null)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config ?? new Images();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets another image for this handler to work on.
+     * Keeps us from needing to continually instantiate the handler.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withFile(string $path)
+    {
+        // Clear out the old resource so that
+        // it doesn't try to use a previous image
+        $this->resource = null;
+        $this->verified = false;
+
+        $this->image = new Image($path, true);
+
+        $this->image->getProperties(false);
+        $this->width  = $this->image->origWidth;
+        $this->height = $this->image->origHeight;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make the image resource object if needed
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    abstract protected function ensureResource();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the image instance.
+     *
+     * @return Image
+     */
+    public function getFile()
+    {
+        return $this->image;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a file has been supplied and it is an image.
+     *
+     * @return Image The image instance
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    protected function image(): Image
+    {
+        if ($this->verified) {
+            return $this->image;
+        }
+
+        // Verify withFile has been called
+        if (empty($this->image)) {
+            throw ImageException::forMissingImage();
+        }
+
+        // Verify the loaded image is an Image instance
+        if (! $this->image instanceof Image) {
+            throw ImageException::forInvalidPath();
+        }
+
+        // File::__construct has verified the file exists - make sure it is an image
+        if (! is_int($this->image->imageType)) {
+            throw ImageException::forFileNotSupported();
+        }
+
+        // Note that the image has been verified
+        $this->verified = true;
+
+        return $this->image;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the temporary image used during the image processing.
+     * Good for extending the system or doing things this library
+     * is not intended to do.
+     *
+     * @return resource
+     */
+    public function getResource()
+    {
+        $this->ensureResource();
+
+        return $this->resource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load the temporary image used during the image processing.
+     * Some functions e.g. save() will only copy and not compress
+     * your image otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withResource()
+    {
+        $this->ensureResource();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resize the image
+     *
+     * @param bool $maintainRatio If true, will get the closest match possible while keeping aspect ratio true.
+     *
+     * @return BaseHandler
+     */
+    public function resize(int $width, int $height, bool $maintainRatio = false, string $masterDim = 'auto')
+    {
+        // If the target width/height match the source, then we have nothing to do here.
+        if ($this->image()->origWidth === $width && $this->image()->origHeight === $height) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $this->width  = $width;
+        $this->height = $height;
+
+        if ($maintainRatio) {
+            $this->masterDim = $masterDim;
+            $this->reproportion();
+        }
+
+        return $this->_resize($maintainRatio);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Crops the image to the desired height and width. If one of the height/width values
+     * is not provided, that value will be set the appropriate value based on offsets and
+     * image dimensions.
+     *
+     * @param int|null $x X-axis coord to start cropping from the left of image
+     * @param int|null $y Y-axis coord to start cropping from the top of image
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function crop(?int $width = null, ?int $height = null, ?int $x = null, ?int $y = null, bool $maintainRatio = false, string $masterDim = 'auto')
+    {
+        $this->width  = $width;
+        $this->height = $height;
+        $this->xAxis  = $x;
+        $this->yAxis  = $y;
+
+        if ($maintainRatio) {
+            $this->masterDim = $masterDim;
+            $this->reproportion();
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->_crop();
+
+        $this->xAxis = null;
+        $this->yAxis = null;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the stored image type to indicate the new file format to use when saving.
+     * Does not touch the actual resource.
+     *
+     * @param int $imageType A PHP imageType constant, e.g. https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.image-type-to-mime-type.php
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function convert(int $imageType)
+    {
+        $this->ensureResource();
+
+        $this->image()->imageType = $imageType;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rotates the image on the current canvas.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function rotate(float $angle)
+    {
+        // Allowed rotation values
+        $degs = [
+            90.0,
+            180.0,
+            270.0,
+        ];
+
+        if (! in_array($angle, $degs, true)) {
+            throw ImageException::forMissingAngle();
+        }
+
+        // cast angle as an int, for our use
+        $angle = (int) $angle;
+
+        // Reassign the width and height
+        if ($angle === 90 || $angle === 270) {
+            $temp         = $this->height;
+            $this->width  = $this->height;
+            $this->height = $temp;
+        }
+
+        // Call the Handler-specific version.
+        $this->_rotate($angle);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens transparencies, default white background
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255)
+    {
+        $this->width  = $this->image()->origWidth;
+        $this->height = $this->image()->origHeight;
+
+        return $this->_flatten($red, $green, $blue);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method to flattening an image's transparencies.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    abstract protected function _flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255);
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method to handle rotating an image in 90 degree increments.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    abstract protected function _rotate(int $angle);
+
+    /**
+     * Flips an image either horizontally or vertically.
+     *
+     * @param string $dir Either 'vertical' or 'horizontal'
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function flip(string $dir = 'vertical')
+    {
+        $dir = strtolower($dir);
+
+        if ($dir !== 'vertical' && $dir !== 'horizontal') {
+            throw ImageException::forInvalidDirection($dir);
+        }
+
+        return $this->_flip($dir);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method to handle flipping an image along its
+     * horizontal or vertical axis.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    abstract protected function _flip(string $direction);
+
+    /**
+     * Overlays a string of text over the image.
+     *
+     * Valid options:
+     *
+     *  - color         Text Color (hex number)
+     *  - shadowColor   Color of the shadow (hex number)
+     *  - hAlign        Horizontal alignment: left, center, right
+     *  - vAlign        Vertical alignment: top, middle, bottom
+     *  - hOffset
+     *  - vOffset
+     *  - fontPath
+     *  - fontSize
+     *  - shadowOffset
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function text(string $text, array $options = [])
+    {
+        $options                = array_merge($this->textDefaults, $options);
+        $options['color']       = trim($options['color'], '# ');
+        $options['shadowColor'] = trim($options['shadowColor'], '# ');
+
+        $this->_text($text, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method for overlaying text on an image.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    abstract protected function _text(string $text, array $options = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the actual resizing of the image.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    abstract public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Crops the image.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    abstract public function _crop();
+
+    /**
+     * Return image width.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    abstract public function _getWidth();
+
+    /**
+     * Return the height of an image.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    abstract public function _getHeight();
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the EXIF information from the image and modifies the orientation
+     * so that displays correctly in the browser. This is especially an issue
+     * with images taken by smartphones who always store the image up-right,
+     * but set the orientation flag to display it correctly.
+     *
+     * @param bool $silent If true, will ignore exceptions when PHP doesn't support EXIF.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function reorient(bool $silent = false)
+    {
+        $orientation = $this->getEXIF('Orientation', $silent);
+
+        switch ($orientation) {
+            case 2:
+                return $this->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 3:
+                return $this->rotate(180);
+
+            case 4:
+                return $this->rotate(180)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 5:
+                return $this->rotate(270)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 6:
+                return $this->rotate(270);
+
+            case 7:
+                return $this->rotate(90)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 8:
+                return $this->rotate(90);
+
+            default:
+                return $this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the EXIF information from the image, if possible. Returns
+     * an array of the information, or null if nothing can be found.
+     *
+     * EXIF data is only supported fr JPEG & TIFF formats.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $key    If specified, will only return this piece of EXIF data.
+     * @param bool        $silent If true, will not throw our own exceptions.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    public function getEXIF(?string $key = null, bool $silent = false)
+    {
+        if (! function_exists('exif_read_data')) {
+            if ($silent) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            throw ImageException::forEXIFUnsupported(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $exif = null; // default
+
+        switch ($this->image()->imageType) {
+            case IMAGETYPE_JPEG:
+            case IMAGETYPE_TIFF_II:
+                $exif = @exif_read_data($this->image()->getPathname());
+                if ($key !== null && is_array($exif)) {
+                    $exif = $exif[$key] ?? false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return $exif;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Combine cropping and resizing into a single command.
+     *
+     * Supported positions:
+     *  - top-left
+     *  - top
+     *  - top-right
+     *  - left
+     *  - center
+     *  - right
+     *  - bottom-left
+     *  - bottom
+     *  - bottom-right
+     *
+     * @return BaseHandler
+     */
+    public function fit(int $width, ?int $height = null, string $position = 'center')
+    {
+        $origWidth  = $this->image()->origWidth;
+        $origHeight = $this->image()->origHeight;
+
+        [$cropWidth, $cropHeight] = $this->calcAspectRatio($width, $height, $origWidth, $origHeight);
+
+        if ($height === null) {
+            $height = ceil(($width / $cropWidth) * $cropHeight);
+        }
+
+        [$x, $y] = $this->calcCropCoords($cropWidth, $cropHeight, $origWidth, $origHeight, $position);
+
+        return $this->crop($cropWidth, $cropHeight, $x, $y)->resize($width, $height);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate image aspect ratio.
+     *
+     * @param float|int      $width
+     * @param float|int|null $height
+     * @param float|int      $origWidth
+     * @param float|int      $origHeight
+     */
+    protected function calcAspectRatio($width, $height = null, $origWidth = 0, $origHeight = 0): array
+    {
+        if (empty($origWidth) || empty($origHeight)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: origWidth, origHeight.');
+        }
+
+        // If $height is null, then we have it easy.
+        // Calc based on full image size and be done.
+        if ($height === null) {
+            $height = ($width / $origWidth) * $origHeight;
+
+            return [
+                $width,
+                (int) $height,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $xRatio = $width / $origWidth;
+        $yRatio = $height / $origHeight;
+
+        if ($xRatio > $yRatio) {
+            return [
+                $origWidth,
+                (int) ($origWidth * $height / $width),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return [
+            (int) ($origHeight * $width / $height),
+            $origHeight,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Based on the position, will determine the correct x/y coords to
+     * crop the desired portion from the image.
+     *
+     * @param float|int $width
+     * @param float|int $height
+     * @param float|int $origWidth
+     * @param float|int $origHeight
+     * @param string    $position
+     */
+    protected function calcCropCoords($width, $height, $origWidth, $origHeight, $position): array
+    {
+        $position = strtolower($position);
+
+        $x = $y = 0;
+
+        switch ($position) {
+            case 'top-left':
+                $x = 0;
+                $y = 0;
+                break;
+
+            case 'top':
+                $x = floor(($origWidth - $width) / 2);
+                $y = 0;
+                break;
+
+            case 'top-right':
+                $x = $origWidth - $width;
+                $y = 0;
+                break;
+
+            case 'left':
+                $x = 0;
+                $y = floor(($origHeight - $height) / 2);
+                break;
+
+            case 'center':
+                $x = floor(($origWidth - $width) / 2);
+                $y = floor(($origHeight - $height) / 2);
+                break;
+
+            case 'right':
+                $x = ($origWidth - $width);
+                $y = floor(($origHeight - $height) / 2);
+                break;
+
+            case 'bottom-left':
+                $x = 0;
+                $y = $origHeight - $height;
+                break;
+
+            case 'bottom':
+                $x = floor(($origWidth - $width) / 2);
+                $y = $origHeight - $height;
+                break;
+
+            case 'bottom-right':
+                $x = ($origWidth - $width);
+                $y = $origHeight - $height;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            $x,
+            $y,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the version of the image library in use.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    abstract public function getVersion();
+
+    /**
+     * Saves any changes that have been made to file.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    $image->resize(100, 200, true)
+     *          ->save($target);
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    abstract public function save(?string $target = null, int $quality = 90);
+
+    /**
+     * Does the driver-specific processing of the image.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    abstract protected function process(string $action);
+
+    /**
+     * Provide access to the Image class' methods if they don't exist
+     * on the handler itself.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function __call(string $name, array $args = [])
+    {
+        if (method_exists($this->image(), $name)) {
+            return $this->image()->{$name}(...$args);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-proportion Image Width/Height
+     *
+     * When creating thumbs, the desired width/height
+     * can end up warping the image due to an incorrect
+     * ratio between the full-sized image and the thumb.
+     *
+     * This function lets us re-proportion the width/height
+     * if users choose to maintain the aspect ratio when resizing.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function reproportion()
+    {
+        if (($this->width === 0 && $this->height === 0) || $this->image()->origWidth === 0 || $this->image()->origHeight === 0 || (! ctype_digit((string) $this->width) && ! ctype_digit((string) $this->height)) || ! ctype_digit((string) $this->image()->origWidth) || ! ctype_digit((string) $this->image()->origHeight)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Sanitize
+        $this->width  = (int) $this->width;
+        $this->height = (int) $this->height;
+
+        if ($this->masterDim !== 'width' && $this->masterDim !== 'height') {
+            if ($this->width > 0 && $this->height > 0) {
+                $this->masterDim = ((($this->image()->origHeight / $this->image()->origWidth) - ($this->height / $this->width)) < 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+            } else {
+                $this->masterDim = ($this->height === 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+            }
+        } elseif (($this->masterDim === 'width' && $this->width === 0) || ($this->masterDim === 'height' && $this->height === 0)
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->masterDim === 'width') {
+            $this->height = (int) ceil($this->width * $this->image()->origHeight / $this->image()->origWidth);
+        } else {
+            $this->width = (int) ceil($this->image()->origWidth * $this->height / $this->image()->origHeight);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return image width.
+     *
+     * accessor for testing; not part of interface
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function getWidth()
+    {
+        return ($this->resource !== null) ? $this->_getWidth() : $this->width;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return image height.
+     *
+     * accessor for testing; not part of interface
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function getHeight()
+    {
+        return ($this->resource !== null) ? $this->_getHeight() : $this->height;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15bb97b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException;
+use Config\Images;
+
+/**
+ * Image handler for GD package
+ */
+class GDHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param Images|null $config
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        if (! extension_loaded('gd')) {
+            throw ImageException::forMissingExtension('GD'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the rotation of an image resource.
+     * Doesn't save the image, but replaces the current resource.
+     */
+    protected function _rotate(int $angle): bool
+    {
+        // Create the image handle
+        $srcImg = $this->createImage();
+
+        // Set the background color
+        // This won't work with transparent PNG files so we are
+        // going to have to figure out how to determine the color
+        // of the alpha channel in a future release.
+
+        $white = imagecolorallocate($srcImg, 255, 255, 255);
+
+        // Rotate it!
+        $destImg = imagerotate($srcImg, $angle, $white);
+
+        // Kill the file handles
+        imagedestroy($srcImg);
+
+        $this->resource = $destImg;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens transparencies
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function _flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255)
+    {
+        $srcImg = $this->createImage();
+
+        if (function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor')) {
+            $create = 'imagecreatetruecolor';
+            $copy   = 'imagecopyresampled';
+        } else {
+            $create = 'imagecreate';
+            $copy   = 'imagecopyresized';
+        }
+        $dest = $create($this->width, $this->height);
+
+        $matte = imagecolorallocate($dest, $red, $green, $blue);
+
+        imagefilledrectangle($dest, 0, 0, $this->width, $this->height, $matte);
+        imagecopy($dest, $srcImg, 0, 0, 0, 0, $this->width, $this->height);
+
+        // Kill the file handles
+        imagedestroy($srcImg);
+
+        $this->resource = $dest;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flips an image along it's vertical or horizontal axis.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function _flip(string $direction)
+    {
+        $srcImg = $this->createImage();
+
+        $angle = $direction === 'horizontal' ? IMG_FLIP_HORIZONTAL : IMG_FLIP_VERTICAL;
+
+        imageflip($srcImg, $angle);
+
+        $this->resource = $srcImg;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get GD version
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getVersion()
+    {
+        if (function_exists('gd_info')) {
+            $gdVersion = @gd_info();
+
+            return preg_replace('/\D/', '', $gdVersion['GD Version']);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resizes the image.
+     *
+     * @return GDHandler
+     */
+    public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false)
+    {
+        return $this->process('resize');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Crops the image.
+     *
+     * @return GDHandler
+     */
+    public function _crop()
+    {
+        return $this->process('crop');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles all of the grunt work of resizing, etc.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function process(string $action)
+    {
+        $origWidth  = $this->image()->origWidth;
+        $origHeight = $this->image()->origHeight;
+
+        if ($action === 'crop') {
+            // Reassign the source width/height if cropping
+            $origWidth  = $this->width;
+            $origHeight = $this->height;
+
+            // Modify the "original" width/height to the new
+            // values so that methods that come after have the
+            // correct size to work with.
+            $this->image()->origHeight = $this->height;
+            $this->image()->origWidth  = $this->width;
+        }
+
+        // Create the image handle
+        $src = $this->createImage();
+
+        if (function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor')) {
+            $create = 'imagecreatetruecolor';
+            $copy   = 'imagecopyresampled';
+        } else {
+            $create = 'imagecreate';
+            $copy   = 'imagecopyresized';
+        }
+
+        $dest = $create($this->width, $this->height);
+
+        // for png and webp we can actually preserve transparency
+        if (in_array($this->image()->imageType, $this->supportTransparency, true)) {
+            imagealphablending($dest, false);
+            imagesavealpha($dest, true);
+        }
+
+        $copy($dest, $src, 0, 0, (int) $this->xAxis, (int) $this->yAxis, $this->width, $this->height, $origWidth, $origHeight);
+
+        imagedestroy($src);
+        $this->resource = $dest;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves any changes that have been made to file. If no new filename is
+     * provided, the existing image is overwritten, otherwise a copy of the
+     * file is made at $target.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    $image->resize(100, 200, true)
+     *          ->save();
+     */
+    public function save(?string $target = null, int $quality = 90): bool
+    {
+        $original = $target;
+        $target   = empty($target) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $target;
+
+        // If no new resource has been created, then we're
+        // simply copy the existing one.
+        if (empty($this->resource) && $quality === 100) {
+            if ($original === null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            $name = basename($target);
+            $path = pathinfo($target, PATHINFO_DIRNAME);
+
+            return $this->image()->copy($path, $name);
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureResource();
+
+        // for png and webp we can actually preserve transparency
+        if (in_array($this->image()->imageType, $this->supportTransparency, true)) {
+            imagealphablending($this->resource, false);
+            imagesavealpha($this->resource, true);
+        }
+
+        switch ($this->image()->imageType) {
+            case IMAGETYPE_GIF:
+                if (! function_exists('imagegif')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.gifNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                if (! @imagegif($this->resource, $target)) {
+                    throw ImageException::forSaveFailed();
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_JPEG:
+                if (! function_exists('imagejpeg')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.jpgNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                if (! @imagejpeg($this->resource, $target, $quality)) {
+                    throw ImageException::forSaveFailed();
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_PNG:
+                if (! function_exists('imagepng')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.pngNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                if (! @imagepng($this->resource, $target)) {
+                    throw ImageException::forSaveFailed();
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_WEBP:
+                if (! function_exists('imagewebp')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.webpNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                if (! @imagewebp($this->resource, $target, $quality)) {
+                    throw ImageException::forSaveFailed();
+                }
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate();
+        }
+
+        imagedestroy($this->resource);
+
+        chmod($target, $this->filePermissions);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create Image Resource
+     *
+     * This simply creates an image resource handle
+     * based on the type of image being processed
+     *
+     * @return bool|resource
+     */
+    protected function createImage(string $path = '', string $imageType = '')
+    {
+        if ($this->resource !== null) {
+            return $this->resource;
+        }
+
+        if ($path === '') {
+            $path = $this->image()->getPathname();
+        }
+
+        if ($imageType === '') {
+            $imageType = $this->image()->imageType;
+        }
+
+        return $this->getImageResource($path, $imageType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make the image resource object if needed
+     */
+    protected function ensureResource()
+    {
+        if ($this->resource === null) {
+            // if valid image type, make corresponding image resource
+            $this->resource = $this->getImageResource(
+                $this->image()->getPathname(),
+                $this->image()->imageType
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if image type is supported and return image resource
+     *
+     * @param string $path      Image path
+     * @param int    $imageType Image type
+     *
+     * @return bool|resource
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    protected function getImageResource(string $path, int $imageType)
+    {
+        switch ($imageType) {
+            case IMAGETYPE_GIF:
+                if (! function_exists('imagecreatefromgif')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.gifNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                return imagecreatefromgif($path);
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_JPEG:
+                if (! function_exists('imagecreatefromjpeg')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.jpgNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                return imagecreatefromjpeg($path);
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_PNG:
+                if (! function_exists('imagecreatefrompng')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.pngNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                return @imagecreatefrompng($path);
+
+            case IMAGETYPE_WEBP:
+                if (! function_exists('imagecreatefromwebp')) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('Images.webpNotSupported'));
+                }
+
+                return imagecreatefromwebp($path);
+
+            default:
+                throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate('Ima');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add text overlay to an image.
+     */
+    protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
+    {
+        // Reverse the vertical offset
+        // When the image is positioned at the bottom
+        // we don't want the vertical offset to push it
+        // further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+        // invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
+        // offset flips itself automatically
+
+        if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+            $options['vOffset'] *= -1;
+        }
+
+        if ($options['hAlign'] === 'right') {
+            $options['hOffset'] *= -1;
+        }
+
+        // Set font width and height
+        // These are calculated differently depending on
+        // whether we are using the true type font or not
+        if (! empty($options['fontPath'])) {
+            if (function_exists('imagettfbbox')) {
+                $temp = imagettfbbox($options['fontSize'], 0, $options['fontPath'], $text);
+                $temp = $temp[2] - $temp[0];
+
+                $fontwidth = $temp / strlen($text);
+            } else {
+                $fontwidth = $options['fontSize'] - ($options['fontSize'] / 4);
+            }
+
+            $fontheight = $options['fontSize'];
+        } else {
+            $fontwidth  = imagefontwidth($options['fontSize']);
+            $fontheight = imagefontheight($options['fontSize']);
+        }
+
+        $options['fontheight'] = $fontheight;
+        $options['fontwidth']  = $fontwidth;
+
+        // Set base X and Y axis values
+        $xAxis = $options['hOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+        $yAxis = $options['vOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+
+        // Set vertical alignment
+        if ($options['vAlign'] === 'middle') {
+            // Don't apply padding when you're in the middle of the image.
+            $yAxis += ($this->image()->origHeight / 2) + ($fontheight / 2) - $options['padding'] - $fontheight - $options['shadowOffset'];
+        } elseif ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+            $yAxis = ($this->image()->origHeight - $fontheight - $options['shadowOffset'] - ($fontheight / 2)) - $yAxis;
+        }
+
+        // Set horizontal alignment
+        if ($options['hAlign'] === 'right') {
+            $xAxis += ($this->image()->origWidth - ($fontwidth * strlen($text)) - $options['shadowOffset']) - (2 * $options['padding']);
+        } elseif ($options['hAlign'] === 'center') {
+            $xAxis += floor(($this->image()->origWidth - ($fontwidth * strlen($text))) / 2);
+        }
+
+        $options['xAxis'] = $xAxis;
+        $options['yAxis'] = $yAxis;
+
+        if ($options['withShadow']) {
+            // Offset from text
+            $options['xShadow'] = $xAxis + $options['shadowOffset'];
+            $options['yShadow'] = $yAxis + $options['shadowOffset'];
+
+            $this->textOverlay($text, $options, true);
+        }
+
+        $this->textOverlay($text, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method for overlaying text on an image.
+     *
+     * @param bool $isShadow Whether we are drawing the dropshadow or actual text
+     */
+    protected function textOverlay(string $text, array $options = [], bool $isShadow = false)
+    {
+        $src = $this->createImage();
+
+        /* Set RGB values for shadow
+         *
+         * Get the rest of the string and split it into 2-length
+         * hex values:
+         */
+        $opacity = (int) ($options['opacity'] * 127);
+
+        // Allow opacity to be applied to the text
+        imagealphablending($src, true);
+
+        $color = $isShadow ? $options['shadowColor'] : $options['color'];
+
+        // shorthand hex, #f00
+        if (strlen($color) === 3) {
+            $color = implode('', array_map('str_repeat', str_split($color), [2, 2, 2]));
+        }
+
+        $color = str_split(substr($color, 0, 6), 2);
+        $color = imagecolorclosestalpha($src, hexdec($color[0]), hexdec($color[1]), hexdec($color[2]), $opacity);
+
+        $xAxis = $isShadow ? $options['xShadow'] : $options['xAxis'];
+        $yAxis = $isShadow ? $options['yShadow'] : $options['yAxis'];
+
+        // Add the shadow to the source image
+        if (! empty($options['fontPath'])) {
+            // We have to add fontheight because imagettftext locates the bottom left corner, not top-left corner.
+            imagettftext($src, $options['fontSize'], 0, (int) $xAxis, (int) ($yAxis + $options['fontheight']), $color, $options['fontPath'], $text);
+        } else {
+            imagestring($src, (int) $options['fontSize'], (int) $xAxis, (int) $yAxis, $text, $color);
+        }
+
+        $this->resource = $src;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return image width.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function _getWidth()
+    {
+        return imagesx($this->resource);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return image height.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function _getHeight()
+    {
+        return imagesy($this->resource);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..857a273d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException;
+use Config\Images;
+use Exception;
+use Imagick;
+
+/**
+ * Class ImageMagickHandler
+ *
+ * FIXME - This needs conversion & unit testing, to use the imagick extension
+ */
+class ImageMagickHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores image resource in memory.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $resource;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param Images $config
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        if (! (extension_loaded('imagick') || class_exists(Imagick::class))) {
+            throw ImageException::forMissingExtension('IMAGICK'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the actual resizing of the image.
+     *
+     * @return ImageMagickHandler
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function _resize(bool $maintainRatio = false)
+    {
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $escape = '\\';
+
+        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows') {
+            $escape = '';
+        }
+
+        $action = $maintainRatio === true
+            ? ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . ' "' . $source . '" "' . $destination . '"'
+            : ' -resize ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . "{$escape}! \"" . $source . '" "' . $destination . '"';
+
+        $this->process($action);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Crops the image.
+     *
+     * @return bool|\CodeIgniter\Images\Handlers\ImageMagickHandler
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function _crop()
+    {
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $extent = ' ';
+        if ($this->xAxis >= $this->width || $this->yAxis > $this->height) {
+            $extent = ' -background transparent -extent ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . ' ';
+        }
+
+        $action = ' -crop ' . ($this->width ?? 0) . 'x' . ($this->height ?? 0) . '+' . ($this->xAxis ?? 0) . '+' . ($this->yAxis ?? 0) . $extent . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
+
+        $this->process($action);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the rotation of an image resource.
+     * Doesn't save the image, but replaces the current resource.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function _rotate(int $angle)
+    {
+        $angle = '-rotate ' . $angle;
+
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $action = ' ' . $angle . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
+
+        $this->process($action);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens transparencies, default white background
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function _flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255)
+    {
+        $flatten = "-background 'rgb({$red},{$green},{$blue})' -flatten";
+
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $action = ' ' . $flatten . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
+
+        $this->process($action);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flips an image along it's vertical or horizontal axis.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function _flip(string $direction)
+    {
+        $angle = $direction === 'horizontal' ? '-flop' : '-flip';
+
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $action = ' ' . $angle . ' ' . escapeshellarg($source) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($destination);
+
+        $this->process($action);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get driver version
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        $result = $this->process('-version');
+
+        // The first line has the version in it...
+        preg_match('/(ImageMagick\s[\S]+)/', $result[0], $matches);
+
+        return str_replace('ImageMagick ', '', $matches[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles all of the grunt work of resizing, etc.
+     *
+     * @return array Lines of output from shell command
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function process(string $action, int $quality = 100): array
+    {
+        // Do we have a vaild library path?
+        if (empty($this->config->libraryPath)) {
+            throw ImageException::forInvalidImageLibraryPath($this->config->libraryPath);
+        }
+
+        if ($action !== '-version') {
+            $this->supportedFormatCheck();
+        }
+
+        if (! preg_match('/convert$/i', $this->config->libraryPath)) {
+            $this->config->libraryPath = rtrim($this->config->libraryPath, '/') . '/convert';
+        }
+
+        $cmd = $this->config->libraryPath;
+        $cmd .= $action === '-version' ? ' ' . $action : ' -quality ' . $quality . ' ' . $action;
+
+        $retval = 1;
+        $output = [];
+        // exec() might be disabled
+        if (function_usable('exec')) {
+            @exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+        }
+
+        // Did it work?
+        if ($retval > 0) {
+            throw ImageException::forImageProcessFailed();
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves any changes that have been made to file. If no new filename is
+     * provided, the existing image is overwritten, otherwise a copy of the
+     * file is made at $target.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    $image->resize(100, 200, true)
+     *          ->save();
+     */
+    public function save(?string $target = null, int $quality = 90): bool
+    {
+        $original = $target;
+        $target   = empty($target) ? $this->image()->getPathname() : $target;
+
+        // If no new resource has been created, then we're
+        // simply copy the existing one.
+        if (empty($this->resource) && $quality === 100) {
+            if ($original === null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            $name = basename($target);
+            $path = pathinfo($target, PATHINFO_DIRNAME);
+
+            return $this->image()->copy($path, $name);
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureResource();
+
+        // Copy the file through ImageMagick so that it has
+        // a chance to convert file format.
+        $action = escapeshellarg($this->resource) . ' ' . escapeshellarg($target);
+
+        $this->process($action, $quality);
+
+        unlink($this->resource);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Image Resource
+     *
+     * This simply creates an image resource handle
+     * based on the type of image being processed.
+     * Since ImageMagick is used on the cli, we need to
+     * ensure we have a temporary file on the server
+     * that we can use.
+     *
+     * To ensure we can use all features, like transparency,
+     * during the process, we'll use a PNG as the temp file type.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function getResourcePath()
+    {
+        if ($this->resource !== null) {
+            return $this->resource;
+        }
+
+        $this->resource = WRITEPATH . 'cache/' . Time::now()->getTimestamp() . '_' . bin2hex(random_bytes(10)) . '.png';
+
+        $name = basename($this->resource);
+        $path = pathinfo($this->resource, PATHINFO_DIRNAME);
+
+        $this->image()->copy($path, $name);
+
+        return $this->resource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make the image resource object if needed
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function ensureResource()
+    {
+        $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $this->supportedFormatCheck();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if given image format is supported
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws ImageException
+     */
+    protected function supportedFormatCheck()
+    {
+        switch ($this->image()->imageType) {
+            case IMAGETYPE_WEBP:
+                if (! in_array('WEBP', Imagick::queryFormats(), true)) {
+                    throw ImageException::forInvalidImageCreate(lang('images.webpNotSupported'));
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handler-specific method for overlaying text on an image.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
+    {
+        $xAxis   = 0;
+        $yAxis   = 0;
+        $gravity = '';
+        $cmd     = '';
+
+        // Reverse the vertical offset
+        // When the image is positioned at the bottom
+        // we don't want the vertical offset to push it
+        // further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+        // invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
+        // offset flips itself automatically
+        if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+            $options['vOffset'] *= -1;
+        }
+
+        if ($options['hAlign'] === 'right') {
+            $options['hOffset'] *= -1;
+        }
+
+        // Font
+        if (! empty($options['fontPath'])) {
+            $cmd .= " -font '{$options['fontPath']}'";
+        }
+
+        if (isset($options['hAlign'], $options['vAlign'])) {
+            switch ($options['hAlign']) {
+                case 'left':
+                    $xAxis   = $options['hOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+                    $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+                    $gravity = $options['vAlign'] === 'top' ? 'NorthWest' : 'West';
+                    if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+                        $gravity = 'SouthWest';
+                        $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] - $options['padding'];
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case 'center':
+                    $xAxis   = $options['hOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+                    $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+                    $gravity = $options['vAlign'] === 'top' ? 'North' : 'Center';
+                    if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+                        $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] - $options['padding'];
+                        $gravity = 'South';
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case 'right':
+                    $xAxis   = $options['hOffset'] - $options['padding'];
+                    $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] + $options['padding'];
+                    $gravity = $options['vAlign'] === 'top' ? 'NorthEast' : 'East';
+                    if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
+                        $gravity = 'SouthEast';
+                        $yAxis   = $options['vOffset'] - $options['padding'];
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            $xAxis = $xAxis >= 0 ? '+' . $xAxis : $xAxis;
+            $yAxis = $yAxis >= 0 ? '+' . $yAxis : $yAxis;
+
+            $cmd .= " -gravity {$gravity} -geometry {$xAxis}{$yAxis}";
+        }
+
+        // Color
+        if (isset($options['color'])) {
+            [$r, $g, $b] = sscanf("#{$options['color']}", '#%02x%02x%02x');
+
+            $cmd .= " -fill 'rgba({$r},{$g},{$b},{$options['opacity']})'";
+        }
+
+        // Font Size - use points....
+        if (isset($options['fontSize'])) {
+            $cmd .= " -pointsize {$options['fontSize']}";
+        }
+
+        // Text
+        $cmd .= " -annotate 0 '{$text}'";
+
+        $source      = ! empty($this->resource) ? $this->resource : $this->image()->getPathname();
+        $destination = $this->getResourcePath();
+
+        $cmd = " '{$source}' {$cmd} '{$destination}'";
+
+        $this->process($cmd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the width of an image.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function _getWidth()
+    {
+        return imagesx(imagecreatefromstring(file_get_contents($this->resource)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the height of an image.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function _getHeight()
+    {
+        return imagesy(imagecreatefromstring(file_get_contents($this->resource)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the EXIF information from the image and modifies the orientation
+     * so that displays correctly in the browser. This is especially an issue
+     * with images taken by smartphones who always store the image up-right,
+     * but set the orientation flag to display it correctly.
+     *
+     * @param bool $silent If true, will ignore exceptions when PHP doesn't support EXIF.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function reorient(bool $silent = false)
+    {
+        $orientation = $this->getEXIF('Orientation', $silent);
+
+        switch ($orientation) {
+            case 2:
+                return $this->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 3:
+                return $this->rotate(180);
+
+            case 4:
+                return $this->rotate(180)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 5:
+                return $this->rotate(90)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 6:
+                return $this->rotate(90);
+
+            case 7:
+                return $this->rotate(270)->flip('horizontal');
+
+            case 8:
+                return $this->rotate(270);
+
+            default:
+                return $this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/Image.php b/system/Images/Image.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..291ad002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/Image.php
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Files\File;
+use CodeIgniter\Images\Exceptions\ImageException;
+
+/**
+ * Encapsulation of an Image file
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Images\ImageTest
+ */
+class Image extends File
+{
+    /**
+     * The original image width in pixels.
+     *
+     * @var float|int
+     */
+    public $origWidth;
+
+    /**
+     * The original image height in pixels.
+     *
+     * @var float|int
+     */
+    public $origHeight;
+
+    /**
+     * The image type constant.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/image.constants.php
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public $imageType;
+
+    /**
+     * attributes string with size info:
+     * 'height="100" width="200"'
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $sizeStr;
+
+    /**
+     * The image's mime type, i.e. image/jpeg
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $mime;
+
+    /**
+     * Makes a copy of itself to the new location. If no filename is provided
+     * it will use the existing filename.
+     *
+     * @param string      $targetPath The directory to store the file in
+     * @param string|null $targetName The new name of the copied file.
+     * @param int         $perms      File permissions to be applied after copy.
+     */
+    public function copy(string $targetPath, ?string $targetName = null, int $perms = 0644): bool
+    {
+        $targetPath = rtrim($targetPath, '/ ') . '/';
+
+        $targetName ??= $this->getFilename();
+
+        if (empty($targetName)) {
+            throw ImageException::forInvalidFile($targetName);
+        }
+
+        if (! is_dir($targetPath)) {
+            mkdir($targetPath, 0755, true);
+        }
+
+        if (! copy($this->getPathname(), "{$targetPath}{$targetName}")) {
+            throw ImageException::forCopyError($targetPath);
+        }
+
+        chmod("{$targetPath}/{$targetName}", $perms);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get image properties
+     *
+     * A helper function that gets info about the file
+     *
+     * @return array|bool
+     */
+    public function getProperties(bool $return = false)
+    {
+        $path = $this->getPathname();
+
+        if (! $vals = getimagesize($path)) {
+            throw ImageException::forFileNotSupported();
+        }
+
+        $types = [
+            IMAGETYPE_GIF  => 'gif',
+            IMAGETYPE_JPEG => 'jpeg',
+            IMAGETYPE_PNG  => 'png',
+            IMAGETYPE_WEBP => 'webp',
+        ];
+
+        $mime = 'image/' . ($types[$vals[2]] ?? 'jpg');
+
+        if ($return === true) {
+            return [
+                'width'      => $vals[0],
+                'height'     => $vals[1],
+                'image_type' => $vals[2],
+                'size_str'   => $vals[3],
+                'mime_type'  => $mime,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $this->origWidth  = $vals[0];
+        $this->origHeight = $vals[1];
+        $this->imageType  = $vals[2];
+        $this->sizeStr    = $vals[3];
+        $this->mime       = $mime;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php b/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c3593a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Images/ImageHandlerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Images;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of an Image handler
+ */
+interface ImageHandlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Resize the image
+     *
+     * @param bool $maintainRatio If true, will get the closest match possible while keeping aspect ratio true.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function resize(int $width, int $height, bool $maintainRatio = false, string $masterDim = 'auto');
+
+    /**
+     * Crops the image to the desired height and width. If one of the height/width values
+     * is not provided, that value will be set the appropriate value based on offsets and
+     * image dimensions.
+     *
+     * @param int|null $x X-axis coord to start cropping from the left of image
+     * @param int|null $y Y-axis coord to start cropping from the top of image
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function crop(?int $width = null, ?int $height = null, ?int $x = null, ?int $y = null, bool $maintainRatio = false, string $masterDim = 'auto');
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the stored image type to indicate the new file format to use when saving.
+     * Does not touch the actual resource.
+     *
+     * @param int $imageType A PHP imagetype constant, e.g. https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.image-type-to-mime-type.php
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function convert(int $imageType);
+
+    /**
+     * Rotates the image on the current canvas.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function rotate(float $angle);
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens transparencies, default white background
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function flatten(int $red = 255, int $green = 255, int $blue = 255);
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the EXIF information from the image and modifies the orientation
+     * so that displays correctly in the browser.
+     *
+     * @return ImageHandlerInterface
+     */
+    public function reorient();
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the EXIF information from the image, if possible. Returns
+     * an array of the information, or null if nothing can be found.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $key If specified, will only return this piece of EXIF data.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function getEXIF(?string $key = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Flip an image horizontally or vertically
+     *
+     * @param string $dir Direction to flip, either 'vertical' or 'horizontal'
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function flip(string $dir = 'vertical');
+
+    /**
+     * Combine cropping and resizing into a single command.
+     *
+     * Supported positions:
+     *  - top-left
+     *  - top
+     *  - top-right
+     *  - left
+     *  - center
+     *  - right
+     *  - bottom-left
+     *  - bottom
+     *  - bottom-right
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function fit(int $width, int $height, string $position);
+
+    /**
+     * Overlays a string of text over the image.
+     *
+     * Valid options:
+     *
+     *  - color         Text Color (hex number)
+     *  - shadowColor   Color of the shadow (hex number)
+     *  - hAlign        Horizontal alignment: left, center, right
+     *  - vAlign        Vertical alignment: top, middle, bottom
+     *  - hOffset
+     *  - vOffset
+     *  - fontPath
+     *  - fontSize
+     *  - shadowOffset
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function text(string $text, array $options = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Saves any changes that have been made to file.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    $image->resize(100, 200, true)
+     *          ->save($target);
+     *
+     * @param string|null $target The path to save the file to.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function save(?string $target = null, int $quality = 90);
+}
diff --git a/system/Language/Language.php b/system/Language/Language.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32eee39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/Language.php
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Language;
+
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use MessageFormatter;
+
+/**
+ * Handle system messages and localization.
+ *
+ * Locale-based, built on top of PHP internationalization.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Language\LanguageTest
+ */
+class Language
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores the retrieved language lines
+     * from files for faster retrieval on
+     * second use.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $language = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The current language/locale to work with.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $locale;
+
+    /**
+     * Boolean value whether the intl
+     * libraries exist on the system.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $intlSupport = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores filenames that have been
+     * loaded so that we don't load them again.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $loadedFiles = [];
+
+    public function __construct(string $locale)
+    {
+        $this->locale = $locale;
+
+        if (class_exists(MessageFormatter::class)) {
+            $this->intlSupport = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current locale to use when performing string lookups.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setLocale(?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        if ($locale !== null) {
+            $this->locale = $locale;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function getLocale(): string
+    {
+        return $this->locale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the language string for a file, loads the file, if necessary,
+     * getting the line.
+     *
+     * @return string|string[]
+     */
+    public function getLine(string $line, array $args = [])
+    {
+        // if no file is given, just parse the line
+        if (strpos($line, '.') === false) {
+            return $this->formatMessage($line, $args);
+        }
+
+        // Parse out the file name and the actual alias.
+        // Will load the language file and strings.
+        [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, $this->locale);
+
+        $output = $this->getTranslationOutput($this->locale, $file, $parsedLine);
+
+        if ($output === null && strpos($this->locale, '-')) {
+            [$locale] = explode('-', $this->locale, 2);
+
+            [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, $locale);
+
+            $output = $this->getTranslationOutput($locale, $file, $parsedLine);
+        }
+
+        // if still not found, try English
+        if ($output === null) {
+            [$file, $parsedLine] = $this->parseLine($line, 'en');
+
+            $output = $this->getTranslationOutput('en', $file, $parsedLine);
+        }
+
+        $output ??= $line;
+
+        return $this->formatMessage($output, $args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    protected function getTranslationOutput(string $locale, string $file, string $parsedLine)
+    {
+        $output = $this->language[$locale][$file][$parsedLine] ?? null;
+        if ($output !== null) {
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        foreach (explode('.', $parsedLine) as $row) {
+            if (! isset($current)) {
+                $current = $this->language[$locale][$file] ?? null;
+            }
+
+            $output = $current[$row] ?? null;
+            if (is_array($output)) {
+                $current = $output;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($output !== null) {
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        $row = current(explode('.', $parsedLine));
+        $key = substr($parsedLine, strlen($row) + 1);
+
+        return $this->language[$locale][$file][$row][$key] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the language string which should include the
+     * filename as the first segment (separated by period).
+     */
+    protected function parseLine(string $line, string $locale): array
+    {
+        $file = substr($line, 0, strpos($line, '.'));
+        $line = substr($line, strlen($file) + 1);
+
+        if (! isset($this->language[$locale][$file]) || ! array_key_exists($line, $this->language[$locale][$file])) {
+            $this->load($file, $locale);
+        }
+
+        return [$file, $line];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advanced message formatting.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $message
+     * @param string[]     $args
+     *
+     * @return array|string
+     */
+    protected function formatMessage($message, array $args = [])
+    {
+        if (! $this->intlSupport || $args === []) {
+            return $message;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($message)) {
+            foreach ($message as $index => $value) {
+                $message[$index] = $this->formatMessage($value, $args);
+            }
+
+            return $message;
+        }
+
+        $formatted = MessageFormatter::formatMessage($this->locale, $message, $args);
+        if ($formatted === false) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                lang('Language.invalidMessageFormat', [$message, implode(',', $args)])
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $formatted;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads a language file in the current locale. If $return is true,
+     * will return the file's contents, otherwise will merge with
+     * the existing language lines.
+     *
+     * @return array|void
+     */
+    protected function load(string $file, string $locale, bool $return = false)
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($locale, $this->loadedFiles)) {
+            $this->loadedFiles[$locale] = [];
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($file, $this->loadedFiles[$locale], true)) {
+            // Don't load it more than once.
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($locale, $this->language)) {
+            $this->language[$locale] = [];
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($file, $this->language[$locale])) {
+            $this->language[$locale][$file] = [];
+        }
+
+        $path = "Language/{$locale}/{$file}.php";
+
+        $lang = $this->requireFile($path);
+
+        if ($return) {
+            return $lang;
+        }
+
+        $this->loadedFiles[$locale][] = $file;
+
+        // Merge our string
+        $this->language[$locale][$file] = $lang;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method for including files that can be
+     * overridden during testing.
+     */
+    protected function requireFile(string $path): array
+    {
+        $files   = Services::locator()->search($path, 'php', false);
+        $strings = [];
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            // On some OS's we were seeing failures
+            // on this command returning boolean instead
+            // of array during testing, so we've removed
+            // the require_once for now.
+            if (is_file($file)) {
+                $strings[] = require $file;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isset($strings[1])) {
+            $string = array_shift($strings);
+
+            $strings = array_replace_recursive($string, ...$strings);
+        } elseif (isset($strings[0])) {
+            $strings = $strings[0];
+        }
+
+        return $strings;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Language/en/CLI.php b/system/Language/en/CLI.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edef33a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/CLI.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// CLI language settings
+return [
+    'altCommandPlural'   => 'Did you mean one of these?',
+    'altCommandSingular' => 'Did you mean this?',
+    'commandNotFound'    => 'Command "{0}" not found.',
+    'generator'          => [
+        'cancelOperation' => 'Operation has been cancelled.',
+        'className'       => [
+            'cell'       => 'Cell class name',
+            'command'    => 'Command class name',
+            'config'     => 'Config class name',
+            'controller' => 'Controller class name',
+            'default'    => 'Class name',
+            'entity'     => 'Entity class name',
+            'filter'     => 'Filter class name',
+            'migration'  => 'Migration class name',
+            'model'      => 'Model class name',
+            'seeder'     => 'Seeder class name',
+            'validation' => 'Validation class name',
+        ],
+        'commandType'      => 'Command type',
+        'databaseGroup'    => 'Database group',
+        'fileCreate'       => 'File created: {0}',
+        'fileError'        => 'Error while creating file: "{0}"',
+        'fileExist'        => 'File exists: "{0}"',
+        'fileOverwrite'    => 'File overwritten: "{0}"',
+        'parentClass'      => 'Parent class',
+        'returnType'       => 'Return type',
+        'tableName'        => 'Table name',
+        'usingCINamespace' => 'Warning: Using the "CodeIgniter" namespace will generate the file in the system directory.',
+        'viewName'         => [
+            'cell' => 'Cell view name',
+        ],
+    ],
+    'helpArguments'       => 'Arguments:',
+    'helpDescription'     => 'Description:',
+    'helpOptions'         => 'Options:',
+    'helpUsage'           => 'Usage:',
+    'invalidColor'        => 'Invalid "{0}" color: "{1}".',
+    'namespaceNotDefined' => 'Namespace "{0}" is not defined.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Cache.php b/system/Language/en/Cache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2abc9be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Cache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Cache language settings
+return [
+    'unableToWrite'   => 'Cache unable to write to "{0}".',
+    'invalidHandlers' => 'Cache config must have an array of $validHandlers.',
+    'noBackup'        => 'Cache config must have a handler and backupHandler set.',
+    'handlerNotFound' => 'Cache config has an invalid handler or backup handler specified.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Cast.php b/system/Language/en/Cast.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46132b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Cast.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Cast language settings
+return [
+    'baseCastMissing'        => 'The "{0}" class must inherit the "CodeIgniter\Entity\Cast\BaseCast" class.',
+    'invalidCastMethod'      => 'The "{0}" is invalid cast method, valid methods are: ["get", "set"].',
+    'invalidTimestamp'       => 'Type casting "timestamp" expects a correct timestamp.',
+    'jsonErrorCtrlChar'      => 'Unexpected control character found.',
+    'jsonErrorDepth'         => 'Maximum stack depth exceeded.',
+    'jsonErrorStateMismatch' => 'Underflow or the modes mismatch.',
+    'jsonErrorSyntax'        => 'Syntax error, malformed JSON.',
+    'jsonErrorUnknown'       => 'Unknown error.',
+    'jsonErrorUtf8'          => 'Malformed UTF-8 characters, possibly incorrectly encoded.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Cookie.php b/system/Language/en/Cookie.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3de21a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Cookie.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Cookie language settings
+return [
+    'invalidExpiresTime'    => 'Invalid "{0}" type for "Expires" attribute. Expected: string, integer, DateTimeInterface object.',
+    'invalidExpiresValue'   => 'The cookie expiration time is not valid.',
+    'invalidCookieName'     => 'The cookie name "{0}" contains invalid characters.',
+    'emptyCookieName'       => 'The cookie name cannot be empty.',
+    'invalidSecurePrefix'   => 'Using the "__Secure-" prefix requires setting the "Secure" attribute.',
+    'invalidHostPrefix'     => 'Using the "__Host-" prefix must be set with the "Secure" flag, must not have a "Domain" attribute, and the "Path" is set to "/".',
+    'invalidSameSite'       => 'The SameSite value must be None, Lax, Strict or a blank string, {0} given.',
+    'invalidSameSiteNone'   => 'Using the "SameSite=None" attribute requires setting the "Secure" attribute.',
+    'invalidCookieInstance' => '"{0}" class expected cookies array to be instances of "{1}" but got "{2}" at index {3}.',
+    'unknownCookieInstance' => 'Cookie object with name "{0}" and prefix "{1}" was not found in the collection.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Core.php b/system/Language/en/Core.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1adfbe44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Core.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Core language settings
+return [
+    'copyError'                    => 'An error was encountered while attempting to replace the file "{0}". Please make sure your file directory is writable.',
+    'enabledZlibOutputCompression' => 'Your zlib.output_compression ini directive is turned on. This will not work well with output buffers.',
+    'invalidFile'                  => 'Invalid file: "{0}"',
+    'invalidDirectory'             => 'Directory does not exist: "{0}"',
+    'invalidPhpVersion'            => 'Your PHP version must be {0} or higher to run CodeIgniter. Current version: {1}',
+    'missingExtension'             => 'The framework needs the following extension(s) installed and loaded: "{0}".',
+    'noHandlers'                   => '"{0}" must provide at least one Handler.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Database.php b/system/Language/en/Database.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0410e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Database.php
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Database language settings
+return [
+    'invalidEvent'                     => '"{0}" is not a valid Model Event callback.',
+    'invalidArgument'                  => 'You must provide a valid "{0}".',
+    'invalidAllowedFields'             => 'Allowed fields must be specified for model: "{0}"',
+    'emptyDataset'                     => 'There is no data to {0}.',
+    'emptyPrimaryKey'                  => 'There is no primary key defined when trying to make {0}.',
+    'failGetFieldData'                 => 'Failed to get field data from database.',
+    'failGetIndexData'                 => 'Failed to get index data from database.',
+    'failGetForeignKeyData'            => 'Failed to get foreign key data from database.',
+    'parseStringFail'                  => 'Parsing key string failed.',
+    'featureUnavailable'               => 'This feature is not available for the database you are using.',
+    'tableNotFound'                    => 'Table "{0}" was not found in the current database.',
+    'noPrimaryKey'                     => '"{0}" model class does not specify a Primary Key.',
+    'noDateFormat'                     => '"{0}" model class does not have a valid dateFormat.',
+    'fieldNotExists'                   => 'Field "{0}" not found.',
+    'forEmptyInputGiven'               => 'Empty statement is given for the field "{0}"',
+    'forFindColumnHaveMultipleColumns' => 'Only single column allowed in Column name.',
+    'methodNotAvailable'               => 'You cannot use "{1}" in "{0}". This is a method of the Query Builder Class.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Email.php b/system/Language/en/Email.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6938b16b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Email.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Email language settings
+return [
+    'mustBeArray'          => 'The email validation method must be passed an array.',
+    'invalidAddress'       => 'Invalid email address: "{0}"',
+    'attachmentMissing'    => 'Unable to locate the following email attachment: "{0}"',
+    'attachmentUnreadable' => 'Unable to open this attachment: "{0}"',
+    'noFrom'               => 'Cannot send mail with no "From" header.',
+    'noRecipients'         => 'You must include recipients: To, Cc, or Bcc',
+    'sendFailurePHPMail'   => 'Unable to send email using PHP mail(). Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.',
+    'sendFailureSendmail'  => 'Unable to send email using Sendmail. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.',
+    'sendFailureSmtp'      => 'Unable to send email using SMTP. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.',
+    'sent'                 => 'Your message has been successfully sent using the following protocol: {0}',
+    'noSocket'             => 'Unable to open a socket to Sendmail. Please check settings.',
+    'noHostname'           => 'You did not specify a SMTP hostname.',
+    'SMTPError'            => 'The following SMTP error was encountered: {0}',
+    'noSMTPAuth'           => 'Error: You must assign an SMTP username and password.',
+    'failedSMTPLogin'      => 'Failed to send AUTH LOGIN command. Error: {0}',
+    'SMTPAuthUsername'     => 'Failed to authenticate username. Error: {0}',
+    'SMTPAuthPassword'     => 'Failed to authenticate password. Error: {0}',
+    'SMTPDataFailure'      => 'Unable to send data: {0}',
+    'exitStatus'           => 'Exit status code: {0}',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Encryption.php b/system/Language/en/Encryption.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0e7cb82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Encryption.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Encryption language settings
+return [
+    'noDriverRequested'    => 'No driver requested; Miss Daisy will be so upset!',
+    'noHandlerAvailable'   => 'Unable to find an available "{0}" encryption handler.',
+    'unKnownHandler'       => '"{0}" cannot be configured.',
+    'starterKeyNeeded'     => 'Encrypter needs a starter key.',
+    'authenticationFailed' => 'Decrypting: authentication failed.',
+    'encryptionFailed'     => 'Encryption failed.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Errors.php b/system/Language/en/Errors.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55a130a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Errors.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Errors language settings
+return [
+    'pageNotFound'    => '404 - Page Not Found',
+    'sorryCannotFind' => 'Sorry! Cannot seem to find the page you were looking for.',
+    'whoops'          => 'Whoops!',
+    'weHitASnag'      => 'We seem to have hit a snag. Please try again later...',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Fabricator.php b/system/Language/en/Fabricator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfedec74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Fabricator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Fabricator language settings
+return [
+    'invalidModel'      => 'Invalid model supplied for fabrication.',
+    'missingFormatters' => 'No valid formatters defined.',
+    'createFailed'      => 'Fabricator failed to insert on table "{0}": {1}',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Files.php b/system/Language/en/Files.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4506abe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Files.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Files language settings
+return [
+    'fileNotFound'      => 'File not found: "{0}"',
+    'cannotMove'        => 'Could not move file "{0}" to "{1}". Reason: {2}',
+    'expectedDirectory' => '{0} expects a valid directory.',
+    'expectedFile'      => '{0} expects a valid file.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Filters.php b/system/Language/en/Filters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aca478ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Filters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Filters language settings
+return [
+    'noFilter'           => '"{0}" filter must have a matching alias defined.',
+    'incorrectInterface' => '"{0}" must implement CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Format.php b/system/Language/en/Format.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c545342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Format.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Format language settings
+return [
+    'invalidFormatter' => '"{0}" is not a valid Formatter class.',
+    'invalidJSON'      => 'Failed to parse JSON string. Error: {0}',
+    'invalidMime'      => 'No Formatter defined for mime type: "{0}".',
+    'missingExtension' => 'The SimpleXML extension is required to format XML.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/HTTP.php b/system/Language/en/HTTP.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7861c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/HTTP.php
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// HTTP language settings
+return [
+    // CurlRequest
+    'missingCurl'     => 'CURL must be enabled to use the CURLRequest class.',
+    'invalidSSLKey'   => 'Cannot set SSL Key. "{0}" is not a valid file.',
+    'sslCertNotFound' => 'SSL certificate not found at: "{0}"',
+    'curlError'       => '{0} : {1}',
+
+    // IncomingRequest
+    'invalidNegotiationType' => '"{0}" is not a valid negotiation type. Must be one of: media, charset, encoding, language.',
+
+    // Message
+    'invalidHTTPProtocol' => 'Invalid HTTP Protocol Version: {0}',
+
+    // Negotiate
+    'emptySupportedNegotiations' => 'You must provide an array of supported values to all Negotiations.',
+
+    // RedirectResponse
+    'invalidRoute' => 'The route for "{0}" cannot be found.',
+
+    // DownloadResponse
+    'cannotSetBinary'        => 'When setting filepath cannot set binary.',
+    'cannotSetFilepath'      => 'When setting binary cannot set filepath: "{0}"',
+    'notFoundDownloadSource' => 'Not found download body source.',
+    'cannotSetCache'         => 'It does not support caching for downloading.',
+    'cannotSetStatusCode'    => 'It does not support change status code for downloading. code: {0}, reason: {1}',
+
+    // Response
+    'missingResponseStatus' => 'HTTP Response is missing a status code',
+    'invalidStatusCode'     => '{0} is not a valid HTTP return status code',
+    'unknownStatusCode'     => 'Unknown HTTP status code provided with no message: {0}',
+
+    // URI
+    'cannotParseURI'       => 'Unable to parse URI: "{0}"',
+    'segmentOutOfRange'    => 'Request URI segment is out of range: "{0}"',
+    'invalidPort'          => 'Ports must be between 0 and 65535. Given: {0}',
+    'malformedQueryString' => 'Query strings may not include URI fragments.',
+
+    // Page Not Found
+    'pageNotFound'       => 'Page Not Found',
+    'emptyController'    => 'No Controller specified.',
+    'controllerNotFound' => 'Controller or its method is not found: {0}::{1}',
+    'methodNotFound'     => 'Controller method is not found: "{0}"',
+    'localeNotSupported' => 'Locale is not supported: {0}',
+
+    // CSRF
+    // @deprecated use 'Security.disallowedAction'
+    'disallowedAction' => 'The action you requested is not allowed.',
+
+    // Uploaded file moving
+    'alreadyMoved' => 'The uploaded file has already been moved.',
+    'invalidFile'  => 'The original file is not a valid file.',
+    'moveFailed'   => 'Could not move file "{0}" to "{1}". Reason: {2}',
+
+    'uploadErrOk'        => 'The file uploaded with success.',
+    'uploadErrIniSize'   => 'The file "%s" exceeds your upload_max_filesize ini directive.',
+    'uploadErrFormSize'  => 'The file "%s" exceeds the upload limit defined in your form.',
+    'uploadErrPartial'   => 'The file "%s" was only partially uploaded.',
+    'uploadErrNoFile'    => 'No file was uploaded.',
+    'uploadErrCantWrite' => 'The file "%s" could not be written on disk.',
+    'uploadErrNoTmpDir'  => 'File could not be uploaded: missing temporary directory.',
+    'uploadErrExtension' => 'File upload was stopped by a PHP extension.',
+    'uploadErrUnknown'   => 'The file "%s" was not uploaded due to an unknown error.',
+
+    // SameSite setting
+    // @deprecated
+    'invalidSameSiteSetting' => 'The SameSite setting must be None, Lax, Strict, or a blank string. Given: {0}',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Images.php b/system/Language/en/Images.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be4d5290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Images.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Images language settings
+return [
+    'sourceImageRequired'    => 'You must specify a source image in your preferences.',
+    'gdRequired'             => 'The GD image library is required to use this feature.',
+    'gdRequiredForProps'     => 'Your server must support the GD image library in order to determine the image properties.',
+    'gifNotSupported'        => 'GIF images are often not supported due to licensing restrictions. You may have to use JPG or PNG images instead.',
+    'jpgNotSupported'        => 'JPG images are not supported.',
+    'pngNotSupported'        => 'PNG images are not supported.',
+    'webpNotSupported'       => 'WEBP images are not supported.',
+    'fileNotSupported'       => 'The supplied file is not a supported image type.',
+    'unsupportedImageCreate' => 'Your server does not support the GD function required to process this type of image.',
+    'jpgOrPngRequired'       => 'The image resize protocol specified in your preferences only works with JPEG or PNG image types.',
+    'rotateUnsupported'      => 'Image rotation does not appear to be supported by your server.',
+    'libPathInvalid'         => 'The path to your image library is not correct. Please set the correct path in your image preferences. "{0}"',
+    'imageProcessFailed'     => 'Image processing failed. Please verify that your server supports the chosen protocol and that the path to your image library is correct.',
+    'rotationAngleRequired'  => 'An angle of rotation is required to rotate the image.',
+    'invalidPath'            => 'The path to the image is not correct.',
+    'copyFailed'             => 'The image copy routine failed.',
+    'missingFont'            => 'Unable to find a font to use.',
+    'saveFailed'             => 'Unable to save the image. Please make sure the image and file directory are writable.',
+    'invalidDirection'       => 'Flip direction can be only "vertical" or "horizontal". Given: "{0}"',
+    'exifNotSupported'       => 'Reading EXIF data is not supported by this PHP installation.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Language.php b/system/Language/en/Language.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80920b2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Language.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// "Language" language settings
+return [
+    'invalidMessageFormat' => 'Invalid message format: "{0}", args: "{1}"',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Log.php b/system/Language/en/Log.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6ee779a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Log.php
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Log language settings
+return [
+    'invalidLogLevel'    => '"{0}" is an invalid log level.',
+    'invalidMessageType' => 'The given message type "{0}" is not supported.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Migrations.php b/system/Language/en/Migrations.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bfb5c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Migrations.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Migration language settings
+return [
+    // Migration Runner
+    'missingTable'  => 'Migrations table must be set.',
+    'disabled'      => 'Migrations have been loaded but are disabled or setup incorrectly.',
+    'notFound'      => 'Migration file not found: ',
+    'batchNotFound' => 'Target batch not found: ',
+    'empty'         => 'No Migration files found',
+    'gap'           => 'There is a gap in the migration sequence near version number: ',
+    'classNotFound' => 'The migration class "%s" could not be found.',
+    'missingMethod' => 'The migration class is missing an "%s" method.',
+
+    // Migration Command
+    'migHelpLatest'   => "\t\tMigrates database to latest available migration.",
+    'migHelpCurrent'  => "\t\tMigrates database to version set as 'current' in configuration.",
+    'migHelpVersion'  => "\tMigrates database to version {v}.",
+    'migHelpRollback' => "\tRuns all migrations 'down' to version 0.",
+    'migHelpRefresh'  => "\t\tUninstalls and re-runs all migrations to freshen database.",
+    'migHelpSeed'     => "\tRuns the seeder named [name].",
+    'migCreate'       => "\tCreates a new migration named [name]",
+    'nameMigration'   => 'Name the migration file',
+    'migNumberError'  => 'Migration number must be three digits, and there must not be any gaps in the sequence.',
+    'rollBackConfirm' => 'Are you sure you want to rollback?',
+    'refreshConfirm'  => 'Are you sure you want to refresh?',
+
+    'latest'            => 'Running all new migrations...',
+    'generalFault'      => 'Migration failed!',
+    'migrated'          => 'Migrations complete.',
+    'migInvalidVersion' => 'Invalid version number provided.',
+    'toVersionPH'       => 'Migrating to version %s...',
+    'toVersion'         => 'Migrating to current version...',
+    'rollingBack'       => 'Rolling back migrations to batch: ',
+    'noneFound'         => 'No migrations were found.',
+    'migSeeder'         => 'Seeder name',
+    'migMissingSeeder'  => 'You must provide a seeder name.',
+    'nameSeeder'        => 'Name the seeder file',
+    'removed'           => 'Rolling back: ',
+    'added'             => 'Running: ',
+
+    // Migrate Status
+    'namespace' => 'Namespace',
+    'filename'  => 'Filename',
+    'version'   => 'Version',
+    'group'     => 'Group',
+    'on'        => 'Migrated On: ',
+    'batch'     => 'Batch',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Number.php b/system/Language/en/Number.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1660fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Number.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Number language settings
+return [
+    'terabyteAbbr' => 'TB',
+    'gigabyteAbbr' => 'GB',
+    'megabyteAbbr' => 'MB',
+    'kilobyteAbbr' => 'KB',
+    'bytes'        => 'Bytes',
+
+    // don't forget the space in front of these!
+    'thousand'    => ' thousand',
+    'million'     => ' million',
+    'billion'     => ' billion',
+    'trillion'    => ' trillion',
+    'quadrillion' => ' quadrillion',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Pager.php b/system/Language/en/Pager.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884ea8e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Pager.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Pager language settings
+return [
+    'pageNavigation'         => 'Page navigation',
+    'first'                  => 'First',
+    'previous'               => 'Previous',
+    'next'                   => 'Next',
+    'last'                   => 'Last',
+    'older'                  => 'Older',
+    'newer'                  => 'Newer',
+    'invalidTemplate'        => '"{0}" is not a valid Pager template.',
+    'invalidPaginationGroup' => '"{0}" is not a valid Pagination group.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Publisher.php b/system/Language/en/Publisher.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3eb74a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Publisher.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Publisher language settings
+return [
+    'collision'             => 'Publisher encountered an unexpected "{0}" while copying "{1}" to "{2}".',
+    'destinationNotAllowed' => 'Destination is not on the allowed list of Publisher directories: "{0}"',
+    'fileNotAllowed'        => '"{0}" fails the following restriction for "{1}": {2}',
+
+    // Publish Command
+    'publishMissing' => 'No Publisher classes detected in {0} across all namespaces.',
+    'publishSuccess' => '"{0}" published {1} file(s) to "{2}".',
+    'publishFailure' => '"{0}" failed to publish to "{1}".',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/RESTful.php b/system/Language/en/RESTful.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3ac05e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/RESTful.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// RESTful language settings
+return [
+    'notImplemented' => '"{0}" action not implemented.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Router.php b/system/Language/en/Router.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb90612a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Router.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Router language settings
+return [
+    'invalidParameter'         => 'A parameter does not match the expected type.',
+    'missingDefaultRoute'      => 'Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.',
+    'invalidDynamicController' => 'A dynamic controller is not allowed for security reasons. Route handler: "{0}"',
+    'invalidControllerName'    => 'The namespace delimiter is a backslash (\), not a slash (/). Route handler: "{0}"',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Security.php b/system/Language/en/Security.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7f8a652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Security.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Security language settings
+return [
+    'disallowedAction' => 'The action you requested is not allowed.',
+
+    // @deprecated
+    'invalidSameSite' => 'The SameSite value must be None, Lax, Strict, or a blank string. Given: "{0}"',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Session.php b/system/Language/en/Session.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eff09e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Session.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Session language settings
+return [
+    'missingDatabaseTable'   => '"sessionSavePath" must have the table name for the Database Session Handler to work.',
+    'invalidSavePath'        => 'Session: Configured save path "{0}" is not a directory, does not exist or cannot be created.',
+    'writeProtectedSavePath' => 'Session: Configured save path "{0}" is not writable by the PHP process.',
+    'emptySavePath'          => 'Session: No save path configured.',
+    'invalidSavePathFormat'  => 'Session: Invalid Redis save path format: "{0}"',
+
+    // @deprecated
+    'invalidSameSiteSetting' => 'Session: The SameSite setting must be None, Lax, Strict, or a blank string. Given: "{0}"',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Test.php b/system/Language/en/Test.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d54b9188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Test.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Testing language settings
+return [
+    'invalidMockClass' => '"{0}" is not a valid Mock class',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Time.php b/system/Language/en/Time.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..decee74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Time.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Time language settings
+return [
+    'invalidFormat'  => '"{0}" is not a valid datetime format',
+    'invalidMonth'   => 'Months must be between 1 and 12. Given: {0}',
+    'invalidDay'     => 'Days must be between 1 and 31. Given: {0}',
+    'invalidOverDay' => 'Days must be between 1 and {0}. Given: {1}',
+    'invalidHours'   => 'Hours must be between 0 and 23. Given: {0}',
+    'invalidMinutes' => 'Minutes must be between 0 and 59. Given: {0}',
+    'invalidSeconds' => 'Seconds must be between 0 and 59. Given: {0}',
+    'years'          => '{0, plural, =1{# year} other{# years}}',
+    'months'         => '{0, plural, =1{# month} other{# months}}',
+    'weeks'          => '{0, plural, =1{# week} other{# weeks}}',
+    'days'           => '{0, plural, =1{# day} other{# days}}',
+    'hours'          => '{0, plural, =1{# hour} other{# hours}}',
+    'minutes'        => '{0, plural, =1{# minute} other{# minutes}}',
+    'seconds'        => '{0, plural, =1{# second} other{# seconds}}',
+    'ago'            => '{0} ago',
+    'inFuture'       => 'in {0}',
+    'yesterday'      => 'Yesterday',
+    'tomorrow'       => 'Tomorrow',
+    'now'            => 'Just now',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Validation.php b/system/Language/en/Validation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c78099de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Validation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// Validation language settings
+return [
+    // Core Messages
+    'noRuleSets'      => 'No rule sets specified in Validation configuration.',
+    'ruleNotFound'    => '"{0}" is not a valid rule.',
+    'groupNotFound'   => '"{0}" is not a validation rules group.',
+    'groupNotArray'   => '"{0}" rule group must be an array.',
+    'invalidTemplate' => '"{0}" is not a valid Validation template.',
+
+    // Rule Messages
+    'alpha'                 => 'The {field} field may only contain alphabetical characters.',
+    'alpha_dash'            => 'The {field} field may only contain alphanumeric, underscore, and dash characters.',
+    'alpha_numeric'         => 'The {field} field may only contain alphanumeric characters.',
+    'alpha_numeric_punct'   => 'The {field} field may contain only alphanumeric characters, spaces, and  ~ ! # $ % & * - _ + = | : . characters.',
+    'alpha_numeric_space'   => 'The {field} field may only contain alphanumeric and space characters.',
+    'alpha_space'           => 'The {field} field may only contain alphabetical characters and spaces.',
+    'decimal'               => 'The {field} field must contain a decimal number.',
+    'differs'               => 'The {field} field must differ from the {param} field.',
+    'equals'                => 'The {field} field must be exactly: {param}.',
+    'exact_length'          => 'The {field} field must be exactly {param} characters in length.',
+    'greater_than'          => 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than {param}.',
+    'greater_than_equal_to' => 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than or equal to {param}.',
+    'hex'                   => 'The {field} field may only contain hexadecimal characters.',
+    'in_list'               => 'The {field} field must be one of: {param}.',
+    'integer'               => 'The {field} field must contain an integer.',
+    'is_natural'            => 'The {field} field must only contain digits.',
+    'is_natural_no_zero'    => 'The {field} field must only contain digits and must be greater than zero.',
+    'is_not_unique'         => 'The {field} field must contain a previously existing value in the database.',
+    'is_unique'             => 'The {field} field must contain a unique value.',
+    'less_than'             => 'The {field} field must contain a number less than {param}.',
+    'less_than_equal_to'    => 'The {field} field must contain a number less than or equal to {param}.',
+    'matches'               => 'The {field} field does not match the {param} field.',
+    'max_length'            => 'The {field} field cannot exceed {param} characters in length.',
+    'min_length'            => 'The {field} field must be at least {param} characters in length.',
+    'not_equals'            => 'The {field} field cannot be: {param}.',
+    'not_in_list'           => 'The {field} field must not be one of: {param}.',
+    'numeric'               => 'The {field} field must contain only numbers.',
+    'regex_match'           => 'The {field} field is not in the correct format.',
+    'required'              => 'The {field} field is required.',
+    'required_with'         => 'The {field} field is required when {param} is present.',
+    'required_without'      => 'The {field} field is required when {param} is not present.',
+    'string'                => 'The {field} field must be a valid string.',
+    'timezone'              => 'The {field} field must be a valid timezone.',
+    'valid_base64'          => 'The {field} field must be a valid base64 string.',
+    'valid_email'           => 'The {field} field must contain a valid email address.',
+    'valid_emails'          => 'The {field} field must contain all valid email addresses.',
+    'valid_ip'              => 'The {field} field must contain a valid IP.',
+    'valid_url'             => 'The {field} field must contain a valid URL.',
+    'valid_url_strict'      => 'The {field} field must contain a valid URL.',
+    'valid_date'            => 'The {field} field must contain a valid date.',
+    'valid_json'            => 'The {field} field must contain a valid json.',
+
+    // Credit Cards
+    'valid_cc_num' => '{field} does not appear to be a valid credit card number.',
+
+    // Files
+    'uploaded' => '{field} is not a valid uploaded file.',
+    'max_size' => '{field} is too large of a file.',
+    'is_image' => '{field} is not a valid, uploaded image file.',
+    'mime_in'  => '{field} does not have a valid mime type.',
+    'ext_in'   => '{field} does not have a valid file extension.',
+    'max_dims' => '{field} is either not an image, or it is too wide or tall.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Language/en/View.php b/system/Language/en/View.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd6b6c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/View.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// View language settings
+return [
+    'invalidCellMethod'     => '{class}::{method} is not a valid method.',
+    'missingCellParameters' => '{class}::{method} has no params.',
+    'invalidCellParameter'  => '"{0}" is not a valid param name.',
+    'noCellClass'           => 'No view cell class provided.',
+    'invalidCellClass'      => 'Unable to locate view cell class: "{0}".',
+    'tagSyntaxError'        => 'You have a syntax error in your Parser tags: "{0}"',
+    'invalidDecoratorClass' => '"{0}" is not a valid View Decorator.',
+];
diff --git a/system/Log/Exceptions/LogException.php b/system/Log/Exceptions/LogException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5f8b979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Exceptions/LogException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class LogException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidLogLevel(string $level)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Log.invalidLogLevel', [$level]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidMessageType(string $messageType)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Log.invalidMessageType', [$messageType]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c19ecb0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for logging
+ */
+abstract class BaseHandler implements HandlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Handles
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $handles;
+
+    /**
+     * Date format for logging
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $config)
+    {
+        $this->handles = $config['handles'] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether the Handler will handle logging items of this
+     * log Level.
+     */
+    public function canHandle(string $level): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($level, $this->handles, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the date format to use while logging messages.
+     */
+    public function setDateFormat(string $format): HandlerInterface
+    {
+        $this->dateFormat = $format;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b04d6f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Class ChromeLoggerHandler
+ *
+ * Allows for logging items to the Chrome console for debugging.
+ * Requires the ChromeLogger extension installed in your browser.
+ *
+ * @see https://craig.is/writing/chrome-logger
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ChromeLoggerHandlerTest
+ */
+class ChromeLoggerHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Version of this library - for ChromeLogger use.
+     */
+    public const VERSION = 1.0;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of track frames returned from the backtrace.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $backtraceLevel = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The final data that is sent to the browser.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $json = [
+        'version' => self::VERSION,
+        'columns' => [
+            'log',
+            'backtrace',
+            'type',
+        ],
+        'rows' => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The header used to pass the data.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $header = 'X-ChromeLogger-Data';
+
+    /**
+     * Maps the log levels to the ChromeLogger types.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $levels = [
+        'emergency' => 'error',
+        'alert'     => 'error',
+        'critical'  => 'error',
+        'error'     => 'error',
+        'warning'   => 'warn',
+        'notice'    => 'warn',
+        'info'      => 'info',
+        'debug'     => 'info',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $config = [])
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        $this->json['request_uri'] = current_url();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles logging the message.
+     * If the handler returns false, then execution of handlers
+     * will stop. Any handlers that have not run, yet, will not
+     * be run.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function handle($level, $message): bool
+    {
+        // Format our message
+        $message = $this->format($message);
+
+        // Generate Backtrace info
+        $backtrace = debug_backtrace(0, $this->backtraceLevel);
+        $backtrace = end($backtrace);
+
+        $backtraceMessage = 'unknown';
+        if (isset($backtrace['file'], $backtrace['line'])) {
+            $backtraceMessage = $backtrace['file'] . ':' . $backtrace['line'];
+        }
+
+        // Default to 'log' type.
+        $type = '';
+
+        if (array_key_exists($level, $this->levels)) {
+            $type = $this->levels[$level];
+        }
+
+        $this->json['rows'][] = [
+            [$message],
+            $backtraceMessage,
+            $type,
+        ];
+
+        $this->sendLogs();
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the object to display nicely in the Chrome Logger UI.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|object|string $object
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function format($object)
+    {
+        if (! is_object($object)) {
+            return $object;
+        }
+
+        // @todo Modify formatting of objects once we can view them in browser.
+        $objectArray = (array) $object;
+
+        $objectArray['___class_name'] = get_class($object);
+
+        return $objectArray;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attaches the header and the content to the passed in request object.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function sendLogs(?ResponseInterface &$response = null)
+    {
+        if ($response === null) {
+            $response = Services::response(null, true);
+        }
+
+        $data = base64_encode(
+            mb_convert_encoding(json_encode($this->json), 'UTF-8', mb_list_encodings())
+        );
+
+        $response->setHeader($this->header, $data);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9f3fc4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Exceptions\LogException;
+
+/**
+ * Log handler that writes to PHP's `error_log()`
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ErrorlogHandlerTest
+ */
+class ErrorlogHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Message is sent to PHP's system logger, using the Operating System's
+     * system logging mechanism or a file, depending on what the error_log
+     * configuration directive is set to.
+     */
+    public const TYPE_OS = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Message is sent directly to the SAPI logging handler.
+     */
+    public const TYPE_SAPI = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * Says where the error should go. Currently supported are
+     * 0 (`TYPE_OS`) and 4 (`TYPE_SAPI`).
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $messageType = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param mixed[] $config
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $config = [])
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        $messageType = $config['messageType'] ?? self::TYPE_OS;
+
+        if (! is_int($messageType) || ! in_array($messageType, [self::TYPE_OS, self::TYPE_SAPI], true)) {
+            throw LogException::forInvalidMessageType(print_r($messageType, true));
+        }
+
+        $this->messageType = $messageType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles logging the message.
+     * If the handler returns false, then execution of handlers
+     * will stop. Any handlers that have not run, yet, will not
+     * be run.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function handle($level, $message): bool
+    {
+        $message = strtoupper($level) . ' --> ' . $message . "\n";
+
+        return $this->errorLog($message, $this->messageType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracted call to `error_log()` in order to be tested.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected function errorLog(string $message, int $messageType): bool
+    {
+        return error_log($message, $messageType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88e38478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers;
+
+use DateTime;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Log error messages to file system
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandlerTest
+ */
+class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Folder to hold logs
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $path;
+
+    /**
+     * Extension to use for log files
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $fileExtension;
+
+    /**
+     * Permissions for new log files
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $filePermissions;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $config = [])
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+
+        $this->path = empty($config['path']) ? WRITEPATH . 'logs/' : $config['path'];
+
+        $this->fileExtension = empty($config['fileExtension']) ? 'log' : $config['fileExtension'];
+        $this->fileExtension = ltrim($this->fileExtension, '.');
+
+        $this->filePermissions = $config['filePermissions'] ?? 0644;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles logging the message.
+     * If the handler returns false, then execution of handlers
+     * will stop. Any handlers that have not run, yet, will not
+     * be run.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function handle($level, $message): bool
+    {
+        $filepath = $this->path . 'log-' . date('Y-m-d') . '.' . $this->fileExtension;
+
+        $msg = '';
+
+        if (! is_file($filepath)) {
+            $newfile = true;
+
+            // Only add protection to php files
+            if ($this->fileExtension === 'php') {
+                $msg .= "<?php defined('SYSTEMPATH') || exit('No direct script access allowed'); ?>\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (! $fp = @fopen($filepath, 'ab')) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Instantiating DateTime with microseconds appended to initial date is needed for proper support of this format
+        if (strpos($this->dateFormat, 'u') !== false) {
+            $microtimeFull  = microtime(true);
+            $microtimeShort = sprintf('%06d', ($microtimeFull - floor($microtimeFull)) * 1_000_000);
+            $date           = new DateTime(date('Y-m-d H:i:s.' . $microtimeShort, (int) $microtimeFull));
+            $date           = $date->format($this->dateFormat);
+        } else {
+            $date = date($this->dateFormat);
+        }
+
+        $msg .= strtoupper($level) . ' - ' . $date . ' --> ' . $message . "\n";
+
+        flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
+
+        $result = null;
+
+        for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($msg); $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+            if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($msg, $written))) === false) {
+                // if we get this far, we'll never see this during travis-ci
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                break;
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+        }
+
+        flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+        fclose($fp);
+
+        if (isset($newfile) && $newfile === true) {
+            chmod($filepath, $this->filePermissions);
+        }
+
+        return is_int($result);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/HandlerInterface.php b/system/Log/Handlers/HandlerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b809a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/HandlerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior for a Log handler
+ */
+interface HandlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Handles logging the message.
+     * If the handler returns false, then execution of handlers
+     * will stop. Any handlers that have not run, yet, will not
+     * be run.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function handle($level, $message): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether the Handler will handle logging items of this
+     * log Level.
+     */
+    public function canHandle(string $level): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the preferred date format to use when logging.
+     *
+     * @return HandlerInterface
+     */
+    public function setDateFormat(string $format);
+}
diff --git a/system/Log/Logger.php b/system/Log/Logger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afd70314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Log/Logger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Log;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Exceptions\LogException;
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * The CodeIgntier Logger
+ *
+ * The message MUST be a string or object implementing __toString().
+ *
+ * The message MAY contain placeholders in the form: {foo} where foo
+ * will be replaced by the context data in key "foo".
+ *
+ * The context array can contain arbitrary data, the only assumption that
+ * can be made by implementors is that if an Exception instance is given
+ * to produce a stack trace, it MUST be in a key named "exception".
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\LoggerTest
+ */
+class Logger implements LoggerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Used by the logThreshold Config setting to define
+     * which errors to show.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, integer>
+     */
+    protected $logLevels = [
+        'emergency' => 1,
+        'alert'     => 2,
+        'critical'  => 3,
+        'error'     => 4,
+        'warning'   => 5,
+        'notice'    => 6,
+        'info'      => 7,
+        'debug'     => 8,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of levels to be logged.
+     * The rest will be ignored.
+     * Set in Config/logger.php
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $loggableLevels = [];
+
+    /**
+     * File permissions
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $filePermissions = 0644;
+
+    /**
+     * Format of the timestamp for log files.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
+
+    /**
+     * Filename Extension
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $fileExt;
+
+    /**
+     * Caches instances of the handlers.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $handlers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the configuration for each handler.
+     * The key is the handler's class name. The
+     * value is an associative array of configuration
+     * items.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     * @phpstan-var array<class-string, array<string, list<string>|string|int>>
+     */
+    protected $handlerConfig = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Caches logging calls for debugbar.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $logCache;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we cache our logged items?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $cacheLogs = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param \Config\Logger $config
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function __construct($config, bool $debug = CI_DEBUG)
+    {
+        $this->loggableLevels = is_array($config->threshold) ? $config->threshold : range(1, (int) $config->threshold);
+
+        // Now convert loggable levels to strings.
+        // We only use numbers to make the threshold setting convenient for users.
+        if ($this->loggableLevels !== []) {
+            $temp = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->loggableLevels as $level) {
+                $temp[] = array_search((int) $level, $this->logLevels, true);
+            }
+
+            $this->loggableLevels = $temp;
+            unset($temp);
+        }
+
+        $this->dateFormat = $config->dateFormat ?? $this->dateFormat;
+
+        if (! is_array($config->handlers) || empty($config->handlers)) {
+            throw LogException::forNoHandlers('LoggerConfig');
+        }
+
+        // Save the handler configuration for later.
+        // Instances will be created on demand.
+        $this->handlerConfig = $config->handlers;
+
+        $this->cacheLogs = $debug;
+        if ($this->cacheLogs) {
+            $this->logCache = [];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * System is unusable.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function emergency($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('emergency', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Action must be taken immediately.
+     *
+     * Example: Entire website down, database unavailable, etc. This should
+     * trigger the SMS alerts and wake you up.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function alert($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('alert', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Critical conditions.
+     *
+     * Example: Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function critical($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('critical', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runtime errors that do not require immediate action but should typically
+     * be logged and monitored.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function error($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('error', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     *
+     * Example: Use of deprecated APIs, poor use of an API, undesirable things
+     * that are not necessarily wrong.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function warning($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('warning', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normal but significant events.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function notice($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('notice', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interesting events.
+     *
+     * Example: User logs in, SQL logs.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function info($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('info', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detailed debug information.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function debug($message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->log('debug', $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logs with an arbitrary level.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function log($level, $message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($level)) {
+            $level = array_search((int) $level, $this->logLevels, true);
+        }
+
+        // Is the level a valid level?
+        if (! array_key_exists($level, $this->logLevels)) {
+            throw LogException::forInvalidLogLevel($level);
+        }
+
+        // Does the app want to log this right now?
+        if (! in_array($level, $this->loggableLevels, true)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Parse our placeholders
+        $message = $this->interpolate($message, $context);
+
+        if ($this->cacheLogs) {
+            $this->logCache[] = [
+                'level' => $level,
+                'msg'   => $message,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->handlerConfig as $className => $config) {
+            if (! array_key_exists($className, $this->handlers)) {
+                $this->handlers[$className] = new $className($config);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * @var HandlerInterface $handler
+             */
+            $handler = $this->handlers[$className];
+
+            if (! $handler->canHandle($level)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // If the handler returns false, then we
+            // don't execute any other handlers.
+            if (! $handler->setDateFormat($this->dateFormat)->handle($level, $message)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces any placeholders in the message with variables
+     * from the context, as well as a few special items like:
+     *
+     * {session_vars}
+     * {post_vars}
+     * {get_vars}
+     * {env}
+     * {env:foo}
+     * {file}
+     * {line}
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function interpolate($message, array $context = [])
+    {
+        if (! is_string($message)) {
+            return print_r($message, true);
+        }
+
+        // build a replacement array with braces around the context keys
+        $replace = [];
+
+        foreach ($context as $key => $val) {
+            // Verify that the 'exception' key is actually an exception
+            // or error, both of which implement the 'Throwable' interface.
+            if ($key === 'exception' && $val instanceof Throwable) {
+                $val = $val->getMessage() . ' ' . clean_path($val->getFile()) . ':' . $val->getLine();
+            }
+
+            // todo - sanitize input before writing to file?
+            $replace['{' . $key . '}'] = $val;
+        }
+
+        // Add special placeholders
+        $replace['{post_vars}'] = '$_POST: ' . print_r($_POST, true);
+        $replace['{get_vars}']  = '$_GET: ' . print_r($_GET, true);
+        $replace['{env}']       = ENVIRONMENT;
+
+        // Allow us to log the file/line that we are logging from
+        if (strpos($message, '{file}') !== false) {
+            [$file, $line] = $this->determineFile();
+
+            $replace['{file}'] = $file;
+            $replace['{line}'] = $line;
+        }
+
+        // Match up environment variables in {env:foo} tags.
+        if (strpos($message, 'env:') !== false) {
+            preg_match('/env:[^}]+/', $message, $matches);
+
+            foreach ($matches as $str) {
+                $key                 = str_replace('env:', '', $str);
+                $replace["{{$str}}"] = $_ENV[$key] ?? 'n/a';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isset($_SESSION)) {
+            $replace['{session_vars}'] = '$_SESSION: ' . print_r($_SESSION, true);
+        }
+
+        // interpolate replacement values into the message and return
+        return strtr($message, $replace);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the file and line that the logging call
+     * was made from by analyzing the backtrace.
+     * Find the earliest stack frame that is part of our logging system.
+     */
+    public function determineFile(): array
+    {
+        $logFunctions = [
+            'log_message',
+            'log',
+            'error',
+            'debug',
+            'info',
+            'warning',
+            'critical',
+            'emergency',
+            'alert',
+            'notice',
+        ];
+
+        // Generate Backtrace info
+        $trace = \debug_backtrace(0);
+
+        // So we search from the bottom (earliest) of the stack frames
+        $stackFrames = \array_reverse($trace);
+
+        // Find the first reference to a Logger class method
+        foreach ($stackFrames as $frame) {
+            if (\in_array($frame['function'], $logFunctions, true)) {
+                $file = isset($frame['file']) ? clean_path($frame['file']) : 'unknown';
+                $line = $frame['line'] ?? 'unknown';
+
+                return [
+                    $file,
+                    $line,
+                ];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'unknown',
+            'unknown',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans the paths of filenames by replacing APPPATH, SYSTEMPATH, FCPATH
+     * with the actual var. i.e.
+     *
+     *  /var/www/site/app/Controllers/Home.php
+     *      becomes:
+     *  APPPATH/Controllers/Home.php
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use dedicated `clean_path()` function.
+     */
+    protected function cleanFileNames(string $file): string
+    {
+        return clean_path($file);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Model.php b/system/Model.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e53c0aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Model.php
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DataException;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\ModelException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationInterface;
+use Config\Database;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+
+/**
+ * The Model class extends BaseModel and provides additional
+ * convenient features that makes working with a SQL database
+ * table less painful.
+ *
+ * It will:
+ *      - automatically connect to database
+ *      - allow intermingling calls to the builder
+ *      - removes the need to use Result object directly in most cases
+ *
+ * @property BaseConnection $db
+ *
+ * @method $this groupBy($by, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this groupEnd()
+ * @method $this groupStart()
+ * @method $this having($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this havingGroupEnd()
+ * @method $this havingGroupStart()
+ * @method $this havingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this havingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this havingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this join(string $table, string $cond, string $type = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this like($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this limit(?int $value = null, ?int $offset = 0)
+ * @method $this notGroupStart()
+ * @method $this notHavingGroupStart()
+ * @method $this notHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this notLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this offset(int $offset)
+ * @method $this orderBy(string $orderBy, string $direction = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orGroupStart()
+ * @method $this orHaving($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orHavingGroupStart()
+ * @method $this orHavingIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this orHavingNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this orNotGroupStart()
+ * @method $this orNotHavingGroupStart()
+ * @method $this orNotHavingLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this orNotLike($field, string $match = '', string $side = 'both', ?bool $escape = null, bool $insensitiveSearch = false)
+ * @method $this orWhere($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orWhereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this orWhereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this select($select = '*', ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this selectAvg(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+ * @method $this selectCount(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+ * @method $this selectMax(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+ * @method $this selectMin(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+ * @method $this selectSum(string $select = '', string $alias = '')
+ * @method $this when($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null)
+ * @method $this whenNot($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null)
+ * @method $this where($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this whereIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ * @method $this whereNotIn(?string $key = null, $values = null, ?bool $escape = null)
+ */
+class Model extends BaseModel
+{
+    /**
+     * Name of database table
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $table;
+
+    /**
+     * The table's primary key.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether primary key uses auto increment.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $useAutoIncrement = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Query Builder object
+     *
+     * @var BaseBuilder|null
+     */
+    protected $builder;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds information passed in via 'set'
+     * so that we can capture it (not the builder)
+     * and ensure it gets validated first.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $tempData = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Escape array that maps usage of escape
+     * flag for every parameter.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $escape = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Builder method names that should not be used in the Model.
+     *
+     * @var string[] method name
+     */
+    private array $builderMethodsNotAvailable = [
+        'getCompiledInsert',
+        'getCompiledSelect',
+        'getCompiledUpdate',
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(?ConnectionInterface $db = null, ?ValidationInterface $validation = null)
+    {
+        /**
+         * @var BaseConnection|null $db
+         */
+        $db ??= Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+
+        $this->db = $db;
+
+        parent::__construct($validation);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the table associated with a model
+     *
+     * @param string $table Table
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setTable(string $table)
+    {
+        $this->table = $table;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the row of database from $this->table with a primary key
+     * matching $id.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param bool                  $singleton Single or multiple results
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id        One primary key or an array of primary keys
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null The resulting row of data, or null.
+     */
+    protected function doFind(bool $singleton, $id = null)
+    {
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        if ($this->tempUseSoftDeletes) {
+            $builder->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField, null);
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($id)) {
+            $row = $builder->whereIn($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, $id)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResult($this->tempReturnType);
+        } elseif ($singleton) {
+            $row = $builder->where($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, $id)
+                ->get()
+                ->getFirstRow($this->tempReturnType);
+        } else {
+            $row = $builder->get()->getResult($this->tempReturnType);
+        }
+
+        return $row;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the column of database from $this->table.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param string $columnName Column Name
+     *
+     * @return array|null The resulting row of data, or null if no data found.
+     */
+    protected function doFindColumn(string $columnName)
+    {
+        return $this->select($columnName)->asArray()->find();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Works with the current Query Builder instance to return
+     * all results, while optionally limiting them.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param int $limit  Limit
+     * @param int $offset Offset
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function doFindAll(int $limit = 0, int $offset = 0)
+    {
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        if ($this->tempUseSoftDeletes) {
+            $builder->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField, null);
+        }
+
+        return $builder->limit($limit, $offset)
+            ->get()
+            ->getResult($this->tempReturnType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first row of the result set. Will take any previous
+     * Query Builder calls into account when determining the result set.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null
+     */
+    protected function doFirst()
+    {
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        if ($this->tempUseSoftDeletes) {
+            $builder->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField, null);
+        } elseif ($this->useSoftDeletes && empty($builder->QBGroupBy) && $this->primaryKey) {
+            $builder->groupBy($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey);
+        }
+
+        // Some databases, like PostgreSQL, need order
+        // information to consistently return correct results.
+        if ($builder->QBGroupBy && empty($builder->QBOrderBy) && $this->primaryKey) {
+            $builder->orderBy($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, 'asc');
+        }
+
+        return $builder->limit(1, 0)->get()->getFirstRow($this->tempReturnType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts data into the current table.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Data
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function doInsert(array $data)
+    {
+        $escape       = $this->escape;
+        $this->escape = [];
+
+        // Require non-empty primaryKey when
+        // not using auto-increment feature
+        if (! $this->useAutoIncrement && empty($data[$this->primaryKey])) {
+            throw DataException::forEmptyPrimaryKey('insert');
+        }
+
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        // Must use the set() method to ensure to set the correct escape flag
+        foreach ($data as $key => $val) {
+            $builder->set($key, $val, $escape[$key] ?? null);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->allowEmptyInserts && empty($data)) {
+            $table = $this->db->protectIdentifiers($this->table, true, null, false);
+            if ($this->db->getPlatform() === 'MySQLi') {
+                $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' VALUES ()';
+            } elseif ($this->db->getPlatform() === 'OCI8') {
+                $allFields = $this->db->protectIdentifiers(
+                    array_map(
+                        static fn ($row) => $row->name,
+                        $this->db->getFieldData($this->table)
+                    ),
+                    false,
+                    true
+                );
+
+                $sql = sprintf(
+                    'INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)',
+                    $table,
+                    implode(',', $allFields),
+                    substr(str_repeat(',DEFAULT', count($allFields)), 1)
+                );
+            } else {
+                $sql = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' DEFAULT VALUES';
+            }
+
+            $result = $this->db->query($sql);
+        } else {
+            $result = $builder->insert();
+        }
+
+        // If insertion succeeded then save the insert ID
+        if ($result) {
+            $this->insertID = ! $this->useAutoIncrement ? $data[$this->primaryKey] : $this->db->insertID();
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles batch insert strings and runs the queries, validating each row prior.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $set       An associative array of insert values
+     * @param bool|null  $escape    Whether to escape values
+     * @param int        $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool       $testing   True means only number of records is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return bool|int Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
+     */
+    protected function doInsertBatch(?array $set = null, ?bool $escape = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $testing = false)
+    {
+        if (is_array($set)) {
+            foreach ($set as $row) {
+                // Require non-empty primaryKey when
+                // not using auto-increment feature
+                if (! $this->useAutoIncrement && empty($row[$this->primaryKey])) {
+                    throw DataException::forEmptyPrimaryKey('insertBatch');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->builder()->testMode($testing)->insertBatch($set, $escape, $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates a single record in $this->table.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id
+     * @param array|null            $data
+     */
+    protected function doUpdate($id = null, $data = null): bool
+    {
+        $escape       = $this->escape;
+        $this->escape = [];
+
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        if ($id) {
+            $builder = $builder->whereIn($this->table . '.' . $this->primaryKey, $id);
+        }
+
+        // Must use the set() method to ensure to set the correct escape flag
+        foreach ($data as $key => $val) {
+            $builder->set($key, $val, $escape[$key] ?? null);
+        }
+
+        if ($builder->getCompiledQBWhere() === []) {
+            throw new DatabaseException(
+                'Updates are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $builder->update();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles an update string and runs the query
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null  $set       An associative array of update values
+     * @param string|null $index     The where key
+     * @param int         $batchSize The size of the batch to run
+     * @param bool        $returnSQL True means SQL is returned, false will execute the query
+     *
+     * @return false|int|string[] Number of rows affected or FALSE on failure, SQL array when testMode
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function doUpdateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int $batchSize = 100, bool $returnSQL = false)
+    {
+        return $this->builder()->testMode($returnSQL)->updateBatch($set, $index, $batchSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a single record from $this->table where $id matches
+     * the table's primaryKey
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id    The rows primary key(s)
+     * @param bool                  $purge Allows overriding the soft deletes setting.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    protected function doDelete($id = null, bool $purge = false)
+    {
+        $set     = [];
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+
+        if ($id) {
+            $builder = $builder->whereIn($this->primaryKey, $id);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->useSoftDeletes && ! $purge) {
+            if (empty($builder->getCompiledQBWhere())) {
+                throw new DatabaseException(
+                    'Deletes are not allowed unless they contain a "where" or "like" clause.'
+                );
+            }
+
+            $builder->where($this->deletedField);
+
+            $set[$this->deletedField] = $this->setDate();
+
+            if ($this->useTimestamps && $this->updatedField) {
+                $set[$this->updatedField] = $this->setDate();
+            }
+
+            return $builder->update($set);
+        }
+
+        return $builder->delete();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Permanently deletes all rows that have been marked as deleted
+     * through soft deletes (deleted = 1)
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return bool|string Returns a string if in test mode.
+     */
+    protected function doPurgeDeleted()
+    {
+        return $this->builder()
+            ->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField . ' IS NOT NULL')
+            ->delete();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Works with the find* methods to return only the rows that
+     * have been deleted.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function doOnlyDeleted()
+    {
+        $this->builder()->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField . ' IS NOT NULL');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles a replace into string and runs the query
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $data      Data
+     * @param bool       $returnSQL Set to true to return Query String
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|false|Query|string
+     */
+    protected function doReplace(?array $data = null, bool $returnSQL = false)
+    {
+        return $this->builder()->testMode($returnSQL)->replace($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the last error(s) that occurred from the Database connection.
+     * The return array should be in the following format:
+     *  ['source' => 'message']
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return array<string,string>
+     */
+    protected function doErrors()
+    {
+        // $error is always ['code' => string|int, 'message' => string]
+        $error = $this->db->error();
+
+        if ((int) $error['code'] === 0) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return [get_class($this->db) => $error['message']];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the id value for the data array or object
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     *
+     * @return array|int|string|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use getIdValue() instead. Will be removed in version 5.0.
+     */
+    protected function idValue($data)
+    {
+        return $this->getIdValue($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the id value for the data array or object
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     *
+     * @return array|int|string|null
+     */
+    public function getIdValue($data)
+    {
+        if (is_object($data) && isset($data->{$this->primaryKey})) {
+            return $data->{$this->primaryKey};
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($data) && ! empty($data[$this->primaryKey])) {
+            return $data[$this->primaryKey];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loops over records in batches, allowing you to operate on them.
+     * Works with $this->builder to get the Compiled select to
+     * determine the rows to operate on.
+     * This method works only with dbCalls.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    public function chunk(int $size, Closure $userFunc)
+    {
+        $total  = $this->builder()->countAllResults(false);
+        $offset = 0;
+
+        while ($offset <= $total) {
+            $builder = clone $this->builder();
+            $rows    = $builder->get($size, $offset);
+
+            if (! $rows) {
+                throw DataException::forEmptyDataset('chunk');
+            }
+
+            $rows = $rows->getResult($this->tempReturnType);
+
+            $offset += $size;
+
+            if (empty($rows)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($rows as $row) {
+                if ($userFunc($row) === false) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override countAllResults to account for soft deleted accounts.
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public function countAllResults(bool $reset = true, bool $test = false)
+    {
+        if ($this->tempUseSoftDeletes) {
+            $this->builder()->where($this->table . '.' . $this->deletedField, null);
+        }
+
+        // When $reset === false, the $tempUseSoftDeletes will be
+        // dependent on $useSoftDeletes value because we don't
+        // want to add the same "where" condition for the second time
+        $this->tempUseSoftDeletes = $reset
+            ? $this->useSoftDeletes
+            : ($this->useSoftDeletes ? false : $this->useSoftDeletes);
+
+        return $this->builder()->testMode($test)->countAllResults($reset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides a shared instance of the Query Builder.
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     *
+     * @throws ModelException
+     */
+    public function builder(?string $table = null)
+    {
+        // Check for an existing Builder
+        if ($this->builder instanceof BaseBuilder) {
+            // Make sure the requested table matches the builder
+            if ($table && $this->builder->getTable() !== $table) {
+                return $this->db->table($table);
+            }
+
+            return $this->builder;
+        }
+
+        // We're going to force a primary key to exist
+        // so we don't have overly convoluted code,
+        // and future features are likely to require them.
+        if (empty($this->primaryKey)) {
+            throw ModelException::forNoPrimaryKey(static::class);
+        }
+
+        $table = empty($table) ? $this->table : $table;
+
+        // Ensure we have a good db connection
+        if (! $this->db instanceof BaseConnection) {
+            $this->db = Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+        }
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table($table);
+
+        // Only consider it "shared" if the table is correct
+        if ($table === $this->table) {
+            $this->builder = $builder;
+        }
+
+        return $builder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Captures the builder's set() method so that we can validate the
+     * data here. This allows it to be used with any of the other
+     * builder methods and still get validated data, like replace.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string               $key    Field name, or an array of field/value pairs
+     * @param bool|float|int|object|string|null $value  Field value, if $key is a single field
+     * @param bool|null                         $escape Whether to escape values
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function set($key, $value = '', ?bool $escape = null)
+    {
+        $data = is_array($key) ? $key : [$key => $value];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($data) as $k) {
+            $this->tempData['escape'][$k] = $escape;
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData['data'] = array_merge($this->tempData['data'] ?? [], $data);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called on save to determine if entry have to be updated
+     * If this method return false insert operation will be executed
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data Data
+     */
+    protected function shouldUpdate($data): bool
+    {
+        if (parent::shouldUpdate($data) === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->useAutoIncrement === true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // When useAutoIncrement feature is disabled, check
+        // in the database if given record already exists
+        return $this->where($this->primaryKey, $this->getIdValue($data))->countAllResults() === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts data into the database. If an object is provided,
+     * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|null $data
+     * @param bool              $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|false|int|object|string
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function insert($data = null, bool $returnID = true)
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->tempData['data'])) {
+            if (empty($data)) {
+                $data = $this->tempData['data'];
+            } else {
+                $data = $this->transformDataToArray($data, 'insert');
+                $data = array_merge($this->tempData['data'], $data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->escape   = $this->tempData['escape'] ?? [];
+        $this->tempData = [];
+
+        return parent::insert($data, $returnID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that only the fields that are allowed to be inserted are in
+     * the data array.
+     *
+     * Used by insert() and insertBatch() to protect against mass assignment
+     * vulnerabilities.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Data
+     *
+     * @throws DataException
+     */
+    protected function doProtectFieldsForInsert(array $data): array
+    {
+        if (! $this->protectFields) {
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->allowedFields)) {
+            throw DataException::forInvalidAllowedFields(static::class);
+        }
+
+        foreach (array_keys($data) as $key) {
+            // Do not remove the non-auto-incrementing primary key data.
+            if ($this->useAutoIncrement === false && $key === $this->primaryKey) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($key, $this->allowedFields, true)) {
+                unset($data[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates a single record in the database. If an object is provided,
+     * it will attempt to convert it into an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|int|string|null $id
+     * @param array|object|null     $data
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function update($id = null, $data = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->tempData['data'])) {
+            if (empty($data)) {
+                $data = $this->tempData['data'];
+            } else {
+                $data = $this->transformDataToArray($data, 'update');
+                $data = array_merge($this->tempData['data'], $data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->escape   = $this->tempData['escape'] ?? [];
+        $this->tempData = [];
+
+        return parent::update($id, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a class and returns an array of its public and protected
+     * properties as an array with raw values.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $data
+     * @param bool          $recursive If true, inner entities will be cast as array as well
+     *
+     * @return array|null Array
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function objectToRawArray($data, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $recursive = false): ?array
+    {
+        $properties = parent::objectToRawArray($data, $onlyChanged);
+
+        $primaryKey = null;
+
+        if ($data instanceof Entity) {
+            $cast = $data->cast();
+
+            // Disable Entity casting, because raw primary key data is needed for database.
+            $data->cast(false);
+
+            $primaryKey = $data->{$this->primaryKey};
+
+            // Restore Entity casting setting.
+            $data->cast($cast);
+        }
+
+        // Always grab the primary key otherwise updates will fail.
+        if (
+            // @TODO Should use `$data instanceof Entity`.
+            method_exists($data, 'toRawArray')
+            && (
+                ! empty($properties)
+                && ! empty($this->primaryKey)
+                && ! in_array($this->primaryKey, $properties, true)
+                && ! empty($primaryKey)
+            )
+        ) {
+            $properties[$this->primaryKey] = $primaryKey;
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides/instantiates the builder/db connection and model's table/primary key names and return type.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Name
+     *
+     * @return array|BaseBuilder|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function __get(string $name)
+    {
+        if (parent::__isset($name)) {
+            return parent::__get($name);
+        }
+
+        return $this->builder()->{$name} ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for the existence of properties across this model, builder, and db connection.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Name
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $name): bool
+    {
+        if (parent::__isset($name)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return isset($this->builder()->{$name});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides direct access to method in the builder (if available)
+     * and the database connection.
+     *
+     * @return $this|array|BaseBuilder|bool|float|int|object|string|null
+     */
+    public function __call(string $name, array $params)
+    {
+        $builder = $this->builder();
+        $result  = null;
+
+        if (method_exists($this->db, $name)) {
+            $result = $this->db->{$name}(...$params);
+        } elseif (method_exists($builder, $name)) {
+            $this->checkBuilderMethod($name);
+
+            $result = $builder->{$name}(...$params);
+        } else {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('Call to undefined method ' . static::class . '::' . $name);
+        }
+
+        if ($result instanceof BaseBuilder) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the Builder method name that should not be used in the Model.
+     */
+    private function checkBuilderMethod(string $name): void
+    {
+        if (in_array($name, $this->builderMethodsNotAvailable, true)) {
+            throw ModelException::forMethodNotAvailable(static::class, $name . '()');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a class an returns an array of it's public and protected
+     * properties as an array suitable for use in creates and updates.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $data
+     * @param string|null   $primaryKey
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.1.0
+     */
+    public static function classToArray($data, $primaryKey = null, string $dateFormat = 'datetime', bool $onlyChanged = true): array
+    {
+        if (method_exists($data, 'toRawArray')) {
+            $properties = $data->toRawArray($onlyChanged);
+
+            // Always grab the primary key otherwise updates will fail.
+            if (! empty($properties) && ! empty($primaryKey) && ! in_array($primaryKey, $properties, true) && ! empty($data->{$primaryKey})) {
+                $properties[$primaryKey] = $data->{$primaryKey};
+            }
+        } else {
+            $mirror = new ReflectionClass($data);
+            $props  = $mirror->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PUBLIC | ReflectionProperty::IS_PROTECTED);
+
+            $properties = [];
+
+            // Loop over each property,
+            // saving the name/value in a new array we can return.
+            foreach ($props as $prop) {
+                // Must make protected values accessible.
+                $prop->setAccessible(true);
+                $properties[$prop->getName()] = $prop->getValue($data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Convert any Time instances to appropriate $dateFormat
+        if ($properties) {
+            foreach ($properties as $key => $value) {
+                if ($value instanceof Time) {
+                    switch ($dateFormat) {
+                        case 'datetime':
+                            $converted = $value->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+                            break;
+
+                        case 'date':
+                            $converted = $value->format('Y-m-d');
+                            break;
+
+                        case 'int':
+                            $converted = $value->getTimestamp();
+                            break;
+
+                        default:
+                            $converted = (string) $value;
+                    }
+
+                    $properties[$key] = $converted;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Modules/Modules.php b/system/Modules/Modules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f99e7215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Modules/Modules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Modules;
+
+/**
+ * Modules Class
+ *
+ * @see https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/modules.html
+ *
+ * @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+ */
+class Modules
+{
+    /**
+     * Auto-Discover
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $enabled = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Auto-Discovery Within Composer Packages
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $discoverInComposer = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Auto-Discover Rules Handler
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $aliases = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        // For @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should the application auto-discover the requested resource.
+     */
+    public function shouldDiscover(string $alias): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->enabled) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return in_array(strtolower($alias), $this->aliases, true);
+    }
+
+    public static function __set_state(array $array)
+    {
+        $obj = new static();
+
+        $properties = array_keys(get_object_vars($obj));
+
+        foreach ($properties as $property) {
+            $obj->{$property} = $array[$property];
+        }
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/Exceptions/PagerException.php b/system/Pager/Exceptions/PagerException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f1032f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/Exceptions/PagerException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Pager\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class PagerException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Throws when the template is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidTemplate(?string $template = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Pager.invalidTemplate', [$template]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the group is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidPaginationGroup(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Pager.invalidPaginationGroup', [$group]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/Pager.php b/system/Pager/Pager.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b08cb004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/Pager.php
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Pager;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\Exceptions\PagerException;
+use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
+use Config\Pager as PagerConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Class Pager
+ *
+ * The Pager class provides semi-automatic and manual methods for creating
+ * pagination links and reading the current url's query variable, "page"
+ * to determine the current page. This class can support multiple
+ * paginations on a single page.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerTest
+ */
+class Pager implements PagerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * The group data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $groups = [];
+
+    /**
+     * URI segment for groups if provided.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $segment = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Our configuration instance.
+     *
+     * @var PagerConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The view engine to render the links with.
+     *
+     * @var RendererInterface
+     */
+    protected $view;
+
+    /**
+     * List of only permitted queries
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $only = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(PagerConfig $config, RendererInterface $view)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+        $this->view   = $view;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles creating and displaying the
+     *
+     * @param string $template The output template alias to render.
+     */
+    public function links(string $group = 'default', string $template = 'default_full'): string
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return $this->displayLinks($group, $template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates simple Next/Previous links, instead of full pagination.
+     */
+    public function simpleLinks(string $group = 'default', string $template = 'default_simple'): string
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return $this->displayLinks($group, $template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows for a simple, manual, form of pagination where all of the data
+     * is provided by the user. The URL is the current URI.
+     *
+     * @param string      $template The output template alias to render.
+     * @param int         $segment  (whether page number is provided by URI segment)
+     * @param string|null $group    optional group (i.e. if we'd like to define custom path)
+     */
+    public function makeLinks(int $page, ?int $perPage, int $total, string $template = 'default_full', int $segment = 0, ?string $group = 'default'): string
+    {
+        $group = $group === '' ? 'default' : $group;
+
+        $this->store($group, $page, $perPage ?? $this->config->perPage, $total, $segment);
+
+        return $this->displayLinks($group, $template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the actual work of displaying the view file. Used internally
+     * by links(), simpleLinks(), and makeLinks().
+     */
+    protected function displayLinks(string $group, string $template): string
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($template, $this->config->templates)) {
+            throw PagerException::forInvalidTemplate($template);
+        }
+
+        $pager = new PagerRenderer($this->getDetails($group));
+
+        return $this->view->setVar('pager', $pager)
+            ->render($this->config->templates[$template]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores a set of pagination data for later display. Most commonly used
+     * by the model to automate the process.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function store(string $group, int $page, ?int $perPage, int $total, int $segment = 0)
+    {
+        if ($segment !== 0) {
+            $this->setSegment($segment, $group);
+        }
+
+        $this->ensureGroup($group, $perPage);
+
+        if ($segment > 0 && $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] > 0) {
+            $page = $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'];
+        }
+
+        $perPage ??= $this->config->perPage;
+        $pageCount = (int) ceil($total / $perPage);
+
+        $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] = $page > $pageCount ? $pageCount : $page;
+        $this->groups[$group]['perPage']     = $perPage;
+        $this->groups[$group]['total']       = $total;
+        $this->groups[$group]['pageCount']   = $pageCount;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets segment for a group.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setSegment(int $number, string $group = 'default')
+    {
+        $this->segment[$group] = $number;
+
+        // Recalculate current page
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+        $this->calculateCurrentPage($group);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path that an aliased group of links will use.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path, string $group = 'default')
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        $this->groups[$group]['uri']->setPath($path);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of items in data store.
+     */
+    public function getTotal(string $group = 'default'): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return $this->groups[$group]['total'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of pages.
+     */
+    public function getPageCount(string $group = 'default'): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return $this->groups[$group]['pageCount'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of the current page of results.
+     */
+    public function getCurrentPage(string $group = 'default'): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] ?: 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells whether this group of results has any more pages of results.
+     */
+    public function hasMore(string $group = 'default'): bool
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return ($this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] * $this->groups[$group]['perPage']) < $this->groups[$group]['total'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last page, if we have a total that we can calculate with.
+     *
+     * @return int|null
+     */
+    public function getLastPage(string $group = 'default')
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        if (! is_numeric($this->groups[$group]['total']) || ! is_numeric($this->groups[$group]['perPage'])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (int) ceil($this->groups[$group]['total'] / $this->groups[$group]['perPage']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the first page # that should be shown.
+     */
+    public function getFirstPage(string $group = 'default'): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        // @todo determine based on a 'surroundCount' value
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI for a specific page for the specified group.
+     *
+     * @return string|URI
+     */
+    public function getPageURI(?int $page = null, string $group = 'default', bool $returnObject = false)
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        /**
+         * @var URI $uri
+         */
+        $uri = $this->groups[$group]['uri'];
+
+        $segment = $this->segment[$group] ?? 0;
+
+        if ($segment) {
+            $uri->setSegment($segment, $page);
+        } else {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->groups[$group]['pageSelector'], $page);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->only) {
+            $query = array_intersect_key($_GET, array_flip($this->only));
+
+            if (! $segment) {
+                $query[$this->groups[$group]['pageSelector']] = $page;
+            }
+
+            $uri->setQueryArray($query);
+        }
+
+        return ($returnObject === true)
+            ? $uri
+            : URI::createURIString(
+                $uri->getScheme(),
+                $uri->getAuthority(),
+                $uri->getPath(),
+                $uri->getQuery(),
+                $uri->getFragment()
+            );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full URI to the next page of results, or null.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getNextPageURI(string $group = 'default', bool $returnObject = false)
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        $last = $this->getLastPage($group);
+        $curr = $this->getCurrentPage($group);
+        $page = null;
+
+        if (! empty($last) && ! empty($curr) && $last === $curr) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($last > $curr) {
+            $page = $curr + 1;
+        }
+
+        return $this->getPageURI($page, $group, $returnObject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full URL to the previous page of results, or null.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getPreviousPageURI(string $group = 'default', bool $returnObject = false)
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        $first = $this->getFirstPage($group);
+        $curr  = $this->getCurrentPage($group);
+        $page  = null;
+
+        if (! empty($first) && ! empty($curr) && $first === $curr) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($first < $curr) {
+            $page = $curr - 1;
+        }
+
+        return $this->getPageURI($page, $group, $returnObject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of results per page that should be shown.
+     */
+    public function getPerPage(string $group = 'default'): int
+    {
+        $this->ensureGroup($group);
+
+        return (int) $this->groups[$group]['perPage'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array with details about the results, including
+     * total, per_page, current_page, last_page, next_url, prev_url, from, to.
+     * Does not include the actual data. This data is suitable for adding
+     * a 'data' object to with the result set and converting to JSON.
+     */
+    public function getDetails(string $group = 'default'): array
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($group, $this->groups)) {
+            throw PagerException::forInvalidPaginationGroup($group);
+        }
+
+        $newGroup = $this->groups[$group];
+
+        $newGroup['next']     = $this->getNextPageURI($group);
+        $newGroup['previous'] = $this->getPreviousPageURI($group);
+        $newGroup['segment']  = $this->segment[$group] ?? 0;
+
+        return $newGroup;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets only allowed queries on pagination links.
+     */
+    public function only(array $queries): self
+    {
+        $this->only = $queries;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that an array exists for the group specified.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function ensureGroup(string $group, ?int $perPage = null)
+    {
+        if (array_key_exists($group, $this->groups)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->groups[$group] = [
+            'currentUri'   => clone current_url(true),
+            'uri'          => clone current_url(true),
+            'hasMore'      => false,
+            'total'        => null,
+            'perPage'      => $perPage ?? $this->config->perPage,
+            'pageCount'    => 1,
+            'pageSelector' => $group === 'default' ? 'page' : 'page_' . $group,
+        ];
+
+        $this->calculateCurrentPage($group);
+
+        if ($_GET !== []) {
+            $this->groups[$group]['uri'] = $this->groups[$group]['uri']->setQueryArray($_GET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculating the current page
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function calculateCurrentPage(string $group)
+    {
+        if (array_key_exists($group, $this->segment)) {
+            try {
+                $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] = (int) $this->groups[$group]['currentUri']
+                    ->setSilent(false)->getSegment($this->segment[$group]);
+            } catch (HTTPException $e) {
+                $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] = 1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $pageSelector = $this->groups[$group]['pageSelector'];
+
+            $page = (int) ($_GET[$pageSelector] ?? 1);
+
+            $this->groups[$group]['currentPage'] = $page < 1 ? 1 : $page;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/PagerInterface.php b/system/Pager/PagerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84018d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/PagerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Pager;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior for a Pager
+ */
+interface PagerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Handles creating and displaying the
+     *
+     * @param string $template The output template alias to render.
+     */
+    public function links(string $group = 'default', string $template = 'default'): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates simple Next/Previous links, instead of full pagination.
+     */
+    public function simpleLinks(string $group = 'default', string $template = 'default'): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Allows for a simple, manual, form of pagination where all of the data
+     * is provided by the user. The URL is the current URI.
+     *
+     * @param string $template The output template alias to render.
+     */
+    public function makeLinks(int $page, int $perPage, int $total, string $template = 'default'): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores a set of pagination data for later display. Most commonly used
+     * by the model to automate the process.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function store(string $group, int $page, int $perPage, int $total);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the path that an aliased group of links will use.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setPath(string $path, string $group = 'default');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of pages.
+     */
+    public function getPageCount(string $group = 'default'): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of the current page of results.
+     */
+    public function getCurrentPage(string $group = 'default'): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI for a specific page for the specified group.
+     *
+     * @return string|URI
+     */
+    public function getPageURI(?int $page = null, string $group = 'default', bool $returnObject = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Tells whether this group of results has any more pages of results.
+     */
+    public function hasMore(string $group = 'default'): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first page.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function getFirstPage(string $group = 'default');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last page, if we have a total that we can calculate with.
+     *
+     * @return int|null
+     */
+    public function getLastPage(string $group = 'default');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full URI to the next page of results, or null.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getNextPageURI(string $group = 'default');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full URL to the previous page of results, or null.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getPreviousPageURI(string $group = 'default');
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of results per page that should be shown.
+     */
+    public function getPerPage(string $group = 'default'): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array with details about the results, including
+     * total, per_page, current_page, last_page, next_url, prev_url, from, to.
+     * Does not include the actual data. This data is suitable for adding
+     * a 'data' object to with the result set and converting to JSON.
+     */
+    public function getDetails(string $group = 'default'): array;
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..454ac9f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Pager;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+
+/**
+ * Class PagerRenderer
+ *
+ * This class is passed to the view that describes the pagination,
+ * and is used to get the link information and provide utility
+ * methods needed to work with pagination.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerRendererTest
+ */
+class PagerRenderer
+{
+    /**
+     * First page number.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $first;
+
+    /**
+     * Last page number.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $last;
+
+    /**
+     * Current page number.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $current;
+
+    /**
+     * Total number of items.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $total;
+
+    /**
+     * Total number of pages.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $pageCount;
+
+    /**
+     * URI base for pagination links
+     *
+     * @var URI
+     */
+    protected $uri;
+
+    /**
+     * Segment number used for pagination.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $segment;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of $_GET parameter
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $pageSelector;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $details)
+    {
+        $this->first        = 1;
+        $this->last         = $details['pageCount'];
+        $this->current      = $details['currentPage'];
+        $this->total        = $details['total'];
+        $this->uri          = $details['uri'];
+        $this->pageCount    = $details['pageCount'];
+        $this->segment      = $details['segment'] ?? 0;
+        $this->pageSelector = $details['pageSelector'] ?? 'page';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the total number of links that should appear on either
+     * side of the current page. Adjusts the first and last counts
+     * to reflect it.
+     *
+     * @return PagerRenderer
+     */
+    public function setSurroundCount(?int $count = null)
+    {
+        $this->updatePages($count);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if there is a "previous" page before our "first" page.
+     */
+    public function hasPrevious(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->first > 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a URL to the "previous" page. The previous page is NOT the
+     * page before the current page, but is the page just before the
+     * "first" page.
+     *
+     * You MUST call hasPrevious() first, or this value may be invalid.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getPrevious()
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasPrevious()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->first - 1);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->first - 1);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if there is a "next" page after our "last" page.
+     */
+    public function hasNext(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->pageCount > $this->last;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a URL to the "next" page. The next page is NOT, the
+     * page after the current page, but is the page that follows the
+     * "last" page.
+     *
+     * You MUST call hasNext() first, or this value may be invalid.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getNext()
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasNext()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->last + 1);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->last + 1);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI of the first page.
+     */
+    public function getFirst(): string
+    {
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, 1);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, 1);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI of the last page.
+     */
+    public function getLast(): string
+    {
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->pageCount);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->pageCount);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI of the current page.
+     */
+    public function getCurrent(): string
+    {
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->current);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->current);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of links that should be displayed. Each link
+     * is represented by another array containing of the URI the link
+     * should go to, the title (number) of the link, and a boolean
+     * value representing whether this link is active or not.
+     */
+    public function links(): array
+    {
+        $links = [];
+
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        for ($i = $this->first; $i <= $this->last; $i++) {
+            $uri     = $this->segment === 0 ? $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $i) : $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $i);
+            $links[] = [
+                'uri' => URI::createURIString(
+                    $uri->getScheme(),
+                    $uri->getAuthority(),
+                    $uri->getPath(),
+                    $uri->getQuery(),
+                    $uri->getFragment()
+                ),
+                'title'  => $i,
+                'active' => ($i === $this->current),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $links;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the first and last pages based on $surroundCount,
+     * which is the number of links surrounding the active page
+     * to show.
+     *
+     * @param int|null $count The new "surroundCount"
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function updatePages(?int $count = null)
+    {
+        if ($count === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->first = $this->current - $count > 0 ? $this->current - $count : 1;
+        $this->last  = $this->current + $count <= $this->pageCount ? $this->current + $count : (int) $this->pageCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if there is a "previous" page before our "first" page.
+     */
+    public function hasPreviousPage(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->current > 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a URL to the "previous" page.
+     *
+     * You MUST call hasPreviousPage() first, or this value may be invalid.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getPreviousPage()
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasPreviousPage()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->current - 1);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->current - 1);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if there is a "next" page after our "last" page.
+     */
+    public function hasNextPage(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->current < $this->last;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a URL to the "next" page.
+     *
+     * You MUST call hasNextPage() first, or this value may be invalid.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function getNextPage()
+    {
+        if (! $this->hasNextPage()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $uri = clone $this->uri;
+
+        if ($this->segment === 0) {
+            $uri->addQuery($this->pageSelector, $this->current + 1);
+        } else {
+            $uri->setSegment($this->segment, $this->current + 1);
+        }
+
+        return URI::createURIString(
+            $uri->getScheme(),
+            $uri->getAuthority(),
+            $uri->getPath(),
+            $uri->getQuery(),
+            $uri->getFragment()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the page number of the first page.
+     */
+    public function getFirstPageNumber(): int
+    {
+        return $this->first;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the page number of the current page.
+     */
+    public function getCurrentPageNumber(): int
+    {
+        return $this->current;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the page number of the last page.
+     */
+    public function getLastPageNumber(): int
+    {
+        return $this->last;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns total number of pages.
+     */
+    public function getPageCount(): int
+    {
+        return $this->pageCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the previous page number.
+     */
+    public function getPreviousPageNumber(): ?int
+    {
+        return ($this->current === 1) ? null : $this->current - 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next page number.
+     */
+    public function getNextPageNumber(): ?int
+    {
+        return ($this->current === $this->pageCount) ? null : $this->current + 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/Views/default_full.php b/system/Pager/Views/default_full.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0001143c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/Views/default_full.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerRenderer;
+
+/**
+ * @var PagerRenderer $pager
+ */
+$pager->setSurroundCount(2);
+?>
+
+<nav aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.pageNavigation') ?>">
+	<ul class="pagination">
+		<?php if ($pager->hasPrevious()) : ?>
+			<li>
+				<a href="<?= $pager->getFirst() ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.first') ?>">
+					<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.first') ?></span>
+				</a>
+			</li>
+			<li>
+				<a href="<?= $pager->getPrevious() ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.previous') ?>">
+					<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.previous') ?></span>
+				</a>
+			</li>
+		<?php endif ?>
+
+		<?php foreach ($pager->links() as $link) : ?>
+			<li <?= $link['active'] ? 'class="active"' : '' ?>>
+				<a href="<?= $link['uri'] ?>">
+					<?= $link['title'] ?>
+				</a>
+			</li>
+		<?php endforeach ?>
+
+		<?php if ($pager->hasNext()) : ?>
+			<li>
+				<a href="<?= $pager->getNext() ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.next') ?>">
+					<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.next') ?></span>
+				</a>
+			</li>
+			<li>
+				<a href="<?= $pager->getLast() ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.last') ?>">
+					<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.last') ?></span>
+				</a>
+			</li>
+		<?php endif ?>
+	</ul>
+</nav>
diff --git a/system/Pager/Views/default_head.php b/system/Pager/Views/default_head.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c233e5ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/Views/default_head.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerRenderer;
+
+/**
+ * @var PagerRenderer $pager
+ */
+$pager->setSurroundCount(0);
+
+if ($pager->hasPrevious()) {
+    echo '<link rel="prev" href="' . $pager->getPrevious() . '">' . PHP_EOL;
+}
+
+echo '<link rel="canonical" href="' . $pager->getCurrent() . '">' . PHP_EOL;
+
+if ($pager->hasNext()) {
+    echo '<link rel="next" href="' . $pager->getNext() . '">' . PHP_EOL;
+}
diff --git a/system/Pager/Views/default_simple.php b/system/Pager/Views/default_simple.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc00ce88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Pager/Views/default_simple.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerRenderer;
+
+/**
+ * @var PagerRenderer $pager
+ */
+$pager->setSurroundCount(0);
+?>
+<nav>
+	<ul class="pager">
+		<li <?= $pager->hasPrevious() ? '' : 'class="disabled"' ?>>
+			<a href="<?= $pager->getPrevious() ?? '#' ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.previous') ?>">
+				<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.newer') ?></span>
+			</a>
+		</li>
+		<li <?= $pager->hasNext() ? '' : 'class="disabled"' ?>>
+			<a href="<?= $pager->getnext() ?? '#' ?>" aria-label="<?= lang('Pager.next') ?>">
+				<span aria-hidden="true"><?= lang('Pager.older') ?></span>
+			</a>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+</nav>
diff --git a/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..accfdd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Replace Text Content
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Publisher\ContentReplacerTest
+ */
+class ContentReplacer
+{
+    /**
+     * Replace content
+     *
+     * @param array $replaces [search => replace]
+     */
+    public function replace(string $content, array $replaces): string
+    {
+        return strtr($content, $replaces);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add text
+     *
+     * @param string $text    Text to add.
+     * @param string $pattern Regexp search pattern.
+     * @param string $replace Regexp replacement including text to add.
+     *
+     * @return string|null Updated content, or null if not updated.
+     */
+    private function add(string $content, string $text, string $pattern, string $replace): ?string
+    {
+        $return = preg_match('/' . preg_quote($text, '/') . '/u', $content);
+
+        if ($return === false) {
+            // Regexp error.
+            throw new RuntimeException('Regex error. PCRE error code: ' . preg_last_error());
+        }
+
+        if ($return === 1) {
+            // It has already been updated.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $return = preg_replace($pattern, $replace, $content);
+
+        if ($return === null) {
+            // Regexp error.
+            throw new RuntimeException('Regex error. PCRE error code: ' . preg_last_error());
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add line after the line with the string
+     *
+     * @param string $content Whole content.
+     * @param string $line    Line to add.
+     * @param string $after   String to search.
+     *
+     * @return string|null Updated content, or null if not updated.
+     */
+    public function addAfter(string $content, string $line, string $after): ?string
+    {
+        $pattern = '/(.*)(\n[^\n]*?' . preg_quote($after, '/') . '[^\n]*?\n)/su';
+        $replace = '$1$2' . $line . "\n";
+
+        return $this->add($content, $line, $pattern, $replace);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add line before the line with the string
+     *
+     * @param string $content Whole content.
+     * @param string $line    Line to add.
+     * @param string $before  String to search.
+     *
+     * @return string|null Updated content, or null if not updated.
+     */
+    public function addBefore(string $content, string $line, string $before): ?string
+    {
+        $pattern = '/(\n)([^\n]*?' . preg_quote($before, '/') . ')(.*)/su';
+        $replace = '$1' . $line . "\n" . '$2$3';
+
+        return $this->add($content, $line, $pattern, $replace);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Publisher/Exceptions/PublisherException.php b/system/Publisher/Exceptions/PublisherException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5204897c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Publisher/Exceptions/PublisherException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+/**
+ * Publisher Exception Class
+ *
+ * Handles exceptions related to actions taken by a Publisher.
+ */
+class PublisherException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Throws when a file should be overwritten yet cannot.
+     *
+     * @param string $from The source file
+     * @param string $to   The destination file
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forCollision(string $from, string $to)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Publisher.collision', [filetype($to), $from, $to]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when given a destination that is not in the list of allowed directories.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forDestinationNotAllowed(string $destination)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Publisher.destinationNotAllowed', [$destination]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when a file fails to match the allowed pattern for its destination.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forFileNotAllowed(string $file, string $directory, string $pattern)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Publisher.fileNotAllowed', [$file, $directory, $pattern]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Publisher/Publisher.php b/system/Publisher/Publisher.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e40a14c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Publisher/Publisher.php
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Publisher;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Files\FileCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Exceptions\PublisherException;
+use Config\Publisher as PublisherConfig;
+use RuntimeException;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Publishers read in file paths from a variety of sources and copy
+ * the files out to different destinations. This class acts both as
+ * a base for individual publication directives as well as the mode
+ * of discovery for said instances. In this class a "file" is a full
+ * path to a verified file while a "path" is relative to its source
+ * or destination and may indicate either a file or directory of
+ * unconfirmed existence.
+ *
+ * Class failures throw the PublisherException, but some underlying
+ * methods may percolate different exceptions, like FileException,
+ * FileNotFoundException or InvalidArgumentException.
+ *
+ * Write operations will catch all errors in the file-specific
+ * $errors property to minimize impact of partial batch operations.
+ */
+class Publisher extends FileCollection
+{
+    /**
+     * Array of discovered Publishers.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, self[]|null>
+     */
+    private static array $discovered = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Directory to use for methods that need temporary storage.
+     * Created on-the-fly as needed.
+     */
+    private ?string $scratch = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Exceptions for specific files from the last write operation.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, Throwable>
+     */
+    private array $errors = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of file published curing the last write operation.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private array $published = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of allowed directories and their allowed files regex.
+     * Restrictions are intentionally private to prevent overriding.
+     *
+     * @var array<string,string>
+     */
+    private array $restrictions;
+
+    private ContentReplacer $replacer;
+
+    /**
+     * Base path to use for the source.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $source = ROOTPATH;
+
+    /**
+     * Base path to use for the destination.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $destination = FCPATH;
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Support Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Discovers and returns all Publishers in the specified namespace directory.
+     *
+     * @return self[]
+     */
+    final public static function discover(string $directory = 'Publishers'): array
+    {
+        if (isset(self::$discovered[$directory])) {
+            return self::$discovered[$directory];
+        }
+
+        self::$discovered[$directory] = [];
+
+        /** @var FileLocator $locator */
+        $locator = service('locator');
+
+        if ([] === $files = $locator->listFiles($directory)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // Loop over each file checking to see if it is a Publisher
+        foreach (array_unique($files) as $file) {
+            $className = $locator->getClassname($file);
+
+            if ($className !== '' && class_exists($className) && is_a($className, self::class, true)) {
+                self::$discovered[$directory][] = new $className();
+            }
+        }
+
+        sort(self::$discovered[$directory]);
+
+        return self::$discovered[$directory];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a directory and all its files and subdirectories.
+     */
+    private static function wipeDirectory(string $directory): void
+    {
+        if (is_dir($directory)) {
+            // Try a few times in case of lingering locks
+            $attempts = 10;
+
+            while ((bool) $attempts && ! delete_files($directory, true, false, true)) {
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                $attempts--;
+                usleep(100000); // .1s
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+
+            @rmdir($directory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Class Core
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the helper and verifies the source and destination directories.
+     */
+    public function __construct(?string $source = null, ?string $destination = null)
+    {
+        helper(['filesystem']);
+
+        $this->source      = self::resolveDirectory($source ?? $this->source);
+        $this->destination = self::resolveDirectory($destination ?? $this->destination);
+
+        $this->replacer = new ContentReplacer();
+
+        // Restrictions are intentionally not injected to prevent overriding
+        $this->restrictions = config(PublisherConfig::class)->restrictions;
+
+        // Make sure the destination is allowed
+        foreach (array_keys($this->restrictions) as $directory) {
+            if (strpos($this->destination, $directory) === 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw PublisherException::forDestinationNotAllowed($this->destination);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up any temporary files in the scratch space.
+     */
+    public function __destruct()
+    {
+        if (isset($this->scratch)) {
+            self::wipeDirectory($this->scratch);
+
+            $this->scratch = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads files from the sources and copies them out to their destinations.
+     * This method should be reimplemented by child classes intended for
+     * discovery.
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function publish(): bool
+    {
+        // Safeguard against accidental misuse
+        if ($this->source === ROOTPATH && $this->destination === FCPATH) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Child classes of Publisher should provide their own publish method or a source and destination.');
+        }
+
+        return $this->addPath('/')->merge(true);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Property Accessors
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the source directory.
+     */
+    final public function getSource(): string
+    {
+        return $this->source;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the destination directory.
+     */
+    final public function getDestination(): string
+    {
+        return $this->destination;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the temporary workspace, creating it if necessary.
+     */
+    final public function getScratch(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->scratch === null) {
+            $this->scratch = rtrim(sys_get_temp_dir(), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . bin2hex(random_bytes(6)) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            mkdir($this->scratch, 0700);
+            $this->scratch = realpath($this->scratch) ? realpath($this->scratch) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
+                : $this->scratch;
+        }
+
+        return $this->scratch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns errors from the last write operation if any.
+     *
+     * @return array<string,Throwable>
+     */
+    final public function getErrors(): array
+    {
+        return $this->errors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the files published by the last write operation.
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    final public function getPublished(): array
+    {
+        return $this->published;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Additional Handlers
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies and adds paths to the list.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $paths
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function addPaths(array $paths, bool $recursive = true)
+    {
+        foreach ($paths as $path) {
+            $this->addPath($path, $recursive);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a single path to the file list.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function addPath(string $path, bool $recursive = true)
+    {
+        $this->add($this->source . $path, $recursive);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Downloads and stages files from an array of URIs.
+     *
+     * @param string[] $uris
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function addUris(array $uris)
+    {
+        foreach ($uris as $uri) {
+            $this->addUri($uri);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Downloads a file from the URI, and adds it to the file list.
+     *
+     * @param string $uri Because HTTP\URI is stringable it will still be accepted
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function addUri(string $uri)
+    {
+        // Figure out a good filename (using URI strips queries and fragments)
+        $file = $this->getScratch() . basename((new URI($uri))->getPath());
+
+        // Get the content and write it to the scratch space
+        write_file($file, service('curlrequest')->get($uri)->getBody());
+
+        return $this->addFile($file);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Write Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the destination and all its files and folders.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function wipe()
+    {
+        self::wipeDirectory($this->destination);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies all files into the destination, does not create directory structure.
+     *
+     * @param bool $replace Whether to overwrite existing files.
+     *
+     * @return bool Whether all files were copied successfully
+     */
+    final public function copy(bool $replace = true): bool
+    {
+        $this->errors = $this->published = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->get() as $file) {
+            $to = $this->destination . basename($file);
+
+            try {
+                $this->safeCopyFile($file, $to, $replace);
+                $this->published[] = $to;
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                $this->errors[$file] = $e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->errors === [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merges all files into the destination.
+     * Creates a mirrored directory structure only for files from source.
+     *
+     * @param bool $replace Whether to overwrite existing files.
+     *
+     * @return bool Whether all files were copied successfully
+     */
+    final public function merge(bool $replace = true): bool
+    {
+        $this->errors = $this->published = [];
+
+        // Get the files from source for special handling
+        $sourced = self::filterFiles($this->get(), $this->source);
+
+        // Handle everything else with a flat copy
+        $this->files = array_diff($this->files, $sourced);
+        $this->copy($replace);
+
+        // Copy each sourced file to its relative destination
+        foreach ($sourced as $file) {
+            // Resolve the destination path
+            $to = $this->destination . substr($file, strlen($this->source));
+
+            try {
+                $this->safeCopyFile($file, $to, $replace);
+                $this->published[] = $to;
+            } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                $this->errors[$file] = $e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->errors === [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replace content
+     *
+     * @param array $replaces [search => replace]
+     */
+    public function replace(string $file, array $replaces): bool
+    {
+        $this->verifyAllowed($file, $file);
+
+        $content = file_get_contents($file);
+
+        $newContent = $this->replacer->replace($content, $replaces);
+
+        $return = file_put_contents($file, $newContent);
+
+        return $return !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add line after the line with the string
+     *
+     * @param string $after String to search.
+     */
+    public function addLineAfter(string $file, string $line, string $after): bool
+    {
+        $this->verifyAllowed($file, $file);
+
+        $content = file_get_contents($file);
+
+        $result = $this->replacer->addAfter($content, $line, $after);
+
+        if ($result !== null) {
+            $return = file_put_contents($file, $result);
+
+            return $return !== false;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add line before the line with the string
+     *
+     * @param string $before String to search.
+     */
+    public function addLineBefore(string $file, string $line, string $before): bool
+    {
+        $this->verifyAllowed($file, $file);
+
+        $content = file_get_contents($file);
+
+        $result = $this->replacer->addBefore($content, $line, $before);
+
+        if ($result !== null) {
+            $return = file_put_contents($file, $result);
+
+            return $return !== false;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify this is an allowed file for its destination.
+     */
+    private function verifyAllowed(string $from, string $to): void
+    {
+        // Verify this is an allowed file for its destination
+        foreach ($this->restrictions as $directory => $pattern) {
+            if (strpos($to, $directory) === 0 && self::matchFiles([$to], $pattern) === []) {
+                throw PublisherException::forFileNotAllowed($from, $directory, $pattern);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies a file with directory creation and identical file awareness.
+     * Intentionally allows errors.
+     *
+     * @throws PublisherException For collisions and restriction violations
+     */
+    private function safeCopyFile(string $from, string $to, bool $replace): void
+    {
+        // Verify this is an allowed file for its destination
+        $this->verifyAllowed($from, $to);
+
+        // Check for an existing file
+        if (file_exists($to)) {
+            // If not replacing or if files are identical then consider successful
+            if (! $replace || same_file($from, $to)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If it is a directory then do not try to remove it
+            if (is_dir($to)) {
+                throw PublisherException::forCollision($from, $to);
+            }
+
+            // Try to remove anything else
+            unlink($to);
+        }
+
+        // Make sure the directory exists
+        if (! is_dir($directory = pathinfo($to, PATHINFO_DIRNAME))) {
+            mkdir($directory, 0775, true);
+        }
+
+        // Allow copy() to throw errors
+        copy($from, $to);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php b/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c21f65d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/RESTful/BaseResource.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\RESTful;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+abstract class BaseResource extends Controller
+{
+    /**
+     * Instance of the main Request object.
+     *
+     * @var CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string|null The model that holding this resource's data
+     */
+    protected $modelName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var object|null The model that holding this resource's data
+     */
+    protected $model;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
+    {
+        parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
+
+        $this->setModel($this->modelName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set or change the model this controller is bound to.
+     * Given either the name or the object, determine the other.
+     *
+     * @param object|string|null $which
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setModel($which = null)
+    {
+        if ($which) {
+            $this->model     = is_object($which) ? $which : null;
+            $this->modelName = is_object($which) ? null : $which;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->model) && ! empty($this->modelName) && class_exists($this->modelName)) {
+            $this->model = model($this->modelName);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->model) && empty($this->modelName)) {
+            $this->modelName = get_class($this->model);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03ba4d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\RESTful;
+
+use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+/**
+ * An extendable controller to provide a RESTful API for a resource.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceControllerTest
+ */
+class ResourceController extends BaseResource
+{
+    use ResponseTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Return an array of resource objects, themselves in array format
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function index()
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['index']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the properties of a resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function show($id = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a new resource object, with default properties
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function new()
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new resource object, from "posted" parameters
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function create()
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the editable properties of a resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function edit($id = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add or update a model resource, from "posted" properties
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function update($id = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete the designated resource object from the model
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function delete($id = null)
+    {
+        return $this->fail(lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']), 501);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set/change the expected response representation for returned objects
+     *
+     * @param string $format json/xml
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setFormat(string $format = 'json')
+    {
+        if (in_array($format, ['json', 'xml'], true)) {
+            $this->format = $format;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php b/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c39bd8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\RESTful;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+
+/**
+ * An extendable controller to help provide a UI for a resource.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourcePresenterTest
+ */
+class ResourcePresenter extends BaseResource
+{
+    /**
+     * Present a view of resource objects
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function index()
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['index']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to present a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function show($id = null)
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['show']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to present a new single resource object
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function new()
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['new']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the creation/insertion of a new resource object.
+     * This should be a POST.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function create()
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['create']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to edit the properties of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function edit($id = null)
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['edit']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the updating, full or partial, of a specific resource object.
+     * This should be a POST.
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function update($id = null)
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['update']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Present a view to confirm the deletion of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function remove($id = null)
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['remove']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the deletion of a specific resource object
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $id
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface|string|void
+     */
+    public function delete($id = null)
+    {
+        return lang('RESTful.notImplemented', ['delete']);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouter.php b/system/Router/AutoRouter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7cd02a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+
+/**
+ * Router for Auto-Routing
+ */
+final class AutoRouter implements AutoRouterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * List of CLI routes that do not contain '*' routes.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, Closure|string> [routeKey => handler]
+     */
+    private array $cliRoutes;
+
+    /**
+     * Sub-directory that contains the requested controller class.
+     * Primarily used by 'autoRoute'.
+     */
+    private ?string $directory = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the controller class.
+     */
+    private string $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the method to use.
+     */
+    private string $method;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether dashes in URI's should be converted
+     * to underscores when determining method names.
+     */
+    private bool $translateURIDashes;
+
+    /**
+     * HTTP verb for the request.
+     */
+    private string $httpVerb;
+
+    /**
+     * Default namespace for controllers.
+     */
+    private string $defaultNamespace;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        array $cliRoutes,
+        string $defaultNamespace,
+        string $defaultController,
+        string $defaultMethod,
+        bool $translateURIDashes,
+        string $httpVerb
+    ) {
+        $this->cliRoutes          = $cliRoutes;
+        $this->defaultNamespace   = $defaultNamespace;
+        $this->translateURIDashes = $translateURIDashes;
+        $this->httpVerb           = $httpVerb;
+
+        $this->controller = $defaultController;
+        $this->method     = $defaultMethod;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to match a URI path against Controllers and directories
+     * found in APPPATH/Controllers, to find a matching route.
+     *
+     * @return array [directory_name, controller_name, controller_method, params]
+     */
+    public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
+    {
+        $segments = explode('/', $uri);
+
+        // WARNING: Directories get shifted out of the segments array.
+        $segments = $this->scanControllers($segments);
+
+        // If we don't have any segments left - use the default controller;
+        // If not empty, then the first segment should be the controller
+        if (! empty($segments)) {
+            $this->controller = ucfirst(array_shift($segments));
+        }
+
+        $controllerName = $this->controllerName();
+
+        if (! $this->isValidSegment($controllerName)) {
+            throw new PageNotFoundException($this->controller . ' is not a valid controller name');
+        }
+
+        // Use the method name if it exists.
+        // If it doesn't, no biggie - the default method name
+        // has already been set.
+        if (! empty($segments)) {
+            $this->method = array_shift($segments) ?: $this->method;
+        }
+
+        // Prevent access to initController method
+        if (strtolower($this->method) === 'initcontroller') {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
+        }
+
+        /** @var array $params An array of params to the controller method. */
+        $params = [];
+
+        if (! empty($segments)) {
+            $params = $segments;
+        }
+
+        // Ensure routes registered via $routes->cli() are not accessible via web.
+        if ($this->httpVerb !== 'cli') {
+            $controller = '\\' . $this->defaultNamespace;
+
+            $controller .= $this->directory ? str_replace('/', '\\', $this->directory) : '';
+            $controller .= $controllerName;
+
+            $controller = strtolower($controller);
+            $methodName = strtolower($this->methodName());
+
+            foreach ($this->cliRoutes as $handler) {
+                if (is_string($handler)) {
+                    $handler = strtolower($handler);
+
+                    // Like $routes->cli('hello/(:segment)', 'Home::$1')
+                    if (strpos($handler, '::$') !== false) {
+                        throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    if (strpos($handler, $controller . '::' . $methodName) === 0) {
+                        throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    if ($handler === $controller) {
+                        throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                            'Cannot access CLI Route: ' . $uri
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Load the file so that it's available for CodeIgniter.
+        $file = APPPATH . 'Controllers/' . $this->directory . $controllerName . '.php';
+        if (is_file($file)) {
+            include_once $file;
+        }
+
+        // Ensure the controller stores the fully-qualified class name
+        // We have to check for a length over 1, since by default it will be '\'
+        if (strpos($this->controller, '\\') === false && strlen($this->defaultNamespace) > 1) {
+            $this->controller = '\\' . ltrim(
+                str_replace(
+                    '/',
+                    '\\',
+                    $this->defaultNamespace . $this->directory . $controllerName
+                ),
+                '\\'
+            );
+        }
+
+        return [$this->directory, $this->controllerName(), $this->methodName(), $params];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells the system whether we should translate URI dashes or not
+     * in the URI from a dash to an underscore.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method should be removed.
+     */
+    public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $val = false): self
+    {
+        $this->translateURIDashes = $val;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the controller directory, attempting to locate a controller matching the supplied uri $segments
+     *
+     * @param array $segments URI segments
+     *
+     * @return array returns an array of remaining uri segments that don't map onto a directory
+     */
+    private function scanControllers(array $segments): array
+    {
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+        // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
+        $segments = array_values($segments);
+
+        // if a prior directory value has been set, just return segments and get out of here
+        if (isset($this->directory)) {
+            return $segments;
+        }
+
+        // Loop through our segments and return as soon as a controller
+        // is found or when such a directory doesn't exist
+        $c = count($segments);
+
+        while ($c-- > 0) {
+            $segmentConvert = ucfirst(
+                $this->translateURIDashes ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0]
+            );
+            // as soon as we encounter any segment that is not PSR-4 compliant, stop searching
+            if (! $this->isValidSegment($segmentConvert)) {
+                return $segments;
+            }
+
+            $test = APPPATH . 'Controllers/' . $this->directory . $segmentConvert;
+
+            // as long as each segment is *not* a controller file but does match a directory, add it to $this->directory
+            if (! is_file($test . '.php') && is_dir($test)) {
+                $this->setDirectory($segmentConvert, true, false);
+                array_shift($segments);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            return $segments;
+        }
+
+        // This means that all segments were actually directories
+        return $segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the supplied $segment string represents a valid PSR-4 compliant namespace/directory segment
+     *
+     * regex comes from https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.basics.php
+     */
+    private function isValidSegment(string $segment): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$/', $segment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the sub-directory that the controller is in.
+     *
+     * @param bool $validate if true, checks to make sure $dir consists of only PSR4 compliant segments
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method should be removed.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setDirectory(?string $dir = null, bool $append = false, bool $validate = true)
+    {
+        if (empty($dir)) {
+            $this->directory = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($validate) {
+            $segments = explode('/', trim($dir, '/'));
+
+            foreach ($segments as $segment) {
+                if (! $this->isValidSegment($segment)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($append !== true || empty($this->directory)) {
+            $this->directory = trim($dir, '/') . '/';
+        } else {
+            $this->directory .= trim($dir, '/') . '/';
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the sub-directory the controller is in,
+     * if any. Relative to APPPATH.'Controllers'.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method should be removed.
+     */
+    public function directory(): string
+    {
+        return ! empty($this->directory) ? $this->directory : '';
+    }
+
+    private function controllerName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes
+            ? str_replace('-', '_', $this->controller)
+            : $this->controller;
+    }
+
+    private function methodName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes
+            ? str_replace('-', '_', $this->method)
+            : $this->method;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a26fc12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\MethodNotFoundException;
+use Config\Routing;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+
+/**
+ * New Secure Router for Auto-Routing
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\AutoRouterImprovedTest
+ */
+final class AutoRouterImproved implements AutoRouterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * List of controllers in Defined Routes that should not be accessed via this Auto-Routing.
+     *
+     * @var class-string[]
+     */
+    private array $protectedControllers;
+
+    /**
+     * Sub-directory that contains the requested controller class.
+     */
+    private ?string $directory = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the controller class.
+     */
+    private string $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the method to use.
+     */
+    private string $method;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of params to the controller method.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    private array $params = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether dashes in URI's should be converted
+     * to underscores when determining method names.
+     */
+    private bool $translateURIDashes;
+
+    /**
+     * The namespace for controllers.
+     */
+    private string $namespace;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the default controller class.
+     */
+    private string $defaultController;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the default method without HTTP verb prefix.
+     */
+    private string $defaultMethod;
+
+    /**
+     * The URI segments.
+     *
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
+    private array $segments = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The position of the Controller in the URI segments.
+     * Null for the default controller.
+     */
+    private ?int $controllerPos = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The position of the Method in the URI segments.
+     * Null for the default method.
+     */
+    private ?int $methodPos = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The position of the first Parameter in the URI segments.
+     * Null for the no parameters.
+     */
+    private ?int $paramPos = null;
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string[] $protectedControllers
+     * @param string         $defaultController    Short classname
+     *
+     * @deprecated $httpVerb is deprecated. No longer used.
+     */
+    public function __construct(// @phpstan-ignore-line
+        array $protectedControllers,
+        string $namespace,
+        string $defaultController,
+        string $defaultMethod,
+        bool $translateURIDashes,
+        string $httpVerb
+    ) {
+        $this->protectedControllers = $protectedControllers;
+        $this->namespace            = rtrim($namespace, '\\');
+        $this->translateURIDashes   = $translateURIDashes;
+        $this->defaultController    = $defaultController;
+        $this->defaultMethod        = $defaultMethod;
+
+        // Set the default values
+        $this->controller = $this->defaultController;
+    }
+
+    private function createSegments(string $uri): array
+    {
+        $segments = explode('/', $uri);
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+
+        // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
+        return array_values($segments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Search for the first controller corresponding to the URI segment.
+     *
+     * If there is a controller corresponding to the first segment, the search
+     * ends there. The remaining segments are parameters to the controller.
+     *
+     * @return bool true if a controller class is found.
+     */
+    private function searchFirstController(): bool
+    {
+        $segments = $this->segments;
+
+        $controller = '\\' . $this->namespace;
+
+        $controllerPos = -1;
+
+        while ($segments !== []) {
+            $segment = array_shift($segments);
+            $controllerPos++;
+
+            $class = $this->translateURIDashes(ucfirst($segment));
+
+            // as soon as we encounter any segment that is not PSR-4 compliant, stop searching
+            if (! $this->isValidSegment($class)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $controller .= '\\' . $class;
+
+            if (class_exists($controller)) {
+                $this->controller    = $controller;
+                $this->controllerPos = $controllerPos;
+
+                // The first item may be a method name.
+                $this->params = $segments;
+                if ($segments !== []) {
+                    $this->paramPos = $this->controllerPos + 1;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Search for the last default controller corresponding to the URI segments.
+     *
+     * @return bool true if a controller class is found.
+     */
+    private function searchLastDefaultController(): bool
+    {
+        $segments = $this->segments;
+
+        $segmentCount = count($this->segments);
+        $paramPos     = null;
+        $params       = [];
+
+        while ($segments !== []) {
+            if ($segmentCount > count($segments)) {
+                $paramPos = count($segments);
+            }
+
+            $namespaces = array_map(
+                fn ($segment) => $this->translateURIDashes(ucfirst($segment)),
+                $segments
+            );
+
+            $controller = '\\' . $this->namespace
+                . '\\' . implode('\\', $namespaces)
+                . '\\' . $this->defaultController;
+
+            if (class_exists($controller)) {
+                $this->controller = $controller;
+                $this->params     = $params;
+
+                if ($params !== []) {
+                    $this->paramPos = $paramPos;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Prepend the last element in $segments to the beginning of $params.
+            array_unshift($params, array_pop($segments));
+        }
+
+        // Check for the default controller in Controllers directory.
+        $controller = '\\' . $this->namespace
+            . '\\' . $this->defaultController;
+
+        if (class_exists($controller)) {
+            $this->controller = $controller;
+            $this->params     = $params;
+
+            if ($params !== []) {
+                $this->paramPos = 0;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds controller, method and params from the URI.
+     *
+     * @return array [directory_name, controller_name, controller_method, params]
+     */
+    public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array
+    {
+        $httpVerb = strtolower($httpVerb);
+
+        // Reset Controller method params.
+        $this->params = [];
+
+        $defaultMethod = $httpVerb . ucfirst($this->defaultMethod);
+        $this->method  = $defaultMethod;
+
+        $this->segments = $this->createSegments($uri);
+
+        // Check for Module Routes.
+        if (
+            $this->segments !== []
+            && ($routingConfig = config(Routing::class))
+            && array_key_exists($this->segments[0], $routingConfig->moduleRoutes)
+        ) {
+            $uriSegment      = array_shift($this->segments);
+            $this->namespace = rtrim($routingConfig->moduleRoutes[$uriSegment], '\\');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->searchFirstController()) {
+            // Controller is found.
+            $baseControllerName = class_basename($this->controller);
+
+            // Prevent access to default controller path
+            if (
+                strtolower($baseControllerName) === strtolower($this->defaultController)
+            ) {
+                throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '" with the controller name URI path.'
+                );
+            }
+        } elseif ($this->searchLastDefaultController()) {
+            // The default Controller is found.
+            $baseControllerName = class_basename($this->controller);
+        } else {
+            // No Controller is found.
+            throw new PageNotFoundException('No controller is found for: ' . $uri);
+        }
+
+        // The first item may be a method name.
+        /** @phpstan-var list<string> $params */
+        $params = $this->params;
+
+        $methodParam = array_shift($params);
+
+        $method = '';
+        if ($methodParam !== null) {
+            $method = $httpVerb . ucfirst($this->translateURIDashes($methodParam));
+        }
+
+        if ($methodParam !== null && method_exists($this->controller, $method)) {
+            // Method is found.
+            $this->method = $method;
+            $this->params = $params;
+
+            // Update the positions.
+            $this->methodPos = $this->paramPos;
+            if ($params === []) {
+                $this->paramPos = null;
+            }
+            if ($this->paramPos !== null) {
+                $this->paramPos++;
+            }
+
+            // Prevent access to default controller's method
+            if (strtolower($baseControllerName) === strtolower($this->defaultController)) {
+                throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                    'Cannot access the default controller "' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method . '"'
+                );
+            }
+
+            // Prevent access to default method path
+            if (strtolower($this->method) === strtolower($defaultMethod)) {
+                throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                    'Cannot access the default method "' . $this->method . '" with the method name URI path.'
+                );
+            }
+        } elseif (method_exists($this->controller, $defaultMethod)) {
+            // The default method is found.
+            $this->method = $defaultMethod;
+        } else {
+            // No method is found.
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound($this->controller, $method);
+        }
+
+        // Ensure the controller is not defined in routes.
+        $this->protectDefinedRoutes();
+
+        // Ensure the controller does not have _remap() method.
+        $this->checkRemap();
+
+        // Ensure the URI segments for the controller and method do not contain
+        // underscores when $translateURIDashes is true.
+        $this->checkUnderscore($uri);
+
+        // Check parameter count
+        try {
+            $this->checkParameters($uri);
+        } catch (MethodNotFoundException $e) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound($this->controller, $this->method);
+        }
+
+        $this->setDirectory();
+
+        return [$this->directory, $this->controller, $this->method, $this->params];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @internal For test purpose only.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|null>
+     */
+    public function getPos(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'controller' => $this->controllerPos,
+            'method'     => $this->methodPos,
+            'params'     => $this->paramPos,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the directory path from the controller and set it to the property.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    private function setDirectory()
+    {
+        $segments = explode('\\', trim($this->controller, '\\'));
+
+        // Remove short classname.
+        array_pop($segments);
+
+        $namespaces = implode('\\', $segments);
+
+        $dir = str_replace(
+            '\\',
+            '/',
+            ltrim(substr($namespaces, strlen($this->namespace)), '\\')
+        );
+
+        if ($dir !== '') {
+            $this->directory = $dir . '/';
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function protectDefinedRoutes(): void
+    {
+        $controller = strtolower($this->controller);
+
+        foreach ($this->protectedControllers as $controllerInRoutes) {
+            $routeLowerCase = strtolower($controllerInRoutes);
+
+            if ($routeLowerCase === $controller) {
+                throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                    'Cannot access the controller in Defined Routes. Controller: ' . $controllerInRoutes
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function checkParameters(string $uri): void
+    {
+        try {
+            $refClass = new ReflectionClass($this->controller);
+        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+            throw PageNotFoundException::forControllerNotFound($this->controller, $this->method);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $refMethod = $refClass->getMethod($this->method);
+            $refParams = $refMethod->getParameters();
+        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+            throw new MethodNotFoundException();
+        }
+
+        if (! $refMethod->isPublic()) {
+            throw new MethodNotFoundException();
+        }
+
+        if (count($refParams) < count($this->params)) {
+            throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                'The param count in the URI are greater than the controller method params.'
+                . ' Handler:' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method
+                . ', URI:' . $uri
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function checkRemap(): void
+    {
+        try {
+            $refClass = new ReflectionClass($this->controller);
+            $refClass->getMethod('_remap');
+
+            throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                'AutoRouterImproved does not support `_remap()` method.'
+                . ' Controller:' . $this->controller
+            );
+        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+            // Do nothing.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function checkUnderscore(string $uri): void
+    {
+        if ($this->translateURIDashes === false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $paramPos = $this->paramPos ?? count($this->segments);
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $paramPos; $i++) {
+            if (strpos($this->segments[$i], '_') !== false) {
+                throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                    'AutoRouterImproved prohibits access to the URI'
+                    . ' containing underscores ("' . $this->segments[$i] . '")'
+                    . ' when $translateURIDashes is enabled.'
+                    . ' Please use the dash.'
+                    . ' Handler:' . $this->controller . '::' . $this->method
+                    . ', URI:' . $uri
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the supplied $segment string represents a valid PSR-4 compliant namespace/directory segment
+     *
+     * regex comes from https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.basics.php
+     */
+    private function isValidSegment(string $segment): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$/', $segment);
+    }
+
+    private function translateURIDashes(string $segment): string
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes
+            ? str_replace('-', '_', $segment)
+            : $segment;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouterInterface.php b/system/Router/AutoRouterInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d98aec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouterInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a AutoRouter.
+ */
+interface AutoRouterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns controller, method and params from the URI.
+     *
+     * @return array [directory_name, controller_name, controller_method, params]
+     */
+    public function getRoute(string $uri, string $httpVerb): array;
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8e245d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+use Generator;
+
+/**
+ * Collect all defined routes for display.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\DefinedRouteCollectorTest
+ */
+final class DefinedRouteCollector
+{
+    private RouteCollection $routeCollection;
+
+    public function __construct(RouteCollection $routes)
+    {
+        $this->routeCollection = $routes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @phpstan-return Generator<array{method: string, route: string, name: string, handler: string}>
+     */
+    public function collect(): Generator
+    {
+        $methods = [
+            'get',
+            'head',
+            'post',
+            'patch',
+            'put',
+            'delete',
+            'options',
+            'trace',
+            'connect',
+            'cli',
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($methods as $method) {
+            $routes = $this->routeCollection->getRoutes($method);
+
+            foreach ($routes as $route => $handler) {
+                if (is_string($handler) || $handler instanceof Closure) {
+                    if ($handler instanceof Closure) {
+                        $view = $this->routeCollection->getRoutesOptions($route, $method)['view'] ?? false;
+
+                        $handler = $view ? '(View) ' . $view : '(Closure)';
+                    }
+
+                    $routeName = $this->routeCollection->getRoutesOptions($route, $method)['as'] ?? $route;
+
+                    yield [
+                        'method'  => $method,
+                        'route'   => $route,
+                        'name'    => $routeName,
+                        'handler' => $handler,
+                    ];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9ad45a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/MethodNotFoundException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class MethodNotFoundException extends RuntimeException
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e19e2e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/RedirectException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
+use Exception;
+
+/**
+ * RedirectException
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException instead
+ */
+class RedirectException extends Exception implements HTTPExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * HTTP status code for redirects
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $code = 302;
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php b/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a510e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/Exceptions/RouterException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+/**
+ * RouterException
+ */
+class RouterException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Thrown when the actual parameter type does not match
+     * the expected types.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidParameterType()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Router.invalidParameterType'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when a default route is not set.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forMissingDefaultRoute()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Router.missingDefaultRoute'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw when controller or its method is not found.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forControllerNotFound(string $controller, string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.controllerNotFound', [$controller, $method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw when route is not valid.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidRoute(string $route)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('HTTP.invalidRoute', [$route]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw when dynamic controller.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forDynamicController(string $handler)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Router.invalidDynamicController', [$handler]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw when controller name has `/`.
+     *
+     * @return RouterException
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidControllerName(string $handler)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Router.invalidControllerName', [$handler]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/RouteCollection.php b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3bb96e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,1806 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RouterException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Routing;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * @todo Implement nested resource routing (See CakePHP)
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionTest
+ */
+class RouteCollection implements RouteCollectionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * The namespace to be added to any Controllers.
+     * Defaults to the global namespaces (\).
+     *
+     * This must have a trailing backslash (\).
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $defaultNamespace = '\\';
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the default controller to use
+     * when no other controller is specified.
+     *
+     * Not used here. Pass-thru value for Router class.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $defaultController = 'Home';
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the default method to use
+     * when no other method has been specified.
+     *
+     * Not used here. Pass-thru value for Router class.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $defaultMethod = 'index';
+
+    /**
+     * The placeholder used when routing 'resources'
+     * when no other placeholder has been specified.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $defaultPlaceholder = 'any';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to convert dashes to underscores in URI.
+     *
+     * Not used here. Pass-thru value for Router class.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $translateURIDashes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to match URI against Controllers
+     * when it doesn't match defined routes.
+     *
+     * Not used here. Pass-thru value for Router class.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $autoRoute = false;
+
+    /**
+     * A callable that will be shown
+     * when the route cannot be matched.
+     *
+     * @var Closure|string
+     */
+    protected $override404;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of files that would contain route definitions.
+     */
+    protected array $routeFiles = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Defined placeholders that can be used
+     * within the
+     *
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     */
+    protected $placeholders = [
+        'any'      => '.*',
+        'segment'  => '[^/]+',
+        'alphanum' => '[a-zA-Z0-9]+',
+        'num'      => '[0-9]+',
+        'alpha'    => '[a-zA-Z]+',
+        'hash'     => '[^/]+',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * An array of all routes and their mappings.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * [
+     *     verb => [
+     *         routeKey(regex) => [
+     *             'name'    => routeName
+     *             'handler' => handler,
+     *             'from'    => from,
+     *         ],
+     *     ],
+     *     // redirect route
+     *     '*' => [
+     *          routeKey(regex)(from) => [
+     *             'name'     => routeName
+     *             'handler'  => [routeKey(regex)(to) => handler],
+     *             'from'     => from,
+     *             'redirect' => statusCode,
+     *         ],
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     */
+    protected $routes = [
+        '*'       => [],
+        'options' => [],
+        'get'     => [],
+        'head'    => [],
+        'post'    => [],
+        'put'     => [],
+        'delete'  => [],
+        'trace'   => [],
+        'connect' => [],
+        'cli'     => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of routes names
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * [
+     *     verb => [
+     *         routeName => routeKey(regex)
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     */
+    protected $routesNames = [
+        '*'       => [],
+        'options' => [],
+        'get'     => [],
+        'head'    => [],
+        'post'    => [],
+        'put'     => [],
+        'delete'  => [],
+        'trace'   => [],
+        'connect' => [],
+        'cli'     => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of routes options
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * [
+     *     verb => [
+     *         routeKey(regex) => [
+     *             key => value,
+     *         ]
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     */
+    protected $routesOptions = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The current method that the script is being called by.
+     *
+     * @var string HTTP verb (lower case) like `get`,`post` or `*`
+     */
+    protected $HTTPVerb = '*';
+
+    /**
+     * The default list of HTTP methods (and CLI for command line usage)
+     * that is allowed if no other method is provided.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $defaultHTTPMethods = [
+        'options',
+        'get',
+        'head',
+        'post',
+        'put',
+        'delete',
+        'trace',
+        'connect',
+        'cli',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the current group, if any.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $group;
+
+    /**
+     * The current subdomain.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $currentSubdomain;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores copy of current options being
+     * applied during creation.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $currentOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * A little performance booster.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $didDiscover = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle to the file locator to use.
+     *
+     * @var FileLocator
+     */
+    protected $fileLocator;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle to the modules config.
+     *
+     * @var Modules
+     */
+    protected $moduleConfig;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag for sorting routes by priority.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $prioritize = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Route priority detection flag.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $prioritizeDetected = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The current hostname from $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
+     */
+    private ?string $httpHost = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to limit or not the routes with {locale} placeholder to App::$supportedLocales
+     */
+    protected bool $useSupportedLocalesOnly = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     */
+    public function __construct(FileLocator $locator, Modules $moduleConfig, Routing $routing)
+    {
+        $this->fileLocator  = $locator;
+        $this->moduleConfig = $moduleConfig;
+
+        $this->httpHost = Services::request()->getServer('HTTP_HOST');
+
+        // Setup based on config file. Let routes file override.
+        $this->defaultNamespace   = rtrim($routing->defaultNamespace, '\\') . '\\';
+        $this->defaultController  = $routing->defaultController;
+        $this->defaultMethod      = $routing->defaultMethod;
+        $this->translateURIDashes = $routing->translateURIDashes;
+        $this->override404        = $routing->override404;
+        $this->autoRoute          = $routing->autoRoute;
+        $this->routeFiles         = $routing->routeFiles;
+        $this->prioritize         = $routing->prioritize;
+
+        // Normalize the path string in routeFiles array.
+        foreach ($this->routeFiles as $routeKey => $routesFile) {
+            $realpath                    = realpath($routesFile);
+            $this->routeFiles[$routeKey] = ($realpath === false) ? $routesFile : $realpath;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads main routes file and discover routes.
+     *
+     * Loads only once unless reset.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function loadRoutes(string $routesFile = APPPATH . 'Config/Routes.php')
+    {
+        if ($this->didDiscover) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        // Normalize the path string in routesFile
+        $realpath   = realpath($routesFile);
+        $routesFile = ($realpath === false) ? $routesFile : $realpath;
+
+        // Include the passed in routesFile if it doesn't exist.
+        // Only keeping that around for BC purposes for now.
+        $routeFiles = $this->routeFiles;
+        if (! in_array($routesFile, $routeFiles, true)) {
+            $routeFiles[] = $routesFile;
+        }
+
+        // We need this var in local scope
+        // so route files can access it.
+        $routes = $this;
+
+        foreach ($routeFiles as $routesFile) {
+            if (! is_file($routesFile)) {
+                log_message('warning', sprintf('Routes file not found: "%s"', $routesFile));
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            require $routesFile;
+        }
+
+        $this->discoverRoutes();
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will attempt to discover any additional routes, either through
+     * the local PSR4 namespaces, or through selected Composer packages.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function discoverRoutes()
+    {
+        if ($this->didDiscover) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // We need this var in local scope
+        // so route files can access it.
+        $routes = $this;
+
+        if ($this->moduleConfig->shouldDiscover('routes')) {
+            $files = $this->fileLocator->search('Config/Routes.php');
+
+            foreach ($files as $file) {
+                // Don't include our main file again...
+                if (in_array($file, $this->routeFiles, true)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                include $file;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->didDiscover = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a new constraint with the system. Constraints are used
+     * by the routes as placeholders for regular expressions to make defining
+     * the routes more human-friendly.
+     *
+     * You can pass an associative array as $placeholder, and have
+     * multiple placeholders added at once.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $placeholder
+     */
+    public function addPlaceholder($placeholder, ?string $pattern = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        if (! is_array($placeholder)) {
+            $placeholder = [$placeholder => $pattern];
+        }
+
+        $this->placeholders = array_merge($this->placeholders, $placeholder);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For `spark routes`
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public function getPlaceholders(): array
+    {
+        return $this->placeholders;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default namespace to use for Controllers when no other
+     * namespace has been specified.
+     */
+    public function setDefaultNamespace(string $value): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->defaultNamespace = esc(strip_tags($value));
+        $this->defaultNamespace = rtrim($this->defaultNamespace, '\\') . '\\';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default controller to use when no other controller has been
+     * specified.
+     */
+    public function setDefaultController(string $value): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->defaultController = esc(strip_tags($value));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default method to call on the controller when no other
+     * method has been set in the route.
+     */
+    public function setDefaultMethod(string $value): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->defaultMethod = esc(strip_tags($value));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells the system whether to convert dashes in URI strings into
+     * underscores. In some search engines, including Google, dashes
+     * create more meaning and make it easier for the search engine to
+     * find words and meaning in the URI for better SEO. But it
+     * doesn't work well with PHP method names....
+     */
+    public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $value): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->translateURIDashes = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, the system will attempt to match the URI against
+     * Controllers by matching each segment against folders/files
+     * in APPPATH/Controllers, when a match wasn't found against
+     * defined routes.
+     *
+     * If FALSE, will stop searching and do NO automatic routing.
+     */
+    public function setAutoRoute(bool $value): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->autoRoute = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the class/method that should be called if routing doesn't
+     * find a match. It can be either a closure or the controller/method
+     * name exactly like a route is defined: Users::index
+     *
+     * This setting is passed to the Router class and handled there.
+     *
+     * @param callable|string|null $callable
+     */
+    public function set404Override($callable = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->override404 = $callable;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the 404 Override setting, which can be null, a closure
+     * or the controller/string.
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string|null
+     */
+    public function get404Override()
+    {
+        return $this->override404;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default constraint to be used in the system. Typically
+     * for use with the 'resource' method.
+     */
+    public function setDefaultConstraint(string $placeholder): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        if (array_key_exists($placeholder, $this->placeholders)) {
+            $this->defaultPlaceholder = $placeholder;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the default controller. With Namespace.
+     */
+    public function getDefaultController(): string
+    {
+        return $this->defaultController;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the default method to use within the controller.
+     */
+    public function getDefaultMethod(): string
+    {
+        return $this->defaultMethod;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the default namespace as set in the Routes config file.
+     */
+    public function getDefaultNamespace(): string
+    {
+        return $this->defaultNamespace;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current value of the translateURIDashes setting.
+     */
+    public function shouldTranslateURIDashes(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the flag that tells whether to autoRoute URI against Controllers.
+     */
+    public function shouldAutoRoute(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->autoRoute;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw array of available routes.
+     *
+     * @param bool $includeWildcard Whether to include '*' routes.
+     */
+    public function getRoutes(?string $verb = null, bool $includeWildcard = true): array
+    {
+        if (empty($verb)) {
+            $verb = $this->getHTTPVerb();
+        }
+
+        // Since this is the entry point for the Router,
+        // take a moment to do any route discovery
+        // we might need to do.
+        $this->discoverRoutes();
+
+        $routes = [];
+
+        if (isset($this->routes[$verb])) {
+            // Keep current verb's routes at the beginning, so they're matched
+            // before any of the generic, "add" routes.
+            $collection = $includeWildcard ? $this->routes[$verb] + ($this->routes['*'] ?? []) : $this->routes[$verb];
+
+            foreach ($collection as $routeKey => $r) {
+                $routes[$routeKey] = $r['handler'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // sorting routes by priority
+        if ($this->prioritizeDetected && $this->prioritize && $routes !== []) {
+            $order = [];
+
+            foreach ($routes as $key => $value) {
+                $key                    = $key === '/' ? $key : ltrim($key, '/ ');
+                $priority               = $this->getRoutesOptions($key, $verb)['priority'] ?? 0;
+                $order[$priority][$key] = $value;
+            }
+
+            ksort($order);
+            $routes = array_merge(...$order);
+        }
+
+        return $routes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns one or all routes options
+     *
+     * @return array<string, int|string> [key => value]
+     */
+    public function getRoutesOptions(?string $from = null, ?string $verb = null): array
+    {
+        $options = $this->loadRoutesOptions($verb);
+
+        return $from ? $options[$from] ?? [] : $options;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current HTTP Verb being used.
+     */
+    public function getHTTPVerb(): string
+    {
+        return $this->HTTPVerb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current HTTP verb.
+     * Used primarily for testing.
+     *
+     * @param string $verb HTTP verb
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setHTTPVerb(string $verb)
+    {
+        $this->HTTPVerb = strtolower($verb);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A shortcut method to add a number of routes at a single time.
+     * It does not allow any options to be set on the route, or to
+     * define the method used.
+     */
+    public function map(array $routes = [], ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        foreach ($routes as $from => $to) {
+            $this->add($from, $to, $options);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a single route to the collection.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *      $routes->add('news', 'Posts::index');
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function add(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('*', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a temporary redirect from one route to another. Used for
+     * redirecting traffic from old, non-existing routes to the new
+     * moved routes.
+     *
+     * @param string $from   The pattern to match against
+     * @param string $to     Either a route name or a URI to redirect to
+     * @param int    $status The HTTP status code that should be returned with this redirect
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollection
+     */
+    public function addRedirect(string $from, string $to, int $status = 302)
+    {
+        // Use the named route's pattern if this is a named route.
+        if (array_key_exists($to, $this->routesNames['*'])) {
+            $routeName  = $to;
+            $routeKey   = $this->routesNames['*'][$routeName];
+            $redirectTo = [$routeKey => $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['handler']];
+        } elseif (array_key_exists($to, $this->routesNames['get'])) {
+            $routeName  = $to;
+            $routeKey   = $this->routesNames['get'][$routeName];
+            $redirectTo = [$routeKey => $this->routes['get'][$routeKey]['handler']];
+        } else {
+            // The named route is not found.
+            $redirectTo = $to;
+        }
+
+        $this->create('*', $from, $redirectTo, ['redirect' => $status]);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the route is a redirecting route.
+     *
+     * @param string $routeKey routeKey or route name
+     */
+    public function isRedirect(string $routeKey): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect'])) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // This logic is not used. Should be deprecated?
+        $routeName = $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['name'] ?? null;
+        if ($routeName === $routeKey) {
+            $routeKey = $this->routesNames['*'][$routeName];
+
+            return isset($this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect']);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the HTTP status code from a redirecting Route.
+     *
+     * @param string $routeKey routeKey or route name
+     */
+    public function getRedirectCode(string $routeKey): int
+    {
+        if (isset($this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect'])) {
+            return $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect'];
+        }
+
+        // This logic is not used. Should be deprecated?
+        $routeName = $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['name'] ?? null;
+        if ($routeName === $routeKey) {
+            $routeKey = $this->routesNames['*'][$routeName];
+
+            return $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect'];
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Group a series of routes under a single URL segment. This is handy
+     * for grouping items into an admin area, like:
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *     // Creates route: admin/users
+     *     $route->group('admin', function() {
+     *            $route->resource('users');
+     *     });
+     *
+     * @param string         $name      The name to group/prefix the routes with.
+     * @param array|callable ...$params
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function group(string $name, ...$params)
+    {
+        $oldGroup   = $this->group;
+        $oldOptions = $this->currentOptions;
+
+        // To register a route, we'll set a flag so that our router
+        // will see the group name.
+        // If the group name is empty, we go on using the previously built group name.
+        $this->group = $name ? trim($oldGroup . '/' . $name, '/') : $oldGroup;
+
+        $callback = array_pop($params);
+
+        if ($params && is_array($params[0])) {
+            $this->currentOptions = array_shift($params);
+        }
+
+        if (is_callable($callback)) {
+            $callback($this);
+        }
+
+        $this->group          = $oldGroup;
+        $this->currentOptions = $oldOptions;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+     *  HTTP Verb-based routing
+     * --------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * Routing works here because, as the routes Config file is read in,
+     * the various HTTP verb-based routes will only be added to the in-memory
+     * routes if it is a call that should respond to that verb.
+     *
+     * The options array is typically used to pass in an 'as' or var, but may
+     * be expanded in the future. See the docblock for 'add' method above for
+     * current list of globally available options.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a collections of HTTP-verb based routes for a controller.
+     *
+     * Possible Options:
+     *      'controller'    - Customize the name of the controller used in the 'to' route
+     *      'placeholder'   - The regex used by the Router. Defaults to '(:any)'
+     *      'websafe'   -	- '1' if only GET and POST HTTP verbs are supported
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *
+     *      $route->resource('photos');
+     *
+     *      // Generates the following routes:
+     *      HTTP Verb | Path        | Action        | Used for...
+     *      ----------+-------------+---------------+-----------------
+     *      GET         /photos             index           an array of photo objects
+     *      GET         /photos/new         new             an empty photo object, with default properties
+     *      GET         /photos/{id}/edit   edit            a specific photo object, editable properties
+     *      GET         /photos/{id}        show            a specific photo object, all properties
+     *      POST        /photos             create          a new photo object, to add to the resource
+     *      DELETE      /photos/{id}        delete          deletes the specified photo object
+     *      PUT/PATCH   /photos/{id}        update          replacement properties for existing photo
+     *
+     *  If 'websafe' option is present, the following paths are also available:
+     *
+     *      POST		/photos/{id}/delete delete
+     *      POST        /photos/{id}        update
+     *
+     * @param string     $name    The name of the resource/controller to route to.
+     * @param array|null $options A list of possible ways to customize the routing.
+     */
+    public function resource(string $name, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        // In order to allow customization of the route the
+        // resources are sent to, we need to have a new name
+        // to store the values in.
+        $newName = implode('\\', array_map('ucfirst', explode('/', $name)));
+
+        // If a new controller is specified, then we replace the
+        // $name value with the name of the new controller.
+        if (isset($options['controller'])) {
+            $newName = ucfirst(esc(strip_tags($options['controller'])));
+        }
+
+        // In order to allow customization of allowed id values
+        // we need someplace to store them.
+        $id = $options['placeholder'] ?? $this->placeholders[$this->defaultPlaceholder] ?? '(:segment)';
+
+        // Make sure we capture back-references
+        $id = '(' . trim($id, '()') . ')';
+
+        $methods = isset($options['only']) ? (is_string($options['only']) ? explode(',', $options['only']) : $options['only']) : ['index', 'show', 'create', 'update', 'delete', 'new', 'edit'];
+
+        if (isset($options['except'])) {
+            $options['except'] = is_array($options['except']) ? $options['except'] : explode(',', $options['except']);
+
+            foreach ($methods as $i => $method) {
+                if (in_array($method, $options['except'], true)) {
+                    unset($methods[$i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (in_array('index', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name, $newName . '::index', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('new', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/new', $newName . '::new', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('edit', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/' . $id . '/edit', $newName . '::edit/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('show', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::show/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('create', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->post($name, $newName . '::create', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('update', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->put($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::update/$1', $options);
+            $this->patch($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::update/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('delete', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->delete($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::delete/$1', $options);
+        }
+
+        // Web Safe? delete needs checking before update because of method name
+        if (isset($options['websafe'])) {
+            if (in_array('delete', $methods, true)) {
+                $this->post($name . '/' . $id . '/delete', $newName . '::delete/$1', $options);
+            }
+            if (in_array('update', $methods, true)) {
+                $this->post($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::update/$1', $options);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a collections of HTTP-verb based routes for a presenter controller.
+     *
+     * Possible Options:
+     *      'controller'    - Customize the name of the controller used in the 'to' route
+     *      'placeholder'   - The regex used by the Router. Defaults to '(:any)'
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *
+     *      $route->presenter('photos');
+     *
+     *      // Generates the following routes:
+     *      HTTP Verb | Path        | Action        | Used for...
+     *      ----------+-------------+---------------+-----------------
+     *      GET         /photos             index           showing all array of photo objects
+     *      GET         /photos/show/{id}   show            showing a specific photo object, all properties
+     *      GET         /photos/new         new             showing a form for an empty photo object, with default properties
+     *      POST        /photos/create      create          processing the form for a new photo
+     *      GET         /photos/edit/{id}   edit            show an editing form for a specific photo object, editable properties
+     *      POST        /photos/update/{id} update          process the editing form data
+     *      GET         /photos/remove/{id} remove          show a form to confirm deletion of a specific photo object
+     *      POST        /photos/delete/{id} delete          deleting the specified photo object
+     *
+     * @param string     $name    The name of the controller to route to.
+     * @param array|null $options A list of possible ways to customize the routing.
+     */
+    public function presenter(string $name, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        // In order to allow customization of the route the
+        // resources are sent to, we need to have a new name
+        // to store the values in.
+        $newName = implode('\\', array_map('ucfirst', explode('/', $name)));
+
+        // If a new controller is specified, then we replace the
+        // $name value with the name of the new controller.
+        if (isset($options['controller'])) {
+            $newName = ucfirst(esc(strip_tags($options['controller'])));
+        }
+
+        // In order to allow customization of allowed id values
+        // we need someplace to store them.
+        $id = $options['placeholder'] ?? $this->placeholders[$this->defaultPlaceholder] ?? '(:segment)';
+
+        // Make sure we capture back-references
+        $id = '(' . trim($id, '()') . ')';
+
+        $methods = isset($options['only']) ? (is_string($options['only']) ? explode(',', $options['only']) : $options['only']) : ['index', 'show', 'new', 'create', 'edit', 'update', 'remove', 'delete'];
+
+        if (isset($options['except'])) {
+            $options['except'] = is_array($options['except']) ? $options['except'] : explode(',', $options['except']);
+
+            foreach ($methods as $i => $method) {
+                if (in_array($method, $options['except'], true)) {
+                    unset($methods[$i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (in_array('index', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name, $newName . '::index', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('show', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/show/' . $id, $newName . '::show/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('new', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/new', $newName . '::new', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('create', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->post($name . '/create', $newName . '::create', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('edit', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/edit/' . $id, $newName . '::edit/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('update', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->post($name . '/update/' . $id, $newName . '::update/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('remove', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/remove/' . $id, $newName . '::remove/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('delete', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->post($name . '/delete/' . $id, $newName . '::delete/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('show', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->get($name . '/' . $id, $newName . '::show/$1', $options);
+        }
+        if (in_array('create', $methods, true)) {
+            $this->post($name, $newName . '::create', $options);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a single route to match for multiple HTTP Verbs.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  $route->match( ['get', 'post'], 'users/(:num)', 'users/$1);
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function match(array $verbs = [], string $from = '', $to = '', ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        if (empty($from) || empty($to)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: from, to.');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($verbs as $verb) {
+            $verb = strtolower($verb);
+
+            $this->{$verb}($from, $to, $options);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to GET requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function get(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('get', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to POST requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function post(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('post', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to PUT requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function put(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('put', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to DELETE requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function delete(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('delete', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to HEAD requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function head(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('head', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to PATCH requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function patch(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('patch', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to OPTIONS requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function options(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('options', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that is only available to command-line requests.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     */
+    public function cli(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $this->create('cli', $from, $to, $options);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies a route that will only display a view.
+     * Only works for GET requests.
+     */
+    public function view(string $from, string $view, ?array $options = null): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        $to = static fn (...$data) => Services::renderer()
+            ->setData(['segments' => $data], 'raw')
+            ->render($view, $options);
+
+        $routeOptions = $options ?? [];
+        $routeOptions = array_merge($routeOptions, ['view' => $view]);
+
+        $this->create('get', $from, $to, $routeOptions);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the routes to a specified ENVIRONMENT or they won't run.
+     */
+    public function environment(string $env, Closure $callback): RouteCollectionInterface
+    {
+        if ($env === ENVIRONMENT) {
+            $callback($this);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to look up a route based on its destination.
+     *
+     * If a route exists:
+     *
+     *      'path/(:any)/(:any)' => 'Controller::method/$1/$2'
+     *
+     * This method allows you to know the Controller and method
+     * and get the route that leads to it.
+     *
+     *      // Equals 'path/$param1/$param2'
+     *      reverseRoute('Controller::method', $param1, $param2);
+     *
+     * @param string     $search    Route name or Controller::method
+     * @param int|string ...$params One or more parameters to be passed to the route.
+     *                              The last parameter allows you to set the locale.
+     *
+     * @return false|string The route (URI path relative to baseURL) or false if not found.
+     */
+    public function reverseRoute(string $search, ...$params)
+    {
+        if ($search === '') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Named routes get higher priority.
+        foreach ($this->routesNames as $verb => $collection) {
+            if (array_key_exists($search, $collection)) {
+                $routeKey = $collection[$search];
+
+                $from = $this->routes[$verb][$routeKey]['from'];
+
+                return $this->buildReverseRoute($from, $params);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add the default namespace if needed.
+        $namespace = trim($this->defaultNamespace, '\\') . '\\';
+        if (
+            substr($search, 0, 1) !== '\\'
+            && substr($search, 0, strlen($namespace)) !== $namespace
+        ) {
+            $search = $namespace . $search;
+        }
+
+        // If it's not a named route, then loop over
+        // all routes to find a match.
+        foreach ($this->routes as $collection) {
+            foreach ($collection as $route) {
+                $to   = $route['handler'];
+                $from = $route['from'];
+
+                // ignore closures
+                if (! is_string($to)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Lose any namespace slash at beginning of strings
+                // to ensure more consistent match.
+                $to     = ltrim($to, '\\');
+                $search = ltrim($search, '\\');
+
+                // If there's any chance of a match, then it will
+                // be with $search at the beginning of the $to string.
+                if (strpos($to, $search) !== 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Ensure that the number of $params given here
+                // matches the number of back-references in the route
+                if (substr_count($to, '$') !== count($params)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return $this->buildReverseRoute($from, $params);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If we're still here, then we did not find a match.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the {locale} tag with the current application locale
+     *
+     * @deprecated Unused.
+     */
+    protected function localizeRoute(string $route): string
+    {
+        return strtr($route, ['{locale}' => Services::request()->getLocale()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a route (using the "from") to see if it's filtered or not.
+     */
+    public function isFiltered(string $search, ?string $verb = null): bool
+    {
+        $options = $this->loadRoutesOptions($verb);
+
+        return isset($options[$search]['filter']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filter that should be applied for a single route, along
+     * with any parameters it might have. Parameters are found by splitting
+     * the parameter name on a colon to separate the filter name from the parameter list,
+     * and the splitting the result on commas. So:
+     *
+     *    'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * has a filter of "role", with parameters of ['admin', 'manager'].
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use getFiltersForRoute()
+     */
+    public function getFilterForRoute(string $search, ?string $verb = null): string
+    {
+        $options = $this->loadRoutesOptions($verb);
+
+        return $options[$search]['filter'] ?? '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filters that should be applied for a single route, along
+     * with any parameters it might have. Parameters are found by splitting
+     * the parameter name on a colon to separate the filter name from the parameter list,
+     * and the splitting the result on commas. So:
+     *
+     *    'role:admin,manager'
+     *
+     * has a filter of "role", with parameters of ['admin', 'manager'].
+     *
+     * @param string $search routeKey
+     *
+     * @return array<int, string> filter_name or filter_name:arguments like 'role:admin,manager'
+     * @phpstan-return list<string>
+     */
+    public function getFiltersForRoute(string $search, ?string $verb = null): array
+    {
+        $options = $this->loadRoutesOptions($verb);
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($search, $options) || ! array_key_exists('filter', $options[$search])) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($options[$search]['filter'])) {
+            return [$options[$search]['filter']];
+        }
+
+        return $options[$search]['filter'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a
+     *
+     * @throws RouterException
+     *
+     * @deprecated Unused. Now uses buildReverseRoute().
+     */
+    protected function fillRouteParams(string $from, ?array $params = null): string
+    {
+        // Find all of our back-references in the original route
+        preg_match_all('/\(([^)]+)\)/', $from, $matches);
+
+        if (empty($matches[0])) {
+            return '/' . ltrim($from, '/');
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
+         * the appropriate places.
+         *
+         * @var array<int, string> $patterns
+         * @phpstan-var list<string> $patterns
+         */
+        $patterns = $matches[0];
+
+        foreach ($patterns as $index => $pattern) {
+            if (! preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', $params[$index])) {
+                throw RouterException::forInvalidParameterType();
+            }
+
+            // Ensure that the param we're inserting matches
+            // the expected param type.
+            $pos  = strpos($from, $pattern);
+            $from = substr_replace($from, $params[$index], $pos, strlen($pattern));
+        }
+
+        return '/' . ltrim($from, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds reverse route
+     *
+     * @param array $params One or more parameters to be passed to the route.
+     *                      The last parameter allows you to set the locale.
+     */
+    protected function buildReverseRoute(string $from, array $params): string
+    {
+        $locale = null;
+
+        // Find all of our back-references in the original route
+        preg_match_all('/\(([^)]+)\)/', $from, $matches);
+
+        if (empty($matches[0])) {
+            if (strpos($from, '{locale}') !== false) {
+                $locale = $params[0] ?? null;
+            }
+
+            $from = $this->replaceLocale($from, $locale);
+
+            return '/' . ltrim($from, '/');
+        }
+
+        // Locale is passed?
+        $placeholderCount = count($matches[0]);
+        if (count($params) > $placeholderCount) {
+            $locale = $params[$placeholderCount];
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
+         * the appropriate places.
+         *
+         * @var array<int, string> $placeholders
+         * @phpstan-var list<string> $placeholders
+         */
+        $placeholders = $matches[0];
+
+        foreach ($placeholders as $index => $placeholder) {
+            if (! isset($params[$index])) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                    'Missing argument for "' . $placeholder . '" in route "' . $from . '".'
+                );
+            }
+
+            // Remove `(:` and `)` when $placeholder is a placeholder.
+            $placeholderName = substr($placeholder, 2, -1);
+            // or maybe $placeholder is not a placeholder, but a regex.
+            $pattern = $this->placeholders[$placeholderName] ?? $placeholder;
+
+            if (! preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', $params[$index])) {
+                throw RouterException::forInvalidParameterType();
+            }
+
+            // Ensure that the param we're inserting matches
+            // the expected param type.
+            $pos  = strpos($from, $placeholder);
+            $from = substr_replace($from, $params[$index], $pos, strlen($placeholder));
+        }
+
+        $from = $this->replaceLocale($from, $locale);
+
+        return '/' . ltrim($from, '/');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the {locale} tag with the locale
+     */
+    private function replaceLocale(string $route, ?string $locale = null): string
+    {
+        if (strpos($route, '{locale}') === false) {
+            return $route;
+        }
+
+        // Check invalid locale
+        if ($locale !== null) {
+            $config = config(App::class);
+            if (! in_array($locale, $config->supportedLocales, true)) {
+                $locale = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($locale === null) {
+            $locale = Services::request()->getLocale();
+        }
+
+        return strtr($route, ['{locale}' => $locale]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the heavy lifting of creating an actual route. You must specify
+     * the request method(s) that this route will work for. They can be separated
+     * by a pipe character "|" if there is more than one.
+     *
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function create(string $verb, string $from, $to, ?array $options = null)
+    {
+        $overwrite = false;
+        $prefix    = $this->group === null ? '' : $this->group . '/';
+
+        $from = esc(strip_tags($prefix . $from));
+
+        // While we want to add a route within a group of '/',
+        // it doesn't work with matching, so remove them...
+        if ($from !== '/') {
+            $from = trim($from, '/');
+        }
+
+        // When redirecting to named route, $to is an array like `['zombies' => '\Zombies::index']`.
+        if (is_array($to) && isset($to[0])) {
+            $to = $this->processArrayCallableSyntax($from, $to);
+        }
+
+        $options = array_merge($this->currentOptions ?? [], $options ?? []);
+
+        // Route priority detect
+        if (isset($options['priority'])) {
+            $options['priority'] = abs((int) $options['priority']);
+
+            if ($options['priority'] > 0) {
+                $this->prioritizeDetected = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Hostname limiting?
+        if (! empty($options['hostname'])) {
+            // @todo determine if there's a way to whitelist hosts?
+            if (! $this->checkHostname($options['hostname'])) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $overwrite = true;
+        }
+        // Limiting to subdomains?
+        elseif (! empty($options['subdomain'])) {
+            // If we don't match the current subdomain, then
+            // we don't need to add the route.
+            if (! $this->checkSubdomains($options['subdomain'])) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $overwrite = true;
+        }
+
+        // Are we offsetting the binds?
+        // If so, take care of them here in one
+        // fell swoop.
+        if (isset($options['offset']) && is_string($to)) {
+            // Get a constant string to work with.
+            $to = preg_replace('/(\$\d+)/', '$X', $to);
+
+            for ($i = (int) $options['offset'] + 1; $i < (int) $options['offset'] + 7; $i++) {
+                $to = preg_replace_callback(
+                    '/\$X/',
+                    static fn ($m) => '$' . $i,
+                    $to,
+                    1
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        $routeKey = $from;
+
+        // Replace our regex pattern placeholders with the actual thing
+        // so that the Router doesn't need to know about any of this.
+        foreach ($this->placeholders as $tag => $pattern) {
+            $routeKey = str_ireplace(':' . $tag, $pattern, $routeKey);
+        }
+
+        // If is redirect, No processing
+        if (! isset($options['redirect']) && is_string($to)) {
+            // If no namespace found, add the default namespace
+            if (strpos($to, '\\') === false || strpos($to, '\\') > 0) {
+                $namespace = $options['namespace'] ?? $this->defaultNamespace;
+                $to        = trim($namespace, '\\') . '\\' . $to;
+            }
+            // Always ensure that we escape our namespace so we're not pointing to
+            // \CodeIgniter\Routes\Controller::method.
+            $to = '\\' . ltrim($to, '\\');
+        }
+
+        $name = $options['as'] ?? $routeKey;
+
+        helper('array');
+
+        // Don't overwrite any existing 'froms' so that auto-discovered routes
+        // do not overwrite any app/Config/Routes settings. The app
+        // routes should always be the "source of truth".
+        // this works only because discovered routes are added just prior
+        // to attempting to route the request.
+        $routeKeyExists = isset($this->routes[$verb][$routeKey]);
+        if ((isset($this->routesNames[$verb][$name]) || $routeKeyExists) && ! $overwrite) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->routes[$verb][$routeKey] = [
+            'name'    => $name,
+            'handler' => $to,
+            'from'    => $from,
+        ];
+        $this->routesOptions[$verb][$routeKey] = $options;
+        $this->routesNames[$verb][$name]       = $routeKey;
+
+        // Is this a redirect?
+        if (isset($options['redirect']) && is_numeric($options['redirect'])) {
+            $this->routes['*'][$routeKey]['redirect'] = $options['redirect'];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the hostname passed in against the current hostname
+     * on this page request.
+     *
+     * @param string $hostname Hostname in route options
+     */
+    private function checkHostname($hostname): bool
+    {
+        // CLI calls can't be on hostname.
+        if (! isset($this->httpHost)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return strtolower($this->httpHost) === strtolower($hostname);
+    }
+
+    private function processArrayCallableSyntax(string $from, array $to): string
+    {
+        // [classname, method]
+        // eg, [Home::class, 'index']
+        if (is_callable($to, true, $callableName)) {
+            // If the route has placeholders, add params automatically.
+            $params = $this->getMethodParams($from);
+
+            return '\\' . $callableName . $params;
+        }
+
+        // [[classname, method], params]
+        // eg, [[Home::class, 'index'], '$1/$2']
+        if (
+            isset($to[0], $to[1])
+            && is_callable($to[0], true, $callableName)
+            && is_string($to[1])
+        ) {
+            $to = '\\' . $callableName . '/' . $to[1];
+        }
+
+        return $to;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the method param string like `/$1/$2` for placeholders
+     */
+    private function getMethodParams(string $from): string
+    {
+        preg_match_all('/\(.+?\)/', $from, $matches);
+        $count = is_countable($matches[0]) ? count($matches[0]) : 0;
+
+        $params = '';
+
+        for ($i = 1; $i <= $count; $i++) {
+            $params .= '/$' . $i;
+        }
+
+        return $params;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares the subdomain(s) passed in against the current subdomain
+     * on this page request.
+     *
+     * @param string|string[] $subdomains
+     */
+    private function checkSubdomains($subdomains): bool
+    {
+        // CLI calls can't be on subdomain.
+        if (! isset($this->httpHost)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->currentSubdomain === null) {
+            $this->currentSubdomain = $this->determineCurrentSubdomain();
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($subdomains)) {
+            $subdomains = [$subdomains];
+        }
+
+        // Routes can be limited to any sub-domain. In that case, though,
+        // it does require a sub-domain to be present.
+        if (! empty($this->currentSubdomain) && in_array('*', $subdomains, true)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return in_array($this->currentSubdomain, $subdomains, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examines the HTTP_HOST to get the best match for the subdomain. It
+     * won't be perfect, but should work for our needs.
+     *
+     * It's especially not perfect since it's possible to register a domain
+     * with a period (.) as part of the domain name.
+     *
+     * @return false|string the subdomain
+     */
+    private function determineCurrentSubdomain()
+    {
+        // We have to ensure that a scheme exists
+        // on the URL else parse_url will mis-interpret
+        // 'host' as the 'path'.
+        $url = $this->httpHost;
+        if (strpos($url, 'http') !== 0) {
+            $url = 'http://' . $url;
+        }
+
+        $parsedUrl = parse_url($url);
+
+        $host = explode('.', $parsedUrl['host']);
+
+        if ($host[0] === 'www') {
+            unset($host[0]);
+        }
+
+        // Get rid of any domains, which will be the last
+        unset($host[count($host) - 1]);
+
+        // Account for .co.uk, .co.nz, etc. domains
+        if (end($host) === 'co') {
+            $host = array_slice($host, 0, -1);
+        }
+
+        // If we only have 1 part left, then we don't have a sub-domain.
+        if (count($host) === 1) {
+            // Set it to false so we don't make it back here again.
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return array_shift($host);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the routes, so that a test case can provide the
+     * explicit ones needed for it.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function resetRoutes()
+    {
+        $this->routes = $this->routesNames = ['*' => []];
+
+        foreach ($this->defaultHTTPMethods as $verb) {
+            $this->routes[$verb]      = [];
+            $this->routesNames[$verb] = [];
+        }
+
+        $this->routesOptions = [];
+
+        $this->prioritizeDetected = false;
+        $this->didDiscover        = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load routes options based on verb
+     *
+     * @return array<string, array<string, array|int|string>> [routeKey(or from) => [key => value]]
+     * @phpstan-return array<
+     *     string,
+     *     array{
+     *         filter?: string|list<string>, namespace?: string, hostname?: string,
+     *         subdomain?: string, offset?: int, priority?: int, as?: string,
+     *         redirect?: int
+     *     }
+     * >
+     */
+    protected function loadRoutesOptions(?string $verb = null): array
+    {
+        $verb ??= $this->getHTTPVerb();
+
+        $options = $this->routesOptions[$verb] ?? [];
+
+        if (isset($this->routesOptions['*'])) {
+            foreach ($this->routesOptions['*'] as $key => $val) {
+                if (isset($options[$key])) {
+                    $extraOptions  = array_diff_key($val, $options[$key]);
+                    $options[$key] = array_merge($options[$key], $extraOptions);
+                } else {
+                    $options[$key] = $val;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $options;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enable or Disable sorting routes by priority
+     *
+     * @param bool $enabled The value status
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setPrioritize(bool $enabled = true)
+    {
+        $this->prioritize = $enabled;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all controllers in Route Handlers
+     *
+     * @param string|null $verb HTTP verb. `'*'` returns all controllers in any verb.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, string> controller name list
+     * @phpstan-return list<string>
+     */
+    public function getRegisteredControllers(?string $verb = '*'): array
+    {
+        $controllers = [];
+
+        if ($verb === '*') {
+            foreach ($this->defaultHTTPMethods as $tmpVerb) {
+                foreach ($this->routes[$tmpVerb] as $route) {
+                    $controller = $this->getControllerName($route['handler']);
+                    if ($controller !== null) {
+                        $controllers[] = $controller;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            $routes = $this->getRoutes($verb);
+
+            foreach ($routes as $handler) {
+                $controller = $this->getControllerName($handler);
+                if ($controller !== null) {
+                    $controllers[] = $controller;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_unique($controllers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Closure|string $handler Handler
+     *
+     * @return string|null Controller classname
+     */
+    private function getControllerName($handler)
+    {
+        if (! is_string($handler)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        [$controller] = explode('::', $handler, 2);
+
+        return $controller;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set The flag that limit or not the routes with {locale} placeholder to App::$supportedLocales
+     */
+    public function useSupportedLocalesOnly(bool $useOnly): self
+    {
+        $this->useSupportedLocalesOnly = $useOnly;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the flag that limit or not the routes with {locale} placeholder to App::$supportedLocales
+     */
+    public function shouldUseSupportedLocalesOnly(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->useSupportedLocalesOnly;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php b/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00f1d4c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+
+/**
+ * Interface RouteCollectionInterface
+ *
+ * A Route Collection's sole job is to hold a series of routes. The required
+ * number of methods is kept very small on purpose, but implementors may
+ * add a number of additional methods to customize how the routes are defined.
+ *
+ * The RouteCollection provides the Router with the routes so that it can determine
+ * which controller should be run.
+ */
+interface RouteCollectionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Adds a single route to the collection.
+     *
+     * @param string               $from    The route path (with placeholders or regex)
+     * @param array|Closure|string $to      The route handler
+     * @param array|null           $options The route options
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function add(string $from, $to, ?array $options = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a new constraint with the system. Constraints are used
+     * by the routes as placeholders for regular expressions to make defining
+     * the routes more human-friendly.
+     *
+     * You can pass an associative array as $placeholder, and have
+     * multiple placeholders added at once.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $placeholder
+     * @param string|null  $pattern     The regex pattern
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function addPlaceholder($placeholder, ?string $pattern = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default namespace to use for Controllers when no other
+     * namespace has been specified.
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function setDefaultNamespace(string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default controller to use when no other controller has been
+     * specified.
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function setDefaultController(string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default method to call on the controller when no other
+     * method has been set in the route.
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function setDefaultMethod(string $value);
+
+    /**
+     * Tells the system whether to convert dashes in URI strings into
+     * underscores. In some search engines, including Google, dashes
+     * create more meaning and make it easier for the search engine to
+     * find words and meaning in the URI for better SEO. But it
+     * doesn't work well with PHP method names....
+     *
+     * @return RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $value);
+
+    /**
+     * If TRUE, the system will attempt to match the URI against
+     * Controllers by matching each segment against folders/files
+     * in APPPATH/Controllers, when a match wasn't found against
+     * defined routes.
+     *
+     * If FALSE, will stop searching and do NO automatic routing.
+     */
+    public function setAutoRoute(bool $value): self;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the class/method that should be called if routing doesn't
+     * find a match. It can be either a closure or the controller/method
+     * name exactly like a route is defined: Users::index
+     *
+     * This setting is passed to the Router class and handled there.
+     *
+     * @param callable|null $callable
+     */
+    public function set404Override($callable = null): self;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the 404 Override setting, which can be null, a closure
+     * or the controller/string.
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string|null
+     */
+    public function get404Override();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the default controller. With Namespace.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getDefaultController();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the default method to use within the controller.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getDefaultMethod();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current value of the translateURIDashes setting.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function shouldTranslateURIDashes();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the flag that tells whether to autoRoute URI against Controllers.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function shouldAutoRoute();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the raw array of available routes.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function getRoutes();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current HTTP Verb being used.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getHTTPVerb();
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to look up a route based on its destination.
+     *
+     * If a route exists:
+     *
+     *      'path/(:any)/(:any)' => 'Controller::method/$1/$2'
+     *
+     * This method allows you to know the Controller and method
+     * and get the route that leads to it.
+     *
+     *      // Equals 'path/$param1/$param2'
+     *      reverseRoute('Controller::method', $param1, $param2);
+     *
+     * @param string     $search    Named route or Controller::method
+     * @param int|string ...$params
+     *
+     * @return false|string The route (URI path relative to baseURL) or false if not found.
+     */
+    public function reverseRoute(string $search, ...$params);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the route is a redirecting route.
+     */
+    public function isRedirect(string $routeKey): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Grabs the HTTP status code from a redirecting Route.
+     */
+    public function getRedirectCode(string $routeKey): int;
+
+    /**
+     * Get the flag that limit or not the routes with {locale} placeholder to App::$supportedLocales
+     */
+    public function shouldUseSupportedLocalesOnly(): bool;
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/Router.php b/system/Router/Router.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0013d7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/Router.php
@@ -0,0 +1,678 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\Exceptions\RouterException;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Feature;
+
+/**
+ * Request router.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\RouterTest
+ */
+class Router implements RouterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * A RouteCollection instance.
+     *
+     * @var RouteCollectionInterface
+     */
+    protected $collection;
+
+    /**
+     * Sub-directory that contains the requested controller class.
+     * Primarily used by 'autoRoute'.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $directory;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the controller class.
+     *
+     * @var Closure|string
+     */
+    protected $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the method to use.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $method;
+
+    /**
+     * An array of binds that were collected
+     * so they can be sent to closure routes.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $params = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the front controller.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $indexPage = 'index.php';
+
+    /**
+     * Whether dashes in URI's should be converted
+     * to underscores when determining method names.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $translateURIDashes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The route that was matched for this request.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $matchedRoute;
+
+    /**
+     * The options set for the matched route.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $matchedRouteOptions;
+
+    /**
+     * The locale that was detected in a route.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $detectedLocale;
+
+    /**
+     * The filter info from Route Collection
+     * if the matched route should be filtered.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $filtersInfo
+     */
+    protected $filterInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * The filter info from Route Collection
+     * if the matched route should be filtered.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    protected $filtersInfo = [];
+
+    protected ?AutoRouterInterface $autoRouter = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores a reference to the RouteCollection object.
+     */
+    public function __construct(RouteCollectionInterface $routes, ?Request $request = null)
+    {
+        $this->collection = $routes;
+
+        // These are only for auto-routing
+        $this->controller = $this->collection->getDefaultController();
+        $this->method     = $this->collection->getDefaultMethod();
+
+        $this->collection->setHTTPVerb($request->getMethod() ?? $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']);
+
+        $this->translateURIDashes = $this->collection->shouldTranslateURIDashes();
+
+        if ($this->collection->shouldAutoRoute()) {
+            $autoRoutesImproved = config(Feature::class)->autoRoutesImproved ?? false;
+            if ($autoRoutesImproved) {
+                $this->autoRouter = new AutoRouterImproved(
+                    $this->collection->getRegisteredControllers('*'),
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultController(),
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultMethod(),
+                    $this->translateURIDashes,
+                    $this->collection->getHTTPVerb()
+                );
+            } else {
+                $this->autoRouter = new AutoRouter(
+                    $this->collection->getRoutes('cli', false), // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultNamespace(),
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultController(),
+                    $this->collection->getDefaultMethod(),
+                    $this->translateURIDashes,
+                    $this->collection->getHTTPVerb()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the controller method corresponding to the URI.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri URI path relative to baseURL
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string Controller classname or Closure
+     *
+     * @throws PageNotFoundException
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function handle(?string $uri = null)
+    {
+        // If we cannot find a URI to match against, then set it to root (`/`).
+        if ($uri === null || $uri === '') {
+            $uri = '/';
+        }
+
+        // Decode URL-encoded string
+        $uri = urldecode($uri);
+
+        // Restart filterInfo
+        $this->filterInfo  = null;
+        $this->filtersInfo = [];
+
+        // Checks defined routes
+        if ($this->checkRoutes($uri)) {
+            if ($this->collection->isFiltered($this->matchedRoute[0])) {
+                $multipleFiltersEnabled = config(Feature::class)->multipleFilters ?? false;
+                if ($multipleFiltersEnabled) {
+                    $this->filtersInfo = $this->collection->getFiltersForRoute($this->matchedRoute[0]);
+                } else {
+                    // for backward compatibility
+                    $this->filterInfo = $this->collection->getFilterForRoute($this->matchedRoute[0]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $this->controller;
+        }
+
+        // Still here? Then we can try to match the URI against
+        // Controllers/directories, but the application may not
+        // want this, like in the case of API's.
+        if (! $this->collection->shouldAutoRoute()) {
+            throw new PageNotFoundException(
+                "Can't find a route for '{$this->collection->getHTTPVerb()}: {$uri}'."
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Checks auto routes
+        $this->autoRoute($uri);
+
+        return $this->controllerName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filter info for the matched route, if any.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use getFilters()
+     */
+    public function getFilter()
+    {
+        return $this->filterInfo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the filter info for the matched route, if any.
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getFilters(): array
+    {
+        return $this->filtersInfo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the matched controller.
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string Controller classname or Closure
+     */
+    public function controllerName()
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes
+            ? str_replace('-', '_', $this->controller)
+            : $this->controller;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the method to run in the
+     * chosen container.
+     */
+    public function methodName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->translateURIDashes
+            ? str_replace('-', '_', $this->method)
+            : $this->method;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the 404 Override settings from the Collection.
+     * If the override is a string, will split to controller/index array.
+     */
+    public function get404Override()
+    {
+        $route = $this->collection->get404Override();
+
+        if (is_string($route)) {
+            $routeArray = explode('::', $route);
+
+            return [
+                $routeArray[0], // Controller
+                $routeArray[1] ?? 'index',   // Method
+            ];
+        }
+
+        if (is_callable($route)) {
+            return $route;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the binds that have been matched and collected
+     * during the parsing process as an array, ready to send to
+     * instance->method(...$params).
+     */
+    public function params(): array
+    {
+        return $this->params;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the sub-directory the controller is in,
+     * if any. Relative to APPPATH.'Controllers'.
+     *
+     * Only used when auto-routing is turned on.
+     */
+    public function directory(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->autoRouter instanceof AutoRouter) {
+            return $this->autoRouter->directory();
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the routing information that was matched for this
+     * request, if a route was defined.
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getMatchedRoute()
+    {
+        return $this->matchedRoute;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all options set for the matched route
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function getMatchedRouteOptions()
+    {
+        return $this->matchedRouteOptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value that should be used to match the index.php file. Defaults
+     * to index.php but this allows you to modify it in case you are using
+     * something like mod_rewrite to remove the page. This allows you to set
+     * it a blank.
+     *
+     * @param string $page
+     */
+    public function setIndexPage($page): self
+    {
+        $this->indexPage = $page;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells the system whether we should translate URI dashes or not
+     * in the URI from a dash to an underscore.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method should be removed.
+     */
+    public function setTranslateURIDashes(bool $val = false): self
+    {
+        if ($this->autoRouter instanceof AutoRouter) {
+            $this->autoRouter->setTranslateURIDashes($val);
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true/false based on whether the current route contained
+     * a {locale} placeholder.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function hasLocale()
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->detectedLocale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the detected locale, if any, or null.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getLocale()
+    {
+        return $this->detectedLocale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks Defined Routes.
+     *
+     * Compares the uri string against the routes that the
+     * RouteCollection class defined for us, attempting to find a match.
+     * This method will modify $this->controller, etal as needed.
+     *
+     * @param string $uri The URI path to compare against the routes
+     *
+     * @return bool Whether the route was matched or not.
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    protected function checkRoutes(string $uri): bool
+    {
+        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
+        $routes = $this->collection->getRoutes($this->collection->getHTTPVerb());
+
+        // Don't waste any time
+        if (empty($routes)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $uri = $uri === '/'
+            ? $uri
+            : trim($uri, '/ ');
+
+        // Loop through the route array looking for wildcards
+        foreach ($routes as $routeKey => $handler) {
+            $routeKey = $routeKey === '/'
+                ? $routeKey
+                : ltrim($routeKey, '/ ');
+
+            $matchedKey = $routeKey;
+
+            // Are we dealing with a locale?
+            if (strpos($routeKey, '{locale}') !== false) {
+                $routeKey = str_replace('{locale}', '[^/]+', $routeKey);
+            }
+
+            // Does the RegEx match?
+            if (preg_match('#^' . $routeKey . '$#u', $uri, $matches)) {
+                // Is this route supposed to redirect to another?
+                if ($this->collection->isRedirect($routeKey)) {
+                    // replacing matched route groups with references: post/([0-9]+) -> post/$1
+                    $redirectTo = preg_replace_callback('/(\([^\(]+\))/', static function () {
+                        static $i = 1;
+
+                        return '$' . $i++;
+                    }, is_array($handler) ? key($handler) : $handler);
+
+                    throw new RedirectException(
+                        preg_replace('#^' . $routeKey . '$#u', $redirectTo, $uri),
+                        $this->collection->getRedirectCode($routeKey)
+                    );
+                }
+                // Store our locale so CodeIgniter object can
+                // assign it to the Request.
+                if (strpos($matchedKey, '{locale}') !== false) {
+                    preg_match(
+                        '#^' . str_replace('{locale}', '(?<locale>[^/]+)', $matchedKey) . '$#u',
+                        $uri,
+                        $matched
+                    );
+
+                    if ($this->collection->shouldUseSupportedLocalesOnly()
+                        && ! in_array($matched['locale'], config(App::class)->supportedLocales, true)) {
+                        // Throw exception to prevent the autorouter, if enabled,
+                        // from trying to find a route
+                        throw PageNotFoundException::forLocaleNotSupported($matched['locale']);
+                    }
+
+                    $this->detectedLocale = $matched['locale'];
+                    unset($matched);
+                }
+
+                // Are we using Closures? If so, then we need
+                // to collect the params into an array
+                // so it can be passed to the controller method later.
+                if (! is_string($handler) && is_callable($handler)) {
+                    $this->controller = $handler;
+
+                    // Remove the original string from the matches array
+                    array_shift($matches);
+
+                    $this->params = $matches;
+
+                    $this->setMatchedRoute($matchedKey, $handler);
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                [$controller] = explode('::', $handler);
+
+                // Checks `/` in controller name
+                if (strpos($controller, '/') !== false) {
+                    throw RouterException::forInvalidControllerName($handler);
+                }
+
+                if (strpos($handler, '$') !== false && strpos($routeKey, '(') !== false) {
+                    // Checks dynamic controller
+                    if (strpos($controller, '$') !== false) {
+                        throw RouterException::forDynamicController($handler);
+                    }
+
+                    // Using back-references
+                    $handler = preg_replace('#^' . $routeKey . '$#u', $handler, $uri);
+                }
+
+                $this->setRequest(explode('/', $handler));
+
+                $this->setMatchedRoute($matchedKey, $handler);
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks Auto Routes.
+     *
+     * Attempts to match a URI path against Controllers and directories
+     * found in APPPATH/Controllers, to find a matching route.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function autoRoute(string $uri)
+    {
+        [$this->directory, $this->controller, $this->method, $this->params]
+            = $this->autoRouter->getRoute($uri, $this->collection->getHTTPVerb());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the controller directory, attempting to locate a controller matching the supplied uri $segments
+     *
+     * @param array $segments URI segments
+     *
+     * @return array returns an array of remaining uri segments that don't map onto a directory
+     *
+     * @deprecated this function name does not properly describe its behavior so it has been deprecated
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected function validateRequest(array $segments): array
+    {
+        return $this->scanControllers($segments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the controller directory, attempting to locate a controller matching the supplied uri $segments
+     *
+     * @param array $segments URI segments
+     *
+     * @return array returns an array of remaining uri segments that don't map onto a directory
+     *
+     * @deprecated Not used. Moved to AutoRouter class.
+     */
+    protected function scanControllers(array $segments): array
+    {
+        $segments = array_filter($segments, static fn ($segment) => $segment !== '');
+        // numerically reindex the array, removing gaps
+        $segments = array_values($segments);
+
+        // if a prior directory value has been set, just return segments and get out of here
+        if (isset($this->directory)) {
+            return $segments;
+        }
+
+        // Loop through our segments and return as soon as a controller
+        // is found or when such a directory doesn't exist
+        $c = count($segments);
+
+        while ($c-- > 0) {
+            $segmentConvert = ucfirst($this->translateURIDashes === true ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0]);
+            // as soon as we encounter any segment that is not PSR-4 compliant, stop searching
+            if (! $this->isValidSegment($segmentConvert)) {
+                return $segments;
+            }
+
+            $test = APPPATH . 'Controllers/' . $this->directory . $segmentConvert;
+
+            // as long as each segment is *not* a controller file but does match a directory, add it to $this->directory
+            if (! is_file($test . '.php') && is_dir($test)) {
+                $this->setDirectory($segmentConvert, true, false);
+                array_shift($segments);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            return $segments;
+        }
+
+        // This means that all segments were actually directories
+        return $segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the sub-directory that the controller is in.
+     *
+     * @param bool $validate if true, checks to make sure $dir consists of only PSR4 compliant segments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method should be removed.
+     */
+    public function setDirectory(?string $dir = null, bool $append = false, bool $validate = true)
+    {
+        if (empty($dir)) {
+            $this->directory = null;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->autoRouter instanceof AutoRouter) {
+            $this->autoRouter->setDirectory($dir, $append, $validate);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the supplied $segment string represents a valid PSR-4 compliant namespace/directory segment
+     *
+     * regex comes from https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.basics.php
+     *
+     * @deprecated Moved to AutoRouter class.
+     */
+    private function isValidSegment(string $segment): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$/', $segment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set request route
+     *
+     * Takes an array of URI segments as input and sets the class/method
+     * to be called.
+     *
+     * @param array $segments URI segments
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function setRequest(array $segments = [])
+    {
+        // If we don't have any segments - use the default controller;
+        if (empty($segments)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        [$controller, $method] = array_pad(explode('::', $segments[0]), 2, null);
+
+        $this->controller = $controller;
+
+        // $this->method already contains the default method name,
+        // so don't overwrite it with emptiness.
+        if (! empty($method)) {
+            $this->method = $method;
+        }
+
+        array_shift($segments);
+
+        $this->params = $segments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default controller based on the info set in the RouteCollection.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This was an unnecessary method, so it is no longer used.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function setDefaultController()
+    {
+        if (empty($this->controller)) {
+            throw RouterException::forMissingDefaultRoute();
+        }
+
+        sscanf($this->controller, '%[^/]/%s', $class, $this->method);
+
+        if (! is_file(APPPATH . 'Controllers/' . $this->directory . ucfirst($class) . '.php')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->controller = ucfirst($class);
+
+        log_message('info', 'Used the default controller.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param callable|string $handler
+     */
+    protected function setMatchedRoute(string $route, $handler): void
+    {
+        $this->matchedRoute = [$route, $handler];
+
+        $this->matchedRouteOptions = $this->collection->getRoutesOptions($route);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Router/RouterInterface.php b/system/Router/RouterInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffed59ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Router/RouterInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Router;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a Router.
+ */
+interface RouterInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores a reference to the RouteCollection object.
+     */
+    public function __construct(RouteCollectionInterface $routes, ?Request $request = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the controller method corresponding to the URI.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $uri URI path relative to baseURL
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string Controller classname or Closure
+     */
+    public function handle(?string $uri = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the matched controller.
+     *
+     * @return Closure|string Controller classname or Closure
+     */
+    public function controllerName();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the method in the controller to run.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function methodName();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the binds that have been matched and collected
+     * during the parsing process as an array, ready to send to
+     * instance->method(...$params).
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function params();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value that should be used to match the index.php file. Defaults
+     * to index.php but this allows you to modify it in case you are using
+     * something like mod_rewrite to remove the page. This allows you to set
+     * it a blank.
+     *
+     * @param string $page
+     *
+     * @return RouterInterface
+     */
+    public function setIndexPage($page);
+}
diff --git a/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php b/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab2f6adc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Security/Exceptions/SecurityException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\HTTPExceptionInterface;
+
+class SecurityException extends FrameworkException implements HTTPExceptionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Throws when some specific action is not allowed.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forDisallowedAction()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Security.disallowedAction'), 403);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the source string contains invalid UTF-8 characters.
+     *
+     * @param string $source The source string
+     * @param string $string The invalid string
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidUTF8Chars(string $source, string $string)
+    {
+        return new static(
+            'Invalid UTF-8 characters in ' . $source . ': ' . $string,
+            400
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the source string contains invalid control characters.
+     *
+     * @param string $source The source string
+     * @param string $string The invalid string
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidControlChars(string $source, string $string)
+    {
+        return new static(
+            'Invalid Control characters in ' . $source . ': ' . $string,
+            400
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `CookieException::forInvalidSameSite()` instead.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSameSite(string $samesite)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Security.invalidSameSite', [$samesite]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Security/Security.php b/system/Security/Security.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ba66563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Security/Security.php
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Security;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions\SecurityException;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Security as SecurityConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use ErrorException;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
+
+/**
+ * Class Security
+ *
+ * Provides methods that help protect your site against
+ * Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Security\SecurityTest
+ */
+class Security implements SecurityInterface
+{
+    public const CSRF_PROTECTION_COOKIE  = 'cookie';
+    public const CSRF_PROTECTION_SESSION = 'session';
+    protected const CSRF_HASH_BYTES      = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Protection Method
+     *
+     * Protection Method for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string 'cookie' or 'session'
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->csrfProtection.
+     */
+    protected $csrfProtection = self::CSRF_PROTECTION_COOKIE;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Token Randomization
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->tokenRandomize.
+     */
+    protected $tokenRandomize = false;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Hash (without randomization)
+     *
+     * Random hash for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $hash;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Token Name
+     *
+     * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->tokenName.
+     */
+    protected $tokenName = 'csrf_token_name';
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Header Name
+     *
+     * Header name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->headerName.
+     */
+    protected $headerName = 'X-CSRF-TOKEN';
+
+    /**
+     * The CSRF Cookie instance.
+     *
+     * @var Cookie
+     */
+    protected $cookie;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Cookie Name (with Prefix)
+     *
+     * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cookieName = 'csrf_cookie_name';
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Expires
+     *
+     * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+     *
+     * Defaults to two hours (in seconds).
+     *
+     * @var int
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->expires.
+     */
+    protected $expires = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Regenerate
+     *
+     * Regenerate CSRF Token on every request.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->regenerate.
+     */
+    protected $regenerate = true;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Redirect
+     *
+     * Redirect to previous page with error on failure.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Use $this->config->redirect.
+     */
+    protected $redirect = false;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF SameSite
+     *
+     * Setting for CSRF SameSite cookie token.
+     *
+     * Allowed values are: None - Lax - Strict - ''.
+     *
+     * Defaults to `Lax` as recommended in this link:
+     *
+     * @see https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf/samesite-cookies
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated `Config\Cookie` $samesite property is used.
+     */
+    protected $samesite = Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX;
+
+    private IncomingRequest $request;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Cookie Name without Prefix
+     */
+    private ?string $rawCookieName = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Session instance.
+     */
+    private ?Session $session = null;
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Hash in Request Cookie
+     *
+     * The cookie value is always CSRF hash (without randomization) even if
+     * $tokenRandomize is true.
+     */
+    private ?string $hashInCookie = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Security Config
+     */
+    protected SecurityConfig $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Stores our configuration and fires off the init() method to setup
+     * initial state.
+     */
+    public function __construct(SecurityConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        $this->rawCookieName = $config->cookieName;
+
+        if ($this->isCSRFCookie()) {
+            $cookie = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+            $this->configureCookie($cookie);
+        } else {
+            // Session based CSRF protection
+            $this->configureSession();
+        }
+
+        $this->request      = Services::request();
+        $this->hashInCookie = $this->request->getCookie($this->cookieName);
+
+        $this->restoreHash();
+        if ($this->hash === null) {
+            $this->generateHash();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function isCSRFCookie(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->config->csrfProtection === self::CSRF_PROTECTION_COOKIE;
+    }
+
+    private function configureSession(): void
+    {
+        $this->session = Services::session();
+    }
+
+    private function configureCookie(CookieConfig $cookie): void
+    {
+        $cookiePrefix     = $cookie->prefix;
+        $this->cookieName = $cookiePrefix . $this->rawCookieName;
+        Cookie::setDefaults($cookie);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Verify
+     *
+     * @return $this|false
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `CodeIgniter\Security\Security::verify()` instead of using this method.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function CSRFVerify(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        return $this->verify($request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Token.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `CodeIgniter\Security\Security::getHash()` instead of using this method.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getCSRFHash(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getHash();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Token Name.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use `CodeIgniter\Security\Security::getTokenName()` instead of using this method.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getCSRFTokenName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->getTokenName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Verify
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     */
+    public function verify(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        // Protects POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH
+        $method           = strtoupper($request->getMethod());
+        $methodsToProtect = ['POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'PATCH'];
+        if (! in_array($method, $methodsToProtect, true)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        $postedToken = $this->getPostedToken($request);
+
+        try {
+            $token = ($postedToken !== null && $this->config->tokenRandomize)
+                ? $this->derandomize($postedToken) : $postedToken;
+        } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+            $token = null;
+        }
+
+        // Do the tokens match?
+        if (! isset($token, $this->hash) || ! hash_equals($this->hash, $token)) {
+            throw SecurityException::forDisallowedAction();
+        }
+
+        $this->removeTokenInRequest($request);
+
+        if ($this->config->regenerate) {
+            $this->generateHash();
+        }
+
+        log_message('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove token in POST or JSON request data
+     */
+    private function removeTokenInRequest(RequestInterface $request): void
+    {
+        assert($request instanceof Request);
+
+        if (isset($_POST[$this->config->tokenName])) {
+            // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the POST array.
+            unset($_POST[$this->config->tokenName]);
+            $request->setGlobal('post', $_POST);
+        } else {
+            $body = $request->getBody() ?? '';
+            $json = json_decode($body);
+            if ($json !== null && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the JSON data.
+                unset($json->{$this->config->tokenName});
+                $request->setBody(json_encode($json));
+            } else {
+                parse_str($body, $parsed);
+                // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the BODY data.
+                unset($parsed[$this->config->tokenName]);
+                $request->setBody(http_build_query($parsed));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function getPostedToken(RequestInterface $request): ?string
+    {
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
+
+        // Does the token exist in POST, HEADER or optionally php:://input - json data or PUT, DELETE, PATCH - raw data.
+
+        if ($tokenValue = $request->getPost($this->config->tokenName)) {
+            return $tokenValue;
+        }
+
+        if ($request->hasHeader($this->config->headerName)
+            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== ''
+            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== []) {
+            return $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue();
+        }
+
+        $body = (string) $request->getBody();
+
+        if ($body !== '') {
+            $json = json_decode($body);
+            if ($json !== null && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                return $json->{$this->config->tokenName} ?? null;
+            }
+
+            parse_str($body, $parsed);
+
+            return $parsed[$this->config->tokenName] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Token.
+     */
+    public function getHash(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->config->tokenRandomize ? $this->randomize($this->hash) : $this->hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Randomize hash to avoid BREACH attacks.
+     *
+     * @params string $hash CSRF hash
+     *
+     * @return string CSRF token
+     */
+    protected function randomize(string $hash): string
+    {
+        $keyBinary  = random_bytes(static::CSRF_HASH_BYTES);
+        $hashBinary = hex2bin($hash);
+
+        if ($hashBinary === false) {
+            throw new LogicException('$hash is invalid: ' . $hash);
+        }
+
+        return bin2hex(($hashBinary ^ $keyBinary) . $keyBinary);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Derandomize the token.
+     *
+     * @params string $token CSRF token
+     *
+     * @return string CSRF hash
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException "hex2bin(): Hexadecimal input string must have an even length"
+     */
+    protected function derandomize(string $token): string
+    {
+        $key   = substr($token, -static::CSRF_HASH_BYTES * 2);
+        $value = substr($token, 0, static::CSRF_HASH_BYTES * 2);
+
+        try {
+            return bin2hex(hex2bin($value) ^ hex2bin($key));
+        } catch (ErrorException $e) {
+            // "hex2bin(): Hexadecimal input string must have an even length"
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException($e->getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Token Name.
+     */
+    public function getTokenName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->tokenName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Header Name.
+     */
+    public function getHeaderName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->headerName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Cookie Name.
+     */
+    public function getCookieName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->cookieName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if CSRF cookie is expired.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function isExpired(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->cookie->isExpired();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if request should be redirect on failure.
+     */
+    public function shouldRedirect(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->config->redirect;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sanitize Filename
+     *
+     * Tries to sanitize filenames in order to prevent directory traversal attempts
+     * and other security threats, which is particularly useful for files that
+     * were supplied via user input.
+     *
+     * If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths,
+     * e.g. file/in/some/approved/folder.txt, you can set the second optional
+     * parameter, $relative_path to TRUE.
+     *
+     * @param string $str          Input file name
+     * @param bool   $relativePath Whether to preserve paths
+     */
+    public function sanitizeFilename(string $str, bool $relativePath = false): string
+    {
+        // List of sanitize filename strings
+        $bad = [
+            '../',
+            '<!--',
+            '-->',
+            '<',
+            '>',
+            "'",
+            '"',
+            '&',
+            '$',
+            '#',
+            '{',
+            '}',
+            '[',
+            ']',
+            '=',
+            ';',
+            '?',
+            '%20',
+            '%22',
+            '%3c',
+            '%253c',
+            '%3e',
+            '%0e',
+            '%28',
+            '%29',
+            '%2528',
+            '%26',
+            '%24',
+            '%3f',
+            '%3b',
+            '%3d',
+        ];
+
+        if (! $relativePath) {
+            $bad[] = './';
+            $bad[] = '/';
+        }
+
+        $str = remove_invisible_characters($str, false);
+
+        do {
+            $old = $str;
+            $str = str_replace($bad, '', $str);
+        } while ($old !== $str);
+
+        return stripslashes($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restore hash from Session or Cookie
+     */
+    private function restoreHash(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->isCSRFCookie()) {
+            if ($this->isHashInCookie()) {
+                $this->hash = $this->hashInCookie;
+            }
+        } elseif ($this->session->has($this->config->tokenName)) {
+            // Session based CSRF protection
+            $this->hash = $this->session->get($this->config->tokenName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates (Regenerates) the CSRF Hash.
+     */
+    public function generateHash(): string
+    {
+        $this->hash = bin2hex(random_bytes(static::CSRF_HASH_BYTES));
+
+        if ($this->isCSRFCookie()) {
+            $this->saveHashInCookie();
+        } else {
+            // Session based CSRF protection
+            $this->saveHashInSession();
+        }
+
+        return $this->hash;
+    }
+
+    private function isHashInCookie(): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->hashInCookie === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $length  = static::CSRF_HASH_BYTES * 2;
+        $pattern = '#^[0-9a-f]{' . $length . '}$#iS';
+
+        return preg_match($pattern, $this->hashInCookie) === 1;
+    }
+
+    private function saveHashInCookie(): void
+    {
+        $this->cookie = new Cookie(
+            $this->rawCookieName,
+            $this->hash,
+            [
+                'expires' => $this->config->expires === 0 ? 0 : Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $this->config->expires,
+            ]
+        );
+
+        $response = Services::response();
+        $response->setCookie($this->cookie);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CSRF Send Cookie
+     *
+     * @return false|Security
+     *
+     * @deprecated Set cookies to Response object instead.
+     */
+    protected function sendCookie(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
+
+        if ($this->cookie->isSecure() && ! $request->isSecure()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->doSendCookie();
+        log_message('info', 'CSRF cookie sent.');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Actual dispatching of cookies.
+     * Extracted for this to be unit tested.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     *
+     * @deprecated Set cookies to Response object instead.
+     */
+    protected function doSendCookie(): void
+    {
+        cookies([$this->cookie], false)->dispatch();
+    }
+
+    private function saveHashInSession(): void
+    {
+        $this->session->set($this->config->tokenName, $this->hash);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php b/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af731e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Security/SecurityInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Security;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Exceptions\SecurityException;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a Security.
+ */
+interface SecurityInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * CSRF Verify
+     *
+     * @return $this|false
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     */
+    public function verify(RequestInterface $request);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Hash.
+     */
+    public function getHash(): ?string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Token Name.
+     */
+    public function getTokenName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Header Name.
+     */
+    public function getHeaderName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the CSRF Cookie Name.
+     */
+    public function getCookieName(): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Check if CSRF cookie is expired.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public function isExpired(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Check if request should be redirect on failure.
+     */
+    public function shouldRedirect(): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Sanitize Filename
+     *
+     * Tries to sanitize filenames in order to prevent directory traversal attempts
+     * and other security threats, which is particularly useful for files that
+     * were supplied via user input.
+     *
+     * If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths,
+     * e.g. file/in/some/approved/folder.txt, you can set the second optional
+     * parameter, $relative_path to TRUE.
+     *
+     * @param string $str          Input file name
+     * @param bool   $relativePath Whether to preserve paths
+     */
+    public function sanitizeFilename(string $str, bool $relativePath = false): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php b/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af619c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Exceptions/SessionException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class SessionException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    public static function forMissingDatabaseTable()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.missingDatabaseTable'));
+    }
+
+    public static function forInvalidSavePath(?string $path = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.invalidSavePath', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forWriteProtectedSavePath(?string $path = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.writeProtectedSavePath', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    public static function forEmptySavepath()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.emptySavePath'));
+    }
+
+    public static function forInvalidSavePathFormat(string $path)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.invalidSavePathFormat', [$path]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidSameSiteSetting(string $samesite)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Session.invalidSameSiteSetting', [$samesite]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/ArrayHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/ArrayHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31951a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/ArrayHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler using static array for storage.
+ * Intended only for use during testing.
+ */
+class ArrayHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    protected static $cache = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Re-initialize existing session, or creates a new one.
+     *
+     * @param string $path The path where to store/retrieve the session
+     * @param string $name The session name
+     */
+    public function open($path, $name): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the session data from the session storage, and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID
+     *
+     * @return false|string Returns an encoded string of the read data.
+     *                      If nothing was read, it must return false.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function read($id)
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the session data to the session storage.
+     *
+     * @param string $id   The session ID
+     * @param string $data The encoded session data
+     */
+    public function write($id, $data): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the current session.
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys a session
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID being destroyed
+     */
+    public function destroy($id): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..086cdc2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerAwareTrait;
+use SessionHandlerInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for session handling
+ */
+abstract class BaseHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
+{
+    use LoggerAwareTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The Data fingerprint.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $fingerprint;
+
+    /**
+     * Lock placeholder.
+     *
+     * @var bool|string
+     */
+    protected $lock = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie prefix
+     *
+     * The Config\Cookie::$prefix setting is completely ignored.
+     * See https://codeigniter4.github.io/CodeIgniter4/libraries/sessions.html#session-preferences
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cookiePrefix = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie domain
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cookieDomain = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie path
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cookiePath = '/';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie secure?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $cookieSecure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie name to use
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $cookieName;
+
+    /**
+     * Match IP addresses for cookies?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $matchIP = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Current session ID
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $sessionID;
+
+    /**
+     * The 'save path' for the session
+     * varies between
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $savePath;
+
+    /**
+     * User's IP address.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $ipAddress;
+
+    public function __construct(SessionConfig $config, string $ipAddress)
+    {
+        // Store Session configurations
+        $this->cookieName = $config->cookieName;
+        $this->matchIP    = $config->matchIP;
+        $this->savePath   = $config->savePath;
+
+        $cookie = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+        // Session cookies have no prefix.
+        $this->cookieDomain = $cookie->domain;
+        $this->cookiePath   = $cookie->path;
+        $this->cookieSecure = $cookie->secure;
+
+        $this->ipAddress = $ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal method to force removal of a cookie by the client
+     * when session_destroy() is called.
+     */
+    protected function destroyCookie(): bool
+    {
+        return setcookie(
+            $this->cookieName,
+            '',
+            ['expires' => 1, 'path' => $this->cookiePath, 'domain' => $this->cookieDomain, 'secure' => $this->cookieSecure, 'httponly' => true]
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A dummy method allowing drivers with no locking functionality
+     * (databases other than PostgreSQL and MySQL) to act as if they
+     * do acquire a lock.
+     */
+    protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
+    {
+        $this->lock = true;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the lock, if any.
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        $this->lock = false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drivers other than the 'files' one don't (need to) use the
+     * session.save_path INI setting, but that leads to confusing
+     * error messages emitted by PHP when open() or write() fail,
+     * as the message contains session.save_path ...
+     *
+     * To work around the problem, the drivers will call this method
+     * so that the INI is set just in time for the error message to
+     * be properly generated.
+     */
+    protected function fail(): bool
+    {
+        ini_set('session.save_path', $this->savePath);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..380041aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler for MySQLi
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\MySQLiHandlerTest
+ */
+class MySQLiHandler extends DatabaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Lock the session.
+     */
+    protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
+    {
+        $arg = md5($sessionID . ($this->matchIP ? '_' . $this->ipAddress : ''));
+        if ($this->db->query("SELECT GET_LOCK('{$arg}', 300) AS ci_session_lock")->getRow()->ci_session_lock) {
+            $this->lock = $arg;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->fail();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the lock, if any.
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->lock) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->query("SELECT RELEASE_LOCK('{$this->lock}') AS ci_session_lock")->getRow()->ci_session_lock) {
+            $this->lock = false;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->fail();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c140fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\DatabaseHandler;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler for Postgre
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\PostgreHandlerTest
+ */
+class PostgreHandler extends DatabaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Sets SELECT clause
+     */
+    protected function setSelect(BaseBuilder $builder)
+    {
+        $builder->select("encode(data, 'base64') AS data");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes column data
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    protected function decodeData($data)
+    {
+        return base64_decode(rtrim($data), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare data to insert/update
+     */
+    protected function prepareData(string $data): string
+    {
+        return '\x' . bin2hex($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        $separator = '\'';
+        $interval  = implode($separator, ['', "{$max_lifetime} second", '']);
+
+        return $this->db->table($this->table)->where('timestamp <', "now() - INTERVAL {$interval}", false)->delete() ? 1 : $this->fail();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lock the session.
+     */
+    protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
+    {
+        $arg = "hashtext('{$sessionID}')" . ($this->matchIP ? ", hashtext('{$this->ipAddress}')" : '');
+        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_lock({$arg})")) {
+            $this->lock = $arg;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->fail();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the lock, if any.
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->lock) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->db->simpleQuery("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock({$this->lock})")) {
+            $this->lock = false;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->fail();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edde55ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/DatabaseHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Exceptions\SessionException;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Base database session handler
+ *
+ * Do not use this class. Use database specific handler class.
+ */
+class DatabaseHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * The database group to use for storage.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $DBGroup;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the table to store session info.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $table;
+
+    /**
+     * The DB Connection instance.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * The database type
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $platform;
+
+    /**
+     * Row exists flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $rowExists = false;
+
+    /**
+     * ID prefix for multiple session cookies
+     */
+    protected string $idPrefix;
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SessionException
+     */
+    public function __construct(SessionConfig $config, string $ipAddress)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config, $ipAddress);
+
+        // Store Session configurations
+        $this->DBGroup = $config->DBGroup ?? config(Database::class)->defaultGroup;
+        // Add sessionCookieName for multiple session cookies.
+        $this->idPrefix = $config->cookieName . ':';
+
+        $this->table = $this->savePath;
+        if (empty($this->table)) {
+            throw SessionException::forMissingDatabaseTable();
+        }
+
+        $this->db       = Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+        $this->platform = $this->db->getPlatform();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-initialize existing session, or creates a new one.
+     *
+     * @param string $path The path where to store/retrieve the session
+     * @param string $name The session name
+     */
+    public function open($path, $name): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($this->db->connID)) {
+            $this->db->initialize();
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the session data from the session storage, and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID
+     *
+     * @return false|string Returns an encoded string of the read data.
+     *                      If nothing was read, it must return false.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function read($id)
+    {
+        if ($this->lockSession($id) === false) {
+            $this->fingerprint = md5('');
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($this->sessionID)) {
+            $this->sessionID = $id;
+        }
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table($this->table)->where('id', $this->idPrefix . $id);
+
+        if ($this->matchIP) {
+            $builder = $builder->where('ip_address', $this->ipAddress);
+        }
+
+        $this->setSelect($builder);
+
+        $result = $builder->get()->getRow();
+
+        if ($result === null) {
+            // PHP7 will reuse the same SessionHandler object after
+            // ID regeneration, so we need to explicitly set this to
+            // FALSE instead of relying on the default ...
+            $this->rowExists   = false;
+            $this->fingerprint = md5('');
+
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $result = is_bool($result) ? '' : $this->decodeData($result->data);
+
+        $this->fingerprint = md5($result);
+        $this->rowExists   = true;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets SELECT clause
+     */
+    protected function setSelect(BaseBuilder $builder)
+    {
+        $builder->select('data');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes column data
+     *
+     * @param string $data
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    protected function decodeData($data)
+    {
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the session data to the session storage.
+     *
+     * @param string $id   The session ID
+     * @param string $data The encoded session data
+     */
+    public function write($id, $data): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->lock === false) {
+            return $this->fail();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->sessionID !== $id) {
+            $this->rowExists = false;
+            $this->sessionID = $id;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->rowExists === false) {
+            $insertData = [
+                'id'         => $this->idPrefix . $id,
+                'ip_address' => $this->ipAddress,
+                'data'       => $this->prepareData($data),
+            ];
+
+            if (! $this->db->table($this->table)->set('timestamp', 'now()', false)->insert($insertData)) {
+                return $this->fail();
+            }
+
+            $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+            $this->rowExists   = true;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table($this->table)->where('id', $this->idPrefix . $id);
+
+        if ($this->matchIP) {
+            $builder = $builder->where('ip_address', $this->ipAddress);
+        }
+
+        $updateData = [];
+
+        if ($this->fingerprint !== md5($data)) {
+            $updateData['data'] = $this->prepareData($data);
+        }
+
+        if (! $builder->set('timestamp', 'now()', false)->update($updateData)) {
+            return $this->fail();
+        }
+
+        $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare data to insert/update
+     */
+    protected function prepareData(string $data): string
+    {
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the current session.
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        return ($this->lock && ! $this->releaseLock()) ? $this->fail() : true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys a session
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID being destroyed
+     */
+    public function destroy($id): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->lock) {
+            $builder = $this->db->table($this->table)->where('id', $this->idPrefix . $id);
+
+            if ($this->matchIP) {
+                $builder = $builder->where('ip_address', $this->ipAddress);
+            }
+
+            if (! $builder->delete()) {
+                return $this->fail();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->close()) {
+            $this->destroyCookie();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $this->fail();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        $separator = ' ';
+        $interval  = implode($separator, ['', "{$max_lifetime} second", '']);
+
+        return $this->db->table($this->table)->where(
+            'timestamp <',
+            "now() - INTERVAL {$interval}",
+            false
+        )->delete() ? 1 : $this->fail();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the lock, if any.
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        if (! $this->lock) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Unsupported DB? Let the parent handle the simple version.
+        return parent::releaseLock();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9eb64240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Exceptions\SessionException;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler using file system for storage
+ */
+class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Where to save the session files to.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $savePath;
+
+    /**
+     * The file handle
+     *
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    protected $fileHandle;
+
+    /**
+     * File Name
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $filePath;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this is a new file.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $fileNew;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether IP addresses should be matched.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $matchIP = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Regex of session ID
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $sessionIDRegex = '';
+
+    public function __construct(SessionConfig $config, string $ipAddress)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config, $ipAddress);
+
+        if (! empty($this->savePath)) {
+            $this->savePath = rtrim($this->savePath, '/\\');
+            ini_set('session.save_path', $this->savePath);
+        } else {
+            $sessionPath = rtrim(ini_get('session.save_path'), '/\\');
+
+            if (! $sessionPath) {
+                $sessionPath = WRITEPATH . 'session';
+            }
+
+            $this->savePath = $sessionPath;
+        }
+
+        $this->configureSessionIDRegex();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-initialize existing session, or creates a new one.
+     *
+     * @param string $path The path where to store/retrieve the session
+     * @param string $name The session name
+     *
+     * @throws SessionException
+     */
+    public function open($path, $name): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($path) && ! mkdir($path, 0700, true)) {
+            throw SessionException::forInvalidSavePath($this->savePath);
+        }
+
+        if (! is_writable($path)) {
+            throw SessionException::forWriteProtectedSavePath($this->savePath);
+        }
+
+        $this->savePath = $path;
+
+        // we'll use the session name as prefix to avoid collisions
+        $this->filePath = $this->savePath . '/' . $name . ($this->matchIP ? md5($this->ipAddress) : '');
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the session data from the session storage, and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID
+     *
+     * @return false|string Returns an encoded string of the read data.
+     *                      If nothing was read, it must return false.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function read($id)
+    {
+        // This might seem weird, but PHP 5.6 introduced session_reset(),
+        // which re-reads session data
+        if ($this->fileHandle === null) {
+            $this->fileNew = ! is_file($this->filePath . $id);
+
+            if (($this->fileHandle = fopen($this->filePath . $id, 'c+b')) === false) {
+                $this->logger->error("Session: Unable to open file '" . $this->filePath . $id . "'.");
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (flock($this->fileHandle, LOCK_EX) === false) {
+                $this->logger->error("Session: Unable to obtain lock for file '" . $this->filePath . $id . "'.");
+                fclose($this->fileHandle);
+                $this->fileHandle = null;
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (! isset($this->sessionID)) {
+                $this->sessionID = $id;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->fileNew) {
+                chmod($this->filePath . $id, 0600);
+                $this->fingerprint = md5('');
+
+                return '';
+            }
+        } else {
+            rewind($this->fileHandle);
+        }
+
+        $data   = '';
+        $buffer = 0;
+        clearstatcache(); // Address https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/2056
+
+        for ($read = 0, $length = filesize($this->filePath . $id); $read < $length; $read += strlen($buffer)) {
+            if (($buffer = fread($this->fileHandle, $length - $read)) === false) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $data .= $buffer;
+        }
+
+        $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the session data to the session storage.
+     *
+     * @param string $id   The session ID
+     * @param string $data The encoded session data
+     */
+    public function write($id, $data): bool
+    {
+        // If the two IDs don't match, we have a session_regenerate_id() call
+        if ($id !== $this->sessionID) {
+            $this->sessionID = $id;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_resource($this->fileHandle)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->fingerprint === md5($data)) {
+            return ($this->fileNew) ? true : touch($this->filePath . $id);
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->fileNew) {
+            ftruncate($this->fileHandle, 0);
+            rewind($this->fileHandle);
+        }
+
+        if (($length = strlen($data)) > 0) {
+            $result = null;
+
+            for ($written = 0; $written < $length; $written += $result) {
+                if (($result = fwrite($this->fileHandle, substr($data, $written))) === false) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (! is_int($result)) {
+                $this->fingerprint = md5(substr($data, 0, $written));
+                $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to write data.');
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the current session.
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        if (is_resource($this->fileHandle)) {
+            flock($this->fileHandle, LOCK_UN);
+            fclose($this->fileHandle);
+
+            $this->fileHandle = null;
+            $this->fileNew    = false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys a session
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID being destroyed
+     */
+    public function destroy($id): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->close()) {
+            return is_file($this->filePath . $id)
+                ? (unlink($this->filePath . $id) && $this->destroyCookie())
+                : true;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->filePath !== null) {
+            clearstatcache();
+
+            return is_file($this->filePath . $id)
+                ? (unlink($this->filePath . $id) && $this->destroyCookie())
+                : true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        if (! is_dir($this->savePath) || ($directory = opendir($this->savePath)) === false) {
+            $this->logger->debug("Session: Garbage collector couldn't list files under directory '" . $this->savePath . "'.");
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $ts = Time::now()->getTimestamp() - $max_lifetime;
+
+        $pattern = $this->matchIP === true ? '[0-9a-f]{32}' : '';
+
+        $pattern = sprintf(
+            '#\A%s' . $pattern . $this->sessionIDRegex . '\z#',
+            preg_quote($this->cookieName, '#')
+        );
+
+        $collected = 0;
+
+        while (($file = readdir($directory)) !== false) {
+            // If the filename doesn't match this pattern, it's either not a session file or is not ours
+            if (! preg_match($pattern, $file)
+                || ! is_file($this->savePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file)
+                || ($mtime = filemtime($this->savePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file)) === false
+                || $mtime > $ts
+            ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            unlink($this->savePath . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $file);
+            $collected++;
+        }
+
+        closedir($directory);
+
+        return $collected;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure Session ID regular expression
+     */
+    protected function configureSessionIDRegex()
+    {
+        $bitsPerCharacter = (int) ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character');
+        $SIDLength        = (int) ini_get('session.sid_length');
+
+        if (($bits = $SIDLength * $bitsPerCharacter) < 160) {
+            // Add as many more characters as necessary to reach at least 160 bits
+            $SIDLength += (int) ceil((160 % $bits) / $bitsPerCharacter);
+            ini_set('session.sid_length', (string) $SIDLength);
+        }
+
+        switch ($bitsPerCharacter) {
+            case 4:
+                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-f]';
+                break;
+
+            case 5:
+                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-v]';
+                break;
+
+            case 6:
+                $this->sessionIDRegex = '[0-9a-zA-Z,-]';
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $this->sessionIDRegex .= '{' . $SIDLength . '}';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abccfafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Exceptions\SessionException;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use Memcached;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler using Memcache for persistence
+ */
+class MemcachedHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Memcached instance
+     *
+     * @var Memcached|null
+     */
+    protected $memcached;
+
+    /**
+     * Key prefix
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $keyPrefix = 'ci_session:';
+
+    /**
+     * Lock key
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $lockKey;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of seconds until the session ends.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $sessionExpiration = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SessionException
+     */
+    public function __construct(SessionConfig $config, string $ipAddress)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config, $ipAddress);
+
+        $this->sessionExpiration = $config->expiration;
+
+        if (empty($this->savePath)) {
+            throw SessionException::forEmptySavepath();
+        }
+
+        // Add sessionCookieName for multiple session cookies.
+        $this->keyPrefix .= $config->cookieName . ':';
+
+        if ($this->matchIP === true) {
+            $this->keyPrefix .= $this->ipAddress . ':';
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->keyPrefix)) {
+            ini_set('memcached.sess_prefix', $this->keyPrefix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-initialize existing session, or creates a new one.
+     *
+     * @param string $path The path where to store/retrieve the session
+     * @param string $name The session name
+     */
+    public function open($path, $name): bool
+    {
+        $this->memcached = new Memcached();
+        $this->memcached->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, true); // required for touch() usage
+
+        $serverList = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->memcached->getServerList() as $server) {
+            $serverList[] = $server['host'] . ':' . $server['port'];
+        }
+
+        if (
+            ! preg_match_all(
+                '#,?([^,:]+)\:(\d{1,5})(?:\:(\d+))?#',
+                $this->savePath,
+                $matches,
+                PREG_SET_ORDER
+            )
+        ) {
+            $this->memcached = null;
+            $this->logger->error('Session: Invalid Memcached save path format: ' . $this->savePath);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($matches as $match) {
+            // If Memcached already has this server (or if the port is invalid), skip it
+            if (in_array($match[1] . ':' . $match[2], $serverList, true)) {
+                $this->logger->debug(
+                    'Session: Memcached server pool already has ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2]
+                );
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->memcached->addServer($match[1], (int) $match[2], $match[3] ?? 0)) {
+                $this->logger->error(
+                    'Could not add ' . $match[1] . ':' . $match[2] . ' to Memcached server pool.'
+                );
+            } else {
+                $serverList[] = $match[1] . ':' . $match[2];
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($serverList)) {
+            $this->logger->error('Session: Memcached server pool is empty.');
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the session data from the session storage, and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID
+     *
+     * @return false|string Returns an encoded string of the read data.
+     *                      If nothing was read, it must return false.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function read($id)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->memcached) && $this->lockSession($id)) {
+            if (! isset($this->sessionID)) {
+                $this->sessionID = $id;
+            }
+
+            $data = (string) $this->memcached->get($this->keyPrefix . $id);
+
+            $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the session data to the session storage.
+     *
+     * @param string $id   The session ID
+     * @param string $data The encoded session data
+     */
+    public function write($id, $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->memcached)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->sessionID !== $id) {
+            if (! $this->releaseLock() || ! $this->lockSession($id)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->fingerprint = md5('');
+            $this->sessionID   = $id;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
+            $this->memcached->replace($this->lockKey, Time::now()->getTimestamp(), 300);
+
+            if ($this->fingerprint !== ($fingerprint = md5($data))) {
+                if ($this->memcached->set($this->keyPrefix . $id, $data, $this->sessionExpiration)) {
+                    $this->fingerprint = $fingerprint;
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return $this->memcached->touch($this->keyPrefix . $id, $this->sessionExpiration);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the current session.
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->memcached)) {
+            if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
+                $this->memcached->delete($this->lockKey);
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->memcached->quit()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->memcached = null;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys a session
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID being destroyed
+     */
+    public function destroy($id): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->memcached, $this->lockKey)) {
+            $this->memcached->delete($this->keyPrefix . $id);
+
+            return $this->destroyCookie();
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Acquires an emulated lock.
+     *
+     * @param string $sessionID Session ID
+     */
+    protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
+            return $this->memcached->replace($this->lockKey, Time::now()->getTimestamp(), 300);
+        }
+
+        $lockKey = $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ':lock';
+        $attempt = 0;
+
+        do {
+            if ($this->memcached->get($lockKey)) {
+                sleep(1);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->memcached->set($lockKey, Time::now()->getTimestamp(), 300)) {
+                $this->logger->error(
+                    'Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID
+                );
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->lockKey = $lockKey;
+            break;
+        } while (++$attempt < 30);
+
+        if ($attempt === 30) {
+            $this->logger->error(
+                'Session: Unable to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ' after 30 attempts, aborting.'
+            );
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->lock = true;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases a previously acquired lock
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->memcached, $this->lockKey) && $this->lock) {
+            if (
+                ! $this->memcached->delete($this->lockKey)
+                && $this->memcached->getResultCode() !== Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND
+            ) {
+                $this->logger->error(
+                    'Session: Error while trying to free lock for ' . $this->lockKey
+                );
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->lockKey = null;
+            $this->lock    = false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..815e3644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Exceptions\SessionException;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use Redis;
+use RedisException;
+use ReturnTypeWillChange;
+
+/**
+ * Session handler using Redis for persistence
+ */
+class RedisHandler extends BaseHandler
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_PORT     = 6379;
+    private const DEFAULT_PROTOCOL = 'tcp';
+
+    /**
+     * phpRedis instance
+     *
+     * @var Redis|null
+     */
+    protected $redis;
+
+    /**
+     * Key prefix
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $keyPrefix = 'ci_session:';
+
+    /**
+     * Lock key
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $lockKey;
+
+    /**
+     * Key exists flag
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $keyExists = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of seconds until the session ends.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $sessionExpiration = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $ipAddress User's IP address
+     *
+     * @throws SessionException
+     */
+    public function __construct(SessionConfig $config, string $ipAddress)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config, $ipAddress);
+
+        // Store Session configurations
+        $this->sessionExpiration = empty($config->expiration)
+            ? (int) ini_get('session.gc_maxlifetime')
+            : $config->expiration;
+        // Add sessionCookieName for multiple session cookies.
+        $this->keyPrefix .= $config->cookieName . ':';
+
+        $this->setSavePath();
+
+        if ($this->matchIP === true) {
+            $this->keyPrefix .= $this->ipAddress . ':';
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function setSavePath(): void
+    {
+        if (empty($this->savePath)) {
+            throw SessionException::forEmptySavepath();
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match('#(?:(tcp|tls)://)?([^:?]+)(?:\:(\d+))?(\?.+)?#', $this->savePath, $matches)) {
+            if (! isset($matches[4])) {
+                $matches[4] = ''; // Just to avoid undefined index notices below
+            }
+
+            $this->savePath = [
+                'protocol' => ! empty($matches[1]) ? $matches[1] : self::DEFAULT_PROTOCOL,
+                'host'     => $matches[2],
+                'port'     => empty($matches[3]) ? self::DEFAULT_PORT : $matches[3],
+                'password' => preg_match('#auth=([^\s&]+)#', $matches[4], $match) ? $match[1] : null,
+                'database' => preg_match('#database=(\d+)#', $matches[4], $match) ? (int) $match[1] : 0,
+                'timeout'  => preg_match('#timeout=(\d+\.\d+|\d+)#', $matches[4], $match) ? (float) $match[1] : 0.0,
+            ];
+
+            preg_match('#prefix=([^\s&]+)#', $matches[4], $match) && $this->keyPrefix = $match[1];
+        } else {
+            throw SessionException::forInvalidSavePathFormat($this->savePath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-initialize existing session, or creates a new one.
+     *
+     * @param string $path The path where to store/retrieve the session
+     * @param string $name The session name
+     */
+    public function open($path, $name): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($this->savePath)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $redis = new Redis();
+
+        if (! $redis->connect($this->savePath['protocol'] . '://' . $this->savePath['host'], ($this->savePath['host'][0] === '/' ? 0 : $this->savePath['port']), $this->savePath['timeout'])) {
+            $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to connect to Redis with the configured settings.');
+        } elseif (isset($this->savePath['password']) && ! $redis->auth($this->savePath['password'])) {
+            $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to authenticate to Redis instance.');
+        } elseif (isset($this->savePath['database']) && ! $redis->select($this->savePath['database'])) {
+            $this->logger->error('Session: Unable to select Redis database with index ' . $this->savePath['database']);
+        } else {
+            $this->redis = $redis;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the session data from the session storage, and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID
+     *
+     * @return false|string Returns an encoded string of the read data.
+     *                      If nothing was read, it must return false.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function read($id)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->redis) && $this->lockSession($id)) {
+            if (! isset($this->sessionID)) {
+                $this->sessionID = $id;
+            }
+
+            $data = $this->redis->get($this->keyPrefix . $id);
+
+            if (is_string($data)) {
+                $this->keyExists = true;
+            } else {
+                $data = '';
+            }
+
+            $this->fingerprint = md5($data);
+
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the session data to the session storage.
+     *
+     * @param string $id   The session ID
+     * @param string $data The encoded session data
+     */
+    public function write($id, $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->redis)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->sessionID !== $id) {
+            if (! $this->releaseLock() || ! $this->lockSession($id)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->keyExists = false;
+            $this->sessionID = $id;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
+            $this->redis->expire($this->lockKey, 300);
+
+            if ($this->fingerprint !== ($fingerprint = md5($data)) || $this->keyExists === false) {
+                if ($this->redis->set($this->keyPrefix . $id, $data, $this->sessionExpiration)) {
+                    $this->fingerprint = $fingerprint;
+                    $this->keyExists   = true;
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return $this->redis->expire($this->keyPrefix . $id, $this->sessionExpiration);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the current session.
+     */
+    public function close(): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->redis)) {
+            try {
+                $pingReply = $this->redis->ping();
+
+                if (($pingReply === true) || ($pingReply === '+PONG')) {
+                    if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
+                        $this->releaseLock();
+                    }
+
+                    if (! $this->redis->close()) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (RedisException $e) {
+                $this->logger->error('Session: Got RedisException on close(): ' . $e->getMessage());
+            }
+
+            $this->redis = null;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys a session
+     *
+     * @param string $id The session ID being destroyed
+     */
+    public function destroy($id): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->redis, $this->lockKey)) {
+            if (($result = $this->redis->del($this->keyPrefix . $id)) !== 1) {
+                $this->logger->debug('Session: Redis::del() expected to return 1, got ' . var_export($result, true) . ' instead.');
+            }
+
+            return $this->destroyCookie();
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up expired sessions.
+     *
+     * @param int $max_lifetime Sessions that have not updated
+     *                          for the last max_lifetime seconds will be removed.
+     *
+     * @return false|int Returns the number of deleted sessions on success, or false on failure.
+     */
+    #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
+    public function gc($max_lifetime)
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Acquires an emulated lock.
+     *
+     * @param string $sessionID Session ID
+     */
+    protected function lockSession(string $sessionID): bool
+    {
+        $lockKey = $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ':lock';
+
+        // PHP 7 reuses the SessionHandler object on regeneration,
+        // so we need to check here if the lock key is for the
+        // correct session ID.
+        if ($this->lockKey === $lockKey) {
+            return $this->redis->expire($this->lockKey, 300);
+        }
+
+        $attempt = 0;
+
+        do {
+            if (($ttl = $this->redis->ttl($lockKey)) > 0) {
+                sleep(1);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (! $this->redis->setex($lockKey, 300, (string) Time::now()->getTimestamp())) {
+                $this->logger->error('Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID);
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->lockKey = $lockKey;
+            break;
+        } while (++$attempt < 30);
+
+        if ($attempt === 30) {
+            log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to obtain lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ' after 30 attempts, aborting.');
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ($ttl === -1) {
+            log_message('debug', 'Session: Lock for ' . $this->keyPrefix . $sessionID . ' had no TTL, overriding.');
+        }
+
+        $this->lock = true;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases a previously acquired lock
+     */
+    protected function releaseLock(): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->redis, $this->lockKey) && $this->lock) {
+            if (! $this->redis->del($this->lockKey)) {
+                $this->logger->error('Session: Error while trying to free lock for ' . $this->lockKey);
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $this->lockKey = null;
+            $this->lock    = false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/Session.php b/system/Session/Session.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e4a0158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/Session.php
@@ -0,0 +1,935 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerAwareTrait;
+use SessionHandlerInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of CodeIgniter session container.
+ *
+ * Session configuration is done through session variables and cookie related
+ * variables in app/config/App.php
+ *
+ * @property string $session_id
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\SessionTest
+ */
+class Session implements SessionInterface
+{
+    use LoggerAwareTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of the driver to use.
+     *
+     * @var SessionHandlerInterface
+     */
+    protected $driver;
+
+    /**
+     * The storage driver to use: files, database, redis, memcached
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->driver.
+     */
+    protected $sessionDriverName;
+
+    /**
+     * The session cookie name, must contain only [0-9a-z_-] characters.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->cookieName.
+     */
+    protected $sessionCookieName = 'ci_session';
+
+    /**
+     * The number of SECONDS you want the session to last.
+     * Setting it to 0 (zero) means expire when the browser is closed.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->expiration.
+     */
+    protected $sessionExpiration = 7200;
+
+    /**
+     * The location to save sessions to, driver dependent.
+     *
+     * For the 'files' driver, it's a path to a writable directory.
+     * WARNING: Only absolute paths are supported!
+     *
+     * For the 'database' driver, it's a table name.
+     *
+     * @todo address memcache & redis needs
+     *
+     * IMPORTANT: You are REQUIRED to set a valid save path!
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->savePath.
+     */
+    protected $sessionSavePath;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to match the user's IP address when reading the session data.
+     *
+     * WARNING: If you're using the database driver, don't forget to update
+     * your session table's PRIMARY KEY when changing this setting.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->matchIP.
+     */
+    protected $sessionMatchIP = false;
+
+    /**
+     * How many seconds between CI regenerating the session ID.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->timeToUpdate.
+     */
+    protected $sessionTimeToUpdate = 300;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to destroy session data associated with the old session ID
+     * when auto-regenerating the session ID. When set to FALSE, the data
+     * will be later deleted by the garbage collector.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $this->config->regenerateDestroy.
+     */
+    protected $sessionRegenerateDestroy = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The session cookie instance.
+     *
+     * @var Cookie
+     */
+    protected $cookie;
+
+    /**
+     * The domain name to use for cookies.
+     * Set to .your-domain.com for site-wide cookies.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $cookieDomain = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Path used for storing cookies.
+     * Typically will be a forward slash.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $cookiePath = '/';
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie will only be set if a secure HTTPS connection exists.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $cookieSecure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cookie SameSite setting as described in RFC6265
+     * Must be 'None', 'Lax' or 'Strict'.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer used.
+     */
+    protected $cookieSameSite = Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX;
+
+    /**
+     * sid regex expression
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $sidRegexp;
+
+    /**
+     * Session Config
+     */
+    protected SessionConfig $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * Extract configuration settings and save them here.
+     */
+    public function __construct(SessionHandlerInterface $driver, SessionConfig $config)
+    {
+        $this->driver = $driver;
+
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        $cookie = config(CookieConfig::class);
+
+        $this->cookie = (new Cookie($this->config->cookieName, '', [
+            'expires'  => $this->config->expiration === 0 ? 0 : Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $this->config->expiration,
+            'path'     => $cookie->path,
+            'domain'   => $cookie->domain,
+            'secure'   => $cookie->secure,
+            'httponly' => true, // for security
+            'samesite' => $cookie->samesite ?? Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX,
+            'raw'      => $cookie->raw ?? false,
+        ]))->withPrefix(''); // Cookie prefix should be ignored.
+
+        helper('array');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the session container and starts up the session.
+     *
+     * @return $this|void
+     */
+    public function start()
+    {
+        if (is_cli() && ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            $this->logger->debug('Session: Initialization under CLI aborted.');
+
+            return;
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        if ((bool) ini_get('session.auto_start')) {
+            $this->logger->error('Session: session.auto_start is enabled in php.ini. Aborting.');
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE) {
+            $this->logger->warning('Session: Sessions is enabled, and one exists. Please don\'t $session->start();');
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->configure();
+        $this->setSaveHandler();
+
+        // Sanitize the cookie, because apparently PHP doesn't do that for userspace handlers
+        if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName])
+            && (! is_string($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]) || ! preg_match('#\A' . $this->sidRegexp . '\z#', $_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]))
+        ) {
+            unset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]);
+        }
+
+        $this->startSession();
+
+        // Is session ID auto-regeneration configured? (ignoring ajax requests)
+        if ((empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) || strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) !== 'xmlhttprequest')
+            && ($regenerateTime = $this->config->timeToUpdate) > 0
+        ) {
+            if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'])) {
+                $_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+            } elseif ($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] < (Time::now()->getTimestamp() - $regenerateTime)) {
+                $this->regenerate((bool) $this->config->regenerateDestroy);
+            }
+        }
+        // Another work-around ... PHP doesn't seem to send the session cookie
+        // unless it is being currently created or regenerated
+        elseif (isset($_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName]) && $_COOKIE[$this->config->cookieName] === session_id()) {
+            $this->setCookie();
+        }
+
+        $this->initVars();
+        $this->logger->info("Session: Class initialized using '" . $this->config->driver . "' driver.");
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the current session.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use destroy() instead.
+     */
+    public function stop()
+    {
+        $this->destroy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration.
+     *
+     * Handle input binds and configuration defaults.
+     */
+    protected function configure()
+    {
+        ini_set('session.name', $this->config->cookieName);
+
+        $sameSite = $this->cookie->getSameSite() ?: ucfirst(Cookie::SAMESITE_LAX);
+
+        $params = [
+            'lifetime' => $this->config->expiration,
+            'path'     => $this->cookie->getPath(),
+            'domain'   => $this->cookie->getDomain(),
+            'secure'   => $this->cookie->isSecure(),
+            'httponly' => true, // HTTP only; Yes, this is intentional and not configurable for security reasons.
+            'samesite' => $sameSite,
+        ];
+
+        ini_set('session.cookie_samesite', $sameSite);
+        session_set_cookie_params($params);
+
+        if ($this->config->expiration > 0) {
+            ini_set('session.gc_maxlifetime', (string) $this->config->expiration);
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->config->savePath)) {
+            ini_set('session.save_path', $this->config->savePath);
+        }
+
+        // Security is king
+        ini_set('session.use_trans_sid', '0');
+        ini_set('session.use_strict_mode', '1');
+        ini_set('session.use_cookies', '1');
+        ini_set('session.use_only_cookies', '1');
+
+        $this->configureSidLength();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure session ID length
+     *
+     * To make life easier, we used to force SHA-1 and 4 bits per
+     * character on everyone. And of course, someone was unhappy.
+     *
+     * Then PHP 7.1 broke backwards-compatibility because ext/session
+     * is such a mess that nobody wants to touch it with a pole stick,
+     * and the one guy who does, nobody has the energy to argue with.
+     *
+     * So we were forced to make changes, and OF COURSE something was
+     * going to break and now we have this pile of shit. -- Narf
+     */
+    protected function configureSidLength()
+    {
+        $bitsPerCharacter = (int) (ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character') !== false
+            ? ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character')
+            : 4);
+
+        $sidLength = (int) (ini_get('session.sid_length') !== false
+            ? ini_get('session.sid_length')
+            : 40);
+
+        if (($sidLength * $bitsPerCharacter) < 160) {
+            $bits = ($sidLength * $bitsPerCharacter);
+            // Add as many more characters as necessary to reach at least 160 bits
+            $sidLength += (int) ceil((160 % $bits) / $bitsPerCharacter);
+            ini_set('session.sid_length', (string) $sidLength);
+        }
+
+        // Yes, 4,5,6 are the only known possible values as of 2016-10-27
+        switch ($bitsPerCharacter) {
+            case 4:
+                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-f]';
+                break;
+
+            case 5:
+                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-v]';
+                break;
+
+            case 6:
+                $this->sidRegexp = '[0-9a-zA-Z,-]';
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $this->sidRegexp .= '{' . $sidLength . '}';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle temporary variables
+     *
+     * Clears old "flash" data, marks the new one for deletion and handles
+     * "temp" data deletion.
+     */
+    protected function initVars()
+    {
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $currentTime = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+
+        foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value) {
+            if ($value === 'new') {
+                $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = 'old';
+            }
+            // DO NOT move this above the 'new' check!
+            elseif ($value === 'old' || $value < $currentTime) {
+                unset($_SESSION[$key], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Regenerates the session ID.
+     *
+     * @param bool $destroy Should old session data be destroyed?
+     */
+    public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false)
+    {
+        $_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+        session_regenerate_id($destroy);
+
+        $this->removeOldSessionCookie();
+    }
+
+    private function removeOldSessionCookie(): void
+    {
+        $response              = Services::response();
+        $cookieStoreInResponse = $response->getCookieStore();
+
+        if (! $cookieStoreInResponse->has($this->config->cookieName)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // CookieStore is immutable.
+        $newCookieStore = $cookieStoreInResponse->remove($this->config->cookieName);
+
+        // But clear() method clears cookies in the object (not immutable).
+        $cookieStoreInResponse->clear();
+
+        foreach ($newCookieStore as $cookie) {
+            $response->setCookie($cookie);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the current session.
+     */
+    public function destroy()
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        session_destroy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes session data and close the current session.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function close()
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        session_write_close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets user data into the session.
+     *
+     * If $data is a string, then it is interpreted as a session property
+     * key, and  $value is expected to be non-null.
+     *
+     * If $data is an array, it is expected to be an array of key/value pairs
+     * to be set as session properties.
+     *
+     * @param array|string                            $data  Property name or associative array of properties
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if single key provided
+     */
+    public function set($data, $value = null)
+    {
+        if (is_array($data)) {
+            foreach ($data as $key => &$value) {
+                if (is_int($key)) {
+                    $_SESSION[$value] = null;
+                } else {
+                    $_SESSION[$key] = $value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $_SESSION[$data] = $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user data that has been set in the session.
+     *
+     * If the property exists as "normal", returns it.
+     * Otherwise, returns an array of any temp or flash data values with the
+     * property key.
+     *
+     * Replaces the legacy method $session->userdata();
+     *
+     * @param string|null $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null The property value(s)
+     */
+    public function get(?string $key = null)
+    {
+        if (! empty($key) && (null !== ($value = $_SESSION[$key] ?? null) || null !== ($value = dot_array_search($key, $_SESSION ?? [])))) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_SESSION)) {
+            return $key === null ? [] : null;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($key)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $userdata = [];
+        $_exclude = array_merge(['__ci_vars'], $this->getFlashKeys(), $this->getTempKeys());
+
+        $keys = array_keys($_SESSION);
+
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if (! in_array($key, $_exclude, true)) {
+                $userdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $userdata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether an index exists in the session array.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Identifier of the session property we are interested in.
+     */
+    public function has(string $key): bool
+    {
+        return isset($_SESSION[$key]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Push new value onto session value that is array.
+     *
+     * @param string $key  Identifier of the session property we are interested in.
+     * @param array  $data value to be pushed to existing session key.
+     */
+    public function push(string $key, array $data)
+    {
+        if ($this->has($key) && is_array($value = $this->get($key))) {
+            $this->set($key, array_merge($value, $data));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove one or more session properties.
+     *
+     * If $key is an array, it is interpreted as an array of string property
+     * identifiers to remove. Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier
+     * of a specific session property to remove.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     */
+    public function remove($key)
+    {
+        if (is_array($key)) {
+            foreach ($key as $k) {
+                unset($_SESSION[$k]);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        unset($_SESSION[$key]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Magic method to set variables in the session by simply calling
+     *  $session->foo = bar;
+     *
+     * @param string       $key   Identifier of the session property to set.
+     * @param array|string $value
+     */
+    public function __set(string $key, $value)
+    {
+        $_SESSION[$key] = $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Magic method to get session variables by simply calling
+     *  $foo = $session->foo;
+     *
+     * @param string $key Identifier of the session property to remove.
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    public function __get(string $key)
+    {
+        // Note: Keep this order the same, just in case somebody wants to
+        // use 'session_id' as a session data key, for whatever reason
+        if (isset($_SESSION[$key])) {
+            return $_SESSION[$key];
+        }
+
+        if ($key === 'session_id') {
+            return session_id();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Magic method to check for session variables.
+     * Different from has() in that it will validate 'session_id' as well.
+     * Mostly used by internal PHP functions, users should stick to has()
+     *
+     * @param string $key Identifier of the session property to remove.
+     */
+    public function __isset(string $key): bool
+    {
+        return isset($_SESSION[$key]) || ($key === 'session_id');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets data into the session that will only last for a single request.
+     * Perfect for use with single-use status update messages.
+     *
+     * If $data is an array, it is interpreted as an associative array of
+     * key/value pairs for flashdata properties.
+     * Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier of a specific
+     * flashdata property, with $value containing the property value.
+     *
+     * @param array|string                            $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     */
+    public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->set($data, $value);
+        $this->markAsFlashdata(is_array($data) ? array_keys($data) : $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve one or more items of flash data from the session.
+     *
+     * If the item key is null, return all flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property identifier
+     *
+     * @return array|null The requested property value, or an associative array  of them
+     */
+    public function getFlashdata(?string $key = null)
+    {
+        if (isset($key)) {
+            return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key])
+                && ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) ? $_SESSION[$key] : null;
+        }
+
+        $flashdata = [];
+
+        if (! empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value) {
+                if (! is_int($value)) {
+                    $flashdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $flashdata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keeps a single piece of flash data alive for one more request.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function keepFlashdata($key)
+    {
+        $this->markAsFlashdata($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return bool False if any of the properties are not already set
+     */
+    public function markAsFlashdata($key): bool
+    {
+        if (is_array($key)) {
+            foreach ($key as $sessionKey) {
+                if (! isset($_SESSION[$sessionKey])) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $new = array_fill_keys($key, 'new');
+
+            $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) ? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $new) : $new;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($_SESSION[$key])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = 'new';
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unmark data in the session as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function unmarkFlashdata($key)
+    {
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($key)) {
+            $key = [$key];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($key as $k) {
+            if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]) && ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k])) {
+                unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve all of the keys for session data marked as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @return array The property names of all flashdata
+     */
+    public function getFlashKeys(): array
+    {
+        if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $keys = [];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) as $key) {
+            if (! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) {
+                $keys[] = $key;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $keys;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets new data into the session, and marks it as temporary data
+     * with a set lifespan.
+     *
+     * @param array|string                            $data  Session data key or associative array of items
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Value to store
+     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     */
+    public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300)
+    {
+        $this->set($data, $value);
+        $this->markAsTempdata($data, $ttl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns either a single piece of tempdata, or all temp data currently
+     * in the session.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Session data key
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null Session data value or null if not found.
+     */
+    public function getTempdata(?string $key = null)
+    {
+        if (isset($key)) {
+            return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key])
+                    && is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) ? $_SESSION[$key] : null;
+        }
+
+        $tempdata = [];
+
+        if (! empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value) {
+                if (is_int($value)) {
+                    $tempdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $tempdata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single piece of temporary data from the session.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Session data key
+     */
+    public function removeTempdata(string $key)
+    {
+        $this->unmarkTempdata($key);
+        unset($_SESSION[$key]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mark one of more pieces of data as being temporary, meaning that
+     * it has a set lifespan within the session.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param int          $ttl Time to live, in seconds
+     *
+     * @return bool False if any of the properties were not set
+     */
+    public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300): bool
+    {
+        $ttl += Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+
+        if (is_array($key)) {
+            $temp = [];
+
+            foreach ($key as $k => $v) {
+                // Do we have a key => ttl pair, or just a key?
+                if (is_int($k)) {
+                    $k = $v;
+                    $v = $ttl;
+                } elseif (is_string($v)) {
+                    $v = Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl;
+                } else {
+                    $v += Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+                }
+
+                if (! array_key_exists($k, $_SESSION)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                $temp[$k] = $v;
+            }
+
+            $_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) ? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $temp) : $temp;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($_SESSION[$key])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = $ttl;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unmarks temporary data in the session, effectively removing its
+     * lifespan and allowing it to live as long as the session does.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function unmarkTempdata($key)
+    {
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($key)) {
+            $key = [$key];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($key as $k) {
+            if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]) && is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k])) {
+                unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the keys of all session data that have been marked as temporary data.
+     */
+    public function getTempKeys(): array
+    {
+        if (! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $keys = [];
+
+        foreach (array_keys($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) as $key) {
+            if (is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key])) {
+                $keys[] = $key;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $keys;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the driver as the session handler in PHP.
+     * Extracted for easier testing.
+     */
+    protected function setSaveHandler()
+    {
+        session_set_save_handler($this->driver, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the session.
+     * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     */
+    protected function startSession()
+    {
+        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+            $_SESSION = [];
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        session_start(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes care of setting the cookie on the client side.
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    protected function setCookie()
+    {
+        $expiration   = $this->config->expiration === 0 ? 0 : Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $this->config->expiration;
+        $this->cookie = $this->cookie->withValue(session_id())->withExpires($expiration);
+
+        $response = Services::response();
+        $response->setCookie($this->cookie);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Session/SessionInterface.php b/system/Session/SessionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e78736bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Session/SessionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a session container used with CodeIgniter.
+ */
+interface SessionInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Regenerates the session ID.
+     *
+     * @param bool $destroy Should old session data be destroyed?
+     */
+    public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false);
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys the current session.
+     */
+    public function destroy();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets user data into the session.
+     *
+     * If $data is a string, then it is interpreted as a session property
+     * key, and  $value is expected to be non-null.
+     *
+     * If $data is an array, it is expected to be an array of key/value pairs
+     * to be set as session properties.
+     *
+     * @param array|string                            $data  Property name or associative array of properties
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Property value if single key provided
+     */
+    public function set($data, $value = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Get user data that has been set in the session.
+     *
+     * If the property exists as "normal", returns it.
+     * Otherwise, returns an array of any temp or flash data values with the
+     * property key.
+     *
+     * Replaces the legacy method $session->userdata();
+     *
+     * @param string $key Identifier of the session property to retrieve
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null The property value(s)
+     */
+    public function get(?string $key = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether an index exists in the session array.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Identifier of the session property we are interested in.
+     */
+    public function has(string $key): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Remove one or more session properties.
+     *
+     * If $key is an array, it is interpreted as an array of string property
+     * identifiers to remove. Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier
+     * of a specific session property to remove.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Identifier of the session property or properties to remove.
+     */
+    public function remove($key);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets data into the session that will only last for a single request.
+     * Perfect for use with single-use status update messages.
+     *
+     * If $data is an array, it is interpreted as an associative array of
+     * key/value pairs for flashdata properties.
+     * Otherwise, it is interpreted as the identifier of a specific
+     * flashdata property, with $value containing the property value.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $data  Property identifier or associative array of properties
+     * @param array|string $value Property value if $data is a scalar
+     */
+    public function setFlashdata($data, $value = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve one or more items of flash data from the session.
+     *
+     * If the item key is null, return all flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Property identifier
+     *
+     * @return array|null The requested property value, or an associative
+     *                    array  of them
+     */
+    public function getFlashdata(?string $key = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Keeps a single piece of flash data alive for one more request.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function keepFlashdata($key);
+
+    /**
+     * Mark a session property or properties as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     *
+     * @return false if any of the properties are not already set
+     */
+    public function markAsFlashdata($key);
+
+    /**
+     * Unmark data in the session as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function unmarkFlashdata($key);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve all of the keys for session data marked as flashdata.
+     *
+     * @return array The property names of all flashdata
+     */
+    public function getFlashKeys(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets new data into the session, and marks it as temporary data
+     * with a set lifespan.
+     *
+     * @param array|string                            $data  Session data key or associative array of items
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Value to store
+     * @param int                                     $ttl   Time-to-live in seconds
+     */
+    public function setTempdata($data, $value = null, int $ttl = 300);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns either a single piece of tempdata, or all temp data currently
+     * in the session.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Session data key
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|object|string|null Session data value or null if not found.
+     */
+    public function getTempdata(?string $key = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a single piece of temporary data from the session.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Session data key
+     */
+    public function removeTempdata(string $key);
+
+    /**
+     * Mark one of more pieces of data as being temporary, meaning that
+     * it has a set lifespan within the session.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     * @param int          $ttl Time to live, in seconds
+     *
+     * @return bool False if any of the properties were not set
+     */
+    public function markAsTempdata($key, int $ttl = 300);
+
+    /**
+     * Unmarks temporary data in the session, effectively removing its
+     * lifespan and allowing it to live as long as the session does.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $key Property identifier or array of them
+     */
+    public function unmarkTempdata($key);
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the keys of all session data that have been marked as temporary data.
+     */
+    public function getTempKeys(): array;
+}
diff --git a/system/Superglobals.php b/system/Superglobals.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4386353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Superglobals.php
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter;
+
+/**
+ * Superglobals manipulation.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\SuperglobalsTest
+ */
+final class Superglobals
+{
+    private array $server;
+    private array $get;
+
+    public function __construct(?array $server = null, ?array $get = null)
+    {
+        $this->server = $server ?? $_SERVER;
+        $this->get    = $get ?? $_GET;
+    }
+
+    public function server(string $key): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->server[$key] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    public function setServer(string $key, string $value): void
+    {
+        $this->server[$key] = $value;
+        $_SERVER[$key]      = $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array|string|null
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        return $this->get[$key] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    public function setGet(string $key, string $value): void
+    {
+        $this->get[$key] = $value;
+        $_GET[$key]      = $value;
+    }
+
+    public function setGetArray(array $array): void
+    {
+        $this->get = $array;
+        $_GET      = $array;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/CIDatabaseTestCase.php b/system/Test/CIDatabaseTestCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e25c378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/CIDatabaseTestCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+/**
+ * CIDatabaseTestCase
+ *
+ * Use DatabaseTestTrait instead.
+ *
+ * @deprecated 4.1.2
+ */
+abstract class CIDatabaseTestCase extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php b/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0c84c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\MigrationRunner;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\ArrayHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCache;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockCodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockEmail;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockSession;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Email;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Session;
+use Exception;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * Framework test case for PHPUnit.
+ */
+abstract class CIUnitTestCase extends TestCase
+{
+    use ReflectionHelper;
+
+    /**
+     * @var CodeIgniter
+     */
+    protected $app;
+
+    /**
+     * Methods to run during setUp.
+     *
+     * WARNING: Do not override unless you know exactly what you are doing.
+     *          This property may be deprecated in the future.
+     *
+     * @var array of methods
+     */
+    protected $setUpMethods = [
+        'resetFactories',
+        'mockCache',
+        'mockEmail',
+        'mockSession',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Methods to run during tearDown.
+     *
+     * WARNING: This property may be deprecated in the future.
+     *
+     * @var array of methods
+     */
+    protected $tearDownMethods = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Store of identified traits.
+     */
+    private ?array $traits = null;
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Database Properties
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Should run db migration?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $migrate = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Should run db migration only once?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $migrateOnce = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Should run seeding only once?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $seedOnce = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Should the db be refreshed before test?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $refresh = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The seed file(s) used for all tests within this test case.
+     * Should be fully-namespaced or relative to $basePath
+     *
+     * @var array|string
+     */
+    protected $seed = '';
+
+    /**
+     * The path to the seeds directory.
+     * Allows overriding the default application directories.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $basePath = SUPPORTPATH . 'Database';
+
+    /**
+     * The namespace(s) to help us find the migration classes.
+     * Empty is equivalent to running `spark migrate --all`.
+     * Note that running "all" runs migrations in date order,
+     * but specifying namespaces runs them in namespace order (then date)
+     *
+     * @var array|string|null
+     */
+    protected $namespace = 'Tests\Support';
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the database group to connect to.
+     * If not present, will use the defaultGroup.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     * @phpstan-var non-empty-string
+     */
+    protected $DBGroup = 'tests';
+
+    /**
+     * Our database connection.
+     *
+     * @var BaseConnection
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Migration Runner instance.
+     *
+     * @var MigrationRunner|null
+     */
+    protected $migrations;
+
+    /**
+     * Seeder instance
+     *
+     * @var Seeder
+     */
+    protected $seeder;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores information needed to remove any
+     * rows inserted via $this->hasInDatabase();
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $insertCache = [];
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Feature Properties
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * If present, will override application
+     * routes when using call().
+     *
+     * @var RouteCollection|null
+     */
+    protected $routes;
+
+    /**
+     * Values to be set in the SESSION global
+     * before running the test.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $session = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Enabled auto clean op buffer after request call
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $clean = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Custom request's headers
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $headers = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Allows for formatting the request body to what
+     * the controller is going to expect
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $bodyFormat = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Allows for directly setting the body to what
+     * it needs to be.
+     *
+     * @var mixed
+     */
+    protected $requestBody = '';
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Staging
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Load the helpers.
+     */
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUpBeforeClass();
+
+        helper(['url', 'test']);
+    }
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        if (! $this->app) {
+            $this->app = $this->createApplication();
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->setUpMethods as $method) {
+            $this->{$method}();
+        }
+
+        // Check for the database trait
+        if (method_exists($this, 'setUpDatabase')) {
+            $this->setUpDatabase();
+        }
+
+        // Check for other trait methods
+        $this->callTraitMethods('setUp');
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        foreach ($this->tearDownMethods as $method) {
+            $this->{$method}();
+        }
+
+        // Check for the database trait
+        if (method_exists($this, 'tearDownDatabase')) {
+            $this->tearDownDatabase();
+        }
+
+        // Check for other trait methods
+        $this->callTraitMethods('tearDown');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for traits with corresponding
+     * methods for setUp or tearDown.
+     *
+     * @param string $stage 'setUp' or 'tearDown'
+     */
+    private function callTraitMethods(string $stage): void
+    {
+        if ($this->traits === null) {
+            $this->traits = class_uses_recursive($this);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->traits as $trait) {
+            $method = $stage . class_basename($trait);
+
+            if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
+                $this->{$method}();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Mocking
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Resets shared instanced for all Factories components
+     */
+    protected function resetFactories()
+    {
+        Factories::reset();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets shared instanced for all Services
+     */
+    protected function resetServices(bool $initAutoloader = true)
+    {
+        Services::reset($initAutoloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Injects the mock Cache driver to prevent filesystem collisions
+     */
+    protected function mockCache()
+    {
+        Services::injectMock('cache', new MockCache());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Injects the mock email driver so no emails really send
+     */
+    protected function mockEmail()
+    {
+        Services::injectMock('email', new MockEmail(config(Email::class)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Injects the mock session driver into Services
+     */
+    protected function mockSession()
+    {
+        $_SESSION = [];
+
+        $config  = config(Session::class);
+        $session = new MockSession(new ArrayHandler($config, '0.0.0.0'), $config);
+
+        Services::injectMock('session', $session);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Assertions
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Custom function to hook into CodeIgniter's Logging mechanism
+     * to check if certain messages were logged during code execution.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $expectedMessage
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function assertLogged(string $level, $expectedMessage = null)
+    {
+        $result = TestLogger::didLog($level, $expectedMessage);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($result, sprintf(
+            'Failed asserting that expected message "%s" with level "%s" was logged.',
+            $expectedMessage ?? '',
+            $level
+        ));
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that there is a log record that contains `$logMessage` in the message.
+     */
+    public function assertLogContains(string $level, string $logMessage, string $message = ''): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(
+            TestLogger::didLog($level, $logMessage, false),
+            $message ?: sprintf(
+                'Failed asserting that logs have a record of message containing "%s" with level "%s".',
+                $logMessage,
+                $level
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hooks into CodeIgniter's Events system to check if a specific
+     * event was triggered or not.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertEventTriggered(string $eventName): bool
+    {
+        $found     = false;
+        $eventName = strtolower($eventName);
+
+        foreach (Events::getPerformanceLogs() as $log) {
+            if ($log['event'] !== $eventName) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $found = true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        $this->assertTrue($found);
+
+        return $found;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hooks into xdebug's headers capture, looking for presence of
+     * a specific header emitted.
+     *
+     * @param string $header The leading portion of the header we are looking for
+     */
+    public function assertHeaderEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false): void
+    {
+        $this->assertNotNull(
+            $this->getHeaderEmitted($header, $ignoreCase, __METHOD__),
+            "Didn't find header for {$header}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hooks into xdebug's headers capture, looking for absence of
+     * a specific header emitted.
+     *
+     * @param string $header The leading portion of the header we don't want to find
+     */
+    public function assertHeaderNotEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false): void
+    {
+        $this->assertNull(
+            $this->getHeaderEmitted($header, $ignoreCase, __METHOD__),
+            "Found header for {$header}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Custom function to test that two values are "close enough".
+     * This is intended for extended execution time testing,
+     * where the result is close but not exactly equal to the
+     * expected time, for reasons beyond our control.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $actual
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertCloseEnough(int $expected, $actual, string $message = '', int $tolerance = 1)
+    {
+        $difference = abs($expected - (int) floor($actual));
+
+        $this->assertLessThanOrEqual($tolerance, $difference, $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Custom function to test that two values are "close enough".
+     * This is intended for extended execution time testing,
+     * where the result is close but not exactly equal to the
+     * expected time, for reasons beyond our control.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $expected
+     * @param mixed $actual
+     *
+     * @return bool|void
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertCloseEnoughString($expected, $actual, string $message = '', int $tolerance = 1)
+    {
+        $expected = (string) $expected;
+        $actual   = (string) $actual;
+        if (strlen($expected) !== strlen($actual)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $expected   = (int) substr($expected, -2);
+            $actual     = (int) substr($actual, -2);
+            $difference = abs($expected - $actual);
+
+            $this->assertLessThanOrEqual($tolerance, $difference, $message);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Loads up an instance of CodeIgniter
+     * and gets the environment setup.
+     *
+     * @return CodeIgniter
+     */
+    protected function createApplication()
+    {
+        // Initialize the autoloader.
+        Services::autoloader()->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules());
+
+        $app = new MockCodeIgniter(new App());
+        $app->initialize();
+
+        return $app;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return first matching emitted header.
+     */
+    protected function getHeaderEmitted(string $header, bool $ignoreCase = false, string $method = __METHOD__): ?string
+    {
+        if (! function_exists('xdebug_get_headers')) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped($method . '() requires xdebug.');
+        }
+
+        foreach (xdebug_get_headers() as $emittedHeader) {
+            $found = $ignoreCase
+                ? (stripos($emittedHeader, $header) === 0)
+                : (strpos($emittedHeader, $header) === 0);
+
+            if ($found) {
+                return $emittedHeader;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php b/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17d2dd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/ConfigFromArrayTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use LogicException;
+
+trait ConfigFromArrayTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates a Config instance from an array.
+     *
+     * @template T of \CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig
+     *
+     * @param class-string<T>      $classname Config classname
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $config
+     *
+     * @return T
+     */
+    private function createConfigFromArray(string $classname, array $config)
+    {
+        $configObj = new $classname();
+
+        foreach ($config as $key => $value) {
+            if (property_exists($configObj, $key)) {
+                $configObj->{$key} = $value;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            throw new LogicException(
+                'No such property: ' . $classname . '::$' . $key
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $configObj;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php b/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbed1e42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Constraints/SeeInDatabase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Constraints;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Constraint\Constraint;
+
+class SeeInDatabase extends Constraint
+{
+    /**
+     * The number of results that will show in the database
+     * in case of failure.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $show = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ConnectionInterface
+     */
+    protected $db;
+
+    /**
+     * Data used to compare results against.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $data;
+
+    /**
+     * SeeInDatabase constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(ConnectionInterface $db, array $data)
+    {
+        $this->db   = $db;
+        $this->data = $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if data is found in the table
+     *
+     * @param mixed $table
+     */
+    protected function matches($table): bool
+    {
+        return $this->db->table($table)->where($this->data)->countAllResults() > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the description of the failure
+     *
+     * @param mixed $table
+     */
+    protected function failureDescription($table): string
+    {
+        return sprintf(
+            "a row in the table [%s] matches the attributes \n%s\n\n%s",
+            $table,
+            $this->toString(JSON_PRETTY_PRINT),
+            $this->getAdditionalInfo($table)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets additional records similar to $data.
+     */
+    protected function getAdditionalInfo(string $table): string
+    {
+        $builder = $this->db->table($table);
+
+        $similar = $builder->where(
+            array_key_first($this->data),
+            $this->data[array_key_first($this->data)]
+        )->limit($this->show)->get()->getResultArray();
+
+        if ($similar !== []) {
+            $description = 'Found similar results: ' . json_encode($similar, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT);
+        } else {
+            // Does the table have any results at all?
+            $results = $this->db->table($table)
+                ->limit($this->show)
+                ->get()
+                ->getResultArray();
+
+            if ($results !== []) {
+                return 'The table is empty.';
+            }
+
+            $description = 'Found: ' . json_encode($results, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT);
+        }
+
+        $total = $this->db->table($table)->countAll();
+        if ($total > $this->show) {
+            $description .= sprintf(' and %s others', $total - $this->show);
+        }
+
+        return $description;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a string representation of the constraint
+     *
+     * @param int $options
+     */
+    public function toString($options = 0): string
+    {
+        return json_encode($this->data, $options);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerResponse.php b/system/Test/ControllerResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a90e4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Testable response from a controller
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use TestResponse directly
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class ControllerResponse extends TestResponse
+{
+    /**
+     * The message payload.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $response->getBody() instead
+     */
+    protected $body;
+
+    /**
+     * DOM for the body.
+     *
+     * @var DOMParser
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use $domParser instead
+     */
+    protected $dom;
+
+    /**
+     * Maintains the deprecated $dom property.
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        parent::__construct(Services::response());
+
+        $this->dom = &$this->domParser;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the response.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated Will revert to parent::setResponse() in a future release (no $body updates)
+     */
+    public function setResponse(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        parent::setResponse($response);
+
+        $this->body = $response->getBody() ?? '';
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the body and updates the DOM.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use response()->setBody() instead
+     */
+    public function setBody(string $body)
+    {
+        $this->body = $body;
+
+        if ($body !== '') {
+            $this->domParser->withString($body);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the body.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use response()->getBody() instead
+     */
+    public function getBody()
+    {
+        return $this->body;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2da65d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Controller Test Trait
+ *
+ * Provides features that make testing controllers simple and fluent.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *  $this->withRequest($request)
+ *       ->withResponse($response)
+ *       ->withURI($uri)
+ *       ->withBody($body)
+ *       ->controller('App\Controllers\Home')
+ *       ->execute('methodName');
+ */
+trait ControllerTestTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Controller configuration.
+     *
+     * @var App
+     */
+    protected $appConfig;
+
+    /**
+     * Request.
+     *
+     * @var IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Response.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * Message logger.
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized controller.
+     *
+     * @var Controller
+     */
+    protected $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * URI of this request.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $uri = 'http://example.com';
+
+    /**
+     * Request body.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $body;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes required components.
+     */
+    protected function setUpControllerTestTrait(): void
+    {
+        // The URL helper is always loaded by the system so ensure it is available.
+        helper('url');
+
+        if (empty($this->appConfig)) {
+            $this->appConfig = config(App::class);
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->uri instanceof URI) {
+            $factory   = Services::siteurifactory($this->appConfig, Services::superglobals(), false);
+            $this->uri = $factory->createFromGlobals();
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->request)) {
+            // Do some acrobatics, so we can use the Request service with our own URI
+            $tempUri = Services::uri();
+            Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
+
+            $this->withRequest(Services::incomingrequest($this->appConfig, false));
+
+            // Restore the URI service
+            Services::injectMock('uri', $tempUri);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->response)) {
+            $this->response = Services::response($this->appConfig, false);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->logger)) {
+            $this->logger = Services::logger();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the specified controller, and generates any needed dependencies.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function controller(string $name)
+    {
+        if (! class_exists($name)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid Controller: ' . $name);
+        }
+
+        $this->controller = new $name();
+        $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the specified method on the controller and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param array $params
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function execute(string $method, ...$params)
+    {
+        if (! method_exists($this->controller, $method) || ! is_callable([$this->controller, $method])) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Method does not exist or is not callable in controller: ' . $method);
+        }
+
+        $response = null;
+        $this->request->setBody($this->body);
+
+        try {
+            ob_start();
+            $response = $this->controller->{$method}(...$params);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $code = $e->getCode();
+
+            // If code is not a valid HTTP status then assume there is an error
+            if ($code < 100 || $code >= 600) {
+                throw $e;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            $output = ob_get_clean();
+        }
+
+        // If the controller returned a view then add it to the output
+        if (is_string($response)) {
+            $output = is_string($output) ? $output . $response : $response;
+        }
+
+        // If the controller did not return a response then start one
+        if (! $response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+            $response = $this->response;
+        }
+
+        // Check for output to set or prepend
+        // @see \CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter::gatherOutput()
+        if (is_string($output)) {
+            if (is_string($response->getBody())) {
+                $response->setBody($output . $response->getBody());
+            } else {
+                $response->setBody($output);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for an overriding code from exceptions
+        if (isset($code)) {
+            $response->setStatusCode($code);
+        }
+        // Otherwise ensure there is a status code
+        else {
+            // getStatusCode() throws for empty codes
+            try {
+                $response->getStatusCode();
+            } catch (HTTPException $e) {
+                // If no code has been set then assume success
+                $response->setStatusCode(200);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create the result and add the Request for reference
+        return (new TestResponse($response))->setRequest($this->request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's config, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $appConfig
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withConfig($appConfig)
+    {
+        $this->appConfig = $appConfig;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's request, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $request
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withRequest($request)
+    {
+        $this->request = $request;
+
+        // Make sure it's available for other classes
+        Services::injectMock('request', $request);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's response, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param ResponseInterface $response
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withResponse($response)
+    {
+        $this->response = $response;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's logger, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $logger
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withLogger($logger)
+    {
+        $this->logger = $logger;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the controller's URI, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withUri(string $uri)
+    {
+        $factory   = Services::siteurifactory();
+        $this->uri = $factory->createFromString($uri);
+        Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
+
+        // Update the Request instance, because Request has the SiteURI instance.
+        $this->request = Services::incomingrequest(null, false);
+        Services::injectMock('request', $this->request);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the method's body, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withBody($body)
+    {
+        $this->body = $body;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerTester.php b/system/Test/ControllerTester.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c01e6a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerTester.php
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Controller;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * ControllerTester Trait
+ *
+ * Provides features that make testing controllers simple and fluent.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *  $this->withRequest($request)
+ *       ->withResponse($response)
+ *       ->withURI($uri)
+ *       ->withBody($body)
+ *       ->controller('App\Controllers\Home')
+ *       ->execute('methodName');
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use ControllerTestTrait instead
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+trait ControllerTester
+{
+    /**
+     * Controller configuration.
+     *
+     * @var App
+     */
+    protected $appConfig;
+
+    /**
+     * Request.
+     *
+     * @var IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Response.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * Message logger.
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Initialized controller.
+     *
+     * @var Controller
+     */
+    protected $controller;
+
+    /**
+     * URI of this request.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $uri = 'http://example.com';
+
+    /**
+     * Request or response body.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $body;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes required components.
+     */
+    protected function setUpControllerTester(): void
+    {
+        if (empty($this->appConfig)) {
+            $this->appConfig = config(App::class);
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->uri instanceof URI) {
+            $this->uri = Services::uri($this->appConfig->baseURL ?? 'http://example.com/', false);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->request)) {
+            // Do some acrobatics so we can use the Request service with our own URI
+            $tempUri = Services::uri();
+            Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
+
+            $this->withRequest(Services::incomingrequest($this->appConfig, false)->setBody($this->body));
+
+            // Restore the URI service
+            Services::injectMock('uri', $tempUri);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->response)) {
+            $this->response = Services::response($this->appConfig, false);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($this->logger)) {
+            $this->logger = Services::logger();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the specified controller, and generates any needed dependencies.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function controller(string $name)
+    {
+        if (! class_exists($name)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid Controller: ' . $name);
+        }
+
+        $this->controller = new $name();
+        $this->controller->initController($this->request, $this->response, $this->logger);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the specified method on the controller and returns the results.
+     *
+     * @param array $params
+     *
+     * @return ControllerResponse
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function execute(string $method, ...$params)
+    {
+        if (! method_exists($this->controller, $method) || ! is_callable([$this->controller, $method])) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Method does not exist or is not callable in controller: ' . $method);
+        }
+
+        // The URL helper is always loaded by the system
+        // so ensure it's available.
+        helper('url');
+
+        $result = (new ControllerResponse())
+            ->setRequest($this->request)
+            ->setResponse($this->response);
+
+        $response = null;
+
+        try {
+            ob_start();
+
+            $response = $this->controller->{$method}(...$params);
+        } catch (Throwable $e) {
+            $code = $e->getCode();
+
+            // If code is not a valid HTTP status then assume there is an error
+            if ($code < 100 || $code >= 600) {
+                throw $e;
+            }
+
+            $result->response()->setStatusCode($code);
+        } finally {
+            $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+            // If the controller returned a response, use it
+            if (isset($response) && $response instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                $result->setResponse($response);
+            }
+
+            // check if controller returned a view rather than echoing it
+            if (is_string($response)) {
+                $output = $response;
+                $result->response()->setBody($output);
+                $result->setBody($output);
+            } elseif (! empty($response) && ! empty($response->getBody())) {
+                $result->setBody($response->getBody());
+            } else {
+                $result->setBody('');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If not response code has been sent, assume a success
+        if (empty($result->response()->getStatusCode())) {
+            $result->response()->setStatusCode(200);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's config, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $appConfig
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withConfig($appConfig)
+    {
+        $this->appConfig = $appConfig;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's request, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $request
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withRequest($request)
+    {
+        $this->request = $request;
+
+        // Make sure it's available for other classes
+        Services::injectMock('request', $request);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's response, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $response
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withResponse($response)
+    {
+        $this->response = $response;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set controller's logger, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $logger
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withLogger($logger)
+    {
+        $this->logger = $logger;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the controller's URI, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withUri(string $uri)
+    {
+        $this->uri = new URI($uri);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the method's body, with method chaining.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $body
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function withBody($body)
+    {
+        $this->body = $body;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/DOMParser.php b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..100b14b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use DOMDocument;
+use DOMNodeList;
+use DOMXPath;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Load a response into a DOMDocument for testing assertions based on that
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\DOMParserTest
+ */
+class DOMParser
+{
+    /**
+     * DOM for the body,
+     *
+     * @var DOMDocument
+     */
+    protected $dom;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @throws BadMethodCallException
+     */
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        if (! extension_loaded('DOM')) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('DOM extension is required, but not currently loaded.'); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $this->dom = new DOMDocument('1.0', 'utf-8');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the body of the current document.
+     */
+    public function getBody(): string
+    {
+        return $this->dom->saveHTML();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a string as the body that we want to work with.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withString(string $content)
+    {
+        // DOMDocument::loadHTML() will treat your string as being in ISO-8859-1
+        // (the HTTP/1.1 default character set) unless you tell it otherwise.
+        // https://stackoverflow.com/a/8218649
+        // So encode characters to HTML numeric string references.
+        $content = mb_encode_numericentity($content, [0x80, 0x10FFFF, 0, 0x1FFFFF], 'UTF-8');
+
+        // turning off some errors
+        libxml_use_internal_errors(true);
+
+        if (! $this->dom->loadHTML($content)) {
+            // unclear how we would get here, given that we are trapping libxml errors
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            libxml_clear_errors();
+
+            throw new BadMethodCallException('Invalid HTML');
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        // ignore the whitespace.
+        $this->dom->preserveWhiteSpace = false;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the contents of a file as a string
+     * so that we can work with it.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withFile(string $path)
+    {
+        if (! is_file($path)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(basename($path) . ' is not a valid file.');
+        }
+
+        $content = file_get_contents($path);
+
+        return $this->withString($content);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the text is found within the result.
+     */
+    public function see(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null): bool
+    {
+        // If Element is null, we're just scanning for text
+        if ($element === null) {
+            $content = $this->dom->saveHTML($this->dom->documentElement);
+
+            return mb_strpos($content, $search) !== false;
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->doXPath($search, $element);
+
+        return (bool) $result->length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the text is NOT found within the result.
+     */
+    public function dontSee(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null): bool
+    {
+        return ! $this->see($search, $element);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an element with the matching CSS specifier
+     * is found within the current DOM.
+     */
+    public function seeElement(string $element): bool
+    {
+        return $this->see(null, $element);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the element is available within the result.
+     */
+    public function dontSeeElement(string $element): bool
+    {
+        return $this->dontSee(null, $element);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a link with the specified text is found
+     * within the results.
+     */
+    public function seeLink(string $text, ?string $details = null): bool
+    {
+        return $this->see($text, 'a' . $details);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for an input named $field with a value of $value.
+     */
+    public function seeInField(string $field, string $value): bool
+    {
+        $result = $this->doXPath(null, 'input', ["[@value=\"{$value}\"][@name=\"{$field}\"]"]);
+
+        return (bool) $result->length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for checkboxes that are currently checked.
+     */
+    public function seeCheckboxIsChecked(string $element): bool
+    {
+        $result = $this->doXPath(null, 'input' . $element, [
+            '[@type="checkbox"]',
+            '[@checked="checked"]',
+        ]);
+
+        return (bool) $result->length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Search the DOM using an XPath expression.
+     *
+     * @return DOMNodeList|false
+     */
+    protected function doXPath(?string $search, string $element, array $paths = [])
+    {
+        // Otherwise, grab any elements that match
+        // the selector
+        $selector = $this->parseSelector($element);
+
+        $path = '';
+
+        // By ID
+        if (! empty($selector['id'])) {
+            $path = empty($selector['tag'])
+                ? "id(\"{$selector['id']}\")"
+                : "//{$selector['tag']}[@id=\"{$selector['id']}\"]";
+        }
+        // By Class
+        elseif (! empty($selector['class'])) {
+            $path = empty($selector['tag'])
+                ? "//*[@class=\"{$selector['class']}\"]"
+                : "//{$selector['tag']}[@class=\"{$selector['class']}\"]";
+        }
+        // By tag only
+        elseif (! empty($selector['tag'])) {
+            $path = "//{$selector['tag']}";
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($selector['attr'])) {
+            foreach ($selector['attr'] as $key => $value) {
+                $path .= "[@{$key}=\"{$value}\"]";
+            }
+        }
+
+        // $paths might contain a number of different
+        // ready to go xpath portions to tack on.
+        if (! empty($paths) && is_array($paths)) {
+            foreach ($paths as $extra) {
+                $path .= $extra;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($search !== null) {
+            $path .= "[contains(., \"{$search}\")]";
+        }
+
+        $xpath = new DOMXPath($this->dom);
+
+        return $xpath->query($path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look for the a selector  in the passed text.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function parseSelector(string $selector)
+    {
+        $id    = null;
+        $class = null;
+        $attr  = null;
+
+        // ID?
+        if (strpos($selector, '#') !== false) {
+            [$tag, $id] = explode('#', $selector);
+        }
+        // Attribute
+        elseif (strpos($selector, '[') !== false && strpos($selector, ']') !== false) {
+            $open  = strpos($selector, '[');
+            $close = strpos($selector, ']');
+
+            $tag  = substr($selector, 0, $open);
+            $text = substr($selector, $open + 1, $close - 2);
+
+            // We only support a single attribute currently
+            $text = explode(',', $text);
+            $text = trim(array_shift($text));
+
+            [$name, $value] = explode('=', $text);
+
+            $name  = trim($name);
+            $value = trim($value);
+            $attr  = [$name => trim($value, '] ')];
+        }
+        // Class?
+        elseif (strpos($selector, '.') !== false) {
+            [$tag, $class] = explode('.', $selector);
+        }
+        // Otherwise, assume the entire string is our tag
+        else {
+            $tag = $selector;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'tag'   => $tag,
+            'id'    => $id,
+            'class' => $class,
+            'attr'  => $attr,
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php b/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7b8b02d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/DatabaseTestTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Exceptions\DatabaseException;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Constraints\SeeInDatabase;
+use Config\Database;
+use Config\Migrations;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * DatabaseTestTrait
+ *
+ * Provides functionality for refreshing/seeding
+ * the database during testing.
+ *
+ * @mixin CIUnitTestCase
+ */
+trait DatabaseTestTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Is db migration done once or more than once?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private static $doneMigration = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Is seeding done once or more than once?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private static $doneSeed = false;
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Staging
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the trait set up methods.
+     */
+    protected function setUpDatabase()
+    {
+        $this->loadDependencies();
+        $this->setUpMigrate();
+        $this->setUpSeed();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the trait set up methods.
+     */
+    protected function tearDownDatabase()
+    {
+        $this->clearInsertCache();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load any database test dependencies.
+     */
+    public function loadDependencies()
+    {
+        if ($this->db === null) {
+            $this->db = Database::connect($this->DBGroup);
+            $this->db->initialize();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->migrations === null) {
+            // Ensure that we can run migrations
+            $config          = new Migrations();
+            $config->enabled = true;
+
+            $this->migrations = Services::migrations($config, $this->db);
+            $this->migrations->setSilent(false);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->seeder === null) {
+            $this->seeder = Database::seeder($this->DBGroup);
+            $this->seeder->setSilent(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Migrations
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Migrate on setUp
+     */
+    protected function setUpMigrate()
+    {
+        if ($this->migrateOnce === false || self::$doneMigration === false) {
+            if ($this->refresh === true) {
+                $this->regressDatabase();
+
+                // Reset counts on faked items
+                Fabricator::resetCounts();
+            }
+
+            $this->migrateDatabase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Regress migrations as defined by the class
+     */
+    protected function regressDatabase()
+    {
+        if ($this->migrate === false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // If no namespace was specified then rollback all
+        if (empty($this->namespace)) {
+            $this->migrations->setNamespace(null);
+            $this->migrations->regress(0, 'tests');
+        }
+
+        // Regress each specified namespace
+        else {
+            $namespaces = is_array($this->namespace) ? $this->namespace : [$this->namespace];
+
+            foreach ($namespaces as $namespace) {
+                $this->migrations->setNamespace($namespace);
+                $this->migrations->regress(0, 'tests');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run migrations as defined by the class
+     */
+    protected function migrateDatabase()
+    {
+        if ($this->migrate === false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // If no namespace was specified then migrate all
+        if (empty($this->namespace)) {
+            $this->migrations->setNamespace(null);
+            $this->migrations->latest('tests');
+            self::$doneMigration = true;
+        }
+        // Run migrations for each specified namespace
+        else {
+            $namespaces = is_array($this->namespace) ? $this->namespace : [$this->namespace];
+
+            foreach ($namespaces as $namespace) {
+                $this->migrations->setNamespace($namespace);
+                $this->migrations->latest('tests');
+                self::$doneMigration = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Seeds
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Seed on setUp
+     */
+    protected function setUpSeed()
+    {
+        if ($this->seedOnce === false || self::$doneSeed === false) {
+            $this->runSeeds();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run seeds as defined by the class
+     */
+    protected function runSeeds()
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->seed)) {
+            if (! empty($this->basePath)) {
+                $this->seeder->setPath(rtrim($this->basePath, '/') . '/Seeds');
+            }
+
+            $seeds = is_array($this->seed) ? $this->seed : [$this->seed];
+
+            foreach ($seeds as $seed) {
+                $this->seed($seed);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self::$doneSeed = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Seeds that database with a specific seeder.
+     */
+    public function seed(string $name)
+    {
+        $this->seeder->call($name);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Reset $doneMigration and $doneSeed
+     *
+     * @afterClass
+     */
+    public static function resetMigrationSeedCount()
+    {
+        self::$doneMigration = false;
+        self::$doneSeed      = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes any rows inserted via $this->hasInDatabase()
+     */
+    protected function clearInsertCache()
+    {
+        foreach ($this->insertCache as $row) {
+            $this->db->table($row[0])
+                ->where($row[1])
+                ->delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the Builder class appropriate for the current database.
+     *
+     * @return BaseBuilder
+     */
+    public function loadBuilder(string $tableName)
+    {
+        $builderClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Builder', get_class($this->db));
+
+        return new $builderClass($tableName, $this->db);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches a single column from a database row with criteria
+     * matching $where.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function grabFromDatabase(string $table, string $column, array $where)
+    {
+        $query = $this->db->table($table)
+            ->select($column)
+            ->where($where)
+            ->get();
+
+        $query = $query->getRow();
+
+        return $query->{$column} ?? false;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Assertions
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that records that match the conditions in $where DO
+     * exist in the database.
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function seeInDatabase(string $table, array $where)
+    {
+        $constraint = new SeeInDatabase($this->db, $where);
+        static::assertThat($table, $constraint);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that records that match the conditions in $where do
+     * not exist in the database.
+     */
+    public function dontSeeInDatabase(string $table, array $where)
+    {
+        $count = $this->db->table($table)
+            ->where($where)
+            ->countAllResults();
+
+        $this->assertTrue($count === 0, 'Row was found in database');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a row into to the database. This row will be removed
+     * after the test has run.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function hasInDatabase(string $table, array $data)
+    {
+        $this->insertCache[] = [
+            $table,
+            $data,
+        ];
+
+        return $this->db->table($table)->insert($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the number of rows in the database that match $where
+     * is equal to $expected.
+     *
+     * @throws DatabaseException
+     */
+    public function seeNumRecords(int $expected, string $table, array $where)
+    {
+        $count = $this->db->table($table)
+            ->where($where)
+            ->countAllResults();
+
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $count, 'Wrong number of matching rows in database.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets $DBDebug to false.
+     *
+     * WARNING: this value will persist! take care to roll it back.
+     */
+    protected function disableDBDebug(): void
+    {
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($this->db, 'DBDebug', false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets $DBDebug to true.
+     */
+    protected function enableDBDebug(): void
+    {
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($this->db, 'DBDebug', true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Fabricator.php b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a28f281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use Config\App;
+use Faker\Factory;
+use Faker\Generator;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Fabricator
+ *
+ * Bridge class for using Faker to create example data based on
+ * model specifications.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\FabricatorTest
+ */
+class Fabricator
+{
+    /**
+     * Array of counts for fabricated items
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected static $tableCounts = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Locale-specific Faker instance
+     *
+     * @var Generator
+     */
+    protected $faker;
+
+    /**
+     * Model instance (can be non-framework if it follows framework design)
+     *
+     * @var Model|object
+     */
+    protected $model;
+
+    /**
+     * Locale used to initialize Faker
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $locale;
+
+    /**
+     * Map of properties and their formatter to use
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $formatters;
+
+    /**
+     * Date fields present in the model
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $dateFields = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of data to add or override faked versions
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $overrides = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Array of single-use data to override faked versions
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $tempOverrides;
+
+    /**
+     * Default formatter to use when nothing is detected
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $defaultFormatter = 'word';
+
+    /**
+     * Store the model instance and initialize Faker to the locale.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $model      Instance or classname of the model to use
+     * @param array|null    $formatters Array of property => formatter
+     * @param string|null   $locale     Locale for Faker provider
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function __construct($model, ?array $formatters = null, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        if (is_string($model)) {
+            // Create a new model instance
+            $model = model($model, false);
+        }
+
+        if (! is_object($model)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(lang('Fabricator.invalidModel'));
+        }
+
+        $this->model = $model;
+
+        // If no locale was specified then use the App default
+        if ($locale === null) {
+            $locale = config(App::class)->defaultLocale;
+        }
+
+        // There is no easy way to retrieve the locale from Faker so we will store it
+        $this->locale = $locale;
+
+        // Create the locale-specific Generator
+        $this->faker = Factory::create($this->locale);
+
+        // Determine eligible date fields
+        foreach (['createdField', 'updatedField', 'deletedField'] as $field) {
+            if (! empty($this->model->{$field})) {
+                $this->dateFields[] = $this->model->{$field};
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Set the formatters
+        $this->setFormatters($formatters);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset internal counts
+     */
+    public static function resetCounts()
+    {
+        self::$tableCounts = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the count for a specific table
+     *
+     * @param string $table Name of the target table
+     */
+    public static function getCount(string $table): int
+    {
+        return empty(self::$tableCounts[$table]) ? 0 : self::$tableCounts[$table];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the count for a specific table
+     *
+     * @param string $table Name of the target table
+     * @param int    $count Count value
+     *
+     * @return int The new count value
+     */
+    public static function setCount(string $table, int $count): int
+    {
+        self::$tableCounts[$table] = $count;
+
+        return $count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increment the count for a table
+     *
+     * @param string $table Name of the target table
+     *
+     * @return int The new count value
+     */
+    public static function upCount(string $table): int
+    {
+        return self::setCount($table, self::getCount($table) + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decrement the count for a table
+     *
+     * @param string $table Name of the target table
+     *
+     * @return int The new count value
+     */
+    public static function downCount(string $table): int
+    {
+        return self::setCount($table, self::getCount($table) - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the model instance
+     *
+     * @return object Framework or compatible model
+     */
+    public function getModel()
+    {
+        return $this->model;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the locale
+     */
+    public function getLocale(): string
+    {
+        return $this->locale;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Faker generator
+     */
+    public function getFaker(): Generator
+    {
+        return $this->faker;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return and reset tempOverrides
+     */
+    public function getOverrides(): array
+    {
+        $overrides = $this->tempOverrides ?? $this->overrides;
+
+        $this->tempOverrides = $this->overrides;
+
+        return $overrides;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the overrides, once or persistent
+     *
+     * @param array $overrides Array of [field => value]
+     * @param bool  $persist   Whether these overrides should persist through the next operation
+     */
+    public function setOverrides(array $overrides = [], $persist = true): self
+    {
+        if ($persist) {
+            $this->overrides = $overrides;
+        }
+
+        $this->tempOverrides = $overrides;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current formatters
+     */
+    public function getFormatters(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->formatters;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the formatters to use. Will attempt to autodetect if none are available.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $formatters Array of [field => formatter], or null to detect
+     */
+    public function setFormatters(?array $formatters = null): self
+    {
+        if ($formatters !== null) {
+            $this->formatters = $formatters;
+        } elseif (method_exists($this->model, 'fake')) {
+            $this->formatters = null;
+        } else {
+            $this->detectFormatters();
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to identify the appropriate Faker formatter for each field.
+     */
+    protected function detectFormatters(): self
+    {
+        $this->formatters = [];
+
+        if (! empty($this->model->allowedFields)) {
+            foreach ($this->model->allowedFields as $field) {
+                $this->formatters[$field] = $this->guessFormatter($field);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guess at the correct formatter to match a field name.
+     *
+     * @param string $field Name of the field
+     *
+     * @return string Name of the formatter
+     */
+    protected function guessFormatter($field): string
+    {
+        // First check for a Faker formatter of the same name - covers things like "email"
+        try {
+            $this->faker->getFormatter($field);
+
+            return $field;
+        } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+            // No match, keep going
+        }
+
+        // Next look for known model fields
+        if (in_array($field, $this->dateFields, true)) {
+            switch ($this->model->dateFormat) {
+                case 'datetime':
+                case 'date':
+                    return 'date';
+
+                case 'int':
+                    return 'unixTime';
+            }
+        } elseif ($field === $this->model->primaryKey) {
+            return 'numberBetween';
+        }
+
+        // Check some common partials
+        foreach (['email', 'name', 'title', 'text', 'date', 'url'] as $term) {
+            if (stripos($field, $term) !== false) {
+                return $term;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (stripos($field, 'phone') !== false) {
+            return 'phoneNumber';
+        }
+
+        // Nothing left, use the default
+        return $this->defaultFormatter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate new entities with faked data
+     *
+     * @param int|null $count Optional number to create a collection
+     *
+     * @return array|object An array or object (based on returnType), or an array of returnTypes
+     */
+    public function make(?int $count = null)
+    {
+        // If a singleton was requested then go straight to it
+        if ($count === null) {
+            return $this->model->returnType === 'array'
+                ? $this->makeArray()
+                : $this->makeObject();
+        }
+
+        $return = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
+            $return[] = $this->model->returnType === 'array'
+                ? $this->makeArray()
+                : $this->makeObject();
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate an array of faked data
+     *
+     * @return array An array of faked data
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function makeArray()
+    {
+        if ($this->formatters !== null) {
+            $result = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->formatters as $field => $formatter) {
+                $result[$field] = $this->faker->{$formatter}();
+            }
+        }
+        // If no formatters were defined then look for a model fake() method
+        elseif (method_exists($this->model, 'fake')) {
+            $result = $this->model->fake($this->faker);
+
+            $result = is_object($result) && method_exists($result, 'toArray')
+                // This should cover entities
+                ? $result->toArray()
+                // Try to cast it
+                : (array) $result;
+        }
+        // Nothing left to do but give up
+        else {
+            throw new RuntimeException(lang('Fabricator.missingFormatters'));
+        }
+
+        // Replace overridden fields
+        return array_merge($result, $this->getOverrides());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate an object of faked data
+     *
+     * @param string|null $className Class name of the object to create; null to use model default
+     *
+     * @return object An instance of the class with faked data
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function makeObject(?string $className = null): object
+    {
+        if ($className === null) {
+            if ($this->model->returnType === 'object' || $this->model->returnType === 'array') {
+                $className = 'stdClass';
+            } else {
+                $className = $this->model->returnType;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If using the model's fake() method then check it for the correct return type
+        if ($this->formatters === null && method_exists($this->model, 'fake')) {
+            $result = $this->model->fake($this->faker);
+
+            if ($result instanceof $className) {
+                // Set overrides manually
+                foreach ($this->getOverrides() as $key => $value) {
+                    $result->{$key} = $value;
+                }
+
+                return $result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get the array values and apply them to the object
+        $array  = $this->makeArray();
+        $object = new $className();
+
+        // Check for the entity method
+        if (method_exists($object, 'fill')) {
+            $object->fill($array);
+        } else {
+            foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
+                $object->{$key} = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate new entities from the database
+     *
+     * @param int|null $count Optional number to create a collection
+     * @param bool     $mock  Whether to execute or mock the insertion
+     *
+     * @return array|object An array or object (based on returnType), or an array of returnTypes
+     *
+     * @throws FrameworkException
+     */
+    public function create(?int $count = null, bool $mock = false)
+    {
+        // Intercept mock requests
+        if ($mock) {
+            return $this->createMock($count);
+        }
+
+        $ids = [];
+
+        // Iterate over new entities and insert each one, storing insert IDs
+        foreach ($this->make($count ?? 1) as $result) {
+            if ($id = $this->model->insert($result, true)) {
+                $ids[] = $id;
+                self::upCount($this->model->table);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            throw FrameworkException::forFabricatorCreateFailed($this->model->table, implode(' ', $this->model->errors() ?? []));
+        }
+
+        // If the model defines a "withDeleted" method for handling soft deletes then use it
+        if (method_exists($this->model, 'withDeleted')) {
+            $this->model->withDeleted();
+        }
+
+        return $this->model->find($count === null ? reset($ids) : $ids);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate new database entities without actually inserting them
+     *
+     * @param int|null $count Optional number to create a collection
+     *
+     * @return array|object An array or object (based on returnType), or an array of returnTypes
+     */
+    protected function createMock(?int $count = null)
+    {
+        switch ($this->model->dateFormat) {
+            case 'datetime':
+                $datetime = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+                break;
+
+            case 'date':
+                $datetime = date('Y-m-d');
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                $datetime = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        // Determine which fields we will need
+        $fields = [];
+
+        if (! empty($this->model->useTimestamps)) {
+            $fields[$this->model->createdField] = $datetime;
+            $fields[$this->model->updatedField] = $datetime;
+        }
+
+        if (! empty($this->model->useSoftDeletes)) {
+            $fields[$this->model->deletedField] = null;
+        }
+
+        // Iterate over new entities and add the necessary fields
+        $return = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->make($count ?? 1) as $i => $result) {
+            // Set the ID
+            $fields[$this->model->primaryKey] = $i;
+
+            // Merge fields
+            if (is_array($result)) {
+                $result = array_merge($result, $fields);
+            } else {
+                foreach ($fields as $key => $value) {
+                    $result->{$key} = $value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $return[] = $result;
+        }
+
+        return $count === null ? reset($return) : $return;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureResponse.php b/system/Test/FeatureResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..971f41c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+/**
+ * Assertions for a response
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use TestResponse directly
+ */
+class FeatureResponse extends TestResponse
+{
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Will be protected in a future release, use response() instead
+     */
+    public $response;
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php b/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c94cf926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+use ReflectionException;
+
+/**
+ * Class FeatureTestCase
+ *
+ * Provides a base class with the trait for doing full HTTP testing
+ * against your application.
+ *
+ * @no-final
+ *
+ * @deprecated Use FeatureTestTrait instead
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+class FeatureTestCase extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a RouteCollection that will override
+     * the application's route collection.
+     *
+     * Example routes:
+     * [
+     *    ['get', 'home', 'Home::index']
+     * ]
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
+    {
+        $collection = Services::routes();
+
+        if ($routes !== null) {
+            $collection->resetRoutes();
+
+            foreach ($routes as $route) {
+                $collection->{$route[0]}($route[1], $route[2]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->routes = $collection;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets any values that should exist during this session.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $values Array of values, or null to use the current $_SESSION
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withSession(?array $values = null)
+    {
+        $this->session = $values ?? $_SESSION;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set request's headers
+     *
+     * Example of use
+     * withHeaders([
+     *  'Authorization' => 'Token'
+     * ])
+     *
+     * @param array $headers Array of headers
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withHeaders(array $headers = [])
+    {
+        $this->headers = $headers;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the format the request's body should have.
+     *
+     * @param string $format The desired format. Currently supported formats: xml, json
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withBodyFormat(string $format)
+    {
+        $this->bodyFormat = $format;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the raw body for the request
+     *
+     * @param mixed $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withBody($body)
+    {
+        $this->requestBody = $body;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Don't run any events while running this test.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function skipEvents()
+    {
+        Events::simulate(true);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calls a single URI, executes it, and returns a FeatureResponse
+     * instance that can be used to run many assertions against.
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     */
+    public function call(string $method, string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        $buffer = \ob_get_level();
+
+        // Clean up any open output buffers
+        // not relevant to unit testing
+        if (\ob_get_level() > 0 && (! isset($this->clean) || $this->clean === true)) {
+            \ob_end_clean(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        // Simulate having a blank session
+        $_SESSION                  = [];
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = $method;
+
+        $request = $this->setupRequest($method, $path);
+        $request = $this->setupHeaders($request);
+        $request = $this->populateGlobals($method, $request, $params);
+        $request = $this->setRequestBody($request);
+
+        // Initialize the RouteCollection
+        if (! $routes = $this->routes) {
+            $routes = Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+        }
+
+        $routes->setHTTPVerb($method);
+
+        // Make sure any other classes that might call the request
+        // instance get the right one.
+        Services::injectMock('request', $request);
+
+        // Make sure filters are reset between tests
+        Services::injectMock('filters', Services::filters(null, false));
+
+        $response = $this->app
+            ->setContext('web')
+            ->setRequest($request)
+            ->run($routes, true);
+
+        $output = \ob_get_contents();
+        if (empty($response->getBody()) && ! empty($output)) {
+            $response->setBody($output);
+        }
+
+        // Reset directory if it has been set
+        Services::router()->setDirectory(null);
+
+        // Ensure the output buffer is identical so no tests are risky
+        while (\ob_get_level() > $buffer) {
+            \ob_end_clean(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        while (\ob_get_level() < $buffer) {
+            \ob_start(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return new FeatureResponse($response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a GET request.
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function get(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('get', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a POST request.
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function post(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('post', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a PUT request
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function put(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('put', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performss a PATCH request
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function patch(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('patch', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a DELETE request.
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function delete(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('delete', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an OPTIONS request.
+     *
+     * @return FeatureResponse
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     */
+    public function options(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('options', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Setup a Request object to use so that CodeIgniter
+     * won't try to auto-populate some of the items.
+     */
+    protected function setupRequest(string $method, ?string $path = null): IncomingRequest
+    {
+        $config = config(App::class);
+        $uri    = new URI(rtrim($config->baseURL, '/') . '/' . trim($path, '/ '));
+
+        $request      = new IncomingRequest($config, clone $uri, null, new UserAgent());
+        $request->uri = $uri;
+
+        $request->setMethod($method);
+        $request->setProtocolVersion('1.1');
+
+        if ($config->forceGlobalSecureRequests) {
+            $_SERVER['HTTPS'] = 'test';
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Setup the custom request's headers
+     *
+     * @return IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected function setupHeaders(IncomingRequest $request)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->headers as $name => $value) {
+            $request->setHeader($name, $value);
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates the data of our Request with "global" data
+     * relevant to the request, like $_POST data.
+     *
+     * Always populate the GET vars based on the URI.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     *
+     * @return CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function populateGlobals(string $method, $request, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        // $params should set the query vars if present,
+        // otherwise set it from the URL.
+        $get = ! empty($params) && $method === 'get'
+            ? $params
+            : $this->getPrivateProperty($request->getUri(), 'query');
+
+        $request->setGlobal('get', $get);
+        if ($method !== 'get') {
+            $request->setGlobal($method, $params);
+        }
+
+        $request->setGlobal('request', $params);
+
+        $_SESSION = $this->session ?? [];
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the request's body formatted according to the value in $this->bodyFormat.
+     * This allows the body to be formatted in a way that the controller is going to
+     * expect as in the case of testing a JSON or XML API.
+     *
+     * @param CLIRequest|IncomingRequest $request
+     * @param array|null                 $params  The parameters to be formatted and put in the body. If this is empty, it will get the
+     *                                            what has been loaded into the request global of the request class.
+     *
+     * @return CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected function setRequestBody($request, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        if (isset($this->requestBody) && $this->requestBody !== '') {
+            $request->setBody($this->requestBody);
+
+            return $request;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->bodyFormat) && $this->bodyFormat !== '') {
+            if (empty($params)) {
+                $params = $request->fetchGlobal('request');
+            }
+            $formatMime = '';
+            if ($this->bodyFormat === 'json') {
+                $formatMime = 'application/json';
+            } elseif ($this->bodyFormat === 'xml') {
+                $formatMime = 'application/xml';
+            }
+            if (! empty($formatMime) && ! empty($params)) {
+                $formatted = Services::format()->getFormatter($formatMime)->format($params);
+                $request->setBody($formatted);
+                $request->setHeader('Content-Type', $formatMime);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6acef638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURI;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+use ReflectionException;
+
+/**
+ * Trait FeatureTestTrait
+ *
+ * Provides additional utilities for doing full HTTP testing
+ * against your application in trait format.
+ */
+trait FeatureTestTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Sets a RouteCollection that will override
+     * the application's route collection.
+     *
+     * Example routes:
+     * [
+     *    ['get', 'home', 'Home::index']
+     * ]
+     *
+     * @param array|null $routes Array to set routes
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
+    {
+        $collection = Services::routes();
+
+        if ($routes !== null) {
+            $collection->resetRoutes();
+
+            foreach ($routes as $route) {
+                if (isset($route[3])) {
+                    $collection->{$route[0]}($route[1], $route[2], $route[3]);
+                } else {
+                    $collection->{$route[0]}($route[1], $route[2]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->routes = $collection;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets any values that should exist during this session.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $values Array of values, or null to use the current $_SESSION
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withSession(?array $values = null)
+    {
+        $this->session = $values ?? $_SESSION;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set request's headers
+     *
+     * Example of use
+     * withHeaders([
+     *  'Authorization' => 'Token'
+     * ])
+     *
+     * @param array $headers Array of headers
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withHeaders(array $headers = [])
+    {
+        $this->headers = $headers;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the format the request's body should have.
+     *
+     * @param string $format The desired format. Currently supported formats: xml, json
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withBodyFormat(string $format)
+    {
+        $this->bodyFormat = $format;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the raw body for the request
+     *
+     * @param string $body
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function withBody($body)
+    {
+        $this->requestBody = $body;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Don't run any events while running this test.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function skipEvents()
+    {
+        Events::simulate(true);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calls a single URI, executes it, and returns a TestResponse
+     * instance that can be used to run many assertions against.
+     *
+     * @param string $method HTTP verb
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     */
+    public function call(string $method, string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        // Simulate having a blank session
+        $_SESSION                  = [];
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = $method;
+
+        $request = $this->setupRequest($method, $path);
+        $request = $this->setupHeaders($request);
+        $request = $this->populateGlobals($method, $request, $params);
+        $request = $this->setRequestBody($request, $params);
+
+        // Initialize the RouteCollection
+        if (! $routes = $this->routes) {
+            $routes = Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+        }
+
+        $routes->setHTTPVerb($method);
+
+        // Make sure any other classes that might call the request
+        // instance get the right one.
+        Services::injectMock('request', $request);
+
+        // Make sure filters are reset between tests
+        Services::injectMock('filters', Services::filters(null, false));
+
+        // Make sure validation is reset between tests
+        Services::injectMock('validation', Services::validation(null, false));
+
+        $response = $this->app
+            ->setContext('web')
+            ->setRequest($request)
+            ->run($routes, true);
+
+        // Reset directory if it has been set
+        Services::router()->setDirectory(null);
+
+        return new TestResponse($response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a GET request.
+     *
+     * @param string $path URI path relative to baseURL. May include query.
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function get(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('get', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a POST request.
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function post(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('post', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a PUT request
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function put(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('put', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performss a PATCH request
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function patch(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('patch', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a DELETE request.
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function delete(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('delete', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an OPTIONS request.
+     *
+     * @return TestResponse
+     *
+     * @throws RedirectException
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function options(string $path, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        return $this->call('options', $path, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Setup a Request object to use so that CodeIgniter
+     * won't try to auto-populate some of the items.
+     *
+     * @param string $method HTTP verb
+     */
+    protected function setupRequest(string $method, ?string $path = null): IncomingRequest
+    {
+        $config = config(App::class);
+        $uri    = new SiteURI($config);
+
+        // $path may have a query in it
+        $path  = URI::removeDotSegments($path);
+        $parts = explode('?', $path);
+        $path  = $parts[0];
+        $query = $parts[1] ?? '';
+
+        $superglobals = Services::superglobals();
+        $superglobals->setServer('QUERY_STRING', $query);
+
+        $uri->setPath($path);
+        $uri->setQuery($query);
+
+        Services::injectMock('uri', $uri);
+
+        $request = Services::incomingrequest($config, false);
+
+        $request->setMethod($method);
+        $request->setProtocolVersion('1.1');
+
+        if ($config->forceGlobalSecureRequests) {
+            $_SERVER['HTTPS'] = 'test';
+            $server           = $request->getServer();
+            $server['HTTPS']  = 'test';
+            $request->setGlobal('server', $server);
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Setup the custom request's headers
+     *
+     * @return IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected function setupHeaders(IncomingRequest $request)
+    {
+        if (! empty($this->headers)) {
+            foreach ($this->headers as $name => $value) {
+                $request->setHeader($name, $value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates the data of our Request with "global" data
+     * relevant to the request, like $_POST data.
+     *
+     * Always populate the GET vars based on the URI.
+     *
+     * @param string $method HTTP verb
+     *
+     * @return Request
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    protected function populateGlobals(string $method, Request $request, ?array $params = null)
+    {
+        // $params should set the query vars if present,
+        // otherwise set it from the URL.
+        $get = (! empty($params) && $method === 'get')
+            ? $params
+            : $this->getPrivateProperty($request->getUri(), 'query');
+
+        $request->setGlobal('get', $get);
+
+        if ($method === 'get') {
+            $request->setGlobal('request', $request->fetchGlobal('get'));
+        }
+
+        if ($method === 'post') {
+            $request->setGlobal($method, $params);
+            $request->setGlobal(
+                'request',
+                $request->fetchGlobal('post') + $request->fetchGlobal('get')
+            );
+        }
+
+        $_SESSION = $this->session ?? [];
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the request's body formatted according to the value in $this->bodyFormat.
+     * This allows the body to be formatted in a way that the controller is going to
+     * expect as in the case of testing a JSON or XML API.
+     *
+     * @param array|null $params The parameters to be formatted and put in the body.
+     */
+    protected function setRequestBody(Request $request, ?array $params = null): Request
+    {
+        if ($this->requestBody !== '') {
+            $request->setBody($this->requestBody);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->bodyFormat !== '') {
+            $formatMime = '';
+            if ($this->bodyFormat === 'json') {
+                $formatMime = 'application/json';
+            } elseif ($this->bodyFormat === 'xml') {
+                $formatMime = 'application/xml';
+            }
+
+            if ($formatMime !== '') {
+                $request->setHeader('Content-Type', $formatMime);
+            }
+
+            if ($params !== null && $formatMime !== '') {
+                $formatted = Services::format()->getFormatter($formatMime)->format($params);
+                // "withBodyFormat() and $params of call()" has higher priority than withBody().
+                $request->setBody($formatted);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php b/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..084a6cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/FilterTestTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Exceptions\FilterException;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use Config\Filters as FiltersConfig;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Filter Test Trait
+ *
+ * Provides functionality for testing
+ * filters and their route associations.
+ *
+ * @mixin CIUnitTestCase
+ */
+trait FilterTestTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Have the one-time classes been instantiated?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    private $doneFilterSetUp = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The active IncomingRequest or CLIRequest
+     *
+     * @var RequestInterface
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * The active Response instance
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * The Filters configuration to use.
+     * Extracted for access to aliases
+     * during Filters::discoverFilters().
+     *
+     * @var FiltersConfig|null
+     */
+    protected $filtersConfig;
+
+    /**
+     * The prepared Filters library.
+     *
+     * @var Filters|null
+     */
+    protected $filters;
+
+    /**
+     * The default App and discovered
+     * routes to check for filters.
+     *
+     * @var RouteCollection|null
+     */
+    protected $collection;
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Staging
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes dependencies once.
+     */
+    protected function setUpFilterTestTrait(): void
+    {
+        if ($this->doneFilterSetUp === true) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Create our own Request and Response so we can
+        // use the same ones for Filters and FilterInterface
+        // yet isolate them from outside influence
+        $this->request ??= clone Services::request();
+        $this->response ??= clone Services::response();
+
+        // Create our config and Filters instance to reuse for performance
+        $this->filtersConfig ??= config(FiltersConfig::class);
+        $this->filters ??= new Filters($this->filtersConfig, $this->request, $this->response);
+
+        if ($this->collection === null) {
+            $this->collection = Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+        }
+
+        $this->doneFilterSetUp = true;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Utility
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a callable method for a filter position
+     * using the local HTTP instances.
+     *
+     * @param FilterInterface|string $filter   The filter instance, class, or alias
+     * @param string                 $position "before" or "after"
+     */
+    protected function getFilterCaller($filter, string $position): Closure
+    {
+        if (! in_array($position, ['before', 'after'], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid filter position passed: ' . $position);
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($filter)) {
+            // Check for an alias (no namespace)
+            if (strpos($filter, '\\') === false) {
+                if (! isset($this->filtersConfig->aliases[$filter])) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("No filter found with alias '{$filter}'");
+                }
+
+                $filterClasses = $this->filtersConfig->aliases[$filter];
+            }
+
+            $filterClasses = (array) $filterClasses;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($filterClasses as $class) {
+            // Get an instance
+            $filter = new $class();
+
+            if (! $filter instanceof FilterInterface) {
+                throw FilterException::forIncorrectInterface(get_class($filter));
+            }
+        }
+
+        $request = clone $this->request;
+
+        if ($position === 'before') {
+            return static function (?array $params = null) use ($filterClasses, $request) {
+                foreach ($filterClasses as $class) {
+                    $filter = new $class();
+
+                    $result = $filter->before($request, $params);
+
+                    // @TODO The following logic is in Filters class.
+                    //       Should use Filters class.
+                    if ($result instanceof RequestInterface) {
+                        $request = $result;
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if ($result instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                        return $result;
+                    }
+                    if (empty($result)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return $result;
+            };
+        }
+
+        $response = clone $this->response;
+
+        return static function (?array $params = null) use ($filterClasses, $request, $response) {
+            foreach ($filterClasses as $class) {
+                $filter = new $class();
+
+                $result = $filter->after($request, $response, $params);
+
+                // @TODO The following logic is in Filters class.
+                //       Should use Filters class.
+                if ($result instanceof ResponseInterface) {
+                    $response = $result;
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $result;
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an array of filter aliases enabled
+     * for the given route at position.
+     *
+     * @param string $route    The route to test
+     * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     *
+     * @return string[] The filter aliases
+     */
+    protected function getFiltersForRoute(string $route, string $position): array
+    {
+        if (! in_array($position, ['before', 'after'], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid filter position passed:' . $position);
+        }
+
+        $this->filters->reset();
+
+        if ($routeFilters = $this->collection->getFiltersForRoute($route)) {
+            $this->filters->enableFilters($routeFilters, $position);
+        }
+
+        $aliases = $this->filters->initialize($route)->getFilters();
+
+        $this->filters->reset();
+
+        return $aliases[$position];
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Assertions
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the given route at position uses
+     * the filter (by its alias).
+     *
+     * @param string $route    The route to test
+     * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     * @param string $alias    Alias for the anticipated filter
+     */
+    protected function assertFilter(string $route, string $position, string $alias): void
+    {
+        $filters = $this->getFiltersForRoute($route, $position);
+
+        $this->assertContains(
+            $alias,
+            $filters,
+            "Filter '{$alias}' does not apply to '{$route}'.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the given route at position does not
+     * use the filter (by its alias).
+     *
+     * @param string $route    The route to test
+     * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     * @param string $alias    Alias for the anticipated filter
+     */
+    protected function assertNotFilter(string $route, string $position, string $alias)
+    {
+        $filters = $this->getFiltersForRoute($route, $position);
+
+        $this->assertNotContains(
+            $alias,
+            $filters,
+            "Filter '{$alias}' applies to '{$route}' when it should not.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the given route at position has
+     * at least one filter set.
+     *
+     * @param string $route    The route to test
+     * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     */
+    protected function assertHasFilters(string $route, string $position)
+    {
+        $filters = $this->getFiltersForRoute($route, $position);
+
+        $this->assertNotEmpty(
+            $filters,
+            "No filters found for '{$route}' when at least one was expected.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the given route at position has
+     * no filters set.
+     *
+     * @param string $route    The route to test
+     * @param string $position "before" or "after"
+     */
+    protected function assertNotHasFilters(string $route, string $position)
+    {
+        $filters = $this->getFiltersForRoute($route, $position);
+
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [],
+            $filters,
+            "Found filters for '{$route}' when none were expected: " . implode(', ', $filters) . '.',
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php b/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edcd4dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Filters;
+
+use php_user_filter;
+
+/**
+ * Used to capture output during unit testing, so that it can
+ * be used in assertions.
+ */
+class CITestStreamFilter extends php_user_filter
+{
+    /**
+     * Buffer to capture stream content.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $buffer = '';
+
+    protected static bool $registered = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    private static $err;
+
+    /**
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    private static $out;
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called whenever data is read from or written to the
+     * attached stream (such as with fread() or fwrite()).
+     *
+     * @param resource $in
+     * @param resource $out
+     * @param int      $consumed
+     * @param bool     $closing
+     */
+    public function filter($in, $out, &$consumed, $closing): int
+    {
+        while ($bucket = stream_bucket_make_writeable($in)) {
+            static::$buffer .= $bucket->data;
+
+            $consumed += $bucket->datalen;
+        }
+
+        return PSFS_PASS_ON;
+    }
+
+    public static function registration(): void
+    {
+        if (! static::$registered) {
+            static::$registered = stream_filter_register('CITestStreamFilter', self::class); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        static::$buffer = '';
+    }
+
+    public static function addErrorFilter(): void
+    {
+        self::removeFilter(self::$err);
+        self::$err = stream_filter_append(STDERR, 'CITestStreamFilter');
+    }
+
+    public static function addOutputFilter(): void
+    {
+        self::removeFilter(self::$out);
+        self::$out = stream_filter_append(STDOUT, 'CITestStreamFilter');
+    }
+
+    public static function removeErrorFilter(): void
+    {
+        self::removeFilter(self::$err);
+    }
+
+    public static function removeOutputFilter(): void
+    {
+        self::removeFilter(self::$out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param resource $stream
+     */
+    protected static function removeFilter(&$stream): void
+    {
+        if (is_resource($stream)) {
+            stream_filter_remove($stream);
+            $stream = null;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php b/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7173838a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Interfaces/FabricatorModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Interfaces;
+
+use Faker\Generator;
+use ReflectionException;
+
+/**
+ * FabricatorModel
+ *
+ * An interface defining the required methods and properties
+ * needed for a model to qualify for use with the Fabricator class.
+ * While interfaces cannot enforce properties, the following
+ * are required for use with Fabricator:
+ *
+ * @property string $returnType
+ * @property string $primaryKey
+ * @property string $dateFormat
+ */
+interface FabricatorModel
+{
+    /**
+     * Fetches the row of database from $this->table with a primary key
+     * matching $id.
+     *
+     * @param array|mixed|null $id One primary key or an array of primary keys
+     *
+     * @return array|object|null The resulting row of data, or null.
+     */
+    public function find($id = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts data into the current table. If an object is provided,
+     * it will attempt to convert it to an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|object $data
+     * @param bool         $returnID Whether insert ID should be returned or not.
+     *
+     * @return bool|int|string
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function insert($data = null, bool $returnID = true);
+
+    /**
+     * The following properties and methods are optional, but if present should
+     * adhere to their definitions.
+     *
+     * @property array  $allowedFields
+     * @property string $useSoftDeletes
+     * @property string $useTimestamps
+     * @property string $createdField
+     * @property string $updatedField
+     * @property string $deletedField
+     */
+
+    /*
+     * Sets $useSoftDeletes value so that we can temporarily override
+     * the softdeletes settings. Can be used for all find* methods.
+     *
+     * @param bool $val
+     *
+     * @return Model
+     */
+    // public function withDeleted($val = true);
+
+    /**
+     * Faked data for Fabricator.
+     *
+     * @param Generator $faker
+     *
+     * @return array|object
+     */
+    // public function fake(Generator &$faker);
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockAppConfig.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockAppConfig.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f1d5bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockAppConfig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Config\App;
+
+class MockAppConfig extends App
+{
+    public string $baseURL         = 'http://example.com/';
+    public string $uriProtocol     = 'REQUEST_URI';
+    public array $proxyIPs         = [];
+    public bool $CSPEnabled        = false;
+    public string $defaultLocale   = 'en';
+    public bool $negotiateLocale   = false;
+    public array $supportedLocales = [
+        'en',
+        'es',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockAutoload.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockAutoload.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..291974c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockAutoload.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Config\Autoload;
+
+class MockAutoload extends Autoload
+{
+    public $psr4     = [];
+    public $classmap = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        // Don't call the parent since we don't want the default mappings.
+        // parent::__construct();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae28190b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockBuilder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseBuilder;
+
+class MockBuilder extends BaseBuilder
+{
+    protected $supportedIgnoreStatements = [
+        'update' => 'IGNORE',
+        'insert' => 'IGNORE',
+        'delete' => 'IGNORE',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1756f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCLIConfig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Config\App;
+
+class MockCLIConfig extends App
+{
+    public string $baseURL         = 'http://example.com/';
+    public string $uriProtocol     = 'REQUEST_URI';
+    public array $proxyIPs         = [];
+    public string $CSRFTokenName   = 'csrf_test_name';
+    public string $CSRFCookieName  = 'csrf_cookie_name';
+    public int $CSRFExpire         = 7200;
+    public bool $CSRFRegenerate    = true;
+    public $CSRFExcludeURIs        = ['http://example.com'];
+    public string $CSRFSameSite    = 'Lax';
+    public bool $CSPEnabled        = false;
+    public string $defaultLocale   = 'en';
+    public bool $negotiateLocale   = false;
+    public array $supportedLocales = [
+        'en',
+        'es',
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ee38247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest;
+
+/**
+ * Class MockCURLRequest
+ *
+ * Simply allows us to not actually call cURL during the
+ * test runs. Instead, we can set the desired output
+ * and get back the set options.
+ */
+class MockCURLRequest extends CURLRequest
+{
+    public $curl_options;
+    protected $output = '';
+
+    public function setOutput($output)
+    {
+        $this->output = $output;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    protected function sendRequest(array $curlOptions = []): string
+    {
+        $this->response = clone $this->responseOrig;
+
+        // Save so we can access later.
+        $this->curl_options = $curlOptions;
+
+        return $this->output;
+    }
+
+    // for testing purposes only
+    public function getBaseURI()
+    {
+        return $this->baseURI;
+    }
+
+    // for testing purposes only
+    public function getDelay()
+    {
+        return $this->delay;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73a75580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\BaseHandler;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Assert;
+
+class MockCache extends BaseHandler implements CacheInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Mock cache storage.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $cache = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Expiration times.
+     *
+     * @var ?int[]
+     */
+    protected $expirations = [];
+
+    /**
+     * If true, will not cache any data.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $bypass = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Takes care of any handler-specific setup that must be done.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function initialize()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to fetch an item from the cache store.
+     *
+     * @param string $key Cache item name
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function get(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        return array_key_exists($key, $this->cache) ? $this->cache[$key] : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an item from the cache, or execute the given Closure and store the result.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function remember(string $key, int $ttl, Closure $callback)
+    {
+        $value = $this->get($key);
+
+        if ($value !== null) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->save($key, $value = $callback(), $ttl);
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves an item to the cache store.
+     *
+     * The $raw parameter is only utilized by Mamcache in order to
+     * allow usage of increment() and decrement().
+     *
+     * @param string $key   Cache item name
+     * @param mixed  $value the data to save
+     * @param int    $ttl   Time To Live, in seconds (default 60)
+     * @param bool   $raw   Whether to store the raw value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60, bool $raw = false)
+    {
+        if ($this->bypass) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        $this->cache[$key]       = $value;
+        $this->expirations[$key] = $ttl > 0 ? Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl : null;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a specific item from the cache store.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function delete(string $key)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        if (! isset($this->cache[$key])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        unset($this->cache[$key], $this->expirations[$key]);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes items from the cache store matching a given pattern.
+     *
+     * @return int
+     */
+    public function deleteMatching(string $pattern)
+    {
+        $count = 0;
+
+        foreach (array_keys($this->cache) as $key) {
+            if (fnmatch($pattern, $key)) {
+                $count++;
+                unset($this->cache[$key], $this->expirations[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs atomic incrementation of a raw stored value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function increment(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key  = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $data = $this->cache[$key] ?: null;
+
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            $data = 0;
+        } elseif (! is_int($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->save($key, $data + $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs atomic decrementation of a raw stored value.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $offset = 1)
+    {
+        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+
+        $data = $this->cache[$key] ?: null;
+
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            $data = 0;
+        } elseif (! is_int($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->save($key, $data - $offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will delete all items in the entire cache.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function clean()
+    {
+        $this->cache       = [];
+        $this->expirations = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns information on the entire cache.
+     *
+     * The information returned and the structure of the data
+     * varies depending on the handler.
+     *
+     * @return string[] Keys currently present in the store
+     */
+    public function getCacheInfo()
+    {
+        return array_keys($this->cache);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns detailed information about the specific item in the cache.
+     *
+     * @return array|null Returns null if the item does not exist, otherwise array<string, mixed>
+     *                    with at least the 'expire' key for absolute epoch expiry (or null).
+     */
+    public function getMetaData(string $key)
+    {
+        // Misses return null
+        if (! array_key_exists($key, $this->expirations)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Count expired items as a miss
+        if (is_int($this->expirations[$key]) && $this->expirations[$key] > Time::now()->getTimestamp()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return ['expire' => $this->expirations[$key]];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if the driver is supported on this system.
+     */
+    public function isSupported(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Test Helpers
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Instructs the class to ignore all
+     * requests to cache an item, and always "miss"
+     * when checked for existing data.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function bypass(bool $bypass = true)
+    {
+        $this->clean();
+        $this->bypass = $bypass;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Additional Assertions
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the cache has an item named $key.
+     * The value is not checked since storing false or null
+     * values is valid.
+     */
+    public function assertHas(string $key)
+    {
+        Assert::assertNotNull($this->get($key), "The cache does not have an item named: `{$key}`");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the cache has an item named $key with a value matching $value.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    public function assertHasValue(string $key, $value = null)
+    {
+        $item = $this->get($key);
+
+        // Let assertHas handle throwing the error for consistency
+        // if the key is not found
+        if (empty($item)) {
+            $this->assertHas($key);
+        }
+
+        Assert::assertSame($value, $this->get($key), "The cached item `{$key}` does not equal match expectation. Found: " . print_r($value, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the cache does NOT have an item named $key.
+     */
+    public function assertMissing(string $key)
+    {
+        Assert::assertArrayNotHasKey($key, $this->cache, "The cached item named `{$key}` exists.");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCodeIgniter.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCodeIgniter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..200c92fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCodeIgniter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+
+class MockCodeIgniter extends CodeIgniter
+{
+    protected ?string $context = 'web';
+
+    /**
+     * @param int $code
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer Used. Moved to index.php.
+     */
+    protected function callExit($code)
+    {
+        // Do not call exit() in testing.
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockCommon.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockCommon.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8ba4613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockCommon.php
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+if (! function_exists('is_cli')) {
+    /**
+     * Is CLI?
+     *
+     * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
+     * You can set the return value for testing.
+     *
+     * @param bool $newReturn return value to set
+     */
+    function is_cli(?bool $newReturn = null): bool
+    {
+        // PHPUnit always runs via CLI.
+        static $returnValue = true;
+
+        if ($newReturn !== null) {
+            $returnValue = $newReturn;
+        }
+
+        return $returnValue;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea4ebac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+
+/**
+ * @extends BaseConnection<object|resource, object|resource>
+ */
+class MockConnection extends BaseConnection
+{
+    protected $returnValues = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Database schema for Postgre and SQLSRV
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $schema;
+
+    public $database;
+    public $lastQuery;
+
+    public function shouldReturn(string $method, $return)
+    {
+        $this->returnValues[$method] = $return;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Orchestrates a query against the database. Queries must use
+     * Database\Statement objects to store the query and build it.
+     * This method works with the cache.
+     *
+     * Should automatically handle different connections for read/write
+     * queries if needed.
+     *
+     * @param mixed ...$binds
+     *
+     * @return BaseResult|bool|Query
+     *
+     * @todo BC set $queryClass default as null in 4.1
+     */
+    public function query(string $sql, $binds = null, bool $setEscapeFlags = true, string $queryClass = '')
+    {
+        $queryClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Query', static::class);
+
+        $query = new $queryClass($this);
+
+        $query->setQuery($sql, $binds, $setEscapeFlags);
+
+        if (! empty($this->swapPre) && ! empty($this->DBPrefix)) {
+            $query->swapPrefix($this->DBPrefix, $this->swapPre);
+        }
+
+        $startTime = microtime(true);
+
+        $this->lastQuery = $query;
+
+        // Run the query
+        if (false === ($this->resultID = $this->simpleQuery($query->getQuery()))) {
+            $query->setDuration($startTime, $startTime);
+
+            // @todo deal with errors
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $query->setDuration($startTime);
+
+        // resultID is not false, so it must be successful
+        if ($query->isWriteType()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // query is not write-type, so it must be read-type query; return QueryResult
+        $resultClass = str_replace('Connection', 'Result', static::class);
+
+        return new $resultClass($this->connID, $this->resultID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the database.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function connect(bool $persistent = false)
+    {
+        $return = $this->returnValues['connect'] ?? true;
+
+        if (is_array($return)) {
+            // By removing the top item here, we can
+            // get a different value for, say, testing failover connections.
+            $return = array_shift($this->returnValues['connect']);
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keep or establish the connection if no queries have been sent for
+     * a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+     */
+    public function reconnect(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select a specific database table to use.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function setDatabase(string $databaseName)
+    {
+        $this->database = $databaseName;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        return CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes the query against the database.
+     *
+     * @return bool|object
+     */
+    protected function execute(string $sql)
+    {
+        return $this->returnValues['execute'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of rows affected by this query.
+     */
+    public function affectedRows(): int
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last error code and message.
+     *
+     * Must return an array with keys 'code' and 'message':
+     *
+     *  return ['code' => null, 'message' => null);
+     */
+    public function error(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'code'    => 0,
+            'message' => '',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert ID
+     */
+    public function insertID(): int
+    {
+        return $this->connID->insert_id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the SQL for listing tables in a platform-dependent manner.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $tableName If $tableName is provided will return only this table if exists.
+     */
+    protected function _listTables(bool $constrainByPrefix = false, ?string $tableName = null): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched.
+     */
+    protected function _listColumns(string $table = ''): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    protected function _fieldData(string $table): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    protected function _indexData(string $table): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    protected function _foreignKeyData(string $table): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the connection.
+     */
+    protected function _close()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Begin Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transBegin(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Commit Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transCommit(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rollback Transaction
+     */
+    protected function _transRollback(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockEmail.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockEmail.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3683ee88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockEmail.php
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Email\Email;
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+
+class MockEmail extends Email
+{
+    /**
+     * Value to return from mocked send().
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $returnValue = true;
+
+    public function send($autoClear = true)
+    {
+        if ($this->returnValue) {
+            $this->setArchiveValues();
+
+            if ($autoClear) {
+                $this->clear();
+            }
+
+            Events::trigger('email', $this->archive);
+        }
+
+        return $this->returnValue;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4f556af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockEvents.php
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Events\Events;
+
+/**
+ * Events
+ */
+class MockEvents extends Events
+{
+    public function getListeners()
+    {
+        return self::$listeners;
+    }
+
+    public function getEventsFile()
+    {
+        return self::$files;
+    }
+
+    public function getSimulate()
+    {
+        return self::$simulate;
+    }
+
+    public function unInitialize()
+    {
+        static::$initialized = false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7422221b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockFileLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandler;
+
+/**
+ * Class MockFileLogger
+ *
+ * Extends FileHandler, exposing some inner workings
+ */
+class MockFileLogger extends FileHandler
+{
+    /**
+     * Where would the log be written?
+     */
+    public $destination;
+
+    public function __construct(array $config)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($config);
+        $this->handles     = $config['handles'] ?? [];
+        $this->destination = $this->path . 'log-' . date('Y-m-d') . '.' . $this->fileExtension;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockIncomingRequest.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockIncomingRequest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03ab0d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockIncomingRequest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+
+class MockIncomingRequest extends IncomingRequest
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..267114e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockLanguage.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
+
+class MockLanguage extends Language
+{
+    /**
+     * Stores the data that should be
+     * returned by the 'requireFile()' method.
+     *
+     * @var mixed
+     */
+    protected $data;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the data that should be returned by the
+     * 'requireFile()' method to allow easy overrides
+     * during testing.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setData(string $file, array $data, ?string $locale = null)
+    {
+        $this->language[$locale ?? $this->locale][$file] = $data;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides an override that allows us to set custom
+     * data to be returned easily during testing.
+     */
+    protected function requireFile(string $path): array
+    {
+        return $this->data ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Arbitrarily turnoff internationalization support for testing
+     */
+    public function disableIntlSupport()
+    {
+        $this->intlSupport = false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ee2500b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Tests\Support\Log\Handlers\TestHandler;
+
+class MockLogger
+{
+    /*
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      | Error Logging Threshold
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      |
+      | You can enable error logging by setting a threshold over zero. The
+      | threshold determines what gets logged. Any values below or equal to the
+      | threshold will be logged. Threshold options are:
+      |
+      |	0 = Disables logging, Error logging TURNED OFF
+      |	1 = Emergency Messages  - System is unusable
+      |	2 = Alert Messages      - Action Must Be Taken Immediately
+      |   3 = Critical Messages   - Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+      |   4 = Runtime Errors      - Don't need immediate action, but should be monitored.
+      |   5 = Warnings            - Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+      |   6 = Notices             - Normal but significant events.
+      |   7 = Info                - Interesting events, like user logging in, etc.
+      |   8 = Debug               - Detailed debug information.
+      |   9 = All Messages
+      |
+      | You can also pass an array with threshold levels to show individual error types
+      |
+      | 	array(1, 2, 3, 8) = Emergency, Alert, Critical, and Debug messages
+      |
+      | For a live site you'll usually enable Critical or higher (3) to be logged otherwise
+      | your log files will fill up very fast.
+      |
+     */
+
+    public $threshold = 9;
+
+    /*
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      | Date Format for Logs
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      |
+      | Each item that is logged has an associated date. You can use PHP date
+      | codes to set your own date formatting
+      |
+     */
+    public $dateFormat = 'Y-m-d';
+
+    /*
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      | Log Handlers
+      |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      |
+      | The logging system supports multiple actions to be taken when something
+      | is logged. This is done by allowing for multiple Handlers, special classes
+      | designed to write the log to their chosen destinations, whether that is
+      | a file on the server, a cloud-based service, or even taking actions such
+      | as emailing the dev team.
+      |
+      | Each handler is defined by the class name used for that handler, and it
+      | MUST implement the CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\HandlerInterface interface.
+      |
+      | The value of each key is an array of configuration items that are sent
+      | to the constructor of each handler. The only required configuration item
+      | is the 'handles' element, which must be an array of integer log levels.
+      | This is most easily handled by using the constants defined in the
+      | Psr\Log\LogLevel class.
+      |
+      | Handlers are executed in the order defined in this array, starting with
+      | the handler on top and continuing down.
+      |
+     */
+    public $handlers = [
+        // File Handler
+        TestHandler::class => [
+            // The log levels that this handler will handle.
+            'handles' => [
+                'critical',
+                'alert',
+                'emergency',
+                'debug',
+                'error',
+                'info',
+                'notice',
+                'warning',
+            ],
+
+            // Logging Directory Path
+            'path' => '',
+        ],
+    ];
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockQuery.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockQuery.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c67c4763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockQuery.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Query;
+
+class MockQuery extends Query
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d5871f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceController;
+
+class MockResourceController extends ResourceController
+{
+    public function getModel()
+    {
+        return $this->model;
+    }
+
+    public function getModelName()
+    {
+        return $this->modelName;
+    }
+
+    public function getFormat()
+    {
+        return $this->format;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26f01323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\API\ResponseTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourcePresenter;
+
+class MockResourcePresenter extends ResourcePresenter
+{
+    use ResponseTrait;
+
+    public function getModel()
+    {
+        return $this->model;
+    }
+
+    public function getModelName()
+    {
+        return $this->modelName;
+    }
+
+    public function getFormat()
+    {
+        return $this->format;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53312921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response;
+
+/**
+ * Class MockResponse
+ */
+class MockResponse extends Response
+{
+    /**
+     * If true, will not write output. Useful during testing.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $pretend = true;
+
+    // for testing
+    public function getPretend()
+    {
+        return $this->pretend;
+    }
+
+    // artificial error for testing
+    public function misbehave()
+    {
+        $this->statusCode = 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87654b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * @extends BaseResult<object|resource, object|resource>
+ */
+class MockResult extends BaseResult
+{
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldCount(): int
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of column names in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getFieldNames(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates an array of objects representing field meta-data.
+     */
+    public function getFieldData(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Frees the current result.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function freeResult()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. This is called
+     * internally before fetching results to make sure the result set
+     * starts at zero.
+     *
+     * @param int $n
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function dataSeek($n = 0)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an array.
+     *
+     * Overridden by driver classes.
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    protected function fetchAssoc()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the result set as an object.
+     *
+     * Overridden by child classes.
+     *
+     * @param string $className
+     *
+     * @return object|stdClass
+     */
+    protected function fetchObject($className = 'stdClass')
+    {
+        return new $className();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of fields in the result set.
+     */
+    public function getNumRows(): int
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurity.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurity.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a078154b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurity.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Security\Security;
+
+class MockSecurity extends Security
+{
+    protected function doSendCookie(): void
+    {
+        $_COOKIE['csrf_cookie_name'] = $this->hash;
+    }
+
+    protected function randomize(string $hash): string
+    {
+        $keyBinary  = hex2bin('005513c290126d34d41bf41c5265e0f1');
+        $hashBinary = hex2bin($hash);
+
+        return bin2hex(($hashBinary ^ $keyBinary) . $keyBinary);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurityConfig.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurityConfig.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00171049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockSecurityConfig.php
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use Config\Security;
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated
+ *
+ * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ */
+class MockSecurityConfig extends Security
+{
+    public string $tokenName  = 'csrf_test_name';
+    public string $headerName = 'X-CSRF-TOKEN';
+    public string $cookieName = 'csrf_cookie_name';
+    public int $expires       = 7200;
+    public bool $regenerate   = true;
+    public bool $redirect     = false;
+    public string $samesite   = 'Lax';
+    public $excludeURIs       = ['http://example.com'];
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1870042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockServices.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseService;
+
+class MockServices extends BaseService
+{
+    public $psr4 = [
+        'Tests/Support' => TESTPATH . '_support/',
+    ];
+    public $classmap = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        // Don't call the parent since we don't want the default mappings.
+        // parent::__construct();
+    }
+
+    public static function locator(bool $getShared = true)
+    {
+        return new FileLocator(static::autoloader());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f558e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockSession.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
+
+/**
+ * Class MockSession
+ *
+ * Provides a safe way to test the Session class itself,
+ * that doesn't interact with the session or cookies at all.
+ */
+class MockSession extends Session
+{
+    /**
+     * Holds our "cookie" data.
+     *
+     * @var Cookie[]
+     */
+    public $cookies = [];
+
+    public $didRegenerate = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the driver as the session handler in PHP.
+     * Extracted for easier testing.
+     */
+    protected function setSaveHandler()
+    {
+        // session_set_save_handler($this->driver, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the session.
+     * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     */
+    protected function startSession()
+    {
+        // session_start();
+        $this->setCookie();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes care of setting the cookie on the client side.
+     * Extracted for testing reasons.
+     */
+    protected function setCookie()
+    {
+        $expiration   = $this->config->expiration === 0 ? 0 : Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $this->config->expiration;
+        $this->cookie = $this->cookie->withValue(session_id())->withExpires($expiration);
+
+        $this->cookies[] = $this->cookie;
+    }
+
+    public function regenerate(bool $destroy = false)
+    {
+        $this->didRegenerate              = true;
+        $_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php b/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..697e72b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/Mock/MockTable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test\Mock;
+
+use BadMethodCallException;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Table;
+
+class MockTable extends Table
+{
+    // Override inaccessible protected method
+    public function __call($method, $params)
+    {
+        if (is_callable([$this, '_' . $method])) {
+            return call_user_func_array([$this, '_' . $method], $params);
+        }
+
+        throw new BadMethodCallException('Method ' . $method . ' was not found');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php b/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ef3d7d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/PhpStreamWrapper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+/**
+ * StreamWrapper for php protocol
+ *
+ * This class is used for mocking `php://stdin`.
+ *
+ * See https://www.php.net/manual/en/class.streamwrapper.php
+ */
+final class PhpStreamWrapper
+{
+    /**
+     * @var resource|null
+     */
+    public $context;
+
+    private static string $content = '';
+    private int $position          = 0;
+
+    public static function setContent(string $content)
+    {
+        self::$content = $content;
+    }
+
+    public static function register()
+    {
+        stream_wrapper_unregister('php');
+        stream_wrapper_register('php', self::class);
+    }
+
+    public static function restore()
+    {
+        stream_wrapper_restore('php');
+    }
+
+    public function stream_open(string $path): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    public function stream_read(int $count)
+    {
+        $return = substr(self::$content, $this->position, $count);
+        $this->position += strlen($return);
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    public function stream_stat()
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    public function stream_eof(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->position >= strlen(self::$content);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c25e3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use Closure;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use ReflectionObject;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+
+/**
+ * Testing helper.
+ */
+trait ReflectionHelper
+{
+    /**
+     * Find a private method invoker.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $obj    object or class name
+     * @param string        $method method name
+     *
+     * @return Closure
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public static function getPrivateMethodInvoker($obj, $method)
+    {
+        $refMethod = new ReflectionMethod($obj, $method);
+        $refMethod->setAccessible(true);
+        $obj = (gettype($obj) === 'object') ? $obj : null;
+
+        return static fn (...$args) => $refMethod->invokeArgs($obj, $args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an accessible property.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $obj
+     * @param string        $property
+     *
+     * @return ReflectionProperty
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    private static function getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property)
+    {
+        $refClass = is_object($obj) ? new ReflectionObject($obj) : new ReflectionClass($obj);
+
+        $refProperty = $refClass->getProperty($property);
+        $refProperty->setAccessible(true);
+
+        return $refProperty;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a private property.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $obj      object or class name
+     * @param string        $property property name
+     * @param mixed         $value    value
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public static function setPrivateProperty($obj, $property, $value)
+    {
+        $refProperty = self::getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property);
+
+        if (is_object($obj)) {
+            $refProperty->setValue($obj, $value);
+        } else {
+            $refProperty->setValue(null, $value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve a private property.
+     *
+     * @param object|string $obj      object or class name
+     * @param string        $property property name
+     *
+     * @return mixed value
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public static function getPrivateProperty($obj, $property)
+    {
+        $refProperty = self::getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property);
+
+        return is_string($obj) ? $refProperty->getValue() : $refProperty->getValue($obj);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/StreamFilterTrait.php b/system/Test/StreamFilterTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..873576ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/StreamFilterTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\Filters\CITestStreamFilter;
+
+trait StreamFilterTrait
+{
+    protected function setUpStreamFilterTrait(): void
+    {
+        CITestStreamFilter::registration();
+        CITestStreamFilter::addOutputFilter();
+        CITestStreamFilter::addErrorFilter();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDownStreamFilterTrait(): void
+    {
+        CITestStreamFilter::removeOutputFilter();
+        CITestStreamFilter::removeErrorFilter();
+    }
+
+    protected function getStreamFilterBuffer(): string
+    {
+        return CITestStreamFilter::$buffer;
+    }
+
+    protected function resetStreamFilterBuffer(): void
+    {
+        CITestStreamFilter::$buffer = '';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/TestLogger.php b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..240f5c6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
+
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\TestLoggerTest
+ */
+class TestLogger extends Logger
+{
+    protected static $op_logs = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The log method is overridden so that we can store log history during
+     * the tests to allow us to check ->assertLogged() methods.
+     *
+     * @param string $level
+     * @param string $message
+     */
+    public function log($level, $message, array $context = []): bool
+    {
+        // While this requires duplicate work, we want to ensure
+        // we have the final message to test against.
+        $logMessage = $this->interpolate($message, $context);
+
+        // Determine the file and line by finding the first
+        // backtrace that is not part of our logging system.
+        $trace = debug_backtrace();
+        $file  = null;
+
+        foreach ($trace as $row) {
+            if (! in_array($row['function'], ['log', 'log_message'], true)) {
+                $file = basename($row['file'] ?? '');
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self::$op_logs[] = [
+            'level'   => $level,
+            'message' => $logMessage,
+            'file'    => $file,
+        ];
+
+        // Let the parent do it's thing.
+        return parent::log($level, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by CIUnitTestCase class to provide ->assertLogged() methods.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function didLog(string $level, $message, bool $useExactComparison = true)
+    {
+        $lowerLevel = strtolower($level);
+
+        foreach (self::$op_logs as $log) {
+            if (strtolower($log['level']) !== $lowerLevel) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($useExactComparison) {
+                if ($log['message'] === $message) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($log['message'], $message) !== false) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expose filenames.
+     *
+     * @param string $file
+     *
+     * @deprecated No longer needed as underlying protected method is also deprecated.
+     */
+    public function cleanup($file)
+    {
+        return clean_path($file);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/TestResponse.php b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..956b3218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+use Config\Services;
+use Exception;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Constraint\IsEqual;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * Test Response Class
+ *
+ * Consolidated response processing
+ * for test results.
+ *
+ * @no-final
+ *
+ * @internal
+ *
+ * @mixin DOMParser
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\TestResponseTest
+ */
+class TestResponse extends TestCase
+{
+    /**
+     * The request.
+     *
+     * @var RequestInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * The response.
+     *
+     * @var ResponseInterface
+     */
+    protected $response;
+
+    /**
+     * DOM for the body.
+     *
+     * @var DOMParser
+     */
+    protected $domParser;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores or the Response and parses the body in the DOM.
+     */
+    public function __construct(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        $this->setResponse($response);
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Getters / Setters
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the request.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setRequest(RequestInterface $request)
+    {
+        $this->request = $request;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Response and updates the DOM.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setResponse(ResponseInterface $response)
+    {
+        $this->response  = $response;
+        $this->domParser = new DOMParser();
+
+        $body = $response->getBody();
+        if (is_string($body) && $body !== '') {
+            $this->domParser->withString($body);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Request accessor.
+     *
+     * @return RequestInterface|null
+     */
+    public function request()
+    {
+        return $this->request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Response accessor.
+     *
+     * @return ResponseInterface
+     */
+    public function response()
+    {
+        return $this->response;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Status Checks
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Boils down the possible responses into a boolean valid/not-valid
+     * response type.
+     */
+    public function isOK(): bool
+    {
+        $status = $this->response->getStatusCode();
+
+        // Only 200 and 300 range status codes
+        // are considered valid.
+        if ($status >= 400 || $status < 200) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Empty bodies are not considered valid, unless in redirects
+        return ! ($status < 300 && empty($this->response->getBody()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the status is a specific value.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertStatus(int $code)
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($code, $this->response->getStatusCode());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the Response is considered OK.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertOK()
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isOK(), "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is not a successful status code, or the Response has an empty body.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the Response is considered OK.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertNotOK()
+    {
+        $this->assertFalse($this->isOK(), "{$this->response->getStatusCode()} is an unexpected successful status code, or the Response has body content.");
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Redirection
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether or not the Response was a redirect or RedirectResponse
+     */
+    public function isRedirect(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->response instanceof RedirectResponse
+            || $this->response->hasHeader('Location')
+            || $this->response->hasHeader('Refresh');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the given response was a redirect.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertRedirect()
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->isRedirect(), 'Response is not a redirect or RedirectResponse.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that a given response was a redirect
+     * and it was redirect to a specific URI.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertRedirectTo(string $uri)
+    {
+        $this->assertRedirect();
+
+        $uri         = trim(strtolower($uri));
+        $redirectUri = strtolower($this->getRedirectUrl());
+
+        $matches = $uri === $redirectUri
+                   || strtolower(site_url($uri)) === $redirectUri
+                   || $uri === site_url($redirectUri);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($matches, "Redirect URL `{$uri}` does not match `{$redirectUri}`");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the given response was not a redirect.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertNotRedirect()
+    {
+        $this->assertFalse($this->isRedirect(), 'Response is an unexpected redirect or RedirectResponse.');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URL set for redirection.
+     */
+    public function getRedirectUrl(): ?string
+    {
+        if (! $this->isRedirect()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->response->hasHeader('Location')) {
+            return $this->response->getHeaderLine('Location');
+        }
+
+        if ($this->response->hasHeader('Refresh')) {
+            return str_replace('0;url=', '', $this->response->getHeaderLine('Refresh'));
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Session
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that an SESSION key has been set and, optionally, test it's value.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $value
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSessionHas(string $key, $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey($key, $_SESSION, "'{$key}' is not in the current \$_SESSION");
+
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_scalar($value)) {
+            $this->assertSame($value, $_SESSION[$key], "The value of '{$key}' ({$value}) does not match expected value.");
+        } else {
+            $this->assertSame($value, $_SESSION[$key], "The value of '{$key}' does not match expected value.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the session is missing $key.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSessionMissing(string $key)
+    {
+        $this->assertArrayNotHasKey($key, $_SESSION, "'{$key}' should not be present in \$_SESSION.");
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Headers
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the Response contains a specific header.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $value
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertHeader(string $key, $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->response->hasHeader($key), "'{$key}' is not a valid Response header.");
+
+        if ($value !== null) {
+            $this->assertSame($value, $this->response->getHeaderLine($key), "The value of '{$key}' header ({$this->response->getHeaderLine($key)}) does not match expected value.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the Response headers does not contain the specified header.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertHeaderMissing(string $key)
+    {
+        $this->assertFalse($this->response->hasHeader($key), "'{$key}' should not be in the Response headers.");
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Cookies
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the response has the specified cookie.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $value
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertCookie(string $key, $value = null, string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->response->hasCookie($key, $value, $prefix), "No cookie found named '{$key}'.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert the Response does not have the specified cookie set.
+     */
+    public function assertCookieMissing(string $key)
+    {
+        $this->assertFalse($this->response->hasCookie($key), "Cookie named '{$key}' should not be set.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that a cookie exists and has an expired time.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertCookieExpired(string $key, string $prefix = '')
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->response->hasCookie($key, null, $prefix));
+        $this->assertGreaterThan(Time::now()->getTimestamp(), $this->response->getCookie($key, $prefix)->getExpiresTimestamp());
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // JSON
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the response's body as JSON
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    public function getJSON()
+    {
+        $response = $this->response->getJSON();
+
+        if ($response === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that the response contains a matching JSON fragment.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertJSONFragment(array $fragment, bool $strict = false)
+    {
+        $json = json_decode($this->getJSON(), true);
+        $this->assertIsArray($json, 'Response does not have valid json');
+        $patched = array_replace_recursive($json, $fragment);
+
+        if ($strict) {
+            $this->assertSame($json, $patched, 'Response does not contain a matching JSON fragment.');
+        } else {
+            $this->assertThat($patched, new IsEqual($json), 'Response does not contain a matching JSON fragment.');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the JSON exactly matches the passed in data.
+     * If the value being passed in is a string, it must be a json_encoded string.
+     *
+     * @param array|object|string $test
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertJSONExact($test)
+    {
+        $json = $this->getJSON();
+
+        if (is_object($test)) {
+            $test = method_exists($test, 'toArray') ? $test->toArray() : (array) $test;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($test)) {
+            $test = Services::format()->getFormatter('application/json')->format($test);
+        }
+
+        $this->assertJsonStringEqualsJsonString($test, $json, 'Response does not contain matching JSON.');
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // XML Methods
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the response' body as XML
+     *
+     * @return mixed|string
+     */
+    public function getXML()
+    {
+        return $this->response->getXML();
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // DomParser
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that the desired text can be found in the result body.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSee(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->see($search, $element), "Do not see '{$search}' in response.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that we do not see the specified text.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertDontSee(?string $search = null, ?string $element = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->dontSee($search, $element), "I should not see '{$search}' in response.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we see an element selected via a CSS selector.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSeeElement(string $search)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->seeElement($search), "Do not see element with selector '{$search} in response.'");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we do not see an element selected via a CSS selector.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertDontSeeElement(string $search)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->dontSeeElement($search), "I should not see an element with selector '{$search}' in response.'");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we see a link with the matching text and/or class.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSeeLink(string $text, ?string $details = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->seeLink($text, $details), "Do no see anchor tag with the text {$text} in response.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we see an input with name/value.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function assertSeeInField(string $field, ?string $value = null)
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->domParser->seeInField($field, $value), "Do no see input named {$field} with value {$value} in response.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forward any unrecognized method calls to our DOMParser instance.
+     *
+     * @param string $function Method name
+     * @param mixed  $params   Any method parameters
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function __call($function, $params)
+    {
+        if (method_exists($this->domParser, $function)) {
+            return $this->domParser->{$function}(...$params);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Test/bootstrap.php b/system/Test/bootstrap.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3145725a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Test/bootstrap.php
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnv;
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Paths;
+use Config\Services;
+
+error_reporting(E_ALL);
+ini_set('display_errors', '1');
+ini_set('display_startup_errors', '1');
+
+// Make sure it recognizes that we're testing.
+$_SERVER['CI_ENVIRONMENT'] = 'testing';
+define('ENVIRONMENT', 'testing');
+defined('CI_DEBUG') || define('CI_DEBUG', true);
+
+// Often these constants are pre-defined, but query the current directory structure as a fallback
+defined('HOMEPATH') || define('HOMEPATH', realpath(rtrim(getcwd(), '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+$source = is_dir(HOMEPATH . 'app')
+    ? HOMEPATH
+    : (is_dir('vendor/codeigniter4/framework/') ? 'vendor/codeigniter4/framework/' : 'vendor/codeigniter4/codeigniter4/');
+defined('CONFIGPATH') || define('CONFIGPATH', realpath($source . 'app/Config') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('PUBLICPATH') || define('PUBLICPATH', realpath($source . 'public') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+unset($source);
+
+// Load framework paths from their config file
+require CONFIGPATH . 'Paths.php';
+$paths = new Paths();
+
+// Define necessary framework path constants
+defined('APPPATH')       || define('APPPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->appDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('WRITEPATH')     || define('WRITEPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->writableDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('SYSTEMPATH')    || define('SYSTEMPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('ROOTPATH')      || define('ROOTPATH', realpath(APPPATH . '../') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('CIPATH')        || define('CIPATH', realpath(SYSTEMPATH . '../') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('FCPATH')        || define('FCPATH', realpath(PUBLICPATH) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('TESTPATH')      || define('TESTPATH', realpath(HOMEPATH . 'tests/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('SUPPORTPATH')   || define('SUPPORTPATH', realpath(TESTPATH . '_support/') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+defined('COMPOSER_PATH') || define('COMPOSER_PATH', realpath(HOMEPATH . 'vendor/autoload.php'));
+defined('VENDORPATH')    || define('VENDORPATH', realpath(HOMEPATH . 'vendor') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+
+// Load Common.php from App then System
+if (is_file(APPPATH . 'Common.php')) {
+    require_once APPPATH . 'Common.php';
+}
+
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php';
+
+// Set environment values that would otherwise stop the framework from functioning during tests.
+if (! isset($_SERVER['app.baseURL'])) {
+    $_SERVER['app.baseURL'] = 'http://example.com/';
+}
+
+// Load necessary components
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/AutoloadConfig.php';
+require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Autoload.php';
+require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Constants.php';
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Modules/Modules.php';
+require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Modules.php';
+
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Autoloader/Autoloader.php';
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/BaseService.php';
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/Services.php';
+require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Services.php';
+
+// Initialize and register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack.
+Services::autoloader()->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules())->register();
+
+// Now load Composer's if it's available
+if (is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
+    require_once COMPOSER_PATH;
+}
+
+// Load environment settings from .env files into $_SERVER and $_ENV
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/DotEnv.php';
+
+$env = new DotEnv(ROOTPATH);
+$env->load();
+
+// Always load the URL helper, it should be used in most of apps.
+helper('url');
+
+Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6a02e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Laminas\Escaper;
+
+use function bin2hex;
+use function ctype_digit;
+use function hexdec;
+use function htmlspecialchars;
+use function in_array;
+use function mb_convert_encoding;
+use function ord;
+use function preg_match;
+use function preg_replace_callback;
+use function rawurlencode;
+use function sprintf;
+use function strlen;
+use function strtolower;
+use function strtoupper;
+use function substr;
+
+use const ENT_QUOTES;
+use const ENT_SUBSTITUTE;
+
+/**
+ * Context specific methods for use in secure output escaping
+ */
+class Escaper
+{
+    /**
+     * Entity Map mapping Unicode codepoints to any available named HTML entities.
+     *
+     * While HTML supports far more named entities, the lowest common denominator
+     * has become HTML5's XML Serialisation which is restricted to the those named
+     * entities that XML supports. Using HTML entities would result in this error:
+     *     XML Parsing Error: undefined entity
+     *
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     */
+    protected static $htmlNamedEntityMap = [
+        34 => 'quot', // quotation mark
+        38 => 'amp', // ampersand
+        60 => 'lt', // less-than sign
+        62 => 'gt', // greater-than sign
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Current encoding for escaping. If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
+     * pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $encoding = 'utf-8';
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the value of the special flags passed as second parameter to
+     * htmlspecialchars().
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $htmlSpecialCharsFlags;
+
+    /**
+     * Static Matcher which escapes characters for HTML Attribute contexts
+     *
+     * @var callable
+     * @psalm-var callable(array<array-key, string>):string
+     */
+    protected $htmlAttrMatcher;
+
+    /**
+     * Static Matcher which escapes characters for Javascript contexts
+     *
+     * @var callable
+     * @psalm-var callable(array<array-key, string>):string
+     */
+    protected $jsMatcher;
+
+    /**
+     * Static Matcher which escapes characters for CSS Attribute contexts
+     *
+     * @var callable
+     * @psalm-var callable(array<array-key, string>):string
+     */
+    protected $cssMatcher;
+
+    /**
+     * List of all encoding supported by this class
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $supportedEncodings = [
+        'iso-8859-1',
+        'iso8859-1',
+        'iso-8859-5',
+        'iso8859-5',
+        'iso-8859-15',
+        'iso8859-15',
+        'utf-8',
+        'cp866',
+        'ibm866',
+        '866',
+        'cp1251',
+        'windows-1251',
+        'win-1251',
+        '1251',
+        'cp1252',
+        'windows-1252',
+        '1252',
+        'koi8-r',
+        'koi8-ru',
+        'koi8r',
+        'big5',
+        '950',
+        'gb2312',
+        '936',
+        'big5-hkscs',
+        'shift_jis',
+        'sjis',
+        'sjis-win',
+        'cp932',
+        '932',
+        'euc-jp',
+        'eucjp',
+        'eucjp-win',
+        'macroman',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor: Single parameter allows setting of global encoding for use by
+     * the current object.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function __construct(?string $encoding = null)
+    {
+        if ($encoding !== null) {
+            if ($encoding === '') {
+                throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(
+                    static::class . ' constructor parameter does not allow a blank value'
+                );
+            }
+
+            $encoding = strtolower($encoding);
+            if (! in_array($encoding, $this->supportedEncodings)) {
+                throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(
+                    'Value of \'' . $encoding . '\' passed to ' . static::class
+                    . ' constructor parameter is invalid. Provide an encoding supported by htmlspecialchars()'
+                );
+            }
+
+            $this->encoding = $encoding;
+        }
+
+        // We take advantage of ENT_SUBSTITUTE flag to correctly deal with invalid UTF-8 sequences.
+        $this->htmlSpecialCharsFlags = ENT_QUOTES | ENT_SUBSTITUTE;
+
+        // set matcher callbacks
+        $this->htmlAttrMatcher = [$this, 'htmlAttrMatcher'];
+        $this->jsMatcher       = [$this, 'jsMatcher'];
+        $this->cssMatcher      = [$this, 'cssMatcher'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the encoding that all output/input is expected to be encoded in.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function getEncoding()
+    {
+        return $this->encoding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the HTML Body context where there are very few characters
+     * of special meaning. Internally this will use htmlspecialchars().
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function escapeHtml(string $string)
+    {
+        return htmlspecialchars($string, $this->htmlSpecialCharsFlags, $this->encoding);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the HTML Attribute context. We use an extended set of characters
+     * to escape that are not covered by htmlspecialchars() to cover cases where an attribute
+     * might be unquoted or quoted illegally (e.g. backticks are valid quotes for IE).
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function escapeHtmlAttr(string $string)
+    {
+        $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
+        if ($string === '' || ctype_digit($string)) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9,\.\-_]/iSu', $this->htmlAttrMatcher, $string);
+        return $this->fromUtf8($result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the Javascript context. This does not use json_encode(). An extended
+     * set of characters are escaped beyond ECMAScript's rules for Javascript literal string
+     * escaping in order to prevent misinterpretation of Javascript as HTML leading to the
+     * injection of special characters and entities. The escaping used should be tolerant
+     * of cases where HTML escaping was not applied on top of Javascript escaping correctly.
+     * Backslash escaping is not used as it still leaves the escaped character as-is and so
+     * is not useful in a HTML context.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function escapeJs(string $string)
+    {
+        $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
+        if ($string === '' || ctype_digit($string)) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9,\._]/iSu', $this->jsMatcher, $string);
+        return $this->fromUtf8($result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the URI or Parameter contexts. This should not be used to escape
+     * an entire URI - only a subcomponent being inserted. The function is a simple proxy
+     * to rawurlencode() which now implements RFC 3986 since PHP 5.3 completely.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function escapeUrl(string $string)
+    {
+        return rawurlencode($string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escape a string for the CSS context. CSS escaping can be applied to any string being
+     * inserted into CSS and escapes everything except alphanumerics.
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function escapeCss(string $string)
+    {
+        $string = $this->toUtf8($string);
+        if ($string === '' || ctype_digit($string)) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        $result = preg_replace_callback('/[^a-z0-9]/iSu', $this->cssMatcher, $string);
+        return $this->fromUtf8($result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback function for preg_replace_callback that applies HTML Attribute
+     * escaping to all matches.
+     *
+     * @param array<array-key, string> $matches
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function htmlAttrMatcher($matches)
+    {
+        $chr = $matches[0];
+        $ord = ord($chr);
+
+        /**
+         * The following replaces characters undefined in HTML with the
+         * hex entity for the Unicode replacement character.
+         */
+        if (
+            ($ord <= 0x1f && $chr !== "\t" && $chr !== "\n" && $chr !== "\r")
+            || ($ord >= 0x7f && $ord <= 0x9f)
+        ) {
+            return '&#xFFFD;';
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Check if the current character to escape has a name entity we should
+         * replace it with while grabbing the integer value of the character.
+         */
+        if (strlen($chr) > 1) {
+            $chr = $this->convertEncoding($chr, 'UTF-32BE', 'UTF-8');
+        }
+
+        $hex = bin2hex($chr);
+        $ord = hexdec($hex);
+        if (isset(static::$htmlNamedEntityMap[$ord])) {
+            return '&' . static::$htmlNamedEntityMap[$ord] . ';';
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Per OWASP recommendations, we'll use upper hex entities
+         * for any other characters where a named entity does not exist.
+         */
+        if ($ord > 255) {
+            return sprintf('&#x%04X;', $ord);
+        }
+        return sprintf('&#x%02X;', $ord);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback function for preg_replace_callback that applies Javascript
+     * escaping to all matches.
+     *
+     * @param array<array-key, string> $matches
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function jsMatcher($matches)
+    {
+        $chr = $matches[0];
+        if (strlen($chr) === 1) {
+            return sprintf('\\x%02X', ord($chr));
+        }
+        $chr = $this->convertEncoding($chr, 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-8');
+        $hex = strtoupper(bin2hex($chr));
+        if (strlen($hex) <= 4) {
+            return sprintf('\\u%04s', $hex);
+        }
+        $highSurrogate = substr($hex, 0, 4);
+        $lowSurrogate  = substr($hex, 4, 4);
+        return sprintf('\\u%04s\\u%04s', $highSurrogate, $lowSurrogate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback function for preg_replace_callback that applies CSS
+     * escaping to all matches.
+     *
+     * @param array<array-key, string> $matches
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function cssMatcher($matches)
+    {
+        $chr = $matches[0];
+        if (strlen($chr) === 1) {
+            $ord = ord($chr);
+        } else {
+            $chr = $this->convertEncoding($chr, 'UTF-32BE', 'UTF-8');
+            $ord = hexdec(bin2hex($chr));
+        }
+        return sprintf('\\%X ', $ord);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a string to UTF-8 from the base encoding. The base encoding is set via this
+     *
+     * @param string $string
+     * @throws Exception\RuntimeException
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function toUtf8($string)
+    {
+        if ($this->getEncoding() === 'utf-8') {
+            $result = $string;
+        } else {
+            $result = $this->convertEncoding($string, 'UTF-8', $this->getEncoding());
+        }
+
+        if (! $this->isUtf8($result)) {
+            throw new Exception\RuntimeException(
+                sprintf('String to be escaped was not valid UTF-8 or could not be converted: %s', $result)
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a string from UTF-8 to the base encoding. The base encoding is set via this
+     *
+     * @param string $string
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function fromUtf8($string)
+    {
+        if ($this->getEncoding() === 'utf-8') {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        return $this->convertEncoding($string, $this->getEncoding(), 'UTF-8');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a given string appears to be valid UTF-8 or not.
+     *
+     * @param string $string
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    protected function isUtf8($string)
+    {
+        return $string === '' || preg_match('/^./su', $string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encoding conversion helper which wraps mb_convert_encoding
+     *
+     * @param string $string
+     * @param string $to
+     * @param array|string $from
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function convertEncoding($string, $to, $from)
+    {
+        $result = mb_convert_encoding($string, $to, $from);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            return ''; // return non-fatal blank string on encoding errors from users
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/ExceptionInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/ExceptionInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f5fd89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/ExceptionInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Laminas\Escaper\Exception;
+
+use Throwable;
+
+interface ExceptionInterface extends Throwable
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/InvalidArgumentException.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/InvalidArgumentException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48e646dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/InvalidArgumentException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Laminas\Escaper\Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Invalid argument exception
+ */
+class InvalidArgumentException extends \InvalidArgumentException implements
+    ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/RuntimeException.php b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/RuntimeException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5004c4c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/Exception/RuntimeException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Laminas\Escaper\Exception;
+
+/**
+ * Invalid argument exception
+ */
+class RuntimeException extends \RuntimeException implements
+    ExceptionInterface
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/LICENSE.md b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10b40f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Escaper/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright (c) 2020 Laminas Project a Series of LF Projects, LLC.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+- Neither the name of Laminas Foundation nor the names of its contributors may
+  be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+  specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e36e91ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/CallFinder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type PhpTokenArray = array{int, string, int}
+ * @psalm-type PhpToken = string|PhpTokenArray
+ */
+class CallFinder
+{
+    private static $ignore = [
+        T_CLOSE_TAG => true,
+        T_COMMENT => true,
+        T_DOC_COMMENT => true,
+        T_INLINE_HTML => true,
+        T_OPEN_TAG => true,
+        T_OPEN_TAG_WITH_ECHO => true,
+        T_WHITESPACE => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Things we need to do specially for operator tokens:
+     * - Refuse to strip spaces around them
+     * - Wrap the access path in parentheses if there
+     *   are any of these in the final short parameter.
+     */
+    private static $operator = [
+        T_AND_EQUAL => true,
+        T_BOOLEAN_AND => true,
+        T_BOOLEAN_OR => true,
+        T_ARRAY_CAST => true,
+        T_BOOL_CAST => true,
+        T_CLASS => true,
+        T_CLONE => true,
+        T_CONCAT_EQUAL => true,
+        T_DEC => true,
+        T_DIV_EQUAL => true,
+        T_DOUBLE_CAST => true,
+        T_FUNCTION => true,
+        T_INC => true,
+        T_INCLUDE => true,
+        T_INCLUDE_ONCE => true,
+        T_INSTANCEOF => true,
+        T_INT_CAST => true,
+        T_IS_EQUAL => true,
+        T_IS_GREATER_OR_EQUAL => true,
+        T_IS_IDENTICAL => true,
+        T_IS_NOT_EQUAL => true,
+        T_IS_NOT_IDENTICAL => true,
+        T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL => true,
+        T_LOGICAL_AND => true,
+        T_LOGICAL_OR => true,
+        T_LOGICAL_XOR => true,
+        T_MINUS_EQUAL => true,
+        T_MOD_EQUAL => true,
+        T_MUL_EQUAL => true,
+        T_NEW => true,
+        T_OBJECT_CAST => true,
+        T_OR_EQUAL => true,
+        T_PLUS_EQUAL => true,
+        T_REQUIRE => true,
+        T_REQUIRE_ONCE => true,
+        T_SL => true,
+        T_SL_EQUAL => true,
+        T_SR => true,
+        T_SR_EQUAL => true,
+        T_STRING_CAST => true,
+        T_UNSET_CAST => true,
+        T_XOR_EQUAL => true,
+        T_POW => true,
+        T_POW_EQUAL => true,
+        T_SPACESHIP => true,
+        T_DOUBLE_ARROW => true,
+        '!' => true,
+        '%' => true,
+        '&' => true,
+        '*' => true,
+        '+' => true,
+        '-' => true,
+        '.' => true,
+        '/' => true,
+        ':' => true,
+        '<' => true,
+        '=' => true,
+        '>' => true,
+        '?' => true,
+        '^' => true,
+        '|' => true,
+        '~' => true,
+    ];
+
+    private static $strip = [
+        '(' => true,
+        ')' => true,
+        '[' => true,
+        ']' => true,
+        '{' => true,
+        '}' => true,
+        T_OBJECT_OPERATOR => true,
+        T_DOUBLE_COLON => true,
+        T_NS_SEPARATOR => true,
+    ];
+
+    private static $classcalls = [
+        T_DOUBLE_COLON => true,
+        T_OBJECT_OPERATOR => true,
+    ];
+
+    private static $namespace = [
+        T_STRING => true,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param callable-array|callable-string $function
+     *
+     * @param mixed $function
+     *
+     * @return array List of matching calls on the relevant line
+     */
+    public static function getFunctionCalls(string $source, int $line, $function): array
+    {
+        static $up = [
+            '(' => true,
+            '[' => true,
+            '{' => true,
+            T_CURLY_OPEN => true,
+            T_DOLLAR_OPEN_CURLY_BRACES => true,
+        ];
+        static $down = [
+            ')' => true,
+            ']' => true,
+            '}' => true,
+        ];
+        static $modifiers = [
+            '!' => true,
+            '@' => true,
+            '~' => true,
+            '+' => true,
+            '-' => true,
+        ];
+        static $identifier = [
+            T_DOUBLE_COLON => true,
+            T_STRING => true,
+            T_NS_SEPARATOR => true,
+        ];
+
+        if (KINT_PHP74) {
+            self::$operator[T_FN] = true;
+            self::$operator[T_COALESCE_EQUAL] = true;
+        }
+
+        if (KINT_PHP80) {
+            $up[T_ATTRIBUTE] = true;
+            self::$operator[T_MATCH] = true;
+            self::$strip[T_NULLSAFE_OBJECT_OPERATOR] = true;
+            self::$classcalls[T_NULLSAFE_OBJECT_OPERATOR] = true;
+            self::$namespace[T_NAME_FULLY_QUALIFIED] = true;
+            self::$namespace[T_NAME_QUALIFIED] = true;
+            self::$namespace[T_NAME_RELATIVE] = true;
+            $identifier[T_NAME_FULLY_QUALIFIED] = true;
+            $identifier[T_NAME_QUALIFIED] = true;
+            $identifier[T_NAME_RELATIVE] = true;
+        }
+
+        $tokens = \token_get_all($source);
+        $cursor = 1;
+        $function_calls = [];
+
+        // Performance optimization preventing backwards loops
+        /** @psalm-var array<PhpToken|null> */
+        $prev_tokens = [null, null, null];
+
+        if (\is_array($function)) {
+            $class = \explode('\\', $function[0]);
+            $class = \strtolower(\end($class));
+            $function = \strtolower($function[1]);
+        } else {
+            $class = null;
+            /**
+             * @psalm-suppress RedundantFunctionCallGivenDocblockType
+             */
+            $function = \strtolower($function);
+        }
+
+        // Loop through tokens
+        foreach ($tokens as $index => $token) {
+            if (!\is_array($token)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Count newlines for line number instead of using $token[2]
+            // since certain situations (String tokens after whitespace) may
+            // not have the correct line number unless you do this manually
+            $cursor += \substr_count($token[1], "\n");
+            if ($cursor > $line) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Store the last real tokens for later
+            if (isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $prev_tokens = [$prev_tokens[1], $prev_tokens[2], $token];
+
+            // Check if it's the right type to be the function we're looking for
+            if (!isset(self::$namespace[$token[0]])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $ns = \explode('\\', \strtolower($token[1]));
+
+            if (\end($ns) !== $function) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check if it's a function call
+            $nextReal = self::realTokenIndex($tokens, $index);
+            if (!isset($nextReal, $tokens[$nextReal]) || '(' !== $tokens[$nextReal]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check if it matches the signature
+            if (null === $class) {
+                if ($prev_tokens[1] && isset(self::$classcalls[$prev_tokens[1][0]])) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!$prev_tokens[1] || T_DOUBLE_COLON !== $prev_tokens[1][0]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!$prev_tokens[0] || !isset(self::$namespace[$prev_tokens[0][0]])) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // All self::$namespace tokens are T_ constants
+                /** @psalm-var PhpTokenArray $prev_tokens[0] */
+                $ns = \explode('\\', \strtolower($prev_tokens[0][1]));
+
+                if (\end($ns) !== $class) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $inner_cursor = $cursor;
+            $depth = 1; // The depth respective to the function call
+            $offset = $nextReal + 1; // The start of the function call
+            $instring = false; // Whether we're in a string or not
+            $realtokens = false; // Whether the current scope contains anything meaningful or not
+            $paramrealtokens = false; // Whether the current parameter contains anything meaningful
+            $params = []; // All our collected parameters
+            $shortparam = []; // The short version of the parameter
+            $param_start = $offset; // The distance to the start of the parameter
+
+            // Loop through the following tokens until the function call ends
+            while (isset($tokens[$offset])) {
+                $token = $tokens[$offset];
+
+                // Ensure that the $inner_cursor is correct and
+                // that $token is either a T_ constant or a string
+                if (\is_array($token)) {
+                    $inner_cursor += \substr_count($token[1], "\n");
+                }
+
+                if (!isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]]) && !isset($down[$token[0]])) {
+                    $paramrealtokens = $realtokens = true;
+                }
+
+                // If it's a token that makes us to up a level, increase the depth
+                if (isset($up[$token[0]])) {
+                    if (1 === $depth) {
+                        $shortparam[] = $token;
+                        $realtokens = false;
+                    }
+
+                    ++$depth;
+                } elseif (isset($down[$token[0]])) {
+                    --$depth;
+
+                    // If this brings us down to the parameter level, and we've had
+                    // real tokens since going up, fill the $shortparam with an ellipsis
+                    if (1 === $depth) {
+                        if ($realtokens) {
+                            $shortparam[] = '...';
+                        }
+                        $shortparam[] = $token;
+                    }
+                } elseif ('"' === $token[0]) {
+                    // Strings use the same symbol for up and down, but we can
+                    // only ever be inside one string, so just use a bool for that
+                    if ($instring) {
+                        --$depth;
+                        if (1 === $depth) {
+                            $shortparam[] = '...';
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        ++$depth;
+                    }
+
+                    $instring = !$instring;
+
+                    $shortparam[] = '"';
+                } elseif (1 === $depth) {
+                    if (',' === $token[0]) {
+                        $params[] = [
+                            'full' => \array_slice($tokens, $param_start, $offset - $param_start),
+                            'short' => $shortparam,
+                        ];
+                        $shortparam = [];
+                        $paramrealtokens = false;
+                        $param_start = $offset + 1;
+                    } elseif (T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING === $token[0] && \strlen($token[1]) > 2) {
+                        $shortparam[] = $token[1][0].'...'.$token[1][0];
+                    } else {
+                        $shortparam[] = $token;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Depth has dropped to 0 (So we've hit the closing paren)
+                if ($depth <= 0) {
+                    if ($paramrealtokens) {
+                        $params[] = [
+                            'full' => \array_slice($tokens, $param_start, $offset - $param_start),
+                            'short' => $shortparam,
+                        ];
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                ++$offset;
+            }
+
+            // If we're not passed (or at) the line at the end
+            // of the function call, we're too early so skip it
+            if ($inner_cursor < $line) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Format the final output parameters
+            foreach ($params as &$param) {
+                $name = self::tokensFormatted($param['short']);
+
+                $expression = false;
+                foreach ($name as $token) {
+                    if (self::tokenIsOperator($token)) {
+                        $expression = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $param = [
+                    'name' => self::tokensToString($name),
+                    'path' => self::tokensToString(self::tokensTrim($param['full'])),
+                    'expression' => $expression,
+                ];
+            }
+
+            // Skip first-class callables
+            /** @psalm-var list<array{name: string, path: string, expression: bool}> $params */
+            if (KINT_PHP81 && 1 === \count($params) && '...' === \reset($params)['path']) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Get the modifiers
+            --$index;
+
+            while (isset($tokens[$index])) {
+                if (!isset(self::$ignore[$tokens[$index][0]]) && !isset($identifier[$tokens[$index][0]])) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                --$index;
+            }
+
+            $mods = [];
+
+            while (isset($tokens[$index])) {
+                if (isset(self::$ignore[$tokens[$index][0]])) {
+                    --$index;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (isset($modifiers[$tokens[$index][0]])) {
+                    $mods[] = $tokens[$index];
+                    --$index;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $function_calls[] = [
+                'parameters' => $params,
+                'modifiers' => $mods,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $function_calls;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
+     */
+    private static function realTokenIndex(array $tokens, int $index): ?int
+    {
+        ++$index;
+
+        while (isset($tokens[$index])) {
+            if (!isset(self::$ignore[$tokens[$index][0]])) {
+                return $index;
+            }
+
+            ++$index;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * We need a separate method to check if tokens are operators because we
+     * occasionally add "..." to short parameter versions. If we simply check
+     * for `$token[0]` then "..." will incorrectly match the "." operator.
+     *
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken $token The token to check
+     *
+     * @param mixed $token
+     */
+    private static function tokenIsOperator($token): bool
+    {
+        return '...' !== $token && isset(self::$operator[$token[0]]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
+     */
+    private static function tokensToString(array $tokens): string
+    {
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($tokens as $token) {
+            if (\is_string($token)) {
+                $out .= $token;
+            } else {
+                $out .= $token[1];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
+     */
+    private static function tokensTrim(array $tokens): array
+    {
+        foreach ($tokens as $index => $token) {
+            if (isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]])) {
+                unset($tokens[$index]);
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $tokens = \array_reverse($tokens);
+
+        foreach ($tokens as $index => $token) {
+            if (isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]])) {
+                unset($tokens[$index]);
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return \array_reverse($tokens);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PhpToken[] $tokens
+     *
+     * @psalm-return PhpToken[]
+     */
+    private static function tokensFormatted(array $tokens): array
+    {
+        $tokens = self::tokensTrim($tokens);
+
+        $space = false;
+        $attribute = false;
+        // Keep space between "strip" symbols for different behavior for matches or closures
+        // Normally we want to strip spaces between strip tokens: $x{...}[...]
+        // However with closures and matches we don't: function (...) {...}
+        $ignorestrip = false;
+        $output = [];
+        $last = null;
+
+        if (T_FUNCTION === $tokens[0][0] ||
+            (KINT_PHP74 && T_FN === $tokens[0][0]) ||
+            (KINT_PHP80 && T_MATCH === $tokens[0][0])
+        ) {
+            $ignorestrip = true;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($tokens as $index => $token) {
+            if (isset(self::$ignore[$token[0]])) {
+                if ($space) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $next = self::realTokenIndex($tokens, $index);
+                if (null === $next) {
+                    // This should be impossible, since we always call tokensTrim first
+                    break; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+                $next = $tokens[$next];
+
+                /** @psalm-var PhpToken $last */
+                if ($attribute && ']' === $last[0]) {
+                    $attribute = false;
+                } elseif (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$last[0]]) && !self::tokenIsOperator($next)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!$ignorestrip && isset(self::$strip[$next[0]]) && $last && !self::tokenIsOperator($last)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $token = ' ';
+                $space = true;
+            } else {
+                if (KINT_PHP80 && $last && T_ATTRIBUTE == $last[0]) {
+                    $attribute = true;
+                }
+
+                $space = false;
+                $last = $token;
+            }
+
+            $output[] = $token;
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da4badcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/FacadeInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint;
+
+use Kint\Parser\Parser;
+use Kint\Renderer\RendererInterface;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+interface FacadeInterface
+{
+    public function __construct(Parser $p, RendererInterface $r);
+
+    public function setStatesFromStatics(array $statics): void;
+
+    public function setStatesFromCallInfo(array $info): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Renders a list of vars including the pre and post renders.
+     *
+     * @param array   $vars Data to dump
+     * @param Value[] $base The base value objects
+     */
+    public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47e34abe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Parser\ConstructablePluginInterface;
+use Kint\Parser\Parser;
+use Kint\Parser\PluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\RendererInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ */
+class Kint implements FacadeInterface
+{
+    public const MODE_RICH = 'r';
+    public const MODE_TEXT = 't';
+    public const MODE_CLI = 'c';
+    public const MODE_PLAIN = 'p';
+
+    /**
+     * @var mixed Kint mode
+     *
+     * false: Disabled
+     * true: Enabled, default mode selection
+     * other: Manual mode selection
+     */
+    public static $enabled_mode = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Default mode.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $mode_default = self::MODE_RICH;
+
+    /**
+     * Default mode in CLI with cli_detection on.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $mode_default_cli = self::MODE_CLI;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool Return output instead of echoing
+     */
+    public static $return;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string format of the link to the source file in trace entries.
+     *
+     * Use %f for file path, %l for line number.
+     *
+     * [!] EXAMPLE (works with for phpStorm and RemoteCall Plugin):
+     *
+     * Kint::$file_link_format = 'http://localhost:8091/?message=%f:%l';
+     */
+    public static $file_link_format = '';
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool whether to display where kint was called from
+     */
+    public static $display_called_from = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array base directories of your application that will be displayed instead of the full path.
+     *
+     * Keys are paths, values are replacement strings
+     *
+     * [!] EXAMPLE (for Laravel 5):
+     *
+     * Kint::$app_root_dirs = [
+     *     base_path() => '<BASE>',
+     *     app_path() => '<APP>',
+     *     config_path() => '<CONFIG>',
+     *     database_path() => '<DATABASE>',
+     *     public_path() => '<PUBLIC>',
+     *     resource_path() => '<RESOURCE>',
+     *     storage_path() => '<STORAGE>',
+     * ];
+     *
+     * Defaults to [$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] => '<ROOT>']
+     */
+    public static $app_root_dirs = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var int depth limit for array/object traversal. 0 for no limit
+     */
+    public static $depth_limit = 7;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool expand all trees by default for rich view
+     */
+    public static $expanded = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool enable detection when Kint is command line.
+     *
+     * Formats output with whitespace only; does not HTML-escape it
+     */
+    public static $cli_detection = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @var array Kint aliases. Add debug functions in Kint wrappers here to fix modifiers and backtraces
+     */
+    public static $aliases = [
+        ['Kint\\Kint', 'dump'],
+        ['Kint\\Kint', 'trace'],
+        ['Kint\\Kint', 'dumpArray'],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-var class-string[] Array of modes to renderer class names
+     */
+    public static $renderers = [
+        self::MODE_RICH => \Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_PLAIN => \Kint\Renderer\PlainRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_TEXT => \Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer::class,
+        self::MODE_CLI => \Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-var class-string[]
+     */
+    public static $plugins = [
+        \Kint\Parser\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ArrayObjectPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\Base64Plugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ClassMethodsPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ClassStaticsPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ClosurePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ColorPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\DateTimePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\EnumPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\FsPathPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\IteratorPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\JsonPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\SimpleXMLElementPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\SplFileInfoPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\SplObjectStoragePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\StreamPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\TablePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\ThrowablePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\TimestampPlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\TracePlugin::class,
+        \Kint\Parser\XmlPlugin::class,
+    ];
+
+    protected static $plugin_pool = [];
+
+    protected $parser;
+    protected $renderer;
+
+    public function __construct(Parser $p, RendererInterface $r)
+    {
+        $this->parser = $p;
+        $this->renderer = $r;
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        $this->parser = $p;
+    }
+
+    public function getParser(): Parser
+    {
+        return $this->parser;
+    }
+
+    public function setRenderer(RendererInterface $r): void
+    {
+        $this->renderer = $r;
+    }
+
+    public function getRenderer(): RendererInterface
+    {
+        return $this->renderer;
+    }
+
+    public function setStatesFromStatics(array $statics): void
+    {
+        $this->renderer->setStatics($statics);
+
+        $this->parser->setDepthLimit(isset($statics['depth_limit']) ? $statics['depth_limit'] : 0);
+        $this->parser->clearPlugins();
+
+        if (!isset($statics['plugins'])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $plugins = [];
+
+        foreach ($statics['plugins'] as $plugin) {
+            if ($plugin instanceof PluginInterface) {
+                $plugins[] = $plugin;
+            } elseif (\is_string($plugin) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, ConstructablePluginInterface::class)) {
+                if (!isset(static::$plugin_pool[$plugin])) {
+                    $p = new $plugin();
+                    static::$plugin_pool[$plugin] = $p;
+                }
+                $plugins[] = static::$plugin_pool[$plugin];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $plugins = $this->renderer->filterParserPlugins($plugins);
+
+        foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
+            $this->parser->addPlugin($plugin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function setStatesFromCallInfo(array $info): void
+    {
+        $this->renderer->setCallInfo($info);
+
+        if (isset($info['modifiers']) && \is_array($info['modifiers']) && \in_array('+', $info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->parser->setDepthLimit(0);
+        }
+
+        $this->parser->setCallerClass(isset($info['caller']['class']) ? $info['caller']['class'] : null);
+    }
+
+    public function dumpAll(array $vars, array $base): string
+    {
+        if (\array_keys($vars) !== \array_keys($base)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Kint::dumpAll requires arrays of identical size and keys as arguments');
+        }
+
+        $output = $this->renderer->preRender();
+
+        if ([] === $vars) {
+            $output .= $this->renderer->renderNothing();
+        }
+
+        foreach ($vars as $key => $arg) {
+            if (!$base[$key] instanceof Value) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Kint::dumpAll requires all elements of the second argument to be Value instances');
+            }
+            $output .= $this->dumpVar($arg, $base[$key]);
+        }
+
+        $output .= $this->renderer->postRender();
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps and renders a var.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var Data to dump
+     * @param Value $base Base object
+     */
+    protected function dumpVar(&$var, Value $base): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderer->render(
+            $this->parser->parse($var, $base)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all static settings at once.
+     *
+     * @return array Current static settings
+     */
+    public static function getStatics(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'aliases' => static::$aliases,
+            'app_root_dirs' => static::$app_root_dirs,
+            'cli_detection' => static::$cli_detection,
+            'depth_limit' => static::$depth_limit,
+            'display_called_from' => static::$display_called_from,
+            'enabled_mode' => static::$enabled_mode,
+            'expanded' => static::$expanded,
+            'file_link_format' => static::$file_link_format,
+            'mode_default' => static::$mode_default,
+            'mode_default_cli' => static::$mode_default_cli,
+            'plugins' => static::$plugins,
+            'renderers' => static::$renderers,
+            'return' => static::$return,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Kint instance based on static settings.
+     *
+     * @param array $statics array of statics as returned by getStatics
+     */
+    public static function createFromStatics(array $statics): ?FacadeInterface
+    {
+        $mode = false;
+
+        if (isset($statics['enabled_mode'])) {
+            $mode = $statics['enabled_mode'];
+
+            if (true === $mode && isset($statics['mode_default'])) {
+                $mode = $statics['mode_default'];
+
+                if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' && !empty($statics['cli_detection']) && isset($statics['mode_default_cli'])) {
+                    $mode = $statics['mode_default_cli'];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (false === $mode) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var class-string[] $statics['renderers'] */
+        if (isset($statics['renderers'][$mode]) && \is_subclass_of($statics['renderers'][$mode], RendererInterface::class)) {
+            $renderer = new $statics['renderers'][$mode]();
+        } else {
+            $renderer = new TextRenderer();
+        }
+
+        return new static(new Parser(), $renderer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates base objects given parameter info.
+     *
+     * @param array $params Parameters as returned from getCallInfo
+     * @param int   $argc   Number of arguments the helper was called with
+     *
+     * @return Value[] Base objects for the arguments
+     */
+    public static function getBasesFromParamInfo(array $params, int $argc): array
+    {
+        static $blacklist = [
+            'null',
+            'true',
+            'false',
+            'array(...)',
+            'array()',
+            '[...]',
+            '[]',
+            '(...)',
+            '()',
+            '"..."',
+            'b"..."',
+            "'...'",
+            "b'...'",
+        ];
+
+        $params = \array_values($params);
+        $bases = [];
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < $argc; ++$i) {
+            $param = $params[$i] ?? null;
+
+            if (!isset($param['name']) || \is_numeric($param['name'])) {
+                $name = null;
+            } elseif (\in_array(\strtolower($param['name']), $blacklist, true)) {
+                $name = null;
+            } else {
+                $name = $param['name'];
+            }
+
+            if (isset($param['path'])) {
+                $access_path = $param['path'];
+
+                if (!empty($param['expression'])) {
+                    $access_path = '('.$access_path.')';
+                }
+            } else {
+                $access_path = '$'.$i;
+            }
+
+            $bases[] = Value::blank($name, $access_path);
+        }
+
+        return $bases;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets call info from the backtrace, alias, and argument count.
+     *
+     * Aliases must be normalized beforehand (Utils::normalizeAliases)
+     *
+     * @param array   $aliases Call aliases as found in Kint::$aliases
+     * @param array[] $trace   Backtrace
+     * @param array   $args    Arguments
+     *
+     * @return array Call info
+     */
+    public static function getCallInfo(array $aliases, array $trace, array $args): array
+    {
+        $found = false;
+        $callee = null;
+        $caller = null;
+        $miniTrace = [];
+
+        foreach ($trace as $index => $frame) {
+            if (Utils::traceFrameIsListed($frame, $aliases)) {
+                $found = true;
+                $miniTrace = [];
+            }
+
+            if (!Utils::traceFrameIsListed($frame, ['spl_autoload_call'])) {
+                $miniTrace[] = $frame;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($found) {
+            $callee = \reset($miniTrace) ?: null;
+            $caller = \next($miniTrace) ?: null;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($miniTrace as $index => $frame) {
+            if ((0 === $index && $callee === $frame) || isset($frame['file'], $frame['line'])) {
+                unset($frame['object'], $frame['args']);
+                $miniTrace[$index] = $frame;
+            } else {
+                unset($miniTrace[$index]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $miniTrace = \array_values($miniTrace);
+
+        $call = static::getSingleCall($callee ?: [], $args);
+
+        $ret = [
+            'params' => null,
+            'modifiers' => [],
+            'callee' => $callee,
+            'caller' => $caller,
+            'trace' => $miniTrace,
+        ];
+
+        if ($call) {
+            $ret['params'] = $call['parameters'];
+            $ret['modifiers'] = $call['modifiers'];
+        }
+
+        return $ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps a backtrace.
+     *
+     * Functionally equivalent to Kint::dump(1) or Kint::dump(debug_backtrace(true))
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public static function trace()
+    {
+        if (false === static::$enabled_mode) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
+
+        $call_info = static::getCallInfo(static::$aliases, \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS), []);
+
+        $statics = static::getStatics();
+
+        if (\in_array('~', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $statics['enabled_mode'] = static::MODE_TEXT;
+        }
+
+        $kintstance = static::createFromStatics($statics);
+        if (!$kintstance) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array('-', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            while (\ob_get_level()) {
+                \ob_end_clean();
+            }
+        }
+
+        $kintstance->setStatesFromStatics($statics);
+        $kintstance->setStatesFromCallInfo($call_info);
+
+        $trimmed_trace = [];
+        $trace = \debug_backtrace();
+
+        foreach ($trace as $frame) {
+            if (Utils::traceFrameIsListed($frame, static::$aliases)) {
+                $trimmed_trace = [];
+            }
+
+            $trimmed_trace[] = $frame;
+        }
+
+        \array_shift($trimmed_trace);
+
+        $output = $kintstance->dumpAll(
+            [$trimmed_trace],
+            [Value::blank('Kint\\Kint::trace()', 'debug_backtrace()')]
+        );
+
+        if (static::$return || \in_array('@', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        echo $output;
+
+        if (\in_array('-', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            \flush(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps some data.
+     *
+     * Functionally equivalent to Kint::dump(1) or Kint::dump(debug_backtrace())
+     *
+     * @param mixed ...$args
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    public static function dump(...$args)
+    {
+        if (false === static::$enabled_mode) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        Utils::normalizeAliases(static::$aliases);
+
+        $call_info = static::getCallInfo(static::$aliases, \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS), $args);
+
+        $statics = static::getStatics();
+
+        if (\in_array('~', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $statics['enabled_mode'] = static::MODE_TEXT;
+        }
+
+        $kintstance = static::createFromStatics($statics);
+        if (!$kintstance) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array('-', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            while (\ob_get_level()) {
+                \ob_end_clean();
+            }
+        }
+
+        $kintstance->setStatesFromStatics($statics);
+        $kintstance->setStatesFromCallInfo($call_info);
+
+        $bases = static::getBasesFromParamInfo($call_info['params'] ?? [], \count($args));
+        $output = $kintstance->dumpAll(\array_values($args), $bases);
+
+        if (static::$return || \in_array('@', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        echo $output;
+
+        if (\in_array('-', $call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            \flush(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * generic path display callback, can be configured in app_root_dirs; purpose is
+     * to show relevant path info and hide as much of the path as possible.
+     */
+    public static function shortenPath(string $file): string
+    {
+        $file = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $file)), 'strlen'));
+
+        $longest_match = 0;
+        $match = '/';
+
+        foreach (static::$app_root_dirs as $path => $alias) {
+            if (empty($path)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $path = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', $path)), 'strlen'));
+
+            if (\array_slice($file, 0, \count($path)) === $path && \count($path) > $longest_match) {
+                $longest_match = \count($path);
+                $match = $alias;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($longest_match) {
+            $file = \array_merge([$match], \array_slice($file, $longest_match));
+
+            return \implode('/', $file);
+        }
+
+        // fallback to find common path with Kint dir
+        $kint = \array_values(\array_filter(\explode('/', \str_replace('\\', '/', KINT_DIR)), 'strlen'));
+
+        foreach ($file as $i => $part) {
+            if (!isset($kint[$i]) || $kint[$i] !== $part) {
+                return ($i ? '.../' : '/').\implode('/', \array_slice($file, $i));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return '/'.\implode('/', $file);
+    }
+
+    public static function getIdeLink(string $file, int $line): string
+    {
+        return \str_replace(['%f', '%l'], [$file, $line], static::$file_link_format);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns specific function call info from a stack trace frame, or null if no match could be found.
+     *
+     * @param array $frame The stack trace frame in question
+     * @param array $args  The arguments
+     *
+     * @return ?array params and modifiers, or null if a specific call could not be determined
+     */
+    protected static function getSingleCall(array $frame, array $args): ?array
+    {
+        if (
+            !isset($frame['file'], $frame['line'], $frame['function']) ||
+            !\is_readable($frame['file']) ||
+            !$source = \file_get_contents($frame['file'])
+        ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($frame['class'])) {
+            $callfunc = $frame['function'];
+        } else {
+            $callfunc = [$frame['class'], $frame['function']];
+        }
+
+        $calls = CallFinder::getFunctionCalls($source, $frame['line'], $callfunc);
+
+        $argc = \count($args);
+
+        $return = null;
+
+        foreach ($calls as $call) {
+            $is_unpack = false;
+
+            // Handle argument unpacking as a last resort
+            foreach ($call['parameters'] as $i => &$param) {
+                if (0 === \strpos($param['name'], '...')) {
+                    $is_unpack = true;
+
+                    // If we're on the last param
+                    if ($i < $argc && $i === \count($call['parameters']) - 1) {
+                        unset($call['parameters'][$i]);
+
+                        if (Utils::isAssoc($args)) {
+                            // Associated unpacked arrays can be accessed by key
+                            $keys = \array_slice(\array_keys($args), $i);
+
+                            foreach ($keys as $key) {
+                                $call['parameters'][] = [
+                                    'name' => \substr($param['name'], 3).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
+                                    'path' => \substr($param['path'], 3).'['.\var_export($key, true).']',
+                                    'expression' => false,
+                                ];
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // Numeric unpacked arrays have their order blown away like a pass
+                            // through array_values so we can't access them directly at all
+                            for ($j = 0; $j + $i < $argc; ++$j) {
+                                $call['parameters'][] = [
+                                    'name' => 'array_values('.\substr($param['name'], 3).')['.$j.']',
+                                    'path' => 'array_values('.\substr($param['path'], 3).')['.$j.']',
+                                    'expression' => false,
+                                ];
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        $call['parameters'] = \array_values($call['parameters']);
+                    } else {
+                        $call['parameters'] = \array_slice($call['parameters'], 0, $i);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if ($i >= $argc) {
+                    continue 2;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($is_unpack || \count($call['parameters']) === $argc) {
+                if (null === $return) {
+                    $return = $call;
+                } else {
+                    // If we have multiple calls on the same line with the same amount of arguments,
+                    // we can't be sure which it is so just return null and let them figure it out
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/LICENSE b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01718d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3f89684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ */
+abstract class AbstractPlugin implements ConstructablePluginInterface
+{
+    protected $parser;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        $this->parser = $p;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e7fca93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * Maximum size of arrays before limiting.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $trigger = 1000;
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum amount of items to show in a limited array.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $limit = 50;
+
+    /**
+     * Don't limit arrays with string keys.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $numeric_only = true;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['array'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (self::$limit >= self::$trigger) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ArrayLimitPlugin::$limit can not be lower than ArrayLimitPlugin::$trigger');
+        }
+
+        $depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit();
+
+        if (!$depth) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($o->depth >= $depth - 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\count($var) < self::$trigger) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (self::$numeric_only && Utils::isAssoc($var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $base = clone $o;
+        $base->depth = $depth - 1;
+        $obj = $this->parser->parse($var, $base);
+
+        if ('array' != $obj->type) {
+            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $obj->depth = $o->depth;
+        $i = 0;
+
+        foreach ($obj->value->contents as $child) {
+            // We only bother setting the correct depth for the first child,
+            // any deeper children should be cancelled by the depth limit
+            $child->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+            $this->recalcDepthLimit($child);
+        }
+
+        $var2 = \array_slice($var, 0, self::$limit, true);
+        $base = clone $o;
+        $slice = $this->parser->parse($var2, $base);
+
+        \array_splice($obj->value->contents, 0, self::$limit, $slice->value->contents);
+
+        $o = $obj;
+
+        $this->parser->haltParse();
+    }
+
+    protected function recalcDepthLimit(Value $o): void
+    {
+        $hintkey = \array_search('depth_limit', $o->hints, true);
+        if (false !== $hintkey) {
+            $o->hints[$hintkey] = 'array_limit';
+        }
+
+        $reps = $o->getRepresentations();
+        if ($o->value) {
+            $reps[] = $o->value;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($reps as $rep) {
+            if ($rep->contents instanceof Value) {
+                $this->recalcDepthLimit($rep->contents);
+            } elseif (\is_array($rep->contents)) {
+                foreach ($rep->contents as $child) {
+                    if ($child instanceof Value) {
+                        $this->recalcDepthLimit($child);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82ff7593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ArrayObjectPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use ArrayObject;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ArrayObjectPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof ArrayObject) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $flags = $var->getFlags();
+
+        if (ArrayObject::STD_PROP_LIST === $flags) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $var->setFlags(ArrayObject::STD_PROP_LIST);
+
+        $o = $this->parser->parse($var, $o);
+
+        $var->setFlags($flags);
+
+        $this->parser->haltParse();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a25a7343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Base64Plugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class Base64Plugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * The minimum length before a string will be considered for base64 decoding.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $min_length_hard = 16;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum length before the base64 decoding will take precedence.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $min_length_soft = 50;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (\strlen($var) < self::$min_length_hard || \strlen($var) % 4) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\preg_match('/^[A-Fa-f0-9]+$/', $var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!\preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9+\\/=]+$/', $var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $data = \base64_decode($var, true);
+
+        if (false === $data) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+        $base_obj->name = 'base64_decode('.$o->name.')';
+
+        if ($o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = 'base64_decode('.$o->access_path.')';
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('Base64');
+        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
+
+        if (\strlen($var) > self::$min_length_soft) {
+            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        } else {
+            $o->addRepresentation($r);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56cf68a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BinaryPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class BinaryPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof BlobValue || !\in_array($o->encoding, ['ASCII', 'UTF-8'], true)) {
+            $o->value->hints[] = 'binary';
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90ec3c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/BlacklistPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $blacklist = [];
+
+    /**
+     * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist except when dumped directly.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $shallow_blacklist = ['Psr\\Container\\ContainerInterface'];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_BEGIN;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
+            if ($var instanceof $class) {
+                $this->blacklistValue($var, $o);
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($o->depth <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (self::$shallow_blacklist as $class) {
+            if ($var instanceof $class) {
+                $this->blacklistValue($var, $o);
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param object &$var
+     */
+    protected function blacklistValue(&$var, Value &$o): void
+    {
+        $object = new InstanceValue();
+        $object->transplant($o);
+        $object->classname = \get_class($var);
+        $object->spl_object_hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
+        $object->clearRepresentations();
+        $object->value = null;
+        $object->size = null;
+        $object->hints[] = 'blacklist';
+
+        $o = $object;
+
+        $this->parser->haltParse();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e71d537a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassMethodsPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+class ClassMethodsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    private static $cache = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        $class = \get_class($var);
+
+        // assuming class definition will not change inside one request
+        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
+            $methods = [];
+
+            $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+            foreach ($reflection->getMethods() as $method) {
+                $methods[] = new MethodValue($method);
+            }
+
+            \usort($methods, ['Kint\\Parser\\ClassMethodsPlugin', 'sort']);
+
+            self::$cache[$class] = $methods;
+        }
+
+        if (!empty(self::$cache[$class])) {
+            $rep = new Representation('Available methods', 'methods');
+
+            // Can't cache access paths
+            foreach (self::$cache[$class] as $m) {
+                $method = clone $m;
+                $method->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+
+                if (!$this->parser->childHasPath($o, $method)) {
+                    $method->access_path = null;
+                } else {
+                    $method->setAccessPathFrom($o);
+                }
+
+                if ($method->owner_class !== $class && $d = $method->getRepresentation('method_definition')) {
+                    $d = clone $d;
+                    $d->inherited = true;
+                    $method->replaceRepresentation($d);
+                }
+
+                $rep->contents[] = $method;
+            }
+
+            $o->addRepresentation($rep);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static function sort(MethodValue $a, MethodValue $b): int
+    {
+        $sort = ((int) $a->static) - ((int) $b->static);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        $sort = InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        return $a->startline - $b->startline;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5435da93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClassStaticsPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionClassConstant;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use UnitEnum;
+
+class ClassStaticsPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    private static $cache = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $class = \get_class($var);
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($class);
+
+        // Constants
+        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
+            $consts = [];
+
+            foreach ($reflection->getConstants() as $name => $val) {
+                // Skip enum constants
+                if ($var instanceof UnitEnum && $val instanceof UnitEnum && $o->classname == \get_class($val)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $const = Value::blank($name);
+                $const->const = true;
+                $const->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+                $const->owner_class = $class;
+                $const->operator = Value::OPERATOR_STATIC;
+
+                $creflection = new ReflectionClassConstant($class, $name);
+
+                $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+                if ($creflection->isProtected()) {
+                    $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                } elseif ($creflection->isPrivate()) {
+                    $const->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $const)) {
+                    $const->access_path = '\\'.$class.'::'.$name;
+                }
+
+                $const = $this->parser->parse($val, $const);
+
+                $consts[] = $const;
+            }
+
+            self::$cache[$class] = $consts;
+        }
+
+        $statics = new Representation('Static class properties', 'statics');
+        $statics->contents = self::$cache[$class];
+
+        foreach ($reflection->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_STATIC) as $static) {
+            $prop = new Value();
+            $prop->name = '$'.$static->getName();
+            $prop->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+            $prop->static = true;
+            $prop->operator = Value::OPERATOR_STATIC;
+            $prop->owner_class = $static->getDeclaringClass()->name;
+
+            $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+            if ($static->isProtected()) {
+                $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+            } elseif ($static->isPrivate()) {
+                $prop->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $prop)) {
+                $prop->access_path = '\\'.$prop->owner_class.'::'.$prop->name;
+            }
+
+            $static->setAccessible(true);
+
+            if (KINT_PHP74 && !$static->isInitialized()) {
+                $prop->type = 'uninitialized';
+                $statics->contents[] = $prop;
+            } else {
+                $static = $static->getValue();
+                $statics->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($static, $prop);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($statics->contents)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        \usort($statics->contents, ['Kint\\Parser\\ClassStaticsPlugin', 'sort']);
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($statics);
+    }
+
+    private static function sort(Value $a, Value $b): int
+    {
+        $sort = ((int) $a->const) - ((int) $b->const);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        return InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b199781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ClosurePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Closure;
+use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
+use Kint\Zval\ParameterValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use ReflectionFunction;
+
+class ClosurePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof Closure) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $object = new ClosureValue();
+        $object->transplant($o);
+        $o = $object;
+        $object->removeRepresentation('properties');
+
+        $closure = new ReflectionFunction($var);
+
+        $o->filename = $closure->getFileName();
+        $o->startline = $closure->getStartLine();
+
+        foreach ($closure->getParameters() as $param) {
+            $o->parameters[] = new ParameterValue($param);
+        }
+
+        $p = new Representation('Parameters');
+        $p->contents = &$o->parameters;
+        $o->addRepresentation($p, 0);
+
+        $statics = [];
+
+        if ($v = $closure->getClosureThis()) {
+            $statics = ['this' => $v];
+        }
+
+        if (\count($statics = $statics + $closure->getStaticVariables())) {
+            $statics_parsed = [];
+
+            foreach ($statics as $name => &$static) {
+                $obj = Value::blank('$'.$name);
+                $obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+                $statics_parsed[$name] = $this->parser->parse($static, $obj);
+                if (null === $statics_parsed[$name]->value) {
+                    $statics_parsed[$name]->access_path = null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $r = new Representation('Uses');
+            $r->contents = $statics_parsed;
+            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a58cb9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ColorPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ColorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (\strlen($var) > 32) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $trimmed = \strtolower(\trim($var));
+
+        if (!isset(ColorRepresentation::$color_map[$trimmed]) && !\preg_match('/^(?:(?:rgb|hsl)[^\\)]{6,}\\)|#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,8})$/', $trimmed)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $rep = new ColorRepresentation($var);
+
+        if ($rep->variant) {
+            $o->removeRepresentation($o->value);
+            $o->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
+            $o->hints[] = 'color';
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..689b24e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ConstructablePluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+interface ConstructablePluginInterface extends PluginInterface
+{
+    public function __construct();
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84cfbf83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DOMDocumentPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use DOMNamedNodeMap;
+use DOMNode;
+use DOMNodeList;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * The DOMDocument parser plugin is particularly useful as it is both the only
+ * way to see inside the DOMNode without print_r, and the only way to see mixed
+ * text and node inside XML (SimpleXMLElement will strip out the text).
+ */
+class DOMDocumentPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * List of properties to skip parsing.
+     *
+     * The properties of a DOMNode can do a *lot* of damage to debuggers. The
+     * DOMNode contains not one, not two, not three, not four, not 5, not 6,
+     * not 7 but 8 different ways to recurse into itself:
+     * * firstChild
+     * * lastChild
+     * * previousSibling
+     * * nextSibling
+     * * ownerDocument
+     * * parentNode
+     * * childNodes
+     * * attributes
+     *
+     * All of this combined: the tiny SVGs used as the caret in Kint are already
+     * enough to make parsing and rendering take over a second, and send memory
+     * usage over 128 megs. So we blacklist every field we don't strictly need
+     * and hope that that's good enough.
+     *
+     * In retrospect - this is probably why print_r does the same
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $blacklist = [
+        'parentNode' => 'DOMNode',
+        'firstChild' => 'DOMNode',
+        'lastChild' => 'DOMNode',
+        'previousSibling' => 'DOMNode',
+        'nextSibling' => 'DOMNode',
+        'ownerDocument' => 'DOMDocument',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Show all properties and methods.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $verbose = false;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof InstanceValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap || $var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
+            $this->parseList($var, $o, $trigger);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($var instanceof DOMNode) {
+            $this->parseNode($var, $o);
+
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param DOMNamedNodeMap|DOMNodeList &$var
+     */
+    protected function parseList($var, InstanceValue &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap && !$var instanceof DOMNodeList) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Recursion should never happen, should always be stopped at the parent
+        // DOMNode. Depth limit on the other hand we're going to skip since
+        // that would show an empty iterator and rather useless. Let the depth
+        // limit hit the children (DOMNodeList only has DOMNode as children)
+        if ($trigger & Parser::TRIGGER_RECURSION) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $o->size = $var->length;
+        if (0 === $o->size) {
+            $o->replaceRepresentation(new Representation('Iterator'));
+            $o->size = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Depth limit
+        // Make empty iterator representation since we need it in DOMNode to point out depth limits
+        if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $o->depth + 1 >= $this->parser->getDepthLimit()) {
+            $b = new Value();
+            $b->name = $o->classname.' Iterator Contents';
+            $b->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.')';
+            $b->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+            $b->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
+
+            $r = new Representation('Iterator');
+            $r->contents = [$b];
+            $o->replaceRepresentation($r, 0);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('Iterator');
+        $o->replaceRepresentation($r, 0);
+
+        foreach ($var as $key => $item) {
+            $base_obj = new Value();
+            $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+            $base_obj->name = $item->nodeName;
+
+            if ($o->access_path) {
+                if ($var instanceof DOMNamedNodeMap) {
+                    // We can't use getNamedItem() for attributes without a
+                    // namespace because it will pick the first matching
+                    // attribute of *any* namespace.
+                    //
+                    // Contrary to the PHP docs, getNamedItemNS takes null
+                    // as a namespace argument for an unnamespaced item.
+                    $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path.'->getNamedItemNS(';
+                    $base_obj->access_path .= \var_export($item->namespaceURI, true);
+                    $base_obj->access_path .= ', ';
+                    $base_obj->access_path .= \var_export($item->name, true);
+                    $base_obj->access_path .= ')';
+                } else { // DOMNodeList
+                    $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path.'->item('.\var_export($key, true).')';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $r->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($item, $base_obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param-out Value &$o
+     */
+    protected function parseNode(DOMNode $var, InstanceValue &$o): void
+    {
+        // Fill the properties
+        // They can't be enumerated through reflection or casting,
+        // so we have to trust the docs and try them one at a time
+        $known_properties = [
+            'nodeValue',
+            'childNodes',
+            'attributes',
+        ];
+
+        if (self::$verbose) {
+            $known_properties = [
+                'nodeName',
+                'nodeValue',
+                'nodeType',
+                'parentNode',
+                'childNodes',
+                'firstChild',
+                'lastChild',
+                'previousSibling',
+                'nextSibling',
+                'attributes',
+                'ownerDocument',
+                'namespaceURI',
+                'prefix',
+                'localName',
+                'baseURI',
+                'textContent',
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $childNodes = null;
+        $attributes = null;
+
+        $rep = $o->value;
+
+        foreach ($known_properties as $prop) {
+            $prop_obj = $this->parseProperty($o, $prop, $var);
+            $rep->contents[] = $prop_obj;
+
+            if ('childNodes' === $prop) {
+                $childNodes = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator');
+            } elseif ('attributes' === $prop) {
+                $attributes = $prop_obj->getRepresentation('iterator');
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!self::$verbose) {
+            $o->removeRepresentation('methods');
+            $o->removeRepresentation('properties');
+        }
+
+        // Attributes and comments and text nodes don't
+        // need children or attributes of their own
+        if (\in_array($o->classname, ['DOMAttr', 'DOMText', 'DOMComment'], true)) {
+            $o = self::textualNodeToString($o);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Set the attributes
+        if ($attributes) {
+            $a = new Representation('Attributes');
+            foreach ($attributes->contents as $attribute) {
+                $a->contents[] = $attribute;
+            }
+            $o->addRepresentation($a, 0);
+        }
+
+        // Set the children
+        if ($childNodes) {
+            $c = new Representation('Children');
+
+            if (1 === \count($childNodes->contents) && ($node = \reset($childNodes->contents)) && \in_array('depth_limit', $node->hints, true)) {
+                $n = new InstanceValue();
+                $n->transplant($node);
+                $n->name = 'childNodes';
+                $n->classname = 'DOMNodeList';
+                $c->contents = [$n];
+            } else {
+                foreach ($childNodes->contents as $node) {
+                    // Remove text nodes if theyre empty
+                    if ($node instanceof BlobValue && '#text' === $node->name && (\ctype_space($node->value->contents) || '' === $node->value->contents)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $c->contents[] = $node;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $o->addRepresentation($c, 0);
+        }
+
+        if ($childNodes) {
+            $o->size = \count($childNodes->contents);
+        }
+
+        if (!$o->size) {
+            $o->size = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function parseProperty(InstanceValue $o, string $prop, DOMNode &$var): Value
+    {
+        // Duplicating (And slightly optimizing) the Parser::parseObject() code here
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+        $base_obj->owner_class = $o->classname;
+        $base_obj->name = $prop;
+        $base_obj->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
+        $base_obj->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+
+        if (null !== $o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = $o->access_path;
+
+            if (\preg_match('/^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/', $base_obj->name)) {
+                $base_obj->access_path .= '->'.$base_obj->name;
+            } else {
+                $base_obj->access_path .= '->{'.\var_export($base_obj->name, true).'}';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($var->{$prop})) {
+            $base_obj->type = 'null';
+        } elseif (isset(self::$blacklist[$prop])) {
+            $b = new InstanceValue();
+            $b->transplant($base_obj);
+            $base_obj = $b;
+
+            $base_obj->hints[] = 'blacklist';
+            $base_obj->classname = self::$blacklist[$prop];
+        } elseif ('attributes' === $prop) {
+            // Attributes are strings. If we're too deep set the
+            // depth limit to enable parsing them, but no deeper.
+            if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2 < $base_obj->depth) {
+                $base_obj->depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2;
+            }
+            $base_obj = $this->parser->parse($var->{$prop}, $base_obj);
+        } else {
+            $base_obj = $this->parser->parse($var->{$prop}, $base_obj);
+        }
+
+        return $base_obj;
+    }
+
+    protected static function textualNodeToString(InstanceValue $o): Value
+    {
+        if (empty($o->value) || empty($o->value->contents) || empty($o->classname)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
+        }
+
+        if (!\in_array($o->classname, ['DOMText', 'DOMAttr', 'DOMComment'], true)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($o->value->contents as $property) {
+            if ('nodeValue' === $property->name) {
+                $ret = clone $property;
+                $ret->name = $o->name;
+
+                return $ret;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid DOMNode passed to DOMDocumentPlugin::textualNodeToString');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..038acea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/DateTimePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use DateTime;
+use Kint\Zval\DateTimeValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class DateTimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof DateTime) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $object = new DateTimeValue($var);
+        $object->transplant($o);
+
+        $o = $object;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5d348aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/EnumPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use BackedEnum;
+use Kint\Zval\EnumValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use UnitEnum;
+
+class EnumPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    private static $cache = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        if (!KINT_PHP81) {
+            return Parser::TRIGGER_NONE;
+        }
+
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof UnitEnum) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $class = \get_class($var);
+
+        if (!isset(self::$cache[$class])) {
+            $cases = new Representation('Enum values', 'enum');
+            $cases->contents = [];
+
+            foreach ($var->cases() as $case) {
+                $base_obj = Value::blank($class.'::'.$case->name, '\\'.$class.'::'.$case->name);
+                $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+
+                if ($var instanceof BackedEnum) {
+                    $c = $case->value;
+                    $cases->contents[] = $this->parser->parse($c, $base_obj);
+                } else {
+                    $cases->contents[] = $base_obj;
+                }
+            }
+
+            self::$cache[$class] = $cases;
+        }
+
+        $object = new EnumValue($var);
+        $object->transplant($o);
+
+        $object->addRepresentation(self::$cache[$class], 0);
+
+        $o = $object;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ec49de1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/FsPathPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+class FsPathPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public static $blacklist = ['/', '.'];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (\strlen($var) > 2048) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!\preg_match('/[\\/\\'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.']/', $var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\preg_match('/[?<>"*|]/', $var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!@\file_exists($var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array($var, self::$blacklist, true)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $r = new SplFileInfoRepresentation(new SplFileInfo($var));
+        $r->hints[] = 'fspath';
+        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ebfe73e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/IteratorPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Traversable;
+
+class IteratorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * List of classes and interfaces to blacklist.
+     *
+     * Certain classes (Such as PDOStatement) irreversibly lose information
+     * when traversed. Others are just huge. Either way, put them in here
+     * and you won't have to worry about them being parsed.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public static $blacklist = [
+        'DOMNamedNodeMap',
+        'DOMNodeList',
+        'mysqli_result',
+        'PDOStatement',
+        'SplFileObject',
+    ];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof Traversable) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
+            if ($var instanceof $class) {
+                $b = new Value();
+                $b->name = $class.' Iterator Contents';
+                $b->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.', true)';
+                $b->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+                $b->hints[] = 'blacklist';
+
+                $r = new Representation('Iterator');
+                $r->contents = [$b];
+
+                $o->addRepresentation($r);
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $data = \iterator_to_array($var);
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+
+        if ($o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = 'iterator_to_array('.$o->access_path.')';
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('Iterator');
+        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
+        $r->contents = $r->contents->value->contents;
+
+        $primary = $o->getRepresentations();
+        $primary = \reset($primary);
+        if ($primary && $primary === $o->value && [] === $primary->contents) {
+            $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        } else {
+            $o->addRepresentation($r);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bcf3a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/JsonPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class JsonPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!isset($var[0]) || ('{' !== $var[0] && '[' !== $var[0])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $json = \json_decode($var, true);
+
+        if (!$json) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $json = (array) $json;
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+
+        if ($o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = 'json_decode('.$o->access_path.', true)';
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('Json');
+        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($json, $base_obj);
+
+        if (!\in_array('depth_limit', $r->contents->hints, true)) {
+            $r->contents = $r->contents->value->contents;
+        }
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9531bbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    private static $last = null;
+    private static $start = null;
+    private static $times = 0;
+    private static $group = 0;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string', 'double'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (0 !== $o->depth) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\is_string($var)) {
+            if ('microtime()' !== $o->name || !\preg_match('/^0\\.[0-9]{8} [0-9]{10}$/', $var)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $usec = (int) \substr($var, 2, 6);
+            $sec = (int) \substr($var, 11, 10);
+        } else {
+            if ('microtime(...)' !== $o->name) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $sec = (int) \floor($var);
+            $usec = $var - $sec;
+            $usec = (int) \floor($usec * 1000000);
+        }
+
+        $time = $sec + ($usec / 1000000);
+
+        if (null !== self::$last) {
+            $last_time = self::$last[0] + (self::$last[1] / 1000000);
+            $lap = $time - $last_time;
+            ++self::$times;
+        } else {
+            $lap = null;
+            self::$start = $time;
+        }
+
+        self::$last = [$sec, $usec];
+
+        if (null !== $lap) {
+            $total = $time - self::$start;
+            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::$group, $lap, $total, self::$times);
+        } else {
+            $r = new MicrotimeRepresentation($sec, $usec, self::$group);
+        }
+        $r->contents = $var;
+        $r->implicit_label = true;
+
+        $o->removeRepresentation($o->value);
+        $o->addRepresentation($r);
+        $o->hints[] = 'microtime';
+    }
+
+    public static function clean(): void
+    {
+        self::$last = null;
+        self::$start = null;
+        self::$times = 0;
+        ++self::$group;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90a4abd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/MysqliPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use mysqli;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use Throwable;
+
+/**
+ * Adds support for mysqli object parsing.
+ *
+ * Due to the way mysqli is implemented in PHP, this will cause
+ * warnings on certain mysqli objects if screaming is enabled.
+ */
+class MysqliPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    // These 'properties' are actually globals
+    protected $always_readable = [
+        'client_version' => true,
+        'connect_errno' => true,
+        'connect_error' => true,
+    ];
+
+    // These are readable on empty mysqli objects, but not on failed connections
+    protected $empty_readable = [
+        'client_info' => true,
+        'errno' => true,
+        'error' => true,
+    ];
+
+    // These are only readable on connected mysqli objects
+    protected $connected_readable = [
+        'affected_rows' => true,
+        'error_list' => true,
+        'field_count' => true,
+        'host_info' => true,
+        'info' => true,
+        'insert_id' => true,
+        'server_info' => true,
+        'server_version' => true,
+        'sqlstate' => true,
+        'protocol_version' => true,
+        'thread_id' => true,
+        'warning_count' => true,
+    ];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof mysqli) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var ?string $var->sqlstate */
+        try {
+            $connected = \is_string(@$var->sqlstate);
+        } catch (Throwable $t) {
+            $connected = false;
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var ?string $var->client_info */
+        try {
+            $empty = !$connected && \is_string(@$var->client_info);
+        } catch (Throwable $t) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            // Only possible in PHP 8.0. Before 8.0 there's no exception,
+            // after 8.1 there are no failed connection objects
+            $empty = false; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        foreach ($o->value->contents as $key => $obj) {
+            if (isset($this->connected_readable[$obj->name])) {
+                if (!$connected) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } elseif (isset($this->empty_readable[$obj->name])) {
+                // No failed connections after PHP 8.1
+                if (!$connected && !$empty) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                    continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+            } elseif (!isset($this->always_readable[$obj->name])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ('null' !== $obj->type) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+            // All of this is irellevant after 8.1,
+            // we have separate logic for that below
+
+            $param = $var->{$obj->name};
+
+            if (null === $param) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $base = Value::blank($obj->name, $obj->access_path);
+
+            $base->depth = $obj->depth;
+            $base->owner_class = $obj->owner_class;
+            $base->operator = $obj->operator;
+            $base->access = $obj->access;
+            $base->reference = $obj->reference;
+
+            $o->value->contents[$key] = $this->parser->parse($param, $base);
+
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+        }
+
+        // PHP81 returns an empty array when casting a mysqli instance
+        if (KINT_PHP81) {
+            $r = new ReflectionClass(mysqli::class);
+
+            $basepropvalues = [];
+
+            foreach ($r->getProperties() as $prop) {
+                if ($prop->isStatic()) {
+                    continue; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                $pname = $prop->getName();
+                $param = null;
+
+                if (isset($this->connected_readable[$pname])) {
+                    if ($connected) {
+                        $param = $var->{$pname};
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    $param = $var->{$pname};
+                }
+
+                $child = new Value();
+                $child->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+                $child->owner_class = mysqli::class;
+                $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
+                $child->name = $pname;
+
+                if ($prop->isPublic()) {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+                } elseif ($prop->isProtected()) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                } elseif ($prop->isPrivate()) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                }
+
+                // We only do base mysqli properties so we don't need to worry about complex names
+                if ($this->parser->childHasPath($o, $child)) {
+                    $child->access_path .= $o->access_path.'->'.$child->name;
+                }
+
+                $basepropvalues[] = $this->parser->parse($param, $child);
+            }
+
+            $o->value->contents = \array_merge($basepropvalues, $o->value->contents);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50642b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/Parser.php
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use DomainException;
+use Exception;
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\ResourceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use ReflectionObject;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use stdClass;
+use TypeError;
+
+class Parser
+{
+    /**
+     * Plugin triggers.
+     *
+     * These are constants indicating trigger points for plugins
+     *
+     * BEGIN: Before normal parsing
+     * SUCCESS: After successful parsing
+     * RECURSION: After parsing cancelled by recursion
+     * DEPTH_LIMIT: After parsing cancelled by depth limit
+     * COMPLETE: SUCCESS | RECURSION | DEPTH_LIMIT
+     *
+     * While a plugin's getTriggers may return any of these
+     */
+    public const TRIGGER_NONE = 0;
+    public const TRIGGER_BEGIN = 1;
+    public const TRIGGER_SUCCESS = 2;
+    public const TRIGGER_RECURSION = 4;
+    public const TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT = 8;
+    public const TRIGGER_COMPLETE = 14;
+
+    protected $caller_class;
+    protected $depth_limit = 0;
+    protected $marker;
+    protected $object_hashes = [];
+    protected $parse_break = false;
+    protected $plugins = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @param int     $depth_limit Maximum depth to parse data
+     * @param ?string $caller      Caller class name
+     */
+    public function __construct(int $depth_limit = 0, ?string $caller = null)
+    {
+        $this->marker = "kint\0".\random_bytes(16);
+
+        $this->depth_limit = $depth_limit;
+        $this->caller_class = $caller;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the caller class.
+     */
+    public function setCallerClass(?string $caller = null): void
+    {
+        $this->noRecurseCall();
+
+        $this->caller_class = $caller;
+    }
+
+    public function getCallerClass(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->caller_class;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the depth limit.
+     *
+     * @param int $depth_limit Maximum depth to parse data, 0 for none
+     */
+    public function setDepthLimit(int $depth_limit = 0): void
+    {
+        $this->noRecurseCall();
+
+        $this->depth_limit = $depth_limit;
+    }
+
+    public function getDepthLimit(): int
+    {
+        return $this->depth_limit;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a variable into a Kint object structure.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value $o    The base object
+     */
+    public function parse(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $o->type = \strtolower(\gettype($var));
+
+        if (!$this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_BEGIN)) {
+            return $o;
+        }
+
+        switch ($o->type) {
+            case 'array':
+                return $this->parseArray($var, $o);
+            case 'boolean':
+            case 'double':
+            case 'integer':
+            case 'null':
+                return $this->parseGeneric($var, $o);
+            case 'object':
+                return $this->parseObject($var, $o);
+            case 'resource':
+                return $this->parseResource($var, $o);
+            case 'string':
+                return $this->parseString($var, $o);
+            case 'unknown type':
+            case 'resource (closed)':
+            default:
+                return $this->parseResourceClosed($var, $o);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function addPlugin(PluginInterface $p): bool
+    {
+        if (!$types = $p->getTypes()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!$triggers = $p->getTriggers()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $p->setParser($this);
+
+        foreach ($types as $type) {
+            if (!isset($this->plugins[$type])) {
+                $this->plugins[$type] = [
+                    self::TRIGGER_BEGIN => [],
+                    self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS => [],
+                    self::TRIGGER_RECURSION => [],
+                    self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT => [],
+                ];
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->plugins[$type] as $trigger => &$pool) {
+                if ($triggers & $trigger) {
+                    $pool[] = $p;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function clearPlugins(): void
+    {
+        $this->plugins = [];
+    }
+
+    public function haltParse(): void
+    {
+        $this->parse_break = true;
+    }
+
+    public function childHasPath(InstanceValue $parent, Value $child): bool
+    {
+        if ('__PHP_Incomplete_Class' === $parent->classname) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ('object' === $parent->type && (null !== $parent->access_path || $child->static || $child->const)) {
+            if (Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC === $child->access) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE === $child->access && $this->caller_class) {
+                if ($this->caller_class === $child->owner_class) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } elseif (Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED === $child->access && $this->caller_class) {
+                if ($this->caller_class === $child->owner_class) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if (\is_subclass_of($this->caller_class, $child->owner_class)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if (\is_subclass_of($child->owner_class, $this->caller_class)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array without the recursion marker in it.
+     *
+     * DO NOT pass an array that has had it's marker removed back
+     * into the parser, it will result in an extra recursion
+     *
+     * @param array $array Array potentially containing a recursion marker
+     *
+     * @return array Array with recursion marker removed
+     */
+    public function getCleanArray(array $array): array
+    {
+        unset($array[$this->marker]);
+
+        return $array;
+    }
+
+    protected function noRecurseCall(): void
+    {
+        $bt = \debug_backtrace(DEBUG_BACKTRACE_PROVIDE_OBJECT | DEBUG_BACKTRACE_IGNORE_ARGS);
+
+        $caller_frame = [
+            'function' => __FUNCTION__,
+        ];
+
+        while (isset($bt[0]['object']) && $bt[0]['object'] === $this) {
+            $caller_frame = \array_shift($bt);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($bt as $frame) {
+            if (isset($frame['object']) && $frame['object'] === $this) {
+                throw new DomainException(__CLASS__.'::'.$caller_frame['function'].' cannot be called from inside a parse');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param null|bool|float|int &$var
+     */
+    private function parseGeneric(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
+        $rep->contents = $var;
+        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+        $o->addRepresentation($rep);
+        $o->value = $rep;
+
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        return $o;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a string into a Kint BlobValue structure.
+     *
+     * @param string &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value  $o    The base object
+     */
+    private function parseString(string &$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $string = new BlobValue();
+        $string->transplant($o);
+        $string->encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($var);
+        $string->size = \strlen($var);
+
+        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
+        $rep->contents = $var;
+        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+
+        $string->addRepresentation($rep);
+        $string->value = $rep;
+
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $string, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an array into a Kint object structure.
+     *
+     * @param array &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value $o    The base object
+     */
+    private function parseArray(array &$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $array = new Value();
+        $array->transplant($o);
+        $array->size = \count($var);
+
+        if (isset($var[$this->marker])) {
+            --$array->size;
+            $array->hints[] = 'recursion';
+
+            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
+
+            return $array;
+        }
+
+        $rep = new Representation('Contents');
+        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+        $array->addRepresentation($rep);
+        $array->value = $rep;
+
+        if (!$array->size) {
+            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+            return $array;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->depth_limit && $o->depth >= $this->depth_limit) {
+            $array->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
+
+            $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
+
+            return $array;
+        }
+
+        $copy = \array_values($var);
+
+        // It's really really hard to access numeric string keys in arrays,
+        // and it's really really hard to access integer properties in
+        // objects, so we just use array_values and index by counter to get
+        // at it reliably for reference testing. This also affects access
+        // paths since it's pretty much impossible to access these things
+        // without complicated stuff you should never need to do.
+        $i = 0;
+
+        // Set the marker for recursion
+        $var[$this->marker] = $array->depth;
+
+        $refmarker = new stdClass();
+
+        foreach ($var as $key => &$val) {
+            if ($key === $this->marker) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $child = new Value();
+            $child->name = $key;
+            $child->depth = $array->depth + 1;
+            $child->access = Value::ACCESS_NONE;
+            $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_ARRAY;
+
+            if (null !== $array->access_path) {
+                if (\is_string($key) && (string) (int) $key === $key) {
+                    $child->access_path = 'array_values('.$array->access_path.')['.$i.']'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                } else {
+                    $child->access_path = $array->access_path.'['.\var_export($key, true).']';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $stash = $val;
+            try {
+                $copy[$i] = $refmarker;
+            } catch (TypeError $e) {
+                $child->reference = true;
+            }
+            if ($val === $refmarker) {
+                $child->reference = true;
+                $val = $stash;
+            }
+
+            $rep->contents[] = $this->parse($val, $child);
+            ++$i;
+        }
+
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $array, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        unset($var[$this->marker]);
+
+        return $array;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an object into a Kint InstanceValue structure.
+     *
+     * @param object &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value  $o    The base object
+     */
+    private function parseObject(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $hash = \spl_object_hash($var);
+        $values = (array) $var;
+
+        $object = new InstanceValue();
+        $object->transplant($o);
+        $object->classname = \get_class($var);
+        $object->spl_object_hash = $hash;
+        $object->size = \count($values);
+
+        if (KINT_PHP72) {
+            $object->spl_object_id = \spl_object_id($var);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->object_hashes[$hash])) {
+            $object->hints[] = 'recursion';
+
+            $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_RECURSION);
+
+            return $object;
+        }
+
+        $this->object_hashes[$hash] = $object;
+
+        if ($this->depth_limit && $o->depth >= $this->depth_limit) {
+            $object->hints[] = 'depth_limit';
+
+            $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_DEPTH_LIMIT);
+            unset($this->object_hashes[$hash]);
+
+            return $object;
+        }
+
+        $reflector = new ReflectionObject($var);
+
+        if ($reflector->isUserDefined()) {
+            $object->filename = $reflector->getFileName();
+            $object->startline = $reflector->getStartLine();
+        }
+
+        $rep = new Representation('Properties');
+
+        $readonly = [];
+
+        // Reflection is both slower and more painful to use than array casting
+        // We only use it to identify readonly and uninitialized properties
+        if (KINT_PHP74 && '__PHP_Incomplete_Class' != $object->classname) {
+            $rprops = $reflector->getProperties();
+
+            while ($reflector = $reflector->getParentClass()) {
+                $rprops = \array_merge($rprops, $reflector->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PRIVATE));
+            }
+
+            foreach ($rprops as $rprop) {
+                if ($rprop->isStatic()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $rprop->setAccessible(true);
+
+                if (KINT_PHP81 && $rprop->isReadOnly()) {
+                    if ($rprop->isPublic()) {
+                        $readonly[$rprop->getName()] = true;
+                    } elseif ($rprop->isProtected()) {
+                        $readonly["\0*\0".$rprop->getName()] = true;
+                    } elseif ($rprop->isPrivate()) {
+                        $readonly["\0".$rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName()."\0".$rprop->getName()] = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ($rprop->isInitialized($var)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $undefined = null;
+
+                $child = new Value();
+                $child->type = 'undefined';
+                $child->depth = $object->depth + 1;
+                $child->owner_class = $rprop->getDeclaringClass()->getName();
+                $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
+                $child->name = $rprop->getName();
+                $child->readonly = KINT_PHP81 && $rprop->isReadOnly();
+
+                if ($rprop->isPublic()) {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+                } elseif ($rprop->isProtected()) {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                } elseif ($rprop->isPrivate()) {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                }
+
+                // Can't dynamically add undefined properties, so no need to use var_export
+                if ($this->childHasPath($object, $child)) {
+                    $child->access_path .= $object->access_path.'->'.$child->name;
+                }
+
+                if ($this->applyPlugins($undefined, $child, self::TRIGGER_BEGIN)) {
+                    $this->applyPlugins($undefined, $child, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+                }
+                $rep->contents[] = $child;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $copy = \array_values($values);
+        $refmarker = new stdClass();
+        $i = 0;
+
+        // Reflection will not show parent classes private properties, and if a
+        // property was unset it will happly trigger a notice looking for it.
+        foreach ($values as $key => &$val) {
+            // Casting object to array:
+            // private properties show in the form "\0$owner_class_name\0$property_name";
+            // protected properties show in the form "\0*\0$property_name";
+            // public properties show in the form "$property_name";
+            // http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.array.php#language.types.array.casting
+
+            $child = new Value();
+            $child->depth = $object->depth + 1;
+            $child->owner_class = $object->classname;
+            $child->operator = Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
+            $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+            if (isset($readonly[$key])) {
+                $child->readonly = true;
+            }
+
+            $split_key = \explode("\0", (string) $key, 3);
+
+            if (3 === \count($split_key) && '' === $split_key[0]) {
+                $child->name = $split_key[2];
+                if ('*' === $split_key[1]) {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+                } else {
+                    $child->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+                    $child->owner_class = $split_key[1];
+                }
+            } elseif (KINT_PHP72) {
+                $child->name = (string) $key;
+            } else {
+                $child->name = $key; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            }
+
+            if ($this->childHasPath($object, $child)) {
+                $child->access_path = $object->access_path;
+
+                if (!KINT_PHP72 && \is_int($child->name)) {
+                    $child->access_path = 'array_values((array) '.$child->access_path.')['.$i.']'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+                } elseif (\preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]*$/', $child->name)) {
+                    $child->access_path .= '->'.$child->name;
+                } else {
+                    $child->access_path .= '->{'.\var_export((string) $child->name, true).'}';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $stash = $val;
+            try {
+                $copy[$i] = $refmarker;
+            } catch (TypeError $e) {
+                $child->reference = true;
+            }
+            if ($val === $refmarker) {
+                $child->reference = true;
+                $val = $stash;
+            }
+
+            $rep->contents[] = $this->parse($val, $child);
+            ++$i;
+        }
+
+        $object->addRepresentation($rep);
+        $object->value = $rep;
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $object, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+        unset($this->object_hashes[$hash]);
+
+        return $object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a resource into a Kint ResourceValue structure.
+     *
+     * @param resource &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value    $o    The base object
+     */
+    private function parseResource(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $resource = new ResourceValue();
+        $resource->transplant($o);
+        $resource->resource_type = \get_resource_type($var);
+
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $resource, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        return $resource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a closed resource into a Kint object structure.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var The input variable
+     * @param Value $o    The base object
+     */
+    private function parseResourceClosed(&$var, Value $o): Value
+    {
+        $o->type = 'resource (closed)';
+        $this->applyPlugins($var, $o, self::TRIGGER_SUCCESS);
+
+        return $o;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies plugins for an object type.
+     *
+     * @param mixed &$var    variable
+     * @param Value $o       Kint object parsed so far
+     * @param int   $trigger The trigger to check for the plugins
+     *
+     * @return bool Continue parsing
+     */
+    private function applyPlugins(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): bool
+    {
+        $break_stash = $this->parse_break;
+
+        /** @psalm-var bool */
+        $this->parse_break = false;
+
+        $plugins = [];
+
+        if (isset($this->plugins[$o->type][$trigger])) {
+            $plugins = $this->plugins[$o->type][$trigger];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
+            try {
+                $plugin->parse($var, $o, $trigger);
+            } catch (Exception $e) {
+                \trigger_error(
+                    'An exception ('.\get_class($e).') was thrown in '.$e->getFile().' on line '.$e->getLine().' while executing Kint Parser Plugin "'.\get_class($plugin).'". Error message: '.$e->getMessage(),
+                    E_USER_WARNING
+                );
+            }
+
+            if ($this->parse_break) {
+                $this->parse_break = $break_stash;
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->parse_break = $break_stash;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff169fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/PluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+interface PluginInterface
+{
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array;
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int;
+
+    /**
+     * @param mixed &$var
+     */
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97050c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ProxyPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ProxyPlugin implements PluginInterface
+{
+    protected $parser;
+    protected $types;
+    protected $triggers;
+    protected $callback;
+
+    /**
+     * @param callable $callback
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $types, int $triggers, $callback)
+    {
+        if (!\is_callable($callback)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('ProxyPlugin callback must be callable');
+        }
+
+        $this->types = $types;
+        $this->triggers = $triggers;
+        $this->callback = $callback;
+    }
+
+    public function setParser(Parser $p): void
+    {
+        $this->parser = $p;
+    }
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return $this->types;
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return $this->triggers;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        \call_user_func_array($this->callback, [&$var, &$o, $trigger, $this->parser]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49910878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SerializePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class SerializePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * Disables automatic unserialization on arrays and objects.
+     *
+     * As the PHP manual notes:
+     *
+     * > Unserialization can result in code being loaded and executed due to
+     * > object instantiation and autoloading, and a malicious user may be able
+     * > to exploit this.
+     *
+     * The natural way to stop that from happening is to just refuse to unserialize
+     * stuff by default. Which is what we're doing for anything that's not scalar.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $safe_mode = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @var bool|class-string[]
+     */
+    public static $allowed_classes = false;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        $trimmed = \rtrim($var);
+
+        if ('N;' !== $trimmed && !\preg_match('/^(?:[COabis]:\\d+[:;]|d:\\d+(?:\\.\\d+);)/', $trimmed)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $options = ['allowed_classes' => self::$allowed_classes];
+
+        if (!self::$safe_mode || !\in_array($trimmed[0], ['C', 'O', 'a'], true)) {
+            // Suppress warnings on unserializeable variable
+            $data = @\unserialize($trimmed, $options);
+
+            if (false === $data && 'b:0;' !== \substr($trimmed, 0, 4)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+        $base_obj->name = 'unserialize('.$o->name.')';
+
+        if ($o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = 'unserialize('.$o->access_path;
+            if (true === self::$allowed_classes) {
+                $base_obj->access_path .= ')';
+            } else {
+                $base_obj->access_path .= ', '.\var_export($options, true).')';
+            }
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('Serialized');
+
+        if (isset($data)) {
+            $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($data, $base_obj);
+        } else {
+            $base_obj->hints[] = 'blacklist';
+            $r->contents = $base_obj;
+        }
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db6f9b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\SimpleXMLElementValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use SimpleXMLElement;
+
+class SimpleXMLElementPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * Show all properties and methods.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $verbose = false;
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof SimpleXMLElement) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!self::$verbose) {
+            $o->removeRepresentation('properties');
+            $o->removeRepresentation('iterator');
+            $o->removeRepresentation('methods');
+        }
+
+        // An invalid SimpleXMLElement can gum up the works with
+        // warnings if we call stuff children/attributes on it.
+        if (!$var) {
+            $o->size = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $x = new SimpleXMLElementValue();
+        $x->transplant($o);
+
+        $namespaces = \array_merge([null], $var->getDocNamespaces());
+
+        // Attributes
+        $a = new Representation('Attributes');
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $x->depth;
+
+        if ($x->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = '(string) '.$x->access_path;
+        }
+
+        // Attributes are strings. If we're too deep set the
+        // depth limit to enable parsing them, but no deeper.
+        if ($this->parser->getDepthLimit() && $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2 < $base_obj->depth) {
+            $base_obj->depth = $this->parser->getDepthLimit() - 2;
+        }
+
+        $attribs = [];
+
+        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $nsUrl) {
+            if ($nsAttribs = $var->attributes($nsUrl)) {
+                $cleanAttribs = [];
+                foreach ($nsAttribs as $name => $attrib) {
+                    $cleanAttribs[(string) $name] = $attrib;
+                }
+
+                if (null === $nsUrl) {
+                    $obj = clone $base_obj;
+                    if ($obj->access_path) {
+                        $obj->access_path .= '->attributes()';
+                    }
+
+                    $a->contents = $this->parser->parse($cleanAttribs, $obj)->value->contents;
+                } else {
+                    $obj = clone $base_obj;
+                    if ($obj->access_path) {
+                        $obj->access_path .= '->attributes('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)';
+                    }
+
+                    $cleanAttribs = $this->parser->parse($cleanAttribs, $obj)->value->contents;
+
+                    foreach ($cleanAttribs as $attribute) {
+                        $attribute->name = $nsAlias.':'.$attribute->name;
+                        $a->contents[] = $attribute;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($a->contents) {
+            $x->addRepresentation($a, 0);
+        }
+
+        // Children
+        $c = new Representation('Children');
+
+        foreach ($namespaces as $nsAlias => $nsUrl) {
+            // This is doubling items because of the root namespace
+            // and the implicit namespace on its children.
+            $thisNs = $var->getNamespaces();
+            if (isset($thisNs['']) && $thisNs[''] === $nsUrl) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($nsChildren = $var->children($nsUrl)) {
+                $nsap = [];
+                foreach ($nsChildren as $name => $child) {
+                    $obj = new Value();
+                    $obj->depth = $x->depth + 1;
+                    $obj->name = (string) $name;
+                    if ($x->access_path) {
+                        if (null === $nsUrl) {
+                            $obj->access_path = $x->access_path.'->children()->';
+                        } else {
+                            $obj->access_path = $x->access_path.'->children('.\var_export($nsAlias, true).', true)->';
+                        }
+
+                        if (\preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]+$/', (string) $name)) {
+                            $obj->access_path .= (string) $name;
+                        } else {
+                            $obj->access_path .= '{'.\var_export((string) $name, true).'}';
+                        }
+
+                        if (isset($nsap[$obj->access_path])) {
+                            ++$nsap[$obj->access_path];
+                            $obj->access_path .= '['.$nsap[$obj->access_path].']';
+                        } else {
+                            $nsap[$obj->access_path] = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    $value = $this->parser->parse($child, $obj);
+
+                    if ($value->access_path && 'string' === $value->type) {
+                        $value->access_path = '(string) '.$value->access_path;
+                    }
+
+                    $c->contents[] = $value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $x->size = \count($c->contents);
+
+        if ($x->size) {
+            $x->addRepresentation($c, 0);
+        } else {
+            $x->size = null;
+
+            if (\strlen((string) $var)) {
+                $base_obj = new BlobValue();
+                $base_obj->depth = $x->depth + 1;
+                $base_obj->name = $x->name;
+                if ($x->access_path) {
+                    $base_obj->access_path = '(string) '.$x->access_path;
+                }
+
+                $value = (string) $var;
+
+                $s = $this->parser->parse($value, $base_obj);
+                $srep = $s->getRepresentation('contents');
+                $svalrep = $s->value && 'contents' == $s->value->getName() ? $s->value : null;
+
+                if ($srep || $svalrep) {
+                    $x->setIsStringValue(true);
+                    $x->value = $srep ?: $svalrep;
+
+                    if ($srep) {
+                        $x->replaceRepresentation($srep, 0);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $reps = \array_reverse($s->getRepresentations());
+
+                foreach ($reps as $rep) {
+                    $x->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $o = $x;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..696f3600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplFileInfoPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\SplFileInfoRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use SplFileInfo;
+use SplFileObject;
+
+class SplFileInfoPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof SplFileInfo || $var instanceof SplFileObject) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $r = new SplFileInfoRepresentation(clone $var);
+        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+        $o->size = $r->getSize();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd671ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/SplObjectStoragePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use SplObjectStorage;
+
+class SplObjectStoragePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_COMPLETE;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof SplObjectStorage || !($r = $o->getRepresentation('iterator'))) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $r = $o->getRepresentation('iterator');
+        if ($r) {
+            $o->size = !\is_array($r->contents) ? null : \count($r->contents);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..748b53c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/StreamPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\ResourceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\StreamValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class StreamPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['resource'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof ResourceValue || 'stream' !== $o->resource_type) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Doublecheck that the resource is open before we get the metadata
+        if (!\is_resource($var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $meta = \stream_get_meta_data($var);
+
+        $rep = new Representation('Stream');
+        $rep->implicit_label = true;
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth;
+
+        if ($o->access_path) {
+            $base_obj->access_path = 'stream_get_meta_data('.$o->access_path.')';
+        }
+
+        $rep->contents = $this->parser->parse($meta, $base_obj);
+
+        if (!\in_array('depth_limit', $rep->contents->hints, true)) {
+            $rep->contents = $rep->contents->value->contents;
+        }
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($rep, 0);
+        $o->value = $rep;
+
+        $stream = new StreamValue($meta);
+        $stream->transplant($o);
+        $o = $stream;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d7e155c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TablePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class TablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['array'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (empty($o->value->contents)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $array = $this->parser->getCleanArray($var);
+
+        if (\count($array) < 2) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Ensure this is an array of arrays and that all child arrays have the
+        // same keys. We don't care about their children - if there's another
+        // "table" inside we'll just make another one down the value tab
+        $keys = null;
+        foreach ($array as $elem) {
+            if (!\is_array($elem) || \count($elem) < 2) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (null === $keys) {
+                $keys = \array_keys($elem);
+            } elseif (\array_keys($elem) !== $keys) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Ensure none of the child arrays are recursion or depth limit. We
+        // don't care if their children are since they are the table cells
+        foreach ($o->value->contents as $childarray) {
+            if (empty($childarray->value->contents)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Objects by reference for the win! We can do a copy-paste of the value
+        // representation contents and just slap a new hint on there and hey
+        // presto we have our table representation with no extra memory used!
+        $table = new Representation('Table');
+        $table->contents = $o->value->contents;
+        $table->hints[] = 'table';
+        $o->addRepresentation($table, 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fd065f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ThrowablePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\ThrowableValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Throwable;
+
+class ThrowablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$var instanceof Throwable) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $throw = new ThrowableValue($var);
+        $throw->transplant($o);
+        $r = new SourceRepresentation($var->getFile(), $var->getLine());
+        $r->showfilename = true;
+        $throw->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+
+        $o = $throw;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9136ca80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TimestampPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class TimestampPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public static $blacklist = [
+        2147483648,
+        2147483647,
+        1073741824,
+        1073741823,
+    ];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string', 'integer'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (\is_string($var) && !\ctype_digit($var)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($var < 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array($var, self::$blacklist, true)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $len = \strlen((string) $var);
+
+        // Guess for anything between March 1973 and November 2286
+        if (9 === $len || 10 === $len) {
+            // If it's an int or string that's this short it probably has no other meaning
+            // Additionally it's highly unlikely the shortValue will be clipped for length
+            // If you're writing a plugin that interferes with this, just put your
+            // parser plugin further down the list so that it gets loaded afterwards.
+            $o->value->label = 'Timestamp';
+            $o->value->hints[] = 'timestamp';
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..478442be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/ToStringPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+class ToStringPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public static $blacklist = [
+        'SimpleXMLElement',
+        'SplFileObject',
+    ];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['object'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($var);
+        if (!$reflection->hasMethod('__toString')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (self::$blacklist as $class) {
+            if ($var instanceof $class) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $r = new Representation('toString');
+        $r->contents = (string) $var;
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($r);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5f47dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/TracePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\TraceFrameValue;
+use Kint\Zval\TraceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class TracePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public static $blacklist = ['spl_autoload_call'];
+    public static $path_blacklist = [];
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['array'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if (!$o->value) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $trace = $this->parser->getCleanArray($var);
+
+        if (\count($trace) !== \count($o->value->contents) || !Utils::isTrace($trace)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $traceobj = new TraceValue();
+        $traceobj->transplant($o);
+        $rep = $traceobj->value;
+
+        $old_trace = $rep->contents;
+
+        Utils::normalizeAliases(self::$blacklist);
+        $path_blacklist = self::normalizePaths(self::$path_blacklist);
+
+        $rep->contents = [];
+
+        foreach ($old_trace as $frame) {
+            $index = $frame->name;
+
+            if (!isset($trace[$index]['function'])) {
+                // Something's very very wrong here, but it's probably a plugin's fault
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (Utils::traceFrameIsListed($trace[$index], self::$blacklist)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (isset($trace[$index]['file']) && ($realfile = \realpath($trace[$index]['file']))) {
+                foreach ($path_blacklist as $path) {
+                    if (0 === \strpos($realfile, $path)) {
+                        continue 2;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            $rep->contents[$index] = new TraceFrameValue($frame, $trace[$index]);
+        }
+
+        \ksort($rep->contents);
+        $rep->contents = \array_values($rep->contents);
+
+        $traceobj->clearRepresentations();
+        $traceobj->addRepresentation($rep);
+        $traceobj->size = \count($rep->contents);
+        $o = $traceobj;
+    }
+
+    protected static function normalizePaths(array $paths): array
+    {
+        $normalized = [];
+
+        foreach ($paths as $path) {
+            $realpath = \realpath($path);
+            if (\is_dir($realpath)) {
+                $realpath .= DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+
+            $normalized[] = $realpath;
+        }
+
+        return $normalized;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5a31abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Parser/XmlPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Parser;
+
+use DOMDocument;
+use Exception;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class XmlPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    /**
+     * Which method to parse the variable with.
+     *
+     * DOMDocument provides more information including the text between nodes,
+     * however it's memory usage is very high and it takes longer to parse and
+     * render. Plus it's a pain to work with. So SimpleXML is the default.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $parse_method = 'SimpleXML';
+
+    public function getTypes(): array
+    {
+        return ['string'];
+    }
+
+    public function getTriggers(): int
+    {
+        return Parser::TRIGGER_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    public function parse(&$var, Value &$o, int $trigger): void
+    {
+        if ('<?xml' !== \substr($var, 0, 5)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!\method_exists(\get_class($this), 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $xml = \call_user_func([\get_class($this), 'xmlTo'.self::$parse_method], $var, $o->access_path);
+
+        if (empty($xml)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        [$xml, $access_path, $name] = $xml;
+
+        $base_obj = new Value();
+        $base_obj->depth = $o->depth + 1;
+        $base_obj->name = $name;
+        $base_obj->access_path = $access_path;
+
+        $r = new Representation('XML');
+        $r->contents = $this->parser->parse($xml, $base_obj);
+
+        $o->addRepresentation($r, 0);
+    }
+
+    protected static function xmlToSimpleXML(string $var, ?string $parent_path): ?array
+    {
+        $errors = \libxml_use_internal_errors(true);
+        try {
+            $xml = \simplexml_load_string($var);
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            \libxml_use_internal_errors($errors);
+        }
+
+        if (false === $xml) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (null === $parent_path) {
+            $access_path = null;
+        } else {
+            $access_path = 'simplexml_load_string('.$parent_path.')';
+        }
+
+        $name = $xml->getName();
+
+        return [$xml, $access_path, $name];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the DOMDocument info.
+     *
+     * If it errors loading then we wouldn't have gotten this far in the first place.
+     *
+     * @psalm-param non-empty-string $var         The XML string
+     *
+     * @param ?string $parent_path The path to the parent, in this case the XML string
+     *
+     * @return ?array The root element DOMNode, the access path, and the root element name
+     */
+    protected static function xmlToDOMDocument(string $var, ?string $parent_path): ?array
+    {
+        // There's no way to check validity in DOMDocument without making errors. For shame!
+        if (!self::xmlToSimpleXML($var, $parent_path)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $xml = new DOMDocument();
+        $xml->loadXML($var);
+
+        if ($xml->childNodes->count() > 1) {
+            $xml = $xml->childNodes;
+            $access_path = 'childNodes';
+        } else {
+            $xml = $xml->firstChild;
+            $access_path = 'firstChild';
+        }
+
+        if (null === $parent_path) {
+            $access_path = null;
+        } else {
+            $access_path = '(function($s){$x = new \\DomDocument(); $x->loadXML($s); return $x;})('.$parent_path.')->'.$access_path;
+        }
+
+        $name = $xml->nodeName ?? null;
+
+        return [$xml, $access_path, $name];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adec8f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/AbstractRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type PluginMap array<string, class-string>
+ *
+ * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ */
+abstract class AbstractRenderer implements RendererInterface
+{
+    public const SORT_NONE = 0;
+    public const SORT_VISIBILITY = 1;
+    public const SORT_FULL = 2;
+
+    protected $call_info = [];
+    protected $statics = [];
+    protected $show_trace = true;
+
+    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
+    {
+        if (!isset($info['modifiers']) || !\is_array($info['modifiers'])) {
+            $info['modifiers'] = [];
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($info['trace']) || !\is_array($info['trace'])) {
+            $info['trace'] = [];
+        }
+
+        $this->call_info = [
+            'params' => $info['params'] ?? null,
+            'modifiers' => $info['modifiers'],
+            'callee' => $info['callee'] ?? null,
+            'caller' => $info['caller'] ?? null,
+            'trace' => $info['trace'],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function getCallInfo(): array
+    {
+        return $this->call_info;
+    }
+
+    public function setStatics(array $statics): void
+    {
+        $this->statics = $statics;
+        $this->setShowTrace(!empty($statics['display_called_from']));
+    }
+
+    public function getStatics(): array
+    {
+        return $this->statics;
+    }
+
+    public function setShowTrace(bool $show_trace): void
+    {
+        $this->show_trace = $show_trace;
+    }
+
+    public function getShowTrace(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->show_trace;
+    }
+
+    public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array
+    {
+        return $plugins;
+    }
+
+    public function preRender(): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    public function postRender(): string
+    {
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first compatible plugin available.
+     *
+     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins Array of hints to class strings
+     * @psalm-param string[] $hints Array of object hints
+     *
+     * @psalm-return PluginMap Array of hints to class strings filtered and sorted by object hints
+     */
+    public function matchPlugins(array $plugins, array $hints): array
+    {
+        $out = [];
+
+        foreach ($hints as $key) {
+            if (isset($plugins[$key])) {
+                $out[$key] = $plugins[$key];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public static function sortPropertiesFull(Value $a, Value $b): int
+    {
+        $sort = Value::sortByAccess($a, $b);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        $sort = Value::sortByName($a, $b);
+        if ($sort) {
+            return $sort;
+        }
+
+        return InstanceValue::sortByHierarchy($a->owner_class, $b->owner_class);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts an array of Value.
+     *
+     * @param Value[] $contents Object properties to sort
+     *
+     * @return Value[]
+     */
+    public static function sortProperties(array $contents, int $sort): array
+    {
+        switch ($sort) {
+            case self::SORT_VISIBILITY:
+                // Containers to quickly stable sort by type
+                $containers = [
+                    Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC => [],
+                    Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED => [],
+                    Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE => [],
+                    Value::ACCESS_NONE => [],
+                ];
+
+                foreach ($contents as $item) {
+                    $containers[$item->access][] = $item;
+                }
+
+                return \call_user_func_array('array_merge', $containers);
+            case self::SORT_FULL:
+                \usort($contents, [self::class, 'sortPropertiesFull']);
+                // no break
+            default:
+                return $contents;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2ea103b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+use Throwable;
+
+class CliRenderer extends TextRenderer
+{
+    /**
+     * @var bool enable colors
+     */
+    public static $cli_colors = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Forces utf8 output on windows.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $force_utf8 = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Detects the terminal width on startup.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $detect_width = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum width to detect terminal size as.
+     *
+     * Less than this is ignored and falls back to default width.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $min_terminal_width = 40;
+
+    /**
+     * Which stream to check for VT100 support on windows.
+     *
+     * uses STDOUT by default if it's defined
+     *
+     * @var ?resource
+     */
+    public static $windows_stream = null;
+
+    protected static $terminal_width = null;
+
+    protected $windows_output = false;
+
+    protected $colors = false;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        if (!self::$force_utf8 && KINT_WIN) {
+            if (!KINT_PHP72 || !\function_exists('sapi_windows_vt100_support')) {
+                $this->windows_output = true;
+            } else {
+                $stream = self::$windows_stream;
+
+                if (!$stream && \defined('STDOUT')) {
+                    $stream = STDOUT;
+                }
+
+                if (!$stream) {
+                    $this->windows_output = true;
+                } else {
+                    $this->windows_output = !\sapi_windows_vt100_support($stream);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!self::$terminal_width) {
+            if (!KINT_WIN && self::$detect_width) {
+                try {
+                    self::$terminal_width = (int) \exec('tput cols');
+                } catch (Throwable $t) {
+                    self::$terminal_width = self::$default_width;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (self::$terminal_width < self::$min_terminal_width) {
+                self::$terminal_width = self::$default_width;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->colors = $this->windows_output ? false : self::$cli_colors;
+
+        $this->header_width = self::$terminal_width;
+    }
+
+    public function colorValue(string $string): string
+    {
+        if (!$this->colors) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        return "\x1b[32m".\str_replace("\n", "\x1b[0m\n\x1b[32m", $string)."\x1b[0m";
+    }
+
+    public function colorType(string $string): string
+    {
+        if (!$this->colors) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        return "\x1b[35;1m".\str_replace("\n", "\x1b[0m\n\x1b[35;1m", $string)."\x1b[0m";
+    }
+
+    public function colorTitle(string $string): string
+    {
+        if (!$this->colors) {
+            return $string;
+        }
+
+        return "\x1b[36m".\str_replace("\n", "\x1b[0m\n\x1b[36m", $string)."\x1b[0m";
+    }
+
+    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    {
+        if ($this->windows_output) {
+            return $this->utf8ToWindows(parent::renderTitle($o));
+        }
+
+        return parent::renderTitle($o);
+    }
+
+    public function preRender(): string
+    {
+        return PHP_EOL;
+    }
+
+    public function postRender(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->windows_output) {
+            return $this->utf8ToWindows(parent::postRender());
+        }
+
+        return parent::postRender();
+    }
+
+    public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        return \str_replace("\x1b", '\\x1b', $string);
+    }
+
+    protected function utf8ToWindows(string $string): string
+    {
+        return \str_replace(
+            ['┌', '═', '┐', '│', '└', '─', '┘'],
+            [' ', '=', ' ', '|', ' ', '-', ' '],
+            $string
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7210f55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/PlainRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class PlainRenderer extends TextRenderer
+{
+    public static $pre_render_sources = [
+        'script' => [
+            ['Kint\\Renderer\\PlainRenderer', 'renderJs'],
+            ['Kint\\Renderer\\Text\\MicrotimePlugin', 'renderJs'],
+        ],
+        'style' => [
+            ['Kint\\Renderer\\PlainRenderer', 'renderCss'],
+        ],
+        'raw' => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Path to the CSS file to load by default.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $theme = 'plain.css';
+
+    /**
+     * Output htmlentities instead of utf8.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $disable_utf8 = false;
+
+    public static $needs_pre_render = true;
+
+    public static $always_pre_render = false;
+
+    protected $force_pre_render = false;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+        $this->setForcePreRender(self::$always_pre_render);
+    }
+
+    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
+    {
+        parent::setCallInfo($info);
+
+        if (\in_array('@', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function setStatics(array $statics): void
+    {
+        parent::setStatics($statics);
+
+        if (!empty($statics['return'])) {
+            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function setForcePreRender(bool $force_pre_render): void
+    {
+        $this->force_pre_render = $force_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function getForcePreRender(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->force_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function shouldPreRender(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->getForcePreRender() || self::$needs_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function colorValue(string $string): string
+    {
+        return '<i>'.$string.'</i>';
+    }
+
+    public function colorType(string $string): string
+    {
+        return '<b>'.$string.'</b>';
+    }
+
+    public function colorTitle(string $string): string
+    {
+        return '<u>'.$string.'</u>';
+    }
+
+    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    {
+        if (self::$disable_utf8) {
+            return $this->utf8ToHtmlentity(parent::renderTitle($o));
+        }
+
+        return parent::renderTitle($o);
+    }
+
+    public function preRender(): string
+    {
+        $output = '';
+
+        if ($this->shouldPreRender()) {
+            foreach (self::$pre_render_sources as $type => $values) {
+                $contents = '';
+                foreach ($values as $v) {
+                    $contents .= \call_user_func($v, $this);
+                }
+
+                if (!\strlen($contents)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                switch ($type) {
+                    case 'script':
+                        $output .= '<script class="kint-plain-script">'.$contents.'</script>';
+                        break;
+                    case 'style':
+                        $output .= '<style class="kint-plain-style">'.$contents.'</style>';
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        $output .= $contents;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Don't pre-render on every dump
+            if (!$this->getForcePreRender()) {
+                self::$needs_pre_render = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $output.'<div class="kint-plain">';
+    }
+
+    public function postRender(): string
+    {
+        if (self::$disable_utf8) {
+            return $this->utf8ToHtmlentity(parent::postRender()).'</div>';
+        }
+
+        return parent::postRender().'</div>';
+    }
+
+    public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
+    {
+        $path = $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+        $ideLink = Kint::getIdeLink($file, $line);
+
+        if (!$ideLink) {
+            return $path;
+        }
+
+        $class = '';
+
+        if (\preg_match('/https?:\\/\\//i', $ideLink)) {
+            $class = 'class="kint-ide-link" ';
+        }
+
+        return '<a '.$class.'href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
+    }
+
+    public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        if (false === $encoding) {
+            $encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($string);
+        }
+
+        $original_encoding = $encoding;
+
+        if (false === $encoding || 'ASCII' === $encoding) {
+            $encoding = 'UTF-8';
+        }
+
+        $string = \htmlspecialchars($string, ENT_NOQUOTES, $encoding);
+
+        // this call converts all non-ASCII characters into numeirc htmlentities
+        if (\function_exists('mb_encode_numericentity') && 'ASCII' !== $original_encoding) {
+            $string = \mb_encode_numericentity($string, [0x80, 0xFFFF, 0, 0xFFFF], $encoding);
+        }
+
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    protected function utf8ToHtmlentity(string $string): string
+    {
+        return \str_replace(
+            ['┌', '═', '┐', '│', '└', '─', '┘'],
+            ['&#9484;', '&#9552;', '&#9488;', '&#9474;', '&#9492;', '&#9472;', '&#9496;'],
+            $string
+        );
+    }
+
+    protected static function renderJs(): string
+    {
+        return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/shared.js').\file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/plain.js');
+    }
+
+    protected static function renderCss(): string
+    {
+        if (\file_exists(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme)) {
+            return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme);
+        }
+
+        return \file_get_contents(self::$theme);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..577e9df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RendererInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+interface RendererInterface
+{
+    public function __construct();
+
+    public function render(Value $o): string;
+
+    public function renderNothing(): string;
+
+    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void;
+
+    public function getCallInfo(): array;
+
+    public function setStatics(array $statics): void;
+
+    public function getStatics(): array;
+
+    public function setShowTrace(bool $show_trace): void;
+
+    public function getShowTrace(): bool;
+
+    public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array;
+
+    public function preRender(): string;
+
+    public function postRender(): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d9ec706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ */
+abstract class AbstractPlugin implements PluginInterface
+{
+    protected $renderer;
+
+    public function __construct(RichRenderer $r)
+    {
+        $this->renderer = $r;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $content The replacement for the getValueShort contents
+     */
+    public function renderLockedHeader(Value $o, string $content): string
+    {
+        $header = '<dt class="kint-parent kint-locked">';
+
+        if (RichRenderer::$access_paths && $o->depth > 0 && $ap = $o->getAccessPath()) {
+            $header .= '<span class="kint-access-path-trigger" title="Show access path">&rlarr;</span>';
+        }
+
+        $header .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span><nav></nav>';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
+            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
+            $header .= '<dfn>'.$this->renderer->escape($s).'</dfn> ';
+
+            if ($s = $o->getOperator()) {
+                $header .= $this->renderer->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
+            if (RichRenderer::$escape_types) {
+                $s = $this->renderer->escape($s);
+            }
+
+            if ($o->reference) {
+                $s = '&amp;'.$s;
+            }
+
+            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
+
+            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
+                $header .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
+            }
+
+            $header .= ' ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+            if (RichRenderer::$escape_types) {
+                $s = $this->renderer->escape($s);
+            }
+            $header .= '('.$s.') ';
+        }
+
+        $header .= $content;
+
+        if (!empty($ap)) {
+            $header .= '<div class="access-path">'.$this->renderer->escape($ap).'</div>';
+        }
+
+        return $header.'</dt>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15220e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Array Limit</var>').'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4cbce1ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BinaryPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class BinaryPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    /** @psalm-var positive-int */
+    public static $line_length = 0x10;
+    /** @psalm-var positive-int */
+    public static $chunk_length = 0x4;
+
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if (!\is_string($r->contents)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '<pre>';
+
+        $lines = \str_split($r->contents, self::$line_length);
+
+        foreach ($lines as $index => $line) {
+            $out .= \sprintf('%08X', $index * self::$line_length).":\t";
+
+            $chunks = \str_split(\str_pad(\bin2hex($line), 2 * self::$line_length, ' '), self::$chunk_length);
+
+            $out .= \implode(' ', $chunks);
+            $out .= "\t".\preg_replace('/[^\\x20-\\x7E]/', '.', $line)."\n";
+        }
+
+        $out .= '</pre>';
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78064a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/BlacklistPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Blacklisted</var>').'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74438052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/CallablePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
+use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class CallablePlugin extends ClosurePlugin
+{
+    protected static $method_cache = [];
+
+    protected $closure_plugin = null;
+
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        if ($o instanceof MethodValue) {
+            return $this->renderMethod($o);
+        }
+
+        if ($o instanceof ClosureValue) {
+            return parent::renderValue($o);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected function renderMethod(MethodValue $o): string
+    {
+        if (!empty(self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name])) {
+            $children = self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name]['children'];
+
+            $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper(
+                $o,
+                (bool) \strlen($children),
+                self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name]['header']
+            );
+
+            return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+        }
+
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+
+        $header = '';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers()) || $o->return_reference) {
+            $header .= '<var>'.$s;
+
+            if ($o->return_reference) {
+                if ($s) {
+                    $header .= ' ';
+                }
+                $header .= $this->renderer->escape('&');
+            }
+
+            $header .= '</var> ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
+            $function = $this->renderer->escape($s).'('.$this->renderer->escape($o->getParams()).')';
+
+            if (null !== ($url = $o->getPhpDocUrl())) {
+                $function = '<a href="'.$url.'" target=_blank>'.$function.'</a>';
+            }
+
+            $header .= '<dfn>'.$function.'</dfn>';
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($o->returntype)) {
+            $header .= ': <var>';
+
+            if ($o->return_reference) {
+                $header .= $this->renderer->escape('&');
+            }
+
+            $header .= $this->renderer->escape($o->returntype).'</var>';
+        } elseif ($o->docstring) {
+            if (\preg_match('/@return\\s+(.*)\\r?\\n/m', $o->docstring, $matches)) {
+                if (\trim($matches[1])) {
+                    $header .= ': <var>'.$this->renderer->escape(\trim($matches[1])).'</var>';
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
+            if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max) {
+                $s = Utils::truncateString($s, RichRenderer::$strlen_max);
+            }
+            $header .= ' '.$this->renderer->escape($s);
+        }
+
+        if (\strlen($o->owner_class) && \strlen($o->name)) {
+            self::$method_cache[$o->owner_class][$o->name] = [
+                'header' => $header,
+                'children' => $children,
+            ];
+        }
+
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2b5a7e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ClosurePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Zval\ClosureValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ClosurePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof ClosureValue) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+
+        $header = '';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
+            $header .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
+            $header .= '<dfn>'.$this->renderer->escape($s).'('.$this->renderer->escape($o->getParams()).')</dfn> ';
+        }
+
+        $header .= '<var>Closure</var>';
+        if (isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
+            $header .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
+        }
+        $header .= ' '.$this->renderer->escape(Kint::shortenPath($o->filename)).':'.(int) $o->startline;
+
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1de5fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ColorPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\ColorRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ColorPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface, ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        $r = $o->getRepresentation('color');
+
+        if (!$r instanceof ColorRepresentation) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+        $header .= '<div class="kint-color-preview"><div style="background:';
+        $header .= $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_RGBA);
+        $header .= '"></div></div>';
+
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$r instanceof ColorRepresentation) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_NAME)) {
+            $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+        }
+        if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HEX_3)) {
+            $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+        }
+        if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HEX_6)) {
+            $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+        }
+
+        if ($r->hasAlpha()) {
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HEX_4)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HEX_8)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_RGBA)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HSLA)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+        } else {
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_RGB)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+            if ($color = $r->getColor(ColorRepresentation::COLOR_HSL)) {
+                $out .= '<dfn>'.$color."</dfn>\n";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!\strlen($out)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return '<pre>'.$out.'</pre>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b73b6be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/DepthLimitPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class DepthLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Depth Limit</var>').'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5ed37b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MethodDefinitionPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\MethodDefinitionRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class MethodDefinitionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$r instanceof MethodDefinitionRepresentation) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($r->contents)) {
+            $docstring = [];
+            foreach (\explode("\n", $r->contents) as $line) {
+                $docstring[] = \trim($line);
+            }
+
+            $docstring = $this->renderer->escape(\implode("\n", $docstring));
+        }
+
+        $addendum = [];
+        if (isset($r->class) && $r->inherited) {
+            $addendum[] = 'Inherited from '.$this->renderer->escape($r->class);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($r->file, $r->line)) {
+            $addendum[] = 'Defined in '.$this->renderer->escape(Kint::shortenPath($r->file)).':'.((int) $r->line);
+        }
+
+        if ($addendum) {
+            $addendum = '<small>'.\implode("\n", $addendum).'</small>';
+
+            if (isset($docstring)) {
+                $docstring .= "\n\n".$addendum;
+            } else {
+                $docstring = $addendum;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($docstring)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return '<pre>'.$docstring.'</pre>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..086e8144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$r instanceof MicrotimeRepresentation || !($dt = $r->getDateTime())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = $dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u');
+        if (null !== $r->lap) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE LAST CALL:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-lap">'.\round($r->lap, 4).'</span>s.';
+        }
+        if (null !== $r->total) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>SINCE START:</b> '.\round($r->total, 4).'s.';
+        }
+        if (null !== $r->avg) {
+            $out .= '<br><b>AVERAGE DURATION:</b> <span class="kint-microtime-avg">'.\round($r->avg, 4).'</span>s.';
+        }
+
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem);
+        $out .= '<br><b>MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->mem.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_real);
+        $out .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak);
+        $out .= '<br><b>PEAK MEMORY USAGE:</b> '.$r->mem_peak.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak_real);
+        $out .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+
+        return '<pre data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->group.'">'.$out.'</pre>';
+    }
+
+    public static function renderJs(): string
+    {
+        if (\is_string($out = \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/microtime.js'))) {
+            return $out;
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/PluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/PluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbdb8ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/PluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
+
+interface PluginInterface
+{
+    public function __construct(RichRenderer $r);
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6c821e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/RecursionPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class RecursionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return '<dl>'.$this->renderLockedHeader($o, '<var>Recursion</var>').'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87d98707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SimpleXMLElementPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\SimpleXMLElementValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class SimpleXMLElementPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        if (!($o instanceof SimpleXMLElementValue)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!$o->isStringValue() || !empty($o->getRepresentation('attributes')->contents)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $b = new BlobValue();
+        $b->transplant($o);
+        $b->type = 'string';
+
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($b);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a02f7ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/SourcePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+
+class SourcePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if (!($r instanceof SourceRepresentation) || empty($r->source)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $source = $r->source;
+
+        // Trim empty lines from the start and end of the source
+        foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
+            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->line) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            unset($source[$linenum]);
+        }
+
+        foreach (\array_reverse($source, true) as $linenum => $line) {
+            if (\strlen(\trim($line)) || $linenum === $r->line) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            unset($source[$linenum]);
+        }
+
+        $output = '';
+
+        foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
+            if ($linenum === $r->line) {
+                $output .= '<div class="kint-highlight">'.$this->renderer->escape($line)."\n".'</div>';
+            } else {
+                $output .= '<div>'.$this->renderer->escape($line)."\n".'</div>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($output) {
+            \reset($source);
+
+            $data = '';
+            if ($r->showfilename) {
+                $data = ' data-kint-filename="'.$this->renderer->escape($r->filename).'"';
+            }
+
+            return '<div><pre class="kint-source"'.$data.' style="counter-reset: kint-l '.((int) \key($source) - 1).';">'.$output.'</pre></div><div></div>';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb310af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TabPluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+interface TabPluginInterface extends PluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80fdd10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TablePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\RichRenderer;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class TablePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    public static $respect_str_length = true;
+
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): string
+    {
+        $out = '<pre><table><thead><tr><th></th>';
+
+        $firstrow = \reset($r->contents);
+
+        foreach ($firstrow->value->contents as $field) {
+            $out .= '<th>';
+            if (null !== ($s = $field->getName())) {
+                $out .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
+            }
+            $out .= '</th>';
+        }
+
+        $out .= '</tr></thead><tbody>';
+
+        foreach ($r->contents as $row) {
+            $out .= '<tr><th>';
+            if (null !== ($s = $row->getName())) {
+                $out .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
+            }
+            $out .= '</th>';
+
+            foreach ($row->value->contents as $field) {
+                $out .= '<td';
+                $type = '';
+                $size = '';
+                $ref = '';
+
+                if (null !== ($s = $field->getType())) {
+                    $type = $this->renderer->escape($s);
+
+                    if ($field->reference) {
+                        $ref = '&amp;';
+                        $type = $ref.$type;
+                    }
+
+                    if (null !== ($s = $field->getSize())) {
+                        $size .= ' ('.$this->renderer->escape($s).')';
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ($type) {
+                    $out .= ' title="'.$type.$size.'"';
+                }
+
+                $out .= '>';
+
+                switch ($field->type) {
+                    case 'boolean':
+                        $out .= $field->value->contents ? '<var>'.$ref.'true</var>' : '<var>'.$ref.'false</var>';
+                        break;
+                    case 'integer':
+                    case 'double':
+                        $out .= (string) $field->value->contents;
+                        break;
+                    case 'null':
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'null</var>';
+                        break;
+                    case 'string':
+                        if ($field->encoding) {
+                            $val = $field->value->contents;
+                            if (RichRenderer::$strlen_max && self::$respect_str_length) {
+                                $val = Utils::truncateString($val, RichRenderer::$strlen_max);
+                            }
+
+                            $out .= $this->renderer->escape($val);
+                        } else {
+                            $out .= '<var>'.$type.'</var>';
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case 'array':
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'array</var>'.$size;
+                        break;
+                    case 'object':
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.$this->renderer->escape($field->classname).'</var>'.$size;
+                        break;
+                    case 'resource':
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'resource</var>';
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        $out .= '<var>'.$ref.'unknown</var>';
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (\in_array('blacklist', $field->hints, true)) {
+                    $out .= ' <var>Blacklisted</var>';
+                } elseif (\in_array('recursion', $field->hints, true)) {
+                    $out .= ' <var>Recursion</var>';
+                } elseif (\in_array('depth_limit', $field->hints, true)) {
+                    $out .= ' <var>Depth Limit</var>';
+                }
+
+                $out .= '</td>';
+            }
+
+            $out .= '</tr>';
+        }
+
+        $out .= '</tbody></table></pre>';
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43abfb60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TimestampPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use DateTime;
+use DateTimeZone;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class TimestampPlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements TabPluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderTab(Representation $r): ?string
+    {
+        if ($dt = DateTime::createFromFormat('U', (string) $r->contents)) {
+            return '<pre>'.$dt->setTimeZone(new DateTimeZone('UTC'))->format('Y-m-d H:i:s T').'</pre>';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..147e2e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/TraceFramePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\TraceFrameValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class TraceFramePlugin extends AbstractPlugin implements ValuePluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$o instanceof TraceFrameValue) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($o->trace['file']) && !empty($o->trace['line'])) {
+            $header = '<var>'.$this->renderer->ideLink($o->trace['file'], (int) $o->trace['line']).'</var> ';
+        } else {
+            $header = '<var>PHP internal call</var> ';
+        }
+
+        if ($o->trace['class']) {
+            $header .= $this->renderer->escape($o->trace['class'].$o->trace['type']);
+        }
+
+        if (\is_string($o->trace['function'])) {
+            $function = $this->renderer->escape($o->trace['function'].'()');
+        } else {
+            $function = $this->renderer->escape(
+                $o->trace['function']->getName().'('.$o->trace['function']->getParams().')'
+            );
+
+            if (null !== ($url = $o->trace['function']->getPhpDocUrl())) {
+                $function = '<a href="'.$url.'" target=_blank>'.$function.'</a>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        $header .= '<dfn>'.$function.'</dfn>';
+
+        $children = $this->renderer->renderChildren($o);
+        $header = $this->renderer->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $header);
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..112a7f7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Rich/ValuePluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Rich;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+interface ValuePluginInterface extends PluginInterface
+{
+    public function renderValue(Value $o): ?string;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f206e560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\PluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\TabPluginInterface;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\ValuePluginInterface;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from BlobValue
+ * @psalm-import-type PluginMap from AbstractRenderer
+ */
+class RichRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
+{
+    /**
+     * RichRenderer value plugins should implement ValuePluginInterface.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     */
+    public static $value_plugins = [
+        'array_limit' => Rich\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
+        'blacklist' => Rich\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        'callable' => Rich\CallablePlugin::class,
+        'color' => Rich\ColorPlugin::class,
+        'depth_limit' => Rich\DepthLimitPlugin::class,
+        'recursion' => Rich\RecursionPlugin::class,
+        'simplexml_element' => Rich\SimpleXMLElementPlugin::class,
+        'trace_frame' => Rich\TraceFramePlugin::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * RichRenderer tab plugins should implement TabPluginInterface.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     */
+    public static $tab_plugins = [
+        'binary' => Rich\BinaryPlugin::class,
+        'color' => Rich\ColorPlugin::class,
+        'method_definition' => Rich\MethodDefinitionPlugin::class,
+        'microtime' => Rich\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        'source' => Rich\SourcePlugin::class,
+        'table' => Rich\TablePlugin::class,
+        'timestamp' => Rich\TimestampPlugin::class,
+    ];
+
+    public static $pre_render_sources = [
+        'script' => [
+            [self::class, 'renderJs'],
+            [Rich\MicrotimePlugin::class, 'renderJs'],
+        ],
+        'style' => [
+            [self::class, 'renderCss'],
+        ],
+        'raw' => [],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether or not to render access paths.
+     *
+     * Access paths can become incredibly heavy with very deep and wide
+     * structures. Given mostly public variables it will typically make
+     * up one quarter of the output HTML size.
+     *
+     * If this is an unacceptably large amount and your browser is groaning
+     * under the weight of the access paths - your first order of buisiness
+     * should be to get a new browser. Failing that, use this to turn them off.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $access_paths = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum length of a string before it is truncated.
+     *
+     * Falsey to disable
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $strlen_max = 80;
+
+    /**
+     * Path to the CSS file to load by default.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public static $theme = 'original.css';
+
+    /**
+     * Assume types and sizes don't need to be escaped.
+     *
+     * Turn this off if you use anything but ascii in your class names,
+     * but it'll cause a slowdown of around 10%
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $escape_types = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Move all dumps to a folder at the bottom of the body.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $folder = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sort mode for object properties.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $sort = self::SORT_NONE;
+
+    public static $needs_pre_render = true;
+    public static $needs_folder_render = true;
+
+    public static $always_pre_render = false;
+
+    public static $js_nonce = null;
+    public static $css_nonce = null;
+
+    protected $plugin_objs = [];
+    protected $expand = false;
+    protected $force_pre_render = false;
+    protected $use_folder = false;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->setUseFolder(self::$folder);
+        $this->setForcePreRender(self::$always_pre_render);
+    }
+
+    public function setCallInfo(array $info): void
+    {
+        parent::setCallInfo($info);
+
+        if (\in_array('!', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->setExpand(true);
+            $this->setUseFolder(false);
+        }
+
+        if (\in_array('@', $this->call_info['modifiers'], true)) {
+            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function setStatics(array $statics): void
+    {
+        parent::setStatics($statics);
+
+        if (!empty($statics['expanded'])) {
+            $this->setExpand(true);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($statics['return'])) {
+            $this->setForcePreRender(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function setExpand(bool $expand): void
+    {
+        $this->expand = $expand;
+    }
+
+    public function getExpand(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->expand;
+    }
+
+    public function setForcePreRender(bool $force_pre_render): void
+    {
+        $this->force_pre_render = $force_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function getForcePreRender(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->force_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function setUseFolder(bool $use_folder): void
+    {
+        $this->use_folder = $use_folder;
+    }
+
+    public function getUseFolder(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->use_folder;
+    }
+
+    public function shouldPreRender(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->getForcePreRender() || self::$needs_pre_render;
+    }
+
+    public function shouldFolderRender(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->getUseFolder() && ($this->getForcePreRender() || self::$needs_folder_render);
+    }
+
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        if (($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$value_plugins, $o->hints)) && $plugin instanceof ValuePluginInterface) {
+            $output = $plugin->renderValue($o);
+            if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+                return $output;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $children = $this->renderChildren($o);
+        $header = $this->renderHeaderWrapper($o, (bool) \strlen($children), $this->renderHeader($o));
+
+        return '<dl>'.$header.$children.'</dl>';
+    }
+
+    public function renderNothing(): string
+    {
+        return '<dl><dt><var>No argument</var></dt></dl>';
+    }
+
+    public function renderHeaderWrapper(Value $o, bool $has_children, string $contents): string
+    {
+        $out = '<dt';
+
+        if ($has_children) {
+            $out .= ' class="kint-parent';
+
+            if ($this->getExpand()) {
+                $out .= ' kint-show';
+            }
+
+            $out .= '"';
+        }
+
+        $out .= '>';
+
+        if (self::$access_paths && $o->depth > 0 && ($ap = $o->getAccessPath())) {
+            $out .= '<span class="kint-access-path-trigger" title="Show access path">&rlarr;</span>';
+        }
+
+        if ($has_children) {
+            $out .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span>';
+
+            if (0 === $o->depth) {
+                $out .= '<span class="kint-search-trigger" title="Show search box">&telrec;</span>';
+                $out .= '<input type="text" class="kint-search" value="">';
+            }
+
+            $out .= '<nav></nav>';
+        }
+
+        $out .= $contents;
+
+        if (!empty($ap)) {
+            $out .= '<div class="access-path">'.$this->escape($ap).'</div>';
+        }
+
+        return $out.'</dt>';
+    }
+
+    public function renderHeader(Value $o): string
+    {
+        $output = '';
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
+            $output .= '<var>'.$s.'</var> ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getName())) {
+            $output .= '<dfn>'.$this->escape($s).'</dfn> ';
+
+            if ($s = $o->getOperator()) {
+                $output .= $this->escape($s, 'ASCII').' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
+            if (self::$escape_types) {
+                $s = $this->escape($s);
+            }
+
+            if ($o->reference) {
+                $s = '&amp;'.$s;
+            }
+
+            $output .= '<var>'.$s.'</var>';
+
+            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
+                $output .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
+            }
+
+            $output .= ' ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+            if (self::$escape_types) {
+                $s = $this->escape($s);
+            }
+            $output .= '('.$s.') ';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
+            $s = \preg_replace('/\\s+/', ' ', $s);
+
+            if (self::$strlen_max) {
+                $s = Utils::truncateString($s, self::$strlen_max);
+            }
+
+            $output .= $this->escape($s);
+        }
+
+        return \trim($output);
+    }
+
+    public function renderChildren(Value $o): string
+    {
+        $contents = [];
+        $tabs = [];
+
+        foreach ($o->getRepresentations() as $rep) {
+            $result = $this->renderTab($o, $rep);
+            if (\strlen($result)) {
+                $contents[] = $result;
+                $tabs[] = $rep;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($tabs)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $output = '<dd>';
+
+        if (1 === \count($tabs) && $tabs[0]->labelIsImplicit()) {
+            $output .= \reset($contents);
+        } else {
+            $output .= '<ul class="kint-tabs">';
+
+            foreach ($tabs as $i => $tab) {
+                if (0 === $i) {
+                    $output .= '<li class="kint-active-tab">';
+                } else {
+                    $output .= '<li>';
+                }
+
+                $output .= $this->escape($tab->getLabel()).'</li>';
+            }
+
+            $output .= '</ul><ul class="kint-tab-contents">';
+
+            foreach ($contents as $i => $tab) {
+                if (0 === $i) {
+                    $output .= '<li class="kint-show">';
+                } else {
+                    $output .= '<li>';
+                }
+
+                $output .= $tab.'</li>';
+            }
+
+            $output .= '</ul>';
+        }
+
+        return $output.'</dd>';
+    }
+
+    public function preRender(): string
+    {
+        $output = '';
+
+        if ($this->shouldPreRender()) {
+            foreach (self::$pre_render_sources as $type => $values) {
+                $contents = '';
+                foreach ($values as $v) {
+                    $contents .= \call_user_func($v, $this);
+                }
+
+                if (!\strlen($contents)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                switch ($type) {
+                    case 'script':
+                        $output .= '<script class="kint-rich-script"';
+                        if (null !== self::$js_nonce) {
+                            $output .= ' nonce="'.\htmlspecialchars(self::$js_nonce).'"';
+                        }
+                        $output .= '>'.$contents.'</script>';
+                        break;
+                    case 'style':
+                        $output .= '<style class="kint-rich-style"';
+                        if (null !== self::$css_nonce) {
+                            $output .= ' nonce="'.\htmlspecialchars(self::$css_nonce).'"';
+                        }
+                        $output .= '>'.$contents.'</style>';
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        $output .= $contents;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Don't pre-render on every dump
+            if (!$this->getForcePreRender()) {
+                self::$needs_pre_render = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->shouldFolderRender()) {
+            $output .= $this->renderFolder();
+
+            if (!$this->getForcePreRender()) {
+                self::$needs_folder_render = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $output .= '<div class="kint-rich';
+
+        if ($this->getUseFolder()) {
+            $output .= ' kint-file';
+        }
+
+        $output .= '">';
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    public function postRender(): string
+    {
+        if (!$this->show_trace) {
+            return '</div>';
+        }
+
+        $output = '<footer>';
+        $output .= '<span class="kint-popup-trigger" title="Open in new window">&boxbox;</span> ';
+
+        if (!empty($this->call_info['trace']) && \count($this->call_info['trace']) > 1) {
+            $output .= '<nav></nav>';
+        }
+
+        if (isset($this->call_info['callee']['file'])) {
+            $output .= 'Called from '.$this->ideLink(
+                $this->call_info['callee']['file'],
+                $this->call_info['callee']['line']
+            );
+        }
+
+        if (
+            isset($this->call_info['callee']['function']) &&
+            (
+                !empty($this->call_info['callee']['class']) ||
+                !\in_array(
+                    $this->call_info['callee']['function'],
+                    ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'],
+                    true
+                )
+            )
+        ) {
+            $output .= ' [';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['class'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['type'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['function'].'()]';
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($this->call_info['trace']) && \count($this->call_info['trace']) > 1) {
+            $output .= '<ol>';
+            foreach ($this->call_info['trace'] as $index => $step) {
+                if (!$index) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $output .= '<li>'.$this->ideLink($step['file'], $step['line']); // closing tag not required
+                if (isset($step['function'])
+                    && !\in_array($step['function'], ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'], true)
+                ) {
+                    $output .= ' [';
+                    $output .= $step['class'] ?? '';
+                    $output .= $step['type'] ?? '';
+                    $output .= $step['function'].'()]';
+                }
+            }
+            $output .= '</ol>';
+        }
+
+        $output .= '</footer></div>';
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     *
+     * @param mixed $encoding
+     */
+    public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        if (false === $encoding) {
+            $encoding = BlobValue::detectEncoding($string);
+        }
+
+        $original_encoding = $encoding;
+
+        if (false === $encoding || 'ASCII' === $encoding) {
+            $encoding = 'UTF-8';
+        }
+
+        $string = \htmlspecialchars($string, ENT_NOQUOTES, $encoding);
+
+        // this call converts all non-ASCII characters into numeirc htmlentities
+        if (\function_exists('mb_encode_numericentity') && 'ASCII' !== $original_encoding) {
+            $string = \mb_encode_numericentity($string, [0x80, 0xFFFF, 0, 0xFFFF], $encoding);
+        }
+
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
+    {
+        $path = $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+        $ideLink = Kint::getIdeLink($file, $line);
+
+        if (!$ideLink) {
+            return $path;
+        }
+
+        $class = '';
+
+        if (\preg_match('/https?:\\/\\//i', $ideLink)) {
+            $class = 'class="kint-ide-link" ';
+        }
+
+        return '<a '.$class.'href="'.$this->escape($ideLink).'">'.$path.'</a>';
+    }
+
+    protected function renderTab(Value $o, Representation $rep): string
+    {
+        if (($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$tab_plugins, $rep->hints)) && $plugin instanceof TabPluginInterface) {
+            $output = $plugin->renderTab($rep);
+            if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+                return $output;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (\is_array($rep->contents)) {
+            $output = '';
+
+            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && 'properties' === $rep->getName()) {
+                foreach (self::sortProperties($rep->contents, self::$sort) as $obj) {
+                    $output .= $this->render($obj);
+                }
+            } else {
+                foreach ($rep->contents as $obj) {
+                    $output .= $this->render($obj);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        if (\is_string($rep->contents)) {
+            $show_contents = false;
+
+            // If it is the value representation of a string and its whitespace
+            // was truncated in the header, always display the full string
+            if ('string' !== $o->type || $o->value !== $rep) {
+                $show_contents = true;
+            } else {
+                if (\preg_match('/(:?[\\r\\n\\t\\f\\v]| {2})/', $rep->contents)) {
+                    $show_contents = true;
+                } elseif (self::$strlen_max && null !== ($vs = $o->getValueShort()) && BlobValue::strlen($vs) > self::$strlen_max) {
+                    $show_contents = true;
+                }
+
+                if (empty($o->encoding)) {
+                    $show_contents = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($show_contents) {
+                return '<pre>'.$this->escape($rep->contents)."\n</pre>";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($rep->contents instanceof Value) {
+            return $this->render($rep->contents);
+        }
+
+        return '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins
+     * @psalm-param string[] $hints
+     */
+    protected function getPlugin(array $plugins, array $hints): ?PluginInterface
+    {
+        if ($plugins = $this->matchPlugins($plugins, $hints)) {
+            $plugin = \end($plugins);
+
+            if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin]) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, PluginInterface::class)) {
+                $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
+            }
+
+            return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected static function renderJs(): string
+    {
+        return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/shared.js').\file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/rich.js');
+    }
+
+    protected static function renderCss(): string
+    {
+        if (\file_exists(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme)) {
+            return \file_get_contents(KINT_DIR.'/resources/compiled/'.self::$theme);
+        }
+
+        return \file_get_contents(self::$theme);
+    }
+
+    protected static function renderFolder(): string
+    {
+        return '<div class="kint-rich kint-folder"><dl><dt class="kint-parent"><nav></nav>Kint</dt><dd class="kint-foldout"></dd></dl></div>';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d3c7e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/AbstractPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-consistent-constructor
+ */
+abstract class AbstractPlugin implements PluginInterface
+{
+    protected $renderer;
+
+    public function __construct(TextRenderer $r)
+    {
+        $this->renderer = $r;
+    }
+
+    public function renderLockedHeader(Value $o, ?string $content = null): string
+    {
+        $out = '';
+
+        if (0 == $o->depth) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+
+        if (null !== $content) {
+            $out .= ' '.$this->renderer->colorValue($content);
+        }
+
+        $out .= PHP_EOL;
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6808736d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/ArrayLimitPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class ArrayLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'ARRAY LIMIT');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0789124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/BlacklistPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class BlacklistPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'BLACKLISTED');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbb15188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/DepthLimitPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class DepthLimitPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'DEPTH LIMIT');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93d7b293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/EnumPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class EnumPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13bba75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/MicrotimePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\PlainRenderer;
+use Kint\Renderer\Rich\MicrotimePlugin as RichPlugin;
+use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\MicrotimeRepresentation;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class MicrotimePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    protected $useJs = false;
+
+    public function __construct(TextRenderer $r)
+    {
+        parent::__construct($r);
+
+        if ($this->renderer instanceof PlainRenderer) {
+            $this->useJs = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function render(Value $o): ?string
+    {
+        $r = $o->getRepresentation('microtime');
+
+        if (!$r instanceof MicrotimeRepresentation || !($dt = $r->getDateTime())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        if (0 == $o->depth) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o);
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderChildren($o).PHP_EOL;
+
+        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($o->depth + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
+
+        if ($this->useJs) {
+            $out .= '<span data-kint-microtime-group="'.$r->group.'">';
+        }
+
+        $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('TIME:').' ';
+        $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s.u')).PHP_EOL;
+
+        if (null !== $r->lap) {
+            $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('SINCE LAST CALL:').' ';
+
+            $lap = \round($r->lap, 4);
+
+            if ($this->useJs) {
+                $lap = '<span class="kint-microtime-lap">'.$lap.'</span>';
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($lap.'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        if (null !== $r->total) {
+            $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('SINCE START:').' ';
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue(\round($r->total, 4).'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
+        }
+        if (null !== $r->avg) {
+            $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('AVERAGE DURATION:').' ';
+
+            $avg = \round($r->avg, 4);
+
+            if ($this->useJs) {
+                $avg = '<span class="kint-microtime-avg">'.$avg.'</span>';
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($avg.'s').'.'.PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem);
+        $mem = $r->mem.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_real);
+        $mem .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+
+        $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('MEMORY USAGE:').' ';
+        $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($mem).'.'.PHP_EOL;
+
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak);
+        $mem = $r->mem_peak.' bytes ('.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+        $bytes = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($r->mem_peak_real);
+        $mem .= ' (real '.\round($bytes['value'], 3).' '.$bytes['unit'].')';
+
+        $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorType('PEAK MEMORY USAGE:').' ';
+        $out .= $this->renderer->colorValue($mem).'.'.PHP_EOL;
+
+        if ($this->useJs) {
+            $out .= '</span>';
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public static function renderJs(): string
+    {
+        return RichPlugin::renderJs();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65a4f580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/PluginInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Renderer\TextRenderer;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+interface PluginInterface
+{
+    public function __construct(TextRenderer $r);
+
+    public function render(Value $o): ?string;
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d9b6c25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/RecursionPlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class RecursionPlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderLockedHeader($o, 'RECURSION');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..113dc982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Text/TracePlugin.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer\Text;
+
+use Kint\Zval\MethodValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+class TracePlugin extends AbstractPlugin
+{
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        $out = '';
+
+        if (0 == $o->depth) {
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorTitle($this->renderer->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->renderer->renderHeader($o).':'.PHP_EOL;
+
+        $indent = \str_repeat(' ', ($o->depth + 1) * $this->renderer->indent_width);
+
+        $i = 1;
+        foreach ($o->value->contents as $frame) {
+            $framedesc = $indent.\str_pad($i.': ', 4, ' ');
+
+            if ($frame->trace['file']) {
+                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->ideLink($frame->trace['file'], $frame->trace['line']).PHP_EOL;
+            } else {
+                $framedesc .= 'PHP internal call'.PHP_EOL;
+            }
+
+            $framedesc .= $indent.'    ';
+
+            if ($frame->trace['class']) {
+                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['class']);
+
+                if ($frame->trace['object']) {
+                    $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape('->');
+                } else {
+                    $framedesc .= '::';
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (\is_string($frame->trace['function'])) {
+                $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['function']).'(...)';
+            } elseif ($frame->trace['function'] instanceof MethodValue) {
+                if (null !== ($s = $frame->trace['function']->getName())) {
+                    $framedesc .= $this->renderer->escape($s);
+                    $framedesc .= '('.$this->renderer->escape($frame->trace['function']->getParams()).')';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->renderer->colorType($framedesc).PHP_EOL.PHP_EOL;
+
+            if ($source = $frame->getRepresentation('source')) {
+                $line_wanted = $source->line;
+                $source = $source->source;
+
+                // Trim empty lines from the start and end of the source
+                foreach ($source as $linenum => $line) {
+                    if (\trim($line) || $linenum === $line_wanted) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    unset($source[$linenum]);
+                }
+
+                foreach (\array_reverse($source, true) as $linenum => $line) {
+                    if (\trim($line) || $linenum === $line_wanted) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    unset($source[$linenum]);
+                }
+
+                foreach ($source as $lineno => $line) {
+                    if ($lineno == $line_wanted) {
+                        $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->colorValue($this->renderer->escape($line)).PHP_EOL;
+                    } else {
+                        $out .= $indent.$this->renderer->escape($line).PHP_EOL;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ++$i;
+        }
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..833320a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Renderer;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Parser;
+use Kint\Renderer\Text\PluginInterface;
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\InstanceValue;
+use Kint\Zval\Value;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from \Kint\Zval\BlobValue
+ * @psalm-import-type PluginMap from AbstractRenderer
+ */
+class TextRenderer extends AbstractRenderer
+{
+    /**
+     * TextRenderer plugins should implement PluginInterface.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var PluginMap
+     */
+    public static $plugins = [
+        'array_limit' => Text\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
+        'blacklist' => Text\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        'depth_limit' => Text\DepthLimitPlugin::class,
+        'enum' => Text\EnumPlugin::class,
+        'microtime' => Text\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        'recursion' => Text\RecursionPlugin::class,
+        'trace' => Text\TracePlugin::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Parser plugins must be instanceof one of these or
+     * it will be removed for performance reasons.
+     *
+     * @psalm-var class-string[]
+     */
+    public static $parser_plugin_whitelist = [
+        Parser\ArrayLimitPlugin::class,
+        Parser\ArrayObjectPlugin::class,
+        Parser\BlacklistPlugin::class,
+        Parser\EnumPlugin::class,
+        Parser\MicrotimePlugin::class,
+        Parser\StreamPlugin::class,
+        Parser\TracePlugin::class,
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum length of a string before it is truncated.
+     *
+     * Falsey to disable
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $strlen_max = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The default width of the terminal for headers.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $default_width = 80;
+
+    /**
+     * Indentation width.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $default_indent = 4;
+
+    /**
+     * Decorate the header and footer.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public static $decorations = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Sort mode for object properties.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    public static $sort = self::SORT_NONE;
+
+    public $header_width = 80;
+    public $indent_width = 4;
+
+    protected $plugin_objs = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->header_width = self::$default_width;
+        $this->indent_width = self::$default_indent;
+    }
+
+    public function render(Value $o): string
+    {
+        if ($plugin = $this->getPlugin(self::$plugins, $o->hints)) {
+            $output = $plugin->render($o);
+            if (null !== $output && \strlen($output)) {
+                return $output;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        if (0 == $o->depth) {
+            $out .= $this->colorTitle($this->renderTitle($o)).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= $this->renderHeader($o);
+        $out .= $this->renderChildren($o).PHP_EOL;
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public function renderNothing(): string
+    {
+        if (self::$decorations) {
+            return $this->colorTitle(
+                $this->boxText('No argument', $this->header_width)
+            ).PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        return $this->colorTitle('No argument').PHP_EOL;
+    }
+
+    public function boxText(string $text, int $width): string
+    {
+        $out = '┌'.\str_repeat('─', $width - 2).'┐'.PHP_EOL;
+
+        if (\strlen($text)) {
+            $text = Utils::truncateString($text, $width - 4);
+            $text = \str_pad($text, $width - 4);
+
+            $out .= '│ '.$this->escape($text).' │'.PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        $out .= '└'.\str_repeat('─', $width - 2).'┘';
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    public function renderTitle(Value $o): string
+    {
+        $name = (string) $o->getName();
+
+        if (self::$decorations) {
+            return $this->boxText($name, $this->header_width);
+        }
+
+        return Utils::truncateString($name, $this->header_width);
+    }
+
+    public function renderHeader(Value $o): string
+    {
+        $output = [];
+
+        if ($o->depth) {
+            if (null !== ($s = $o->getModifiers())) {
+                $output[] = $s;
+            }
+
+            if (null !== $o->name) {
+                $output[] = $this->escape(\var_export($o->name, true));
+
+                if (null !== ($s = $o->getOperator())) {
+                    $output[] = $this->escape($s);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getType())) {
+            if ($o->reference) {
+                $s = '&'.$s;
+            }
+
+            $s = $this->colorType($this->escape($s));
+
+            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && isset($o->spl_object_id)) {
+                $s .= '#'.((int) $o->spl_object_id);
+            }
+
+            $output[] = $s;
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getSize())) {
+            $output[] = '('.$this->escape($s).')';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== ($s = $o->getValueShort())) {
+            if (self::$strlen_max) {
+                $s = Utils::truncateString($s, self::$strlen_max);
+            }
+            $output[] = $this->colorValue($this->escape($s));
+        }
+
+        return \str_repeat(' ', $o->depth * $this->indent_width).\implode(' ', $output);
+    }
+
+    public function renderChildren(Value $o): string
+    {
+        if ('array' === $o->type) {
+            $output = ' [';
+        } elseif ('object' === $o->type) {
+            $output = ' (';
+        } else {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        $children = '';
+
+        if ($o->value && \is_array($o->value->contents)) {
+            if ($o instanceof InstanceValue && 'properties' === $o->value->getName()) {
+                foreach (self::sortProperties($o->value->contents, self::$sort) as $obj) {
+                    $children .= $this->render($obj);
+                }
+            } else {
+                foreach ($o->value->contents as $child) {
+                    $children .= $this->render($child);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($children) {
+            $output .= PHP_EOL.$children;
+            $output .= \str_repeat(' ', $o->depth * $this->indent_width);
+        }
+
+        if ('array' === $o->type) {
+            $output .= ']';
+        } else {
+            $output .= ')';
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    public function colorValue(string $string): string
+    {
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    public function colorType(string $string): string
+    {
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    public function colorTitle(string $string): string
+    {
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    public function postRender(): string
+    {
+        if (self::$decorations) {
+            $output = \str_repeat('═', $this->header_width);
+        } else {
+            $output = '';
+        }
+
+        if (!$this->show_trace) {
+            return $this->colorTitle($output);
+        }
+
+        if ($output) {
+            $output .= PHP_EOL;
+        }
+
+        return $this->colorTitle($output.$this->calledFrom().PHP_EOL);
+    }
+
+    public function filterParserPlugins(array $plugins): array
+    {
+        $return = [];
+
+        foreach ($plugins as $index => $plugin) {
+            foreach (self::$parser_plugin_whitelist as $whitelist) {
+                if ($plugin instanceof $whitelist) {
+                    $return[] = $plugin;
+                    continue 2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $return;
+    }
+
+    public function ideLink(string $file, int $line): string
+    {
+        return $this->escape(Kint::shortenPath($file)).':'.$line;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     *
+     * @param mixed $encoding
+     */
+    public function escape(string $string, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        return $string;
+    }
+
+    protected function calledFrom(): string
+    {
+        $output = '';
+
+        if (isset($this->call_info['callee']['file'])) {
+            $output .= 'Called from '.$this->ideLink(
+                $this->call_info['callee']['file'],
+                $this->call_info['callee']['line']
+            );
+        }
+
+        if (
+            isset($this->call_info['callee']['function']) &&
+            (
+                !empty($this->call_info['callee']['class']) ||
+                !\in_array(
+                    $this->call_info['callee']['function'],
+                    ['include', 'include_once', 'require', 'require_once'],
+                    true
+                )
+            )
+        ) {
+            $output .= ' [';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['class'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['type'] ?? '';
+            $output .= $this->call_info['callee']['function'].'()]';
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param PluginMap $plugins
+     * @psalm-param string[] $hints
+     */
+    protected function getPlugin(array $plugins, array $hints): ?PluginInterface
+    {
+        if ($plugins = $this->matchPlugins($plugins, $hints)) {
+            $plugin = \end($plugins);
+
+            if (!isset($this->plugin_objs[$plugin]) && \is_subclass_of($plugin, PluginInterface::class)) {
+                $this->plugin_objs[$plugin] = new $plugin($this);
+            }
+
+            return $this->plugin_objs[$plugin];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78b5a1e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint;
+
+use Kint\Zval\BlobValue;
+use ReflectionNamedType;
+use ReflectionType;
+use UnexpectedValueException;
+
+/**
+ * A collection of utility methods. Should all be static methods with no dependencies.
+ *
+ * @psalm-import-type Encoding from BlobValue
+ */
+final class Utils
+{
+    /**
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    private function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Turns a byte value into a human-readable representation.
+     *
+     * @param int $value Amount of bytes
+     *
+     * @return array Human readable value and unit
+     */
+    public static function getHumanReadableBytes(int $value): array
+    {
+        static $unit = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
+
+        $negative = $value < 0;
+        $value = \abs($value);
+
+        if ($value < 1024) {
+            $i = 0;
+            $value = \floor($value);
+        } elseif ($value < 0xFFFCCCCCCCCCCCC >> 40) {
+            $i = 1;
+        } elseif ($value < 0xFFFCCCCCCCCCCCC >> 30) {
+            $i = 2;
+        } elseif ($value < 0xFFFCCCCCCCCCCCC >> 20) {
+            $i = 3;
+        } else {
+            $i = 4;
+        }
+
+        if ($i) {
+            $value = $value / \pow(1024, $i);
+        }
+
+        if ($negative) {
+            $value *= -1;
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'value' => \round($value, 1),
+            'unit' => $unit[$i],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public static function isSequential(array $array): bool
+    {
+        return \array_keys($array) === \range(0, \count($array) - 1);
+    }
+
+    public static function isAssoc(array $array): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) \count(\array_filter(\array_keys($array), 'is_string'));
+    }
+
+    public static function composerGetExtras(string $key = 'kint'): array
+    {
+        if (0 === \strpos(KINT_DIR, 'phar://')) {
+            // Only run inside phar file, so skip for code coverage
+            return []; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $extras = [];
+
+        $folder = KINT_DIR.'/vendor';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 4; ++$i) {
+            $installed = $folder.'/composer/installed.json';
+
+            if (\file_exists($installed) && \is_readable($installed)) {
+                $packages = \json_decode(\file_get_contents($installed), true);
+
+                if (!\is_array($packages)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Composer 2.0 Compatibility: packages are now wrapped into a "packages" top level key instead of the whole file being the package array
+                // @see https://getcomposer.org/upgrade/UPGRADE-2.0.md
+                foreach ($packages['packages'] ?? $packages as $package) {
+                    if (isset($package['extra'][$key]) && \is_array($package['extra'][$key])) {
+                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $package['extra'][$key]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $folder = \dirname($folder);
+
+                if (\file_exists($folder.'/composer.json') && \is_readable($folder.'/composer.json')) {
+                    $composer = \json_decode(\file_get_contents($folder.'/composer.json'), true);
+
+                    if (isset($composer['extra'][$key]) && \is_array($composer['extra'][$key])) {
+                        $extras = \array_replace($extras, $composer['extra'][$key]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $folder = \dirname($folder);
+        }
+
+        return $extras;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public static function composerSkipFlags(): void
+    {
+        if (\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE') && \defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $extras = self::composerGetExtras();
+
+        if (!empty($extras['disable-facade']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE')) {
+            \define('KINT_SKIP_FACADE', true);
+        }
+
+        if (!empty($extras['disable-helpers']) && !\defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS')) {
+            \define('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS', true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static function isTrace(array $trace): bool
+    {
+        if (!self::isSequential($trace)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        static $bt_structure = [
+            'function' => 'string',
+            'line' => 'integer',
+            'file' => 'string',
+            'class' => 'string',
+            'object' => 'object',
+            'type' => 'string',
+            'args' => 'array',
+        ];
+
+        $file_found = false;
+
+        foreach ($trace as $frame) {
+            if (!\is_array($frame) || !isset($frame['function'])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($frame as $key => $val) {
+                if (!isset($bt_structure[$key])) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (\gettype($val) !== $bt_structure[$key]) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if ('file' === $key) {
+                    $file_found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $file_found;
+    }
+
+    public static function traceFrameIsListed(array $frame, array $matches): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($frame['class'])) {
+            $called = [\strtolower($frame['class']), \strtolower($frame['function'])];
+        } else {
+            $called = \strtolower($frame['function']);
+        }
+
+        return \in_array($called, $matches, true);
+    }
+
+    public static function normalizeAliases(array &$aliases): void
+    {
+        static $name_regex = '[a-zA-Z_\\x7f-\\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\\x7f-\\xff]*';
+
+        foreach ($aliases as $index => &$alias) {
+            if (\is_array($alias) && 2 === \count($alias)) {
+                $alias = \array_values(\array_filter($alias, 'is_string'));
+
+                if (2 === \count($alias) &&
+                    \preg_match('/^'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias[1]) &&
+                    \preg_match('/^\\\\?('.$name_regex.'\\\\)*'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias[0])
+                ) {
+                    $alias = [
+                        \strtolower(\ltrim($alias[0], '\\')),
+                        \strtolower($alias[1]),
+                    ];
+                } else {
+                    unset($aliases[$index]);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } elseif (\is_string($alias)) {
+                if (\preg_match('/^\\\\?('.$name_regex.'\\\\)*'.$name_regex.'$/', $alias)) {
+                    $alias = \explode('\\', \strtolower($alias));
+                    $alias = \end($alias);
+                } else {
+                    unset($aliases[$index]);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else {
+                unset($aliases[$index]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $aliases = \array_values($aliases);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     *
+     * @param mixed $encoding
+     */
+    public static function truncateString(string $input, int $length = PHP_INT_MAX, string $end = '...', $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        $endlength = BlobValue::strlen($end);
+
+        if ($endlength >= $length) {
+            $endlength = 0;
+            $end = '';
+        }
+
+        if (BlobValue::strlen($input, $encoding) > $length) {
+            return BlobValue::substr($input, 0, $length - $endlength, $encoding).$end;
+        }
+
+        return $input;
+    }
+
+    public static function getTypeString(ReflectionType $type): string
+    {
+        // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+        // ReflectionType::__toString was deprecated in 7.4 and undeprecated in 8
+        // and toString doesn't correctly show the nullable ? in the type before 8
+        if (!KINT_PHP80) {
+            if (!$type instanceof ReflectionNamedType) {
+                throw new UnexpectedValueException('ReflectionType on PHP 7 must be ReflectionNamedType');
+            }
+
+            $name = $type->getName();
+            if ($type->allowsNull() && 'mixed' !== $name && false === \strpos($name, '|')) {
+                $name = '?'.$name;
+            }
+
+            return $name;
+        }
+        // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+
+        return (string) $type;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff5a6a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/BlobValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+/**
+ * @psalm-type Encoding string|false
+ */
+class BlobValue extends Value
+{
+    /**
+     * @var array Character encodings to detect
+     *
+     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.mb-detect-order
+     *
+     * In practice, mb_detect_encoding can only successfully determine the
+     * difference between the following common charsets at once without
+     * breaking things for one of the other charsets:
+     * - ASCII
+     * - UTF-8
+     * - SJIS
+     * - EUC-JP
+     *
+     * The order of the charsets is significant. If you put UTF-8 before ASCII
+     * it will never match ASCII, because UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII.
+     * Similarly, SJIS and EUC-JP frequently match UTF-8 strings, so you should
+     * check UTF-8 first. SJIS and EUC-JP seem to work either way, but SJIS is
+     * more common so it should probably be first.
+     *
+     * While you're free to experiment with other charsets, remember to keep
+     * this behavior in mind when setting up your char_encodings array.
+     *
+     * This depends on the mbstring extension
+     */
+    public static $char_encodings = [
+        'ASCII',
+        'UTF-8',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * @var array Legacy character encodings to detect
+     *
+     * @see https://secure.php.net/function.iconv
+     *
+     * Assuming the other encoding checks fail, this will perform a
+     * simple iconv conversion to check for invalid bytes. If any are
+     * found it will not match.
+     *
+     * This can be useful for ambiguous single byte encodings like
+     * windows-125x and iso-8859-x which have practically undetectable
+     * differences because they use every single byte available.
+     *
+     * This is *NOT* reliable and should not be trusted implicitly. Since it
+     * works by triggering and suppressing conversion warnings, your error
+     * handler may complain.
+     *
+     * As with char_encodings, the order of the charsets is significant.
+     *
+     * This depends on the iconv extension
+     */
+    public static $legacy_encodings = [];
+
+    public $type = 'string';
+    /** @psalm-var Encoding */
+    public $encoding = false;
+    public $hints = ['string'];
+
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        if (false === $this->encoding) {
+            return 'binary '.$this->type;
+        }
+
+        if ('ASCII' === $this->encoding) {
+            return $this->type;
+        }
+
+        return $this->encoding.' '.$this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($rep = $this->value) {
+            return '"'.$rep->contents.'"';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    {
+        parent::transplant($old);
+
+        if ($old instanceof self) {
+            $this->encoding = $old->encoding;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     *
+     * @param mixed $encoding
+     */
+    public static function strlen(string $string, $encoding = false): int
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_strlen')) {
+            if (false === $encoding) {
+                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
+            }
+
+            if ($encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
+                return \mb_strlen($string, $encoding);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return \strlen($string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param Encoding $encoding
+     *
+     * @param mixed $encoding
+     */
+    public static function substr(string $string, int $start, ?int $length = null, $encoding = false): string
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_substr')) {
+            if (false === $encoding) {
+                $encoding = self::detectEncoding($string);
+            }
+
+            if ($encoding && 'ASCII' !== $encoding) {
+                return \mb_substr($string, $start, $length, $encoding);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Special case for substr/mb_substr discrepancy
+        if ('' === $string) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        return \substr($string, $start, $length ?? PHP_INT_MAX);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-return Encoding
+     */
+    public static function detectEncoding(string $string)
+    {
+        if (\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) {
+            if ($ret = \mb_detect_encoding($string, self::$char_encodings, true)) {
+                return $ret;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Pretty much every character encoding uses first 32 bytes as control
+        // characters. If it's not a multi-byte format it's safe to say matching
+        // any control character besides tab, nl, and cr means it's binary.
+        if (\preg_match('/[\\x00-\\x08\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\x1F]/', $string)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (\function_exists('iconv')) {
+            foreach (self::$legacy_encodings as $encoding) {
+                // Iconv detection works by triggering
+                // "Detected an illegal character in input string" warnings
+                if (@\iconv($encoding, $encoding, $string) === $string) {
+                    return $encoding;
+                }
+            }
+        } elseif (!\function_exists('mb_detect_encoding')) { // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            // If a user has neither mb_detect_encoding, nor iconv, nor the
+            // polyfills, there's not much we can do about it...
+            // Pretend it's ASCII and pray the browser renders it properly.
+            return 'ASCII'; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69e68184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ClosureValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+class ClosureValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
+
+    public $hints = ['object', 'callable', 'closure'];
+
+    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null !== $this->access_path) {
+            return parent::getAccessPath().'('.$this->getParams().')';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    {
+        parent::transplant($old);
+
+        if (0 === $this->depth && \preg_match('/^\\((function|fn)\\s*\\(/i', $this->access_path, $match)) {
+            $this->name = \strtolower($match[1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ba53d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/DateTimeValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use DateTime;
+
+class DateTimeValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    public $dt;
+
+    public $hints = ['object', 'datetime'];
+
+    public function __construct(DateTime $dt)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        $this->dt = clone $dt;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): string
+    {
+        $stamp = $this->dt->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        if ((int) ($micro = $this->dt->format('u'))) {
+            $stamp .= '.'.$micro;
+        }
+        $stamp .= $this->dt->format('P T');
+
+        return $stamp;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9cfe19e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/EnumValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use BackedEnum;
+use UnitEnum;
+
+class EnumValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    public $enumval;
+
+    public $hints = ['object', 'enum'];
+
+    public function __construct(UnitEnum $enumval)
+    {
+        $this->enumval = $enumval;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->enumval instanceof BackedEnum) {
+            if (\is_string($this->enumval->value)) {
+                return '"'.$this->enumval->value.'"';
+            }   // Int
+
+            return (string) $this->enumval->value;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->classname)) {
+            if (isset($this->enumval->name)) {
+                return $this->classname.'::'.$this->enumval->name;
+            }
+
+            return $this->classname;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): ?string
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32373347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/InstanceValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+class InstanceValue extends Value
+{
+    public $type = 'object';
+    public $classname;
+    public $spl_object_hash;
+    public $spl_object_id = null;
+    public $filename;
+    public $startline;
+    public $hints = ['object'];
+
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->classname;
+    }
+
+    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    {
+        parent::transplant($old);
+
+        if ($old instanceof self) {
+            $this->classname = $old->classname;
+            $this->spl_object_hash = $old->spl_object_hash;
+            $this->spl_object_id = $old->spl_object_id;
+            $this->filename = $old->filename;
+            $this->startline = $old->startline;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @psalm-param  class-string $a
+     * @psalm-param  class-string $b
+     */
+    public static function sortByHierarchy(string $a, string $b): int
+    {
+        if (\is_subclass_of($a, $b)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (\is_subclass_of($b, $a)) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55c32098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/MethodValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\MethodDefinitionRepresentation;
+use ReflectionFunctionAbstract;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+class MethodValue extends Value
+{
+    use ParameterHoldingTrait;
+
+    public $type = 'method';
+    public $filename;
+    public $startline;
+    public $endline;
+    public $abstract;
+    public $final;
+    public $internal;
+    public $docstring;
+    public $returntype;
+    public $return_reference = false;
+    public $hints = ['callable', 'method'];
+    public $showparams = true;
+
+    public function __construct(ReflectionFunctionAbstract $method)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        $this->name = $method->getName();
+        $this->filename = $method->getFileName();
+        $this->startline = $method->getStartLine();
+        $this->endline = $method->getEndLine();
+        $this->internal = $method->isInternal();
+        $this->docstring = $method->getDocComment() ?: null;
+        $this->return_reference = $method->returnsReference();
+
+        foreach ($method->getParameters() as $param) {
+            $this->parameters[] = new ParameterValue($param);
+        }
+
+        $this->returntype = $method->getReturnType();
+        if ($this->returntype) {
+            $this->returntype = Utils::getTypeString($this->returntype);
+        }
+
+        if ($method instanceof ReflectionMethod) {
+            $this->static = $method->isStatic();
+            $this->operator = $this->static ? Value::OPERATOR_STATIC : Value::OPERATOR_OBJECT;
+            $this->abstract = $method->isAbstract();
+            $this->final = $method->isFinal();
+            $this->owner_class = $method->getDeclaringClass()->name;
+            $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PUBLIC;
+            if ($method->isProtected()) {
+                $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PROTECTED;
+            } elseif ($method->isPrivate()) {
+                $this->access = Value::ACCESS_PRIVATE;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->internal) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $docstring = new MethodDefinitionRepresentation(
+            $this->filename,
+            $this->startline,
+            $this->owner_class,
+            $this->docstring
+        );
+
+        $docstring->implicit_label = true;
+        $this->addRepresentation($docstring);
+        $this->value = $docstring;
+    }
+
+    public function setAccessPathFrom(InstanceValue $parent): void
+    {
+        static $magic = [
+            '__call' => true,
+            '__callstatic' => true,
+            '__clone' => true,
+            '__construct' => true,
+            '__debuginfo' => true,
+            '__destruct' => true,
+            '__get' => true,
+            '__invoke' => true,
+            '__isset' => true,
+            '__set' => true,
+            '__set_state' => true,
+            '__sleep' => true,
+            '__tostring' => true,
+            '__unset' => true,
+            '__wakeup' => true,
+        ];
+
+        $name = \strtolower($this->name);
+
+        if ('__construct' === $name) {
+            $this->access_path = 'new \\'.$parent->getType();
+        } elseif ('__invoke' === $name) {
+            $this->access_path = $parent->access_path;
+        } elseif ('__clone' === $name) {
+            $this->access_path = 'clone '.$parent->access_path;
+            $this->showparams = false;
+        } elseif ('__tostring' === $name) {
+            $this->access_path = '(string) '.$parent->access_path;
+            $this->showparams = false;
+        } elseif (isset($magic[$name])) {
+            $this->access_path = null;
+        } elseif ($this->static) {
+            $this->access_path = '\\'.$this->owner_class.'::'.$this->name;
+        } else {
+            $this->access_path = $parent->access_path.'->'.$this->name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$this->value || !($this->value instanceof MethodDefinitionRepresentation)) {
+            return parent::getValueShort();
+        }
+
+        $ds = $this->value->getDocstringWithoutComments();
+
+        if (!$ds) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $ds = \explode("\n", $ds);
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($ds as $line) {
+            if (0 === \strlen(\trim($line)) || '@' === $line[0]) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            $out .= $line.' ';
+        }
+
+        if (\strlen($out)) {
+            return \rtrim($out);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getModifiers(): ?string
+    {
+        $mods = [
+            $this->abstract ? 'abstract' : null,
+            $this->final ? 'final' : null,
+            $this->getAccess(),
+            $this->static ? 'static' : null,
+        ];
+
+        $out = '';
+
+        foreach ($mods as $word) {
+            if (null !== $word) {
+                $out .= $word.' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (\strlen($out)) {
+            return \rtrim($out);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null !== $this->access_path && $this->showparams) {
+            return parent::getAccessPath().'('.$this->getParams().')';
+        }
+
+        return parent::getAccessPath();
+    }
+
+    public function getPhpDocUrl(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$this->internal) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->owner_class) {
+            $class = \strtolower($this->owner_class);
+        } else {
+            $class = 'function';
+        }
+
+        $funcname = \str_replace('_', '-', \strtolower($this->name));
+
+        if (0 === \strpos($funcname, '--') && 0 !== \strpos($funcname, '-', 2)) {
+            $funcname = \substr($funcname, 2);
+        }
+
+        return 'https://secure.php.net/'.$class.'.'.$funcname;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c67ecd45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterHoldingTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+trait ParameterHoldingTrait
+{
+    /** @var ParameterValue[] */
+    public $parameters = [];
+
+    private $paramcache;
+
+    public function getParams(): string
+    {
+        if (null !== $this->paramcache) {
+            return $this->paramcache;
+        }
+
+        $out = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->parameters as $p) {
+            $type = $p->getType();
+            if ($type) {
+                $type .= ' ';
+            }
+
+            $default = $p->getDefault();
+            if ($default) {
+                $default = ' = '.$default;
+            }
+
+            $ref = $p->reference ? '&' : '';
+
+            $out[] = $type.$ref.$p->getName().$default;
+        }
+
+        return $this->paramcache = \implode(', ', $out);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e690b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ParameterValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use ReflectionParameter;
+
+class ParameterValue extends Value
+{
+    public $type_hint;
+    public $default;
+    public $position;
+    public $hints = ['parameter'];
+
+    public function __construct(ReflectionParameter $param)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        if ($type = $param->getType()) {
+            $this->type_hint = Utils::getTypeString($type);
+        }
+
+        $this->reference = $param->isPassedByReference();
+        $this->name = $param->getName();
+        $this->position = $param->getPosition();
+
+        if ($param->isDefaultValueAvailable()) {
+            $default = $param->getDefaultValue();
+            switch (\gettype($default)) {
+                case 'NULL':
+                    $this->default = 'null';
+                    break;
+                case 'boolean':
+                    $this->default = $default ? 'true' : 'false';
+                    break;
+                case 'array':
+                    $this->default = \count($default) ? 'array(...)' : 'array()';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    $this->default = \var_export($default, true);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->type_hint;
+    }
+
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return '$'.$this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function getDefault(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->default;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..806a8006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/ColorRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+class ColorRepresentation extends Representation
+{
+    public const COLOR_NAME = 1;
+    public const COLOR_HEX_3 = 2;
+    public const COLOR_HEX_6 = 3;
+    public const COLOR_RGB = 4;
+    public const COLOR_RGBA = 5;
+    public const COLOR_HSL = 6;
+    public const COLOR_HSLA = 7;
+    public const COLOR_HEX_4 = 8;
+    public const COLOR_HEX_8 = 9;
+
+    public static $color_map = [
+        'aliceblue' => 'f0f8ff',
+        'antiquewhite' => 'faebd7',
+        'aqua' => '00ffff',
+        'aquamarine' => '7fffd4',
+        'azure' => 'f0ffff',
+        'beige' => 'f5f5dc',
+        'bisque' => 'ffe4c4',
+        'black' => '000000',
+        'blanchedalmond' => 'ffebcd',
+        'blue' => '0000ff',
+        'blueviolet' => '8a2be2',
+        'brown' => 'a52a2a',
+        'burlywood' => 'deb887',
+        'cadetblue' => '5f9ea0',
+        'chartreuse' => '7fff00',
+        'chocolate' => 'd2691e',
+        'coral' => 'ff7f50',
+        'cornflowerblue' => '6495ed',
+        'cornsilk' => 'fff8dc',
+        'crimson' => 'dc143c',
+        'cyan' => '00ffff',
+        'darkblue' => '00008b',
+        'darkcyan' => '008b8b',
+        'darkgoldenrod' => 'b8860b',
+        'darkgray' => 'a9a9a9',
+        'darkgreen' => '006400',
+        'darkgrey' => 'a9a9a9',
+        'darkkhaki' => 'bdb76b',
+        'darkmagenta' => '8b008b',
+        'darkolivegreen' => '556b2f',
+        'darkorange' => 'ff8c00',
+        'darkorchid' => '9932cc',
+        'darkred' => '8b0000',
+        'darksalmon' => 'e9967a',
+        'darkseagreen' => '8fbc8f',
+        'darkslateblue' => '483d8b',
+        'darkslategray' => '2f4f4f',
+        'darkslategrey' => '2f4f4f',
+        'darkturquoise' => '00ced1',
+        'darkviolet' => '9400d3',
+        'deeppink' => 'ff1493',
+        'deepskyblue' => '00bfff',
+        'dimgray' => '696969',
+        'dimgrey' => '696969',
+        'dodgerblue' => '1e90ff',
+        'firebrick' => 'b22222',
+        'floralwhite' => 'fffaf0',
+        'forestgreen' => '228b22',
+        'fuchsia' => 'ff00ff',
+        'gainsboro' => 'dcdcdc',
+        'ghostwhite' => 'f8f8ff',
+        'gold' => 'ffd700',
+        'goldenrod' => 'daa520',
+        'gray' => '808080',
+        'green' => '008000',
+        'greenyellow' => 'adff2f',
+        'grey' => '808080',
+        'honeydew' => 'f0fff0',
+        'hotpink' => 'ff69b4',
+        'indianred' => 'cd5c5c',
+        'indigo' => '4b0082',
+        'ivory' => 'fffff0',
+        'khaki' => 'f0e68c',
+        'lavender' => 'e6e6fa',
+        'lavenderblush' => 'fff0f5',
+        'lawngreen' => '7cfc00',
+        'lemonchiffon' => 'fffacd',
+        'lightblue' => 'add8e6',
+        'lightcoral' => 'f08080',
+        'lightcyan' => 'e0ffff',
+        'lightgoldenrodyellow' => 'fafad2',
+        'lightgray' => 'd3d3d3',
+        'lightgreen' => '90ee90',
+        'lightgrey' => 'd3d3d3',
+        'lightpink' => 'ffb6c1',
+        'lightsalmon' => 'ffa07a',
+        'lightseagreen' => '20b2aa',
+        'lightskyblue' => '87cefa',
+        'lightslategray' => '778899',
+        'lightslategrey' => '778899',
+        'lightsteelblue' => 'b0c4de',
+        'lightyellow' => 'ffffe0',
+        'lime' => '00ff00',
+        'limegreen' => '32cd32',
+        'linen' => 'faf0e6',
+        'magenta' => 'ff00ff',
+        'maroon' => '800000',
+        'mediumaquamarine' => '66cdaa',
+        'mediumblue' => '0000cd',
+        'mediumorchid' => 'ba55d3',
+        'mediumpurple' => '9370db',
+        'mediumseagreen' => '3cb371',
+        'mediumslateblue' => '7b68ee',
+        'mediumspringgreen' => '00fa9a',
+        'mediumturquoise' => '48d1cc',
+        'mediumvioletred' => 'c71585',
+        'midnightblue' => '191970',
+        'mintcream' => 'f5fffa',
+        'mistyrose' => 'ffe4e1',
+        'moccasin' => 'ffe4b5',
+        'navajowhite' => 'ffdead',
+        'navy' => '000080',
+        'oldlace' => 'fdf5e6',
+        'olive' => '808000',
+        'olivedrab' => '6b8e23',
+        'orange' => 'ffa500',
+        'orangered' => 'ff4500',
+        'orchid' => 'da70d6',
+        'palegoldenrod' => 'eee8aa',
+        'palegreen' => '98fb98',
+        'paleturquoise' => 'afeeee',
+        'palevioletred' => 'db7093',
+        'papayawhip' => 'ffefd5',
+        'peachpuff' => 'ffdab9',
+        'peru' => 'cd853f',
+        'pink' => 'ffc0cb',
+        'plum' => 'dda0dd',
+        'powderblue' => 'b0e0e6',
+        'purple' => '800080',
+        'rebeccapurple' => '663399',
+        'red' => 'ff0000',
+        'rosybrown' => 'bc8f8f',
+        'royalblue' => '4169e1',
+        'saddlebrown' => '8b4513',
+        'salmon' => 'fa8072',
+        'sandybrown' => 'f4a460',
+        'seagreen' => '2e8b57',
+        'seashell' => 'fff5ee',
+        'sienna' => 'a0522d',
+        'silver' => 'c0c0c0',
+        'skyblue' => '87ceeb',
+        'slateblue' => '6a5acd',
+        'slategray' => '708090',
+        'slategrey' => '708090',
+        'snow' => 'fffafa',
+        'springgreen' => '00ff7f',
+        'steelblue' => '4682b4',
+        'tan' => 'd2b48c',
+        'teal' => '008080',
+        'thistle' => 'd8bfd8',
+        'tomato' => 'ff6347',
+        // To quote MDN:
+        // "Technically, transparent is a shortcut for rgba(0,0,0,0)."
+        'transparent' => '00000000',
+        'turquoise' => '40e0d0',
+        'violet' => 'ee82ee',
+        'wheat' => 'f5deb3',
+        'white' => 'ffffff',
+        'whitesmoke' => 'f5f5f5',
+        'yellow' => 'ffff00',
+        'yellowgreen' => '9acd32',
+    ];
+
+    public $r = 0;
+    public $g = 0;
+    public $b = 0;
+    public $a = 1.0;
+    public $variant;
+    public $implicit_label = true;
+    public $hints = ['color'];
+
+    public function __construct(string $value)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Color');
+
+        $this->contents = $value;
+        $this->setValues($value);
+    }
+
+    public function getColor(?int $variant = null): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$variant) {
+            $variant = $this->variant;
+        }
+
+        switch ($variant) {
+            case self::COLOR_NAME:
+                $hex = \sprintf('%02x%02x%02x', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+                $hex_alpha = \sprintf('%02x%02x%02x%02x', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a * 0xFF));
+
+                return \array_search($hex, self::$color_map, true) ?: \array_search($hex_alpha, self::$color_map, true) ?: null;
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_3:
+                if (0 === $this->r % 0x11 && 0 === $this->g % 0x11 && 0 === $this->b % 0x11) {
+                    return \sprintf(
+                        '#%1X%1X%1X',
+                        \round($this->r / 0x11),
+                        \round($this->g / 0x11),
+                        \round($this->b / 0x11)
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_6:
+                return \sprintf('#%02X%02X%02X', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+            case self::COLOR_RGB:
+                if (1.0 === $this->a) {
+                    return \sprintf('rgb(%d, %d, %d)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+                }
+
+                return \sprintf('rgb(%d, %d, %d, %s)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a, 4));
+            case self::COLOR_RGBA:
+                return \sprintf('rgba(%d, %d, %d, %s)', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a, 4));
+            case self::COLOR_HSL:
+                $val = self::rgbToHsl($this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+                if (1.0 === $this->a) {
+                    return \vsprintf('hsl(%d, %d%%, %d%%)', $val);
+                }
+
+                return \sprintf('hsl(%d, %d%%, %d%%, %s)', $val[0], $val[1], $val[2], \round($this->a, 4));
+            case self::COLOR_HSLA:
+                $val = self::rgbToHsl($this->r, $this->g, $this->b);
+
+                return \sprintf('hsla(%d, %d%%, %d%%, %s)', $val[0], $val[1], $val[2], \round($this->a, 4));
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_4:
+                if (0 === $this->r % 0x11 && 0 === $this->g % 0x11 && 0 === $this->b % 0x11 && 0 === ((int) ($this->a * 255)) % 0x11) {
+                    return \sprintf(
+                        '#%1X%1X%1X%1X',
+                        \round($this->r / 0x11),
+                        \round($this->g / 0x11),
+                        \round($this->b / 0x11),
+                        \round($this->a * 0xF)
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return null;
+
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_8:
+                return \sprintf('#%02X%02X%02X%02X', $this->r, $this->g, $this->b, \round($this->a * 0xFF));
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function hasAlpha(?int $variant = null): bool
+    {
+        if (null === $variant) {
+            $variant = $this->variant;
+        }
+
+        switch ($variant) {
+            case self::COLOR_NAME:
+            case self::COLOR_RGB:
+            case self::COLOR_HSL:
+                return \abs($this->a - 1) >= 0.0001;
+            case self::COLOR_RGBA:
+            case self::COLOR_HSLA:
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_4:
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_8:
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function setValues(string $value): void
+    {
+        $value = \strtolower(\trim($value));
+        // Find out which variant of color input it is
+        if (isset(self::$color_map[$value])) {
+            if (!$this->setValuesFromHex(self::$color_map[$value])) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $variant = self::COLOR_NAME;
+        } elseif ('#' === $value[0]) {
+            $variant = $this->setValuesFromHex(\substr($value, 1));
+
+            if (!$variant) {
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $variant = $this->setValuesFromFunction($value);
+
+            if (!$variant) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If something has gone horribly wrong
+        if ($this->r > 0xFF || $this->g > 0xFF || $this->b > 0xFF || $this->a > 1) {
+            $this->variant = null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        } else {
+            $this->variant = $variant;
+            $this->r = (int) $this->r;
+            $this->g = (int) $this->g;
+            $this->b = (int) $this->b;
+            $this->a = (float) $this->a;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function setValuesFromHex(string $hex): ?int
+    {
+        if (!\ctype_xdigit($hex)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        switch (\strlen($hex)) {
+            case 3:
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HEX_3;
+                break;
+            case 6:
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HEX_6;
+                break;
+            case 4:
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HEX_4;
+                break;
+            case 8:
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HEX_8;
+                break;
+            default:
+                return null;
+        }
+
+        switch ($variant) {
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_4:
+                $this->a = \hexdec($hex[3]) / 0xF;
+                // no break
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_3:
+                $this->r = \hexdec($hex[0]) * 0x11;
+                $this->g = \hexdec($hex[1]) * 0x11;
+                $this->b = \hexdec($hex[2]) * 0x11;
+                break;
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_8:
+                $this->a = \hexdec(\substr($hex, 6, 2)) / 0xFF;
+                // no break
+            case self::COLOR_HEX_6:
+                $hex = \str_split($hex, 2);
+                $this->r = \hexdec($hex[0]);
+                $this->g = \hexdec($hex[1]);
+                $this->b = \hexdec($hex[2]);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return $variant;
+    }
+
+    protected function setValuesFromFunction(string $value): ?int
+    {
+        if (!\preg_match('/^((?:rgb|hsl)a?)\\s*\\(([0-9\\.%,\\s\\/\\-]+)\\)$/i', $value, $match)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        switch (\strtolower($match[1])) {
+            case 'rgb':
+                $variant = self::COLOR_RGB;
+                break;
+            case 'rgba':
+                $variant = self::COLOR_RGBA;
+                break;
+            case 'hsl':
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HSL;
+                break;
+            case 'hsla':
+                $variant = self::COLOR_HSLA;
+                break;
+            default:
+                return null; // @codeCoverageIgnore
+        }
+
+        $params = \preg_replace('/[,\\s\\/]+/', ',', \trim($match[2]));
+        $params = \explode(',', $params);
+        $params = \array_map('trim', $params);
+
+        if (\count($params) < 3 || \count($params) > 4) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($params as $i => &$color) {
+            if (false !== \strpos($color, '%')) {
+                $color = (float) \str_replace('%', '', $color);
+
+                if (3 === $i) {
+                    $color = $color / 100;
+                } elseif (\in_array($variant, [self::COLOR_RGB, self::COLOR_RGBA], true)) {
+                    $color = \round($color / 100 * 0xFF);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $color = (float) $color;
+
+            if (0 === $i && \in_array($variant, [self::COLOR_HSL, self::COLOR_HSLA], true)) {
+                $color = \fmod(\fmod($color, 360) + 360, 360);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** @psalm-var non-empty-array<array-key, float> $params Psalm bug workaround */
+        switch ($variant) {
+            case self::COLOR_RGBA:
+            case self::COLOR_RGB:
+                if (\min($params) < 0 || \max($params) > 0xFF) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                break;
+            case self::COLOR_HSLA:
+            case self::COLOR_HSL:
+                if (\min($params) < 0 || $params[0] > 360 || \max($params[1], $params[2]) > 100) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (4 === \count($params)) {
+            if ($params[3] > 1) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            $this->a = $params[3];
+        }
+
+        if (self::COLOR_HSLA === $variant || self::COLOR_HSL === $variant) {
+            $params = self::hslToRgb($params[0], $params[1], $params[2]);
+        }
+
+        [$this->r, $this->g, $this->b] = $params;
+
+        return $variant;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Turns HSL color to RGB. Black magic.
+     *
+     * @param float $h Hue
+     * @param float $s Saturation
+     * @param float $l Lightness
+     *
+     * @return int[] RGB array
+     */
+    public static function hslToRgb(float $h, float $s, float $l): array
+    {
+        if (\min($h, $s, $l) < 0) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for hslToRgb should be no less than 0');
+        }
+
+        if ($h > 360 || \max($s, $l) > 100) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for hslToRgb should be no more than 360, 100, and 100 respectively');
+        }
+
+        $h /= 360;
+        $s /= 100;
+        $l /= 100;
+
+        $m2 = ($l <= 0.5) ? $l * ($s + 1) : $l + $s - $l * $s;
+        $m1 = $l * 2 - $m2;
+
+        return [
+            (int) \round(self::hueToRgb($m1, $m2, $h + 1 / 3) * 0xFF),
+            (int) \round(self::hueToRgb($m1, $m2, $h) * 0xFF),
+            (int) \round(self::hueToRgb($m1, $m2, $h - 1 / 3) * 0xFF),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts RGB to HSL. Color inversion of previous black magic is white magic?
+     *
+     * @param float $red   Red
+     * @param float $green Green
+     * @param float $blue  Blue
+     *
+     * @return float[] HSL array
+     */
+    public static function rgbToHsl(float $red, float $green, float $blue): array
+    {
+        if (\min($red, $green, $blue) < 0) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for rgbToHsl should be no less than 0');
+        }
+
+        if (\max($red, $green, $blue) > 0xFF) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('The parameters for rgbToHsl should be no more than 255');
+        }
+
+        $clrMin = \min($red, $green, $blue);
+        $clrMax = \max($red, $green, $blue);
+        $deltaMax = $clrMax - $clrMin;
+
+        $L = ($clrMax + $clrMin) / 510;
+
+        if (0 == $deltaMax) {
+            $H = 0.0;
+            $S = 0.0;
+        } else {
+            if (0.5 > $L) {
+                $S = $deltaMax / ($clrMax + $clrMin);
+            } else {
+                $S = $deltaMax / (510 - $clrMax - $clrMin);
+            }
+
+            if ($clrMax === $red) {
+                $H = ($green - $blue) / (6.0 * $deltaMax);
+
+                if (0 > $H) {
+                    $H += 1.0;
+                }
+            } elseif ($clrMax === $green) {
+                $H = 1 / 3 + ($blue - $red) / (6.0 * $deltaMax);
+            } else {
+                $H = 2 / 3 + ($red - $green) / (6.0 * $deltaMax);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [
+            \fmod($H * 360, 360),
+            $S * 100,
+            $L * 100,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function for hslToRgb. Even blacker magic.
+     *
+     * @return float Color value
+     */
+    private static function hueToRgb(float $m1, float $m2, float $hue): float
+    {
+        $hue = ($hue < 0) ? $hue + 1 : (($hue > 1) ? $hue - 1 : $hue);
+        if ($hue * 6 < 1) {
+            return $m1 + ($m2 - $m1) * $hue * 6;
+        }
+        if ($hue * 2 < 1) {
+            return $m2;
+        }
+        if ($hue * 3 < 2) {
+            return $m1 + ($m2 - $m1) * (2 / 3 - $hue) * 6;
+        }
+
+        return $m1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c1ca38b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MethodDefinitionRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+class MethodDefinitionRepresentation extends Representation
+{
+    public $file;
+    public $line;
+    public $class;
+    public $inherited = false;
+    public $hints = ['method_definition'];
+
+    public function __construct(?string $file, ?int $line, ?string $class, ?string $docstring)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Method definition');
+
+        $this->file = $file;
+        $this->line = $line;
+        $this->class = $class;
+        $this->contents = $docstring;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the representation's docstring without surrounding comments.
+     *
+     * Note that this will not work flawlessly.
+     *
+     * On comments with whitespace after the stars the lines will begin with
+     * whitespace, since we can't accurately guess how much of an indentation
+     * is required.
+     *
+     * And on lines without stars on the left this may eat bullet points.
+     *
+     * Long story short: If you want the docstring read the contents. If you
+     * absolutely must have it without comments (ie renderValueShort) this will
+     * probably do.
+     *
+     * @return ?string Docstring with comments stripped
+     */
+    public function getDocstringWithoutComments()
+    {
+        if (!$this->contents) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $string = \substr($this->contents, 3, -2);
+        $string = \preg_replace('/^\\s*\\*\\s*?(\\S|$)/m', '\\1', $string);
+
+        return \trim($string);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d25539b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/MicrotimeRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+use DateTime;
+
+class MicrotimeRepresentation extends Representation
+{
+    public $seconds;
+    public $microseconds;
+    public $group;
+    public $lap;
+    public $total;
+    public $avg;
+    public $i = 0;
+    public $mem = 0;
+    public $mem_real = 0;
+    public $mem_peak = 0;
+    public $mem_peak_real = 0;
+    public $hints = ['microtime'];
+
+    public function __construct(int $seconds, int $microseconds, int $group, ?float $lap = null, ?float $total = null, int $i = 0)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Microtime');
+
+        $this->seconds = $seconds;
+        $this->microseconds = $microseconds;
+
+        $this->group = $group;
+        $this->lap = $lap;
+        $this->total = $total;
+        $this->i = $i;
+
+        if ($i) {
+            $this->avg = $total / $i;
+        }
+
+        $this->mem = \memory_get_usage();
+        $this->mem_real = \memory_get_usage(true);
+        $this->mem_peak = \memory_get_peak_usage();
+        $this->mem_peak_real = \memory_get_peak_usage(true);
+    }
+
+    public function getDateTime(): ?DateTime
+    {
+        return DateTime::createFromFormat('U u', $this->seconds.' '.\str_pad((string) $this->microseconds, 6, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT)) ?: null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4680c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/Representation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+class Representation
+{
+    public $label;
+    public $implicit_label = false;
+    public $hints = [];
+    public $contents = [];
+
+    protected $name;
+
+    public function __construct(string $label, ?string $name = null)
+    {
+        $this->label = $label;
+
+        if (null === $name) {
+            $name = $label;
+        }
+
+        $this->setName($name);
+    }
+
+    public function getLabel(): string
+    {
+        if (\is_array($this->contents) && \count($this->contents) > 1) {
+            return $this->label.' ('.\count($this->contents).')';
+        }
+
+        return $this->label;
+    }
+
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function setName(string $name): void
+    {
+        $this->name = \preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/', '_', \strtolower($name));
+    }
+
+    public function labelIsImplicit(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->implicit_label;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d05bf088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SourceRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+class SourceRepresentation extends Representation
+{
+    public $hints = ['source'];
+    public $source = [];
+    public $filename;
+    public $line = 0;
+    public $showfilename = false;
+
+    public function __construct(string $filename, int $line, int $padding = 7)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('Source');
+
+        $this->filename = $filename;
+        $this->line = $line;
+
+        $start_line = \max($line - $padding, 1);
+        $length = $line + $padding + 1 - $start_line;
+        $this->source = self::getSource($filename, $start_line, $length);
+        if (null !== $this->source) {
+            $this->contents = \implode("\n", $this->source);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets section of source code.
+     *
+     * @param string   $filename   Full path to file
+     * @param int      $start_line The first line to display (1 based)
+     * @param null|int $length     Amount of lines to show
+     */
+    public static function getSource(string $filename, int $start_line = 1, ?int $length = null): ?array
+    {
+        if (!$filename || !\file_exists($filename) || !\is_readable($filename)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $source = \preg_split("/\r\n|\n|\r/", \file_get_contents($filename));
+        $source = \array_combine(\range(1, \count($source)), $source);
+        $source = \array_slice($source, $start_line - 1, $length, true);
+
+        return $source;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6424ee6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Representation/SplFileInfoRepresentation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval\Representation;
+
+use Kint\Utils;
+use RuntimeException;
+use SplFileInfo;
+
+class SplFileInfoRepresentation extends Representation
+{
+    public $perms = null;
+    public $flags;
+    public $path;
+    public $realpath = null;
+    public $linktarget = null;
+    public $size = null;
+    public $is_dir = false;
+    public $is_file = false;
+    public $is_link = false;
+    public $owner = null;
+    public $group = null;
+    public $ctime = null;
+    public $mtime = null;
+    public $typename = 'Unknown file';
+    public $typeflag = '-';
+    public $hints = ['fspath'];
+
+    public function __construct(SplFileInfo $fileInfo)
+    {
+        parent::__construct('SplFileInfo');
+
+        $this->path = $fileInfo->getPathname();
+
+        try {
+            if (\strlen($this->path) && $fileInfo->getRealPath()) {
+                $this->perms = $fileInfo->getPerms();
+                $this->size = $fileInfo->getSize();
+                $this->owner = $fileInfo->getOwner();
+                $this->group = $fileInfo->getGroup();
+                $this->ctime = $fileInfo->getCTime();
+                $this->mtime = $fileInfo->getMTime();
+                $this->realpath = $fileInfo->getRealPath();
+            }
+
+            $this->is_dir = $fileInfo->isDir();
+            $this->is_file = $fileInfo->isFile();
+            $this->is_link = $fileInfo->isLink();
+
+            if ($this->is_link) {
+                $this->linktarget = $fileInfo->getLinkTarget();
+            }
+        } catch (RuntimeException $e) {
+            if (false === \strpos($e->getMessage(), ' open_basedir ')) {
+                throw $e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        switch ($this->perms & 0xF000) {
+            case 0xC000:
+                $this->typename = 'Socket';
+                $this->typeflag = 's';
+                break;
+            case 0x6000:
+                $this->typename = 'Block device';
+                $this->typeflag = 'b';
+                break;
+            case 0x2000:
+                $this->typename = 'Character device';
+                $this->typeflag = 'c';
+                break;
+            case 0x1000:
+                $this->typename = 'Named pipe';
+                $this->typeflag = 'p';
+                break;
+            default:
+                if ($this->is_file) {
+                    if ($this->is_link) {
+                        $this->typename = 'File symlink';
+                        $this->typeflag = 'l';
+                    } else {
+                        $this->typename = 'File';
+                        $this->typeflag = '-';
+                    }
+                } elseif ($this->is_dir) {
+                    if ($this->is_link) {
+                        $this->typename = 'Directory symlink';
+                        $this->typeflag = 'l';
+                    } else {
+                        $this->typename = 'Directory';
+                        $this->typeflag = 'd';
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+
+        $this->flags = [$this->typeflag];
+
+        // User
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0400) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0200) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($this->perms & 0100) {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 04000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 04000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        // Group
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0040) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0020) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($this->perms & 0010) {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 02000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 02000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        // Other
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0004) ? 'r' : '-');
+        $this->flags[] = (($this->perms & 0002) ? 'w' : '-');
+        if ($this->perms & 0001) {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 01000) ? 's' : 'x';
+        } else {
+            $this->flags[] = ($this->perms & 01000) ? 'S' : '-';
+        }
+
+        $this->contents = \implode($this->flags).' '.$this->owner.' '.$this->group;
+        $this->contents .= ' '.$this->getSize().' '.$this->getMTime().' ';
+
+        if ($this->is_link && $this->linktarget) {
+            $this->contents .= $this->path.' -> '.$this->linktarget;
+        } elseif (null !== $this->realpath && \strlen($this->realpath) < \strlen($this->path)) {
+            $this->contents .= $this->realpath;
+        } else {
+            $this->contents .= $this->path;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getLabel(): string
+    {
+        if ($size = $this->getSize()) {
+            return $this->typename.' ('.$size.')';
+        }
+
+        return $this->typename;
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->size) {
+            $size = Utils::getHumanReadableBytes($this->size);
+
+            return \round($size['value'], 2).$size['unit'];
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getMTime(): ?string
+    {
+        if (null !== $this->mtime) {
+            $year = \date('Y', $this->mtime);
+
+            if ($year !== \date('Y')) {
+                return \date('M d Y', $this->mtime);
+            }
+
+            return \date('M d H:i', $this->mtime);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e50266ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ResourceValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+class ResourceValue extends Value
+{
+    public $resource_type;
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->resource_type) {
+            return $this->resource_type.' resource';
+        }
+
+        return 'resource';
+    }
+
+    public function transplant(Value $old): void
+    {
+        parent::transplant($old);
+
+        if ($old instanceof self) {
+            $this->resource_type = $old->resource_type;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f152230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/SimpleXMLElementValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+class SimpleXMLElementValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    public $hints = ['object', 'simplexml_element'];
+
+    protected $is_string_value = false;
+
+    public function isStringValue(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->is_string_value;
+    }
+
+    public function setIsStringValue(bool $is_string_value): void
+    {
+        $this->is_string_value = $is_string_value;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($this->is_string_value && ($rep = $this->value) && 'contents' === $rep->getName() && 'string' === \gettype($rep->contents)) {
+            return '"'.$rep->contents.'"';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01cd0487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/StreamValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+
+class StreamValue extends ResourceValue
+{
+    public $stream_meta;
+
+    public function __construct(array $meta = null)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+        $this->stream_meta = $meta;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if (empty($this->stream_meta['uri'])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $uri = $this->stream_meta['uri'];
+
+        if (\stream_is_local($uri)) {
+            return Kint::shortenPath($uri);
+        }
+
+        return $uri;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6fcb51c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/ThrowableValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use Throwable;
+
+class ThrowableValue extends InstanceValue
+{
+    public $message;
+    public $hints = ['object', 'throwable'];
+
+    public function __construct(Throwable $throw)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        $this->message = $throw->getMessage();
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if (\strlen($this->message)) {
+            return '"'.$this->message.'"';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bee073bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceFrameValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\SourceRepresentation;
+use ReflectionFunction;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+class TraceFrameValue extends Value
+{
+    public $trace;
+    public $hints = ['trace_frame'];
+
+    public function __construct(Value $base, array $raw_frame)
+    {
+        parent::__construct();
+
+        $this->transplant($base);
+
+        if (!isset($this->value)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Tried to create TraceFrameValue from Value with no value representation');
+        }
+
+        $this->trace = [
+            'function' => $raw_frame['function'],
+            'line' => $raw_frame['line'] ?? null,
+            'file' => $raw_frame['file'] ?? null,
+            'class' => $raw_frame['class'] ?? null,
+            'type' => $raw_frame['type'] ?? null,
+            'object' => null,
+            'args' => null,
+        ];
+
+        if ($this->trace['class'] && \method_exists($this->trace['class'], $this->trace['function'])) {
+            $func = new ReflectionMethod($this->trace['class'], $this->trace['function']);
+            $this->trace['function'] = new MethodValue($func);
+        } elseif (!$this->trace['class'] && \function_exists($this->trace['function'])) {
+            $func = new ReflectionFunction($this->trace['function']);
+            $this->trace['function'] = new MethodValue($func);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->value->contents as $frame_prop) {
+            if ('object' === $frame_prop->name) {
+                $this->trace['object'] = $frame_prop;
+                $this->trace['object']->name = null;
+                $this->trace['object']->operator = Value::OPERATOR_NONE;
+            }
+            if ('args' === $frame_prop->name) {
+                $this->trace['args'] = $frame_prop->value->contents;
+
+                if ($this->trace['function'] instanceof MethodValue) {
+                    foreach (\array_values($this->trace['function']->parameters) as $param) {
+                        if (isset($this->trace['args'][$param->position])) {
+                            $this->trace['args'][$param->position]->name = $param->getName();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->clearRepresentations();
+
+        if (isset($this->trace['file'], $this->trace['line']) && \is_readable($this->trace['file'])) {
+            $this->addRepresentation(new SourceRepresentation($this->trace['file'], $this->trace['line']));
+        }
+
+        if ($this->trace['args']) {
+            $args = new Representation('Arguments');
+            $args->contents = $this->trace['args'];
+            $this->addRepresentation($args);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->trace['object']) {
+            $callee = new Representation('object');
+            $callee->label = 'Callee object ['.$this->trace['object']->classname.']';
+            $callee->contents[] = $this->trace['object'];
+            $this->addRepresentation($callee);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0136b891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/TraceValue.php
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+class TraceValue extends Value
+{
+    public $hints = ['trace'];
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        return 'Debug Backtrace';
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): ?string
+    {
+        if (!$this->size) {
+            return 'empty';
+        }
+
+        return parent::getSize();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..facb6cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/Zval/Value.php
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace Kint\Zval;
+
+use Kint\Zval\Representation\Representation;
+
+class Value
+{
+    public const ACCESS_NONE = null;
+    public const ACCESS_PUBLIC = 1;
+    public const ACCESS_PROTECTED = 2;
+    public const ACCESS_PRIVATE = 3;
+
+    public const OPERATOR_NONE = null;
+    public const OPERATOR_ARRAY = 1;
+    public const OPERATOR_OBJECT = 2;
+    public const OPERATOR_STATIC = 3;
+
+    public $name;
+    public $type;
+    public $readonly = false;
+    public $static = false;
+    public $const = false;
+    public $access = self::ACCESS_NONE;
+    public $owner_class = null;
+    public $access_path;
+    public $operator = self::OPERATOR_NONE;
+    public $reference = false;
+    public $depth = 0;
+    public $size;
+    public $value;
+    public $hints = [];
+
+    protected $representations = [];
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+
+    public function addRepresentation(Representation $rep, ?int $pos = null): bool
+    {
+        if (isset($this->representations[$rep->getName()])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (null === $pos) {
+            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
+        } else {
+            $this->representations = \array_merge(
+                \array_slice($this->representations, 0, $pos),
+                [$rep->getName() => $rep],
+                \array_slice($this->representations, $pos)
+            );
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function replaceRepresentation(Representation $rep, ?int $pos = null): void
+    {
+        if (null === $pos) {
+            $this->representations[$rep->getName()] = $rep;
+        } else {
+            $this->removeRepresentation($rep);
+            $this->addRepresentation($rep, $pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Representation|string $rep
+     */
+    public function removeRepresentation($rep): void
+    {
+        if ($rep instanceof Representation) {
+            unset($this->representations[$rep->getName()]);
+        } else { // String
+            unset($this->representations[$rep]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function getRepresentation(string $name): ?Representation
+    {
+        return $this->representations[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    public function getRepresentations(): array
+    {
+        return $this->representations;
+    }
+
+    public function clearRepresentations(): void
+    {
+        $this->representations = [];
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function getModifiers(): ?string
+    {
+        $out = $this->getAccess();
+
+        if ($this->readonly) {
+            $out .= ' readonly';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->const) {
+            $out .= ' const';
+        }
+
+        if ($this->static) {
+            $out .= ' static';
+        }
+
+        if (null !== $out && \strlen($out)) {
+            return \ltrim($out);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getAccess(): ?string
+    {
+        switch ($this->access) {
+            case self::ACCESS_PRIVATE:
+                return 'private';
+            case self::ACCESS_PROTECTED:
+                return 'protected';
+            case self::ACCESS_PUBLIC:
+                return 'public';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getName(): ?string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->name)) {
+            return (string) $this->name;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getOperator(): ?string
+    {
+        switch ($this->operator) {
+            case self::OPERATOR_ARRAY:
+                return '=>';
+            case self::OPERATOR_OBJECT:
+                return '->';
+            case self::OPERATOR_STATIC:
+                return '::';
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getSize(): ?string
+    {
+        if (isset($this->size)) {
+            return (string) $this->size;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getValueShort(): ?string
+    {
+        if ($rep = $this->value) {
+            if ('boolean' === $this->type) {
+                return $rep->contents ? 'true' : 'false';
+            }
+
+            if ('integer' === $this->type || 'double' === $this->type) {
+                return (string) $rep->contents;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function getAccessPath(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->access_path;
+    }
+
+    public function transplant(self $old): void
+    {
+        $this->name = $old->name;
+        $this->size = $old->size;
+        $this->access_path = $old->access_path;
+        $this->access = $old->access;
+        $this->readonly = $old->readonly;
+        $this->static = $old->static;
+        $this->const = $old->const;
+        $this->type = $old->type;
+        $this->depth = $old->depth;
+        $this->owner_class = $old->owner_class;
+        $this->operator = $old->operator;
+        $this->reference = $old->reference;
+        $this->value = $old->value;
+        $this->representations += $old->representations;
+        $this->hints = \array_merge($this->hints, $old->hints);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new basic object with a name and access path.
+     */
+    public static function blank(?string $name = null, ?string $access_path = null): self
+    {
+        $o = new self();
+        $o->name = $name;
+        $o->access_path = $access_path;
+
+        return $o;
+    }
+
+    public static function sortByAccess(self $a, self $b): int
+    {
+        static $sorts = [
+            self::ACCESS_PUBLIC => 1,
+            self::ACCESS_PROTECTED => 2,
+            self::ACCESS_PRIVATE => 3,
+            self::ACCESS_NONE => 4,
+        ];
+
+        return $sorts[$a->access] - $sorts[$b->access];
+    }
+
+    public static function sortByName(self $a, self $b): int
+    {
+        if ((string) $a->name === (string) $b->name) {
+            return (int) \is_int($b->name) - (int) \is_int($a->name);
+        }
+
+        return \strnatcasecmp((string) $a->name, (string) $b->name);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7605415b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Utils;
+
+if (\defined('KINT_DIR')) {
+    return;
+}
+
+if (\version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.1') < 0) {
+    throw new Exception('Kint 5 requires PHP 7.1 or higher');
+}
+
+\define('KINT_DIR', __DIR__);
+\define('KINT_WIN', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/');
+\define('KINT_PHP72', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.2') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP73', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.3') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP74', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '7.4') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP80', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.0') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP81', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.1') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP82', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.2') >= 0);
+\define('KINT_PHP83', \version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.3') >= 0);
+
+// Dynamic default settings
+if (false !== \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format')) {
+    Kint::$file_link_format = \ini_get('xdebug.file_link_format');
+}
+if (isset($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])) {
+    Kint::$app_root_dirs = [
+        $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] => '<ROOT>',
+    ];
+
+    // Suppressed for unreadable document roots (related to open_basedir)
+    if (false !== @\realpath($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])) {
+        Kint::$app_root_dirs[\realpath($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])] = '<ROOT>';
+    }
+}
+
+Utils::composerSkipFlags();
+
+if ((!\defined('KINT_SKIP_FACADE') || !KINT_SKIP_FACADE) && !\class_exists('Kint')) {
+    \class_alias(Kint::class, 'Kint');
+}
+
+if (!\defined('KINT_SKIP_HELPERS') || !KINT_SKIP_HELPERS) {
+    require_once __DIR__.'/init_helpers.php';
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init_helpers.php b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init_helpers.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..561425b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/init_helpers.php
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Jonathan Vollebregt (jnvsor@gmail.com), Rokas Šleinius (raveren@gmail.com)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+ * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+ * IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+use Kint\Kint;
+use Kint\Renderer\CliRenderer;
+
+if (!\function_exists('d')) {
+    /**
+     * Alias of Kint::dump().
+     *
+     * @param mixed ...$args
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    function d(...$args)
+    {
+        return Kint::dump(...$args);
+    }
+
+    Kint::$aliases[] = 'd';
+}
+
+if (!\function_exists('s')) {
+    /**
+     * Alias of Kint::dump(), however the output is in plain text.
+     *
+     * Alias of Kint::dump(), however the output is in plain htmlescaped text
+     * with some minor visibility enhancements added.
+     *
+     * If run in CLI colors are disabled
+     *
+     * @param mixed ...$args
+     *
+     * @return int|string
+     */
+    function s(...$args)
+    {
+        if (false === Kint::$enabled_mode) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        $kstash = Kint::$enabled_mode;
+        $cstash = CliRenderer::$cli_colors;
+
+        if (Kint::MODE_TEXT !== Kint::$enabled_mode) {
+            Kint::$enabled_mode = Kint::MODE_PLAIN;
+
+            if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' && true === Kint::$cli_detection) {
+                Kint::$enabled_mode = Kint::$mode_default_cli;
+            }
+        }
+
+        CliRenderer::$cli_colors = false;
+
+        $out = Kint::dump(...$args);
+
+        Kint::$enabled_mode = $kstash;
+        CliRenderer::$cli_colors = $cstash;
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    Kint::$aliases[] = 's';
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..832dee71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/aante-light.css
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.kint-rich{font-size:13px;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9)}.kint-rich.kint-folder{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:999999;width:100%;margin:0;display:block}.kint-rich.kint-folder dd.kint-foldout{max-height:calc(100vh - 100px);padding-right:8px;overflow-y:scroll;display:none}.kint-rich.kint-folder dd.kint-foldout.kint-show{display:block}.kint-rich::selection,.kint-rich::-moz-selection,.kint-rich::-webkit-selection{background:#aaa;color:#1d1e1e}.kint-rich .kint-focused{box-shadow:0 0 3px 2px red}.kint-rich,.kint-rich::before,.kint-rich::after,.kint-rich *,.kint-rich *::before,.kint-rich *::after{box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0;color:#1d1e1e;float:none !important;font-family:Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, Lucida Console, Liberation Mono, DejaVu Sans Mono, Bitstream Vera Sans Mono, Courier New, monospace, serif;line-height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.kint-rich{margin:8px 0}.kint-rich dt,.kint-rich dl{width:auto}.kint-rich dt,.kint-rich div.access-path{background:#f8f8f8;border:1px solid #d7d7d7;color:#1d1e1e;display:block;font-weight:bold;list-style:none outside none;overflow:auto;padding:4px}.kint-rich dt:hover,.kint-rich div.access-path:hover{border-color:#aaa}.kint-rich>dl dl{padding:0 0 0 12px}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent>nav,.kint-rich>footer>nav{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMCAxNTAiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik02IDdoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTkgMTV6bTAgNDVoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMzBoMThsLTktMTV6bTAgMTJsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIGZpbGw9IiM1NTUiLz48cGF0aCBkPSJNNiAxMjZsMTggMThtLTE4IDBsMTgtMTgiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iMiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjNTU1Ii8+PC9zdmc+") no-repeat scroll 0 0/15px 75px transparent;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:15px;width:15px;margin-right:3px;vertical-align:middle}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent:hover>nav,.kint-rich>footer>nav:hover{background-position:0 25%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show>nav,.kint-rich>footer.kint-show>nav{background-position:0 50%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show:hover>nav,.kint-rich>footer.kint-show>nav:hover{background-position:0 75%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-locked>nav{background-position:0 100%}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent+dd{display:none;border-left:1px dashed #d7d7d7}.kint-rich dt.kint-parent.kint-show+dd{display:block}.kint-rich var,.kint-rich var a{color:#06f;font-style:normal}.kint-rich dt:hover var,.kint-rich dt:hover var a{color:red}.kint-rich dfn{font-style:normal;font-family:monospace;color:#1d1e1e}.kint-rich pre{color:#1d1e1e;margin:0 0 0 12px;padding:5px;overflow-y:hidden;border-top:0;border:1px solid #d7d7d7;background:#f8f8f8;display:block;word-break:normal}.kint-rich .kint-popup-trigger,.kint-rich .kint-access-path-trigger,.kint-rich .kint-search-trigger{background:rgba(29,30,30,0.8);border-radius:3px;height:16px;font-size:16px;margin-left:5px;font-weight:bold;width:16px;text-align:center;float:right 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ul.kint-tabs>li{background:#f8f8f8;border:1px solid #d7d7d7;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:24px;margin:2px;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:top}.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs>li:hover,.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs>li.kint-active-tab:hover{border-color:#aaa;color:red}.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs>li.kint-active-tab{background:#f8f8f8;border-top:0;margin-top:-1px;height:27px;line-height:24px}.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs>li:not(.kint-active-tab){line-height:20px}.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs li+li{margin-left:0}.kint-rich ul.kint-tab-contents>li{display:none}.kint-rich ul.kint-tab-contents>li.kint-show{display:block}.kint-rich dt:hover+dd>ul>li.kint-active-tab{border-color:#aaa;color:red}.kint-rich dt>.kint-color-preview{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:10px;border:1px solid #d7d7d7;background-color:#ccc;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2 2"><path fill="%23FFF" d="M0 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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88d4ba92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/microtime.js
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3c2bf41
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba1eba0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.css
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9791fc9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/plain.js
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+void 0===window.kintPlain&&(window.kintPlain=function(){"use strict";var i={initLoad:function(){i.style=window.kintShared.dedupe("style.kint-plain-style",i.style),i.script=window.kintShared.dedupe("script.kint-plain-script",i.script)},style:null,script:null};return i}()),window.kintShared.runOnce(window.kintPlain.initLoad);
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39db8fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/rich.js
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdaaaa6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/shared.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+void 0===window.kintShared&&(window.kintShared=function(){"use strict";var e={dedupe:function(e,n){return[].forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll(e),function(e){e!==(n=n&&n.ownerDocument.contains(n)?n:e)&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}),n},runOnce:function(e){"complete"===document.readyState?e():window.addEventListener("load",e)}};return window.addEventListener("click",function(e){var n;e.target.classList.contains("kint-ide-link")&&((n=new XMLHttpRequest).open("GET",e.target.href),n.send(null),e.preventDefault())}),e}());
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized-dark.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized-dark.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ab5e287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized-dark.css
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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th:first-child{background:none;border:0}.kint-rich table tr:hover>td{box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 #268bd2 inset}.kint-rich table tr:hover var{color:#2aa198}.kint-rich table ul.kint-tabs li.kint-active-tab{height:20px;line-height:17px}.kint-rich pre.kint-source{margin-left:-1px}.kint-rich pre.kint-source[data-kint-filename]:before{display:block;content:attr(data-kint-filename);margin-bottom:5px;padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:1px solid #073642}.kint-rich pre.kint-source>div:before{display:inline-block;content:counter(kint-l);counter-increment:kint-l;border-right:1px solid #268bd2;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px}.kint-rich pre.kint-source>div.kint-highlight{background:#073642}.kint-rich .kint-microtime-lap{text-shadow:-1px 0 #268bd2,0 1px #268bd2,1px 0 #268bd2,0 -1px #268bd2;color:#002b36;font-weight:bold}input.kint-note-input{width:100%}.kint-rich .kint-focused{box-shadow:0 0 3px 2px #859900 inset;border-radius:7px}.kint-rich>dl>dt,.kint-rich ul.kint-tabs{box-shadow:4px 0 2px -3px #268bd2 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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..952453ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/Kint/resources/compiled/solarized.css
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/AbstractLogger.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/AbstractLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e02f9daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/AbstractLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * This is a simple Logger implementation that other Loggers can inherit from.
+ *
+ * It simply delegates all log-level-specific methods to the `log` method to
+ * reduce boilerplate code that a simple Logger that does the same thing with
+ * messages regardless of the error level has to implement.
+ */
+abstract class AbstractLogger implements LoggerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * System is unusable.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function emergency($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::EMERGENCY, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Action must be taken immediately.
+     *
+     * Example: Entire website down, database unavailable, etc. This should
+     * trigger the SMS alerts and wake you up.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function alert($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::ALERT, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Critical conditions.
+     *
+     * Example: Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function critical($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::CRITICAL, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runtime errors that do not require immediate action but should typically
+     * be logged and monitored.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function error($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::ERROR, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     *
+     * Example: Use of deprecated APIs, poor use of an API, undesirable things
+     * that are not necessarily wrong.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function warning($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::WARNING, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normal but significant events.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function notice($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::NOTICE, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interesting events.
+     *
+     * Example: User logs in, SQL logs.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function info($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::INFO, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detailed debug information.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function debug($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::DEBUG, $message, $context);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/InvalidArgumentException.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/InvalidArgumentException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67f852d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/InvalidArgumentException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+class InvalidArgumentException extends \InvalidArgumentException
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LICENSE b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..474c952b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 PHP Framework Interoperability Group
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell 
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is 
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in 
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LogLevel.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LogLevel.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9cebcace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LogLevel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * Describes log levels.
+ */
+class LogLevel
+{
+    const EMERGENCY = 'emergency';
+    const ALERT     = 'alert';
+    const CRITICAL  = 'critical';
+    const ERROR     = 'error';
+    const WARNING   = 'warning';
+    const NOTICE    = 'notice';
+    const INFO      = 'info';
+    const DEBUG     = 'debug';
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d64f478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * Describes a logger-aware instance.
+ */
+interface LoggerAwareInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Sets a logger instance on the object.
+     *
+     * @param LoggerInterface $logger
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setLogger(LoggerInterface $logger);
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareTrait.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82bf45c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerAwareTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * Basic Implementation of LoggerAwareInterface.
+ */
+trait LoggerAwareTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * The logger instance.
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface|null
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a logger.
+     *
+     * @param LoggerInterface $logger
+     */
+    public function setLogger(LoggerInterface $logger)
+    {
+        $this->logger = $logger;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2206cfde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * Describes a logger instance.
+ *
+ * The message MUST be a string or object implementing __toString().
+ *
+ * The message MAY contain placeholders in the form: {foo} where foo
+ * will be replaced by the context data in key "foo".
+ *
+ * The context array can contain arbitrary data. The only assumption that
+ * can be made by implementors is that if an Exception instance is given
+ * to produce a stack trace, it MUST be in a key named "exception".
+ *
+ * See https://github.com/php-fig/fig-standards/blob/master/accepted/PSR-3-logger-interface.md
+ * for the full interface specification.
+ */
+interface LoggerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * System is unusable.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function emergency($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Action must be taken immediately.
+     *
+     * Example: Entire website down, database unavailable, etc. This should
+     * trigger the SMS alerts and wake you up.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function alert($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Critical conditions.
+     *
+     * Example: Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function critical($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Runtime errors that do not require immediate action but should typically
+     * be logged and monitored.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function error($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     *
+     * Example: Use of deprecated APIs, poor use of an API, undesirable things
+     * that are not necessarily wrong.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function warning($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Normal but significant events.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function notice($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Interesting events.
+     *
+     * Example: User logs in, SQL logs.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function info($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Detailed debug information.
+     *
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function debug($message, array $context = array());
+
+    /**
+     * Logs with an arbitrary level.
+     *
+     * @param mixed   $level
+     * @param string  $message
+     * @param mixed[] $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws \Psr\Log\InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function log($level, $message, array $context = array());
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerTrait.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e392fef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * This is a simple Logger trait that classes unable to extend AbstractLogger
+ * (because they extend another class, etc) can include.
+ *
+ * It simply delegates all log-level-specific methods to the `log` method to
+ * reduce boilerplate code that a simple Logger that does the same thing with
+ * messages regardless of the error level has to implement.
+ */
+trait LoggerTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * System is unusable.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function emergency($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::EMERGENCY, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Action must be taken immediately.
+     *
+     * Example: Entire website down, database unavailable, etc. This should
+     * trigger the SMS alerts and wake you up.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function alert($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::ALERT, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Critical conditions.
+     *
+     * Example: Application component unavailable, unexpected exception.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function critical($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::CRITICAL, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runtime errors that do not require immediate action but should typically
+     * be logged and monitored.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function error($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::ERROR, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exceptional occurrences that are not errors.
+     *
+     * Example: Use of deprecated APIs, poor use of an API, undesirable things
+     * that are not necessarily wrong.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function warning($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::WARNING, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normal but significant events.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function notice($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::NOTICE, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interesting events.
+     *
+     * Example: User logs in, SQL logs.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function info($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::INFO, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detailed debug information.
+     *
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function debug($message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        $this->log(LogLevel::DEBUG, $message, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logs with an arbitrary level.
+     *
+     * @param mixed  $level
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws \Psr\Log\InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    abstract public function log($level, $message, array $context = array());
+}
diff --git a/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/NullLogger.php b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/NullLogger.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8f7293b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/NullLogger.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Psr\Log;
+
+/**
+ * This Logger can be used to avoid conditional log calls.
+ *
+ * Logging should always be optional, and if no logger is provided to your
+ * library creating a NullLogger instance to have something to throw logs at
+ * is a good way to avoid littering your code with `if ($this->logger) { }`
+ * blocks.
+ */
+class NullLogger extends AbstractLogger
+{
+    /**
+     * Logs with an arbitrary level.
+     *
+     * @param mixed  $level
+     * @param string $message
+     * @param array  $context
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws \Psr\Log\InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function log($level, $message, array $context = array())
+    {
+        // noop
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Throttle/Throttler.php b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a10c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Throttle;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
+
+/**
+ * Class Throttler
+ *
+ * Uses an implementation of the Token Bucket algorithm to implement a
+ * "rolling window" type of throttling that can be used for rate limiting
+ * an API or any other request.
+ *
+ * Each "token" in the "bucket" is equivalent to a single request
+ * for the purposes of this implementation.
+ *
+ * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_bucket
+ */
+class Throttler implements ThrottlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Container for throttle counters.
+     *
+     * @var CacheInterface
+     */
+    protected $cache;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of seconds until the next token is available.
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $tokenTime = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The prefix applied to all keys to
+     * minimize potential conflicts.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $prefix = 'throttler_';
+
+    /**
+     * Timestamp to use (during testing)
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $testTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(CacheInterface $cache)
+    {
+        $this->cache = $cache;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of seconds until the next available token will
+     * be released for usage.
+     */
+    public function getTokenTime(): int
+    {
+        return $this->tokenTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restricts the number of requests made by a single IP address within
+     * a set number of seconds.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *
+     *  if (! $throttler->check($request->ipAddress(), 60, MINUTE)) {
+     *      die('You submitted over 60 requests within a minute.');
+     *  }
+     *
+     * @param string $key      The name to use as the "bucket" name.
+     * @param int    $capacity The number of requests the "bucket" can hold
+     * @param int    $seconds  The time it takes the "bucket" to completely refill
+     * @param int    $cost     The number of tokens this action uses.
+     *
+     * @internal param int $maxRequests
+     */
+    public function check(string $key, int $capacity, int $seconds, int $cost = 1): bool
+    {
+        $tokenName = $this->prefix . $key;
+
+        // Number of tokens to add back per second
+        $rate = $capacity / $seconds;
+        // Number of seconds to get one token
+        $refresh = 1 / $rate;
+
+        // Check to see if the bucket has even been created yet.
+        if (($tokens = $this->cache->get($tokenName)) === null) {
+            // If it hasn't been created, then we'll set it to the maximum
+            // capacity - 1, and save it to the cache.
+            $tokens = $capacity - $cost;
+            $this->cache->save($tokenName, $tokens, $seconds);
+            $this->cache->save($tokenName . 'Time', $this->time(), $seconds);
+
+            $this->tokenTime = 0;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // If $tokens > 0, then we need to replenish the bucket
+        // based on how long it's been since the last update.
+        $throttleTime = $this->cache->get($tokenName . 'Time');
+        $elapsed      = $this->time() - $throttleTime;
+
+        // Add tokens based up on number per second that
+        // should be refilled, then checked against capacity
+        // to be sure the bucket didn't overflow.
+        $tokens += $rate * $elapsed;
+        $tokens = $tokens > $capacity ? $capacity : $tokens;
+
+        // If $tokens >= 1, then we are safe to perform the action, but
+        // we need to decrement the number of available tokens.
+        if ($tokens >= 1) {
+            $tokens -= $cost;
+            $this->cache->save($tokenName, $tokens, $seconds);
+            $this->cache->save($tokenName . 'Time', $this->time(), $seconds);
+
+            $this->tokenTime = 0;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // How many seconds till a new token is available.
+        // We must have a minimum wait of 1 second for a new token.
+        // Primarily stored to allow devs to report back to users.
+        $newTokenAvailable = (int) round((1 - $tokens) * $refresh);
+        $this->tokenTime   = max(1, $newTokenAvailable);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $key The name of the bucket
+     */
+    public function remove(string $key): self
+    {
+        $tokenName = $this->prefix . $key;
+
+        $this->cache->delete($tokenName);
+        $this->cache->delete($tokenName . 'Time');
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used during testing to set the current timestamp to use.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setTestTime(int $time)
+    {
+        $this->testTime = $time;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the test time, defaulting to current.
+     *
+     * @TODO should be private
+     */
+    public function time(): int
+    {
+        return $this->testTime ?? Time::now()->getTimestamp();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Throttle/ThrottlerInterface.php b/system/Throttle/ThrottlerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fffcb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Throttle/ThrottlerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Throttle;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a Throttler
+ */
+interface ThrottlerInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Restricts the number of requests made by a single key within
+     * a set number of seconds.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *
+     *  if (! $throttler->checkIPAddress($request->ipAddress(), 60, MINUTE))
+     * {
+     *      die('You submitted over 60 requests within a minute.');
+     * }
+     *
+     * @param string $key      The name to use as the "bucket" name.
+     * @param int    $capacity The number of requests the "bucket" can hold
+     * @param int    $seconds  The time it takes the "bucket" to completely refill
+     * @param int    $cost     The number of tokens this action uses.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function check(string $key, int $capacity, int $seconds, int $cost);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of seconds until the next available token will
+     * be released for usage.
+     */
+    public function getTokenTime(): int;
+}
diff --git a/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php b/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..620bdd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Traits/ConditionalTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Traits;
+
+trait ConditionalTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Only runs the query when $condition evaluates to true
+     *
+     * @template TWhen of mixed
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param TWhen                         $condition
+     * @phpstan-param callable(self, TWhen): mixed  $callback
+     * @phpstan-param (callable(self): mixed)|null  $defaultCallback
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null $condition
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function when($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null): self
+    {
+        if ($condition) {
+            $callback($this, $condition);
+        } elseif ($defaultCallback) {
+            $defaultCallback($this);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only runs the query when $condition evaluates to false
+     *
+     * @template TWhenNot of mixed
+     *
+     * @phpstan-param TWhenNot                        $condition
+     * @phpstan-param callable(self, TWhenNot): mixed $callback
+     * @phpstan-param (callable(self): mixed)|null    $defaultCallback
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null $condition
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function whenNot($condition, callable $callback, ?callable $defaultCallback = null): self
+    {
+        if (! $condition) {
+            $callback($this, $condition);
+        } elseif ($defaultCallback) {
+            $defaultCallback($this);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php b/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4983ed68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Traits/PropertiesTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Traits;
+
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+
+/**
+ * Trait PropertiesTrait
+ *
+ * Provides utilities for reading and writing
+ * class properties, primarily for limiting access
+ * to public properties.
+ */
+trait PropertiesTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Attempts to set the values of public class properties.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    final public function fill(array $params): self
+    {
+        foreach ($params as $key => $value) {
+            if (property_exists($this, $key)) {
+                $this->{$key} = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the public properties of the class and return as an array.
+     */
+    final public function getPublicProperties(): array
+    {
+        $worker = new class () {
+            public function getProperties(object $obj): array
+            {
+                return get_object_vars($obj);
+            }
+        };
+
+        return $worker->getProperties($this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the protected and private properties of the class and return as an array.
+     */
+    final public function getNonPublicProperties(): array
+    {
+        $exclude    = ['view'];
+        $properties = [];
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($this);
+
+        foreach ($reflection->getProperties(ReflectionProperty::IS_PRIVATE | ReflectionProperty::IS_PROTECTED) as $property) {
+            if ($property->isStatic() || in_array($property->getName(), $exclude, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $property->setAccessible(true);
+            $properties[] = $property;
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Typography/Typography.php b/system/Typography/Typography.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd763cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Typography/Typography.php
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Typography;
+
+use Config\DocTypes;
+
+/**
+ * Typography Class
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Typography\TypographyTest
+ */
+class Typography
+{
+    /**
+     * Block level elements that should not be wrapped inside <p> tags
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $blockElements = 'address|blockquote|div|dl|fieldset|form|h\d|hr|noscript|object|ol|p|pre|script|table|ul';
+
+    /**
+     * Elements that should not have <p> and <br> tags within them.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $skipElements = 'p|pre|ol|ul|dl|object|table|h\d';
+
+    /**
+     * Tags we want the parser to completely ignore when splitting the string.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $inlineElements = 'a|abbr|acronym|b|bdo|big|br|button|cite|code|del|dfn|em|i|img|ins|input|label|map|kbd|q|samp|select|small|span|strong|sub|sup|textarea|tt|var';
+
+    /**
+     * array of block level elements that require inner content to be within another block level element
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $innerBlockRequired = ['blockquote'];
+
+    /**
+     * the last block element parsed
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $lastBlockElement = '';
+
+    /**
+     * whether or not to protect quotes within { curly braces }
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $protectBracedQuotes = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Auto Typography
+     *
+     * This function converts text, making it typographically correct:
+     *     - Converts double spaces into paragraphs.
+     *     - Converts single line breaks into <br> tags
+     *     - Converts single and double quotes into correctly facing curly quote entities.
+     *     - Converts three dots into ellipsis.
+     *     - Converts double dashes into em-dashes.
+     *  - Converts two spaces into entities
+     *
+     * @param bool $reduceLinebreaks whether to reduce more then two consecutive newlines to two
+     */
+    public function autoTypography(string $str, bool $reduceLinebreaks = false): string
+    {
+        if ($str === '') {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        // Standardize Newlines to make matching easier
+        if (strpos($str, "\r") !== false) {
+            $str = str_replace(["\r\n", "\r"], "\n", $str);
+        }
+
+        // Reduce line breaks.  If there are more than two consecutive linebreaks
+        // we'll compress them down to a maximum of two since there's no benefit to more.
+        if ($reduceLinebreaks === false) {
+            $str = preg_replace("/\n\n+/", "\n\n", $str);
+        }
+
+        // HTML comment tags don't conform to patterns of normal tags, so pull them out separately, only if needed
+        $htmlComments = [];
+        if (strpos($str, '<!--') !== false && preg_match_all('#(<!\-\-.*?\-\->)#s', $str, $matches)) {
+            for ($i = 0, $total = count($matches[0]); $i < $total; $i++) {
+                $htmlComments[] = $matches[0][$i];
+                $str            = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{@HC' . $i . '}', $str);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // match and yank <pre> tags if they exist.  It's cheaper to do this separately since most content will
+        // not contain <pre> tags, and it keeps the PCRE patterns below simpler and faster
+        if (strpos($str, '<pre') !== false) {
+            $str = preg_replace_callback('#<pre.*?>.*?</pre>#si', [$this, 'protectCharacters'], $str);
+        }
+
+        // Convert quotes within tags to temporary markers.
+        $str = preg_replace_callback('#<.+?>#si', [$this, 'protectCharacters'], $str);
+
+        // Do the same with braces if necessary
+        if ($this->protectBracedQuotes === false) {
+            $str = preg_replace_callback('#\{.+?\}#si', [$this, 'protectCharacters'], $str);
+        }
+
+        // Convert "ignore" tags to temporary marker.  The parser splits out the string at every tag
+        // it encounters.  Certain inline tags, like image tags, links, span tags, etc. will be
+        // adversely affected if they are split out so we'll convert the opening bracket < temporarily to: {@TAG}
+        $str = preg_replace('#<(/*)(' . $this->inlineElements . ')([ >])#i', '{@TAG}\\1\\2\\3', $str);
+
+        /* Split the string at every tag. This expression creates an array with this prototype:
+         *
+         * 	[array]
+         * 	{
+         * 		[0] = <opening tag>
+         * 		[1] = Content...
+         * 		[2] = <closing tag>
+         * 		Etc...
+         * 	}
+         */
+        $chunks = preg_split('/(<(?:[^<>]+(?:"[^"]*"|\'[^\']*\')?)+>)/', $str, -1, PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
+
+        // Build our finalized string.  We cycle through the array, skipping tags, and processing the contained text
+        $str     = '';
+        $process = true;
+
+        for ($i = 0, $c = count($chunks) - 1; $i <= $c; $i++) {
+            // Are we dealing with a tag? If so, we'll skip the processing for this cycle.
+            // Well also set the "process" flag which allows us to skip <pre> tags and a few other things.
+            if (preg_match('#<(/*)(' . $this->blockElements . ').*?>#', $chunks[$i], $match)) {
+                if (preg_match('#' . $this->skipElements . '#', $match[2])) {
+                    $process = ($match[1] === '/');
+                }
+
+                if ($match[1] === '') {
+                    $this->lastBlockElement = $match[2];
+                }
+
+                $str .= $chunks[$i];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($process === false) {
+                $str .= $chunks[$i];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Force a newline to make sure end tags get processed by _format_newlines()
+            if ($i === $c) {
+                $chunks[$i] .= "\n";
+            }
+
+            // Convert Newlines into <p> and <br> tags
+            $str .= $this->formatNewLines($chunks[$i]);
+        }
+
+        // No opening block level tag? Add it if needed.
+        if (! preg_match('/^\s*<(?:' . $this->blockElements . ')/i', $str)) {
+            $str = preg_replace('/^(.*?)<(' . $this->blockElements . ')/i', '<p>$1</p><$2', $str);
+        }
+
+        // Convert quotes, elipsis, em-dashes, non-breaking spaces, and ampersands
+        $str = $this->formatCharacters($str);
+
+        foreach ($htmlComments as $i => $htmlComment) {
+            // remove surrounding paragraph tags, but only if there's an opening paragraph tag
+            // otherwise HTML comments at the ends of paragraphs will have the closing tag removed
+            // if '<p>{@HC1}' then replace <p>{@HC1}</p> with the comment, else replace only {@HC1} with the comment
+            $str = preg_replace('#(?(?=<p>\{@HC' . $i . '\})<p>\{@HC' . $i . '\}(\s*</p>)|\{@HC' . $i . '\})#s', $htmlComment, $str);
+        }
+
+        // Final clean up
+        $table = [
+            // If the user submitted their own paragraph tags within the text
+            // we will retain them instead of using our tags.
+            '/(<p[^>*?]>)<p>/' => '$1', // <?php BBEdit syntax coloring bug fix
+            // Reduce multiple instances of opening/closing paragraph tags to a single one
+            '#(</p>)+#'      => '</p>',
+            '/(<p>\W*<p>)+/' => '<p>',
+            // Clean up stray paragraph tags that appear before block level elements
+            '#<p></p><(' . $this->blockElements . ')#' => '<$1',
+            // Clean up stray non-breaking spaces preceeding block elements
+            '#(&nbsp;\s*)+<(' . $this->blockElements . ')#' => '  <$2',
+            // Replace the temporary markers we added earlier
+            '/\{@TAG\}/' => '<',
+            '/\{@DQ\}/'  => '"',
+            '/\{@SQ\}/'  => "'",
+            '/\{@DD\}/'  => '--',
+            '/\{@NBS\}/' => '  ',
+            // An unintended consequence of the _format_newlines function is that
+            // some of the newlines get truncated, resulting in <p> tags
+            // starting immediately after <block> tags on the same line.
+            // This forces a newline after such occurrences, which looks much nicer.
+            "/><p>\n/" => ">\n<p>",
+            // Similarly, there might be cases where a closing </block> will follow
+            // a closing </p> tag, so we'll correct it by adding a newline in between
+            '#</p></#' => "</p>\n</",
+        ];
+
+        // Do we need to reduce empty lines?
+        if ($reduceLinebreaks === true) {
+            $table['#<p>\n*</p>#'] = '';
+        } else {
+            // If we have empty paragraph tags we add a non-breaking space
+            // otherwise most browsers won't treat them as true paragraphs
+            $table['#<p></p>#'] = '<p>&nbsp;</p>';
+        }
+
+        return preg_replace(array_keys($table), $table, $str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Format Characters
+     *
+     * This function mainly converts double and single quotes
+     * to curly entities, but it also converts em-dashes,
+     * double spaces, and ampersands
+     */
+    public function formatCharacters(string $str): string
+    {
+        static $table;
+
+        if (! isset($table)) {
+            $table = [
+                // nested smart quotes, opening and closing
+                // note that rules for grammar (English) allow only for two levels deep
+                // and that single quotes are _supposed_ to always be on the outside
+                // but we'll accommodate both
+                // Note that in all cases, whitespace is the primary determining factor
+                // on which direction to curl, with non-word characters like punctuation
+                // being a secondary factor only after whitespace is addressed.
+                '/\'"(\s|$)/'     => '&#8217;&#8221;$1',
+                '/(^|\s|<p>)\'"/' => '$1&#8216;&#8220;',
+                '/\'"(\W)/'       => '&#8217;&#8221;$1',
+                '/(\W)\'"/'       => '$1&#8216;&#8220;',
+                '/"\'(\s|$)/'     => '&#8221;&#8217;$1',
+                '/(^|\s|<p>)"\'/' => '$1&#8220;&#8216;',
+                '/"\'(\W)/'       => '&#8221;&#8217;$1',
+                '/(\W)"\'/'       => '$1&#8220;&#8216;',
+                // single quote smart quotes
+                '/\'(\s|$)/'     => '&#8217;$1',
+                '/(^|\s|<p>)\'/' => '$1&#8216;',
+                '/\'(\W)/'       => '&#8217;$1',
+                '/(\W)\'/'       => '$1&#8216;',
+                // double quote smart quotes
+                '/"(\s|$)/'     => '&#8221;$1',
+                '/(^|\s|<p>)"/' => '$1&#8220;',
+                '/"(\W)/'       => '&#8221;$1',
+                '/(\W)"/'       => '$1&#8220;',
+                // apostrophes
+                '/(\w)\'(\w)/' => '$1&#8217;$2',
+                // Em dash and ellipses dots
+                '/\s?\-\-\s?/' => '&#8212;',
+                '/(\w)\.{3}/'  => '$1&#8230;',
+                // double space after sentences
+                '/(\W)  /' => '$1&nbsp; ',
+                // ampersands, if not a character entity
+                '/&(?!#?[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,};)/' => '&amp;',
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return preg_replace(array_keys($table), $table, $str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Format Newlines
+     *
+     * Converts newline characters into either <p> tags or <br>
+     */
+    protected function formatNewLines(string $str): string
+    {
+        if ($str === '' || (strpos($str, "\n") === false && ! in_array($this->lastBlockElement, $this->innerBlockRequired, true))) {
+            return $str;
+        }
+
+        // Convert two consecutive newlines to paragraphs
+        $str = str_replace("\n\n", "</p>\n\n<p>", $str);
+
+        // Convert single spaces to <br> tags
+        $br  = '<br' . _solidus() . '>';
+        $str = preg_replace("/([^\n])(\n)([^\n])/", '\\1' . $br . '\\2\\3', $str);
+
+        // Wrap the whole enchilada in enclosing paragraphs
+        if ($str !== "\n") {
+            // We trim off the right-side new line so that the closing </p> tag
+            // will be positioned immediately following the string, matching
+            // the behavior of the opening <p> tag
+            $str = '<p>' . rtrim($str) . '</p>';
+        }
+
+        // Remove empty paragraphs if they are on the first line, as this
+        // is a potential unintended consequence of the previous code
+        return preg_replace('/<p><\/p>(.*)/', '\\1', $str, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Protect Characters
+     *
+     * Protects special characters from being formatted later
+     * We don't want quotes converted within tags so we'll temporarily convert them to {@DQ} and {@SQ}
+     * and we don't want double dashes converted to emdash entities, so they are marked with {@DD}
+     * likewise double spaces are converted to {@NBS} to prevent entity conversion
+     */
+    protected function protectCharacters(array $match): string
+    {
+        return str_replace(["'", '"', '--', '  '], ['{@SQ}', '{@DQ}', '{@DD}', '{@NBS}'], $match[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
+     */
+    public function nl2brExceptPre(string $str): string
+    {
+        $newstr   = '';
+        $docTypes = new DocTypes();
+
+        for ($ex = explode('pre>', $str), $ct = count($ex), $i = 0; $i < $ct; $i++) {
+            $xhtml = ! ($docTypes->html5 ?? false);
+            $newstr .= (($i % 2) === 0) ? nl2br($ex[$i], $xhtml) : $ex[$i];
+
+            if ($ct - 1 !== $i) {
+                $newstr .= 'pre>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $newstr;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php b/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f59d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+/**
+ * Class CreditCardRules
+ *
+ * Provides validation methods for common credit-card inputs.
+ *
+ * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_number
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\CreditCardRulesTest
+ */
+class CreditCardRules
+{
+    /**
+     * The cards that we support, with the defining details:
+     *
+     *  name        - The type of card as found in the form. Must match the user's value
+     *  length      - List of possible lengths for the card number
+     *  prefixes    - List of possible prefixes for the card
+     *  checkdigit  - Boolean on whether we should do a modulus10 check on the numbers.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $cards = [
+        'American Express' => [
+            'name'       => 'amex',
+            'length'     => '15',
+            'prefixes'   => '34,37',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'China UnionPay' => [
+            'name'       => 'unionpay',
+            'length'     => '16,17,18,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '62',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Dankort' => [
+            'name'       => 'dankort',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '5019,4175,4571,4',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'DinersClub' => [
+            'name'       => 'dinersclub',
+            'length'     => '14,16',
+            'prefixes'   => '300,301,302,303,304,305,309,36,38,39,54,55',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'DinersClub CarteBlanche' => [
+            'name'       => 'carteblanche',
+            'length'     => '14',
+            'prefixes'   => '300,301,302,303,304,305',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Discover Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'discover',
+            'length'     => '16,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '6011,622,644,645,656,647,648,649,65',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'InterPayment' => [
+            'name'       => 'interpayment',
+            'length'     => '16,17,18,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '4',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'JCB' => [
+            'name'       => 'jcb',
+            'length'     => '16,17,18,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '352,353,354,355,356,357,358',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Maestro' => [
+            'name'       => 'maestro',
+            'length'     => '12,13,14,15,16,18,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '50,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'MasterCard' => [
+            'name'       => 'mastercard',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '51,52,53,54,55,22,23,24,25,26,27',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'NSPK MIR' => [
+            'name'       => 'mir',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '2200,2201,2202,2203,2204',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Troy' => [
+            'name'       => 'troy',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '979200,979289',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'UATP' => [
+            'name'       => 'uatp',
+            'length'     => '15',
+            'prefixes'   => '1',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Verve' => [
+            'name'       => 'verve',
+            'length'     => '16,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '506,650',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        'Visa' => [
+            'name'       => 'visa',
+            'length'     => '13,16,19',
+            'prefixes'   => '4',
+            'checkdigit' => true,
+        ],
+        // Canadian Cards
+        'BMO ABM Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'bmoabm',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '500',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+        'CIBC Convenience Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'cibc',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '4506',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+        'HSBC Canada Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'hsbc',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '56',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+        'Royal Bank of Canada Client Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'rbc',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '45',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+        'Scotiabank Scotia Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'scotia',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '4536',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+        'TD Canada Trust Access Card' => [
+            'name'       => 'tdtrust',
+            'length'     => '16',
+            'prefixes'   => '589297',
+            'checkdigit' => false,
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a credit card number is valid and matches the known
+     * formats for a wide number of credit card types. This does not verify
+     * that the card is a valid card, only that the number is formatted correctly.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  $rules = [
+     *      'cc_num' => 'valid_cc_number[visa]'
+     *  ];
+     */
+    public function valid_cc_number(?string $ccNumber, string $type): bool
+    {
+        $type = strtolower($type);
+        $info = null;
+
+        // Get our card info based on provided name.
+        foreach ($this->cards as $card) {
+            if ($card['name'] === $type) {
+                $info = $card;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If empty, it's not a card type we recognize, or invalid type.
+        if (empty($info)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure we have a valid length
+        if ((string) $ccNumber === '') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Remove any spaces and dashes
+        $ccNumber = str_replace([' ', '-'], '', $ccNumber);
+
+        // Non-numeric values cannot be a number...duh
+        if (! is_numeric($ccNumber)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure it's a valid length for this card
+        $lengths = explode(',', $info['length']);
+
+        if (! in_array((string) strlen($ccNumber), $lengths, true)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure it has a valid prefix
+        $prefixes = explode(',', $info['prefixes']);
+
+        $validPrefix = false;
+
+        foreach ($prefixes as $prefix) {
+            if (strpos($ccNumber, $prefix) === 0) {
+                $validPrefix = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($validPrefix === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Still here? Then check the number against the Luhn algorithm, if required
+        // @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm
+        // @see https://gist.github.com/troelskn/1287893
+        if ($info['checkdigit'] === true) {
+            return $this->isValidLuhn($ccNumber);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the given number to see if the number passing a Luhn check.
+     */
+    protected function isValidLuhn(?string $number = null): bool
+    {
+        $number = (string) $number;
+
+        $sumTable = [
+            [
+                0,
+                1,
+                2,
+                3,
+                4,
+                5,
+                6,
+                7,
+                8,
+                9,
+            ],
+            [
+                0,
+                2,
+                4,
+                6,
+                8,
+                1,
+                3,
+                5,
+                7,
+                9,
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $sum  = 0;
+        $flip = 0;
+
+        for ($i = strlen($number) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
+            $sum += $sumTable[$flip++ & 0x1][$number[$i]];
+        }
+
+        return $sum % 10 === 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43cb1937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\DotArrayFilterTest
+ */
+final class DotArrayFilter
+{
+    /**
+     * Creates a new array with only the elements specified in dot array syntax.
+     *
+     * This code comes from the dot_array_search() function.
+     *
+     * @param array $indexes The dot array syntax pattern to use for filtering.
+     * @param array $array   The array to filter.
+     *
+     * @return array The filtered array.
+     */
+    public static function run(array $indexes, array $array): array
+    {
+        $result = [];
+
+        foreach ($indexes as $index) {
+            // See https://regex101.com/r/44Ipql/1
+            $segments = preg_split(
+                '/(?<!\\\\)\./',
+                rtrim($index, '* '),
+                0,
+                PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+            );
+
+            $segments = array_map(
+                static fn ($key) => str_replace('\.', '.', $key),
+                $segments
+            );
+
+            $result = array_merge_recursive($result, self::filter($segments, $array));
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used by `run()` to recursively filter the array with wildcards.
+     *
+     * @param array $indexes The dot array syntax pattern to use for filtering.
+     * @param array $array   The array to filter.
+     *
+     * @return array The filtered array.
+     */
+    private static function filter(array $indexes, array $array): array
+    {
+        // If index is empty, returns empty array.
+        if ($indexes === []) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // Grab the current index.
+        $currentIndex = array_shift($indexes);
+
+        if (! isset($array[$currentIndex]) && $currentIndex !== '*') {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        // Handle Wildcard (*)
+        if ($currentIndex === '*') {
+            $answer = [];
+
+            foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
+                if (! is_array($value)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $result = self::filter($indexes, $value);
+
+                if ($result !== []) {
+                    $answer[$key] = $result;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $answer;
+        }
+
+        // If this is the last index, make sure to return it now,
+        // and not try to recurse through things.
+        if (empty($indexes)) {
+            return [$currentIndex => $array[$currentIndex]];
+        }
+
+        // Do we need to recursively filter this value?
+        if (is_array($array[$currentIndex]) && $array[$currentIndex] !== []) {
+            $result = self::filter($indexes, $array[$currentIndex]);
+
+            if ($result !== []) {
+                return [$currentIndex => $result];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, not found.
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/Exceptions/ValidationException.php b/system/Validation/Exceptions/ValidationException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83772adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/Exceptions/ValidationException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class ValidationException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * Throws when the validation rule is not found.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forRuleNotFound(?string $rule = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Validation.ruleNotFound', [$rule]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the group value of config is not set.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forGroupNotFound(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Validation.groupNotFound', [$group]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the group value of config is not array type.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forGroupNotArray(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Validation.groupNotArray', [$group]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when the template of config is invalid.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidTemplate(?string $template = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Validation.invalidTemplate', [$template]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throws when there is no any rule set.
+     *
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoRuleSets()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('Validation.noRuleSets'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce0ed814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use Config\Mimes;
+use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * File validation rules
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRulesTest
+ */
+class FileRules
+{
+    /**
+     * Request instance. So we can get access to the files.
+     *
+     * @var IncomingRequest
+     */
+    protected $request;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(?RequestInterface $request = null)
+    {
+        if ($request === null) {
+            $request = Services::request();
+        }
+
+        assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest || $request instanceof CLIRequest);
+
+        $this->request = $request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that $name is the name of a valid uploaded file.
+     */
+    public function uploaded(?string $blank, string $name): bool
+    {
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
+                if ($file->getError() !== 0) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Note: cannot unit test this; no way to over-ride ENVIRONMENT?
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
+                if (! $file->isValid()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies if the file's size in Kilobytes is no larger than the parameter.
+     */
+    public function max_size(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $paramArray = explode(',', $params);
+        if (count($paramArray) !== 2) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid max_size parameter: "' . $params . '"');
+        }
+        $name = array_shift($paramArray);
+
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getSize() / 1024 > $paramArray[0]) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses the mime config file to determine if a file is considered an "image",
+     * which for our purposes basically means that it's a raster image or svg.
+     */
+    public function is_image(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // We know that our mimes list always has the first mime
+            // start with `image` even when then are multiple accepted types.
+            $type = Mimes::guessTypeFromExtension($file->getExtension()) ?? '';
+
+            if (mb_strpos($type, 'image') !== 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's mime type matches one in the parameter.
+     */
+    public function mime_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($file->getMimeType(), $params, true)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an uploaded file's extension matches one in the parameter.
+     */
+    public function ext_in(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (! in_array($file->guessExtension(), $params, true)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks an uploaded file to verify that the dimensions are within
+     * a specified allowable dimension.
+     */
+    public function max_dims(?string $blank, string $params): bool
+    {
+        // Grab the file name off the top of the $params
+        // after we split it.
+        $params = explode(',', $params);
+        $name   = array_shift($params);
+
+        if (! ($files = $this->request->getFileMultiple($name))) {
+            $files = [$this->request->getFile($name)];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            if ($file === null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($file->getError() === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Get Parameter sizes
+            $allowedWidth  = $params[0] ?? 0;
+            $allowedHeight = $params[1] ?? 0;
+
+            // Get uploaded image size
+            $info       = getimagesize($file->getTempName());
+            $fileWidth  = $info[0];
+            $fileHeight = $info[1];
+
+            if ($fileWidth > $allowedWidth || $fileHeight > $allowedHeight) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/FormatRules.php b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5089f5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+use DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * Format validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRulesTest
+ */
+class FormatRules
+{
+    /**
+     * Alpha
+     */
+    public function alpha(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return ctype_alpha($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alpha with spaces.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $value Value.
+     *
+     * @return bool True if alpha with spaces, else false.
+     */
+    public function alpha_space(?string $value = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // @see https://regex101.com/r/LhqHPO/1
+        return (bool) preg_match('/\A[A-Z ]+\z/i', $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric with underscores and dashes
+     *
+     * @see https://regex101.com/r/XfVY3d/1
+     */
+    public function alpha_dash(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($str === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return preg_match('/\A[a-z0-9_-]+\z/i', $str) === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric, spaces, and a limited set of punctuation characters.
+     * Accepted punctuation characters are: ~ tilde, ! exclamation,
+     * # number, $ dollar, % percent, & ampersand, * asterisk, - dash,
+     * _ underscore, + plus, = equals, | vertical bar, : colon, . period
+     * ~ ! # $ % & * - _ + = | : .
+     *
+     * @param string|null $str
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     *
+     * @see https://regex101.com/r/6N8dDY/1
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric_punct($str)
+    {
+        if ($str === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return preg_match('/\A[A-Z0-9 ~!#$%\&\*\-_+=|:.]+\z/i', $str) === 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return ctype_alnum($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric w/ spaces
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric_space(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        // @see https://regex101.com/r/0AZDME/1
+        return (bool) preg_match('/\A[A-Z0-9 ]+\z/i', $str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Any type of string
+     *
+     * Note: we specifically do NOT type hint $str here so that
+     * it doesn't convert numbers into strings.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $str
+     */
+    public function string($str = null): bool
+    {
+        return is_string($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decimal number
+     */
+    public function decimal(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        // @see https://regex101.com/r/HULifl/2/
+        return (bool) preg_match('/\A[-+]?\d{0,}\.?\d+\z/', $str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * String of hexidecimal characters
+     */
+    public function hex(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return ctype_xdigit($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Integer
+     */
+    public function integer(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) preg_match('/\A[\-+]?\d+\z/', $str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is a Natural number  (0,1,2,3, etc.)
+     */
+    public function is_natural(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return ctype_digit($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is a Natural number, but not a zero  (1,2,3, etc.)
+     */
+    public function is_natural_no_zero(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return $str !== '0' && ctype_digit($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Numeric
+     */
+    public function numeric(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        // @see https://regex101.com/r/bb9wtr/2
+        return (bool) preg_match('/\A[\-+]?\d*\.?\d+\z/', $str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares value against a regular expression pattern.
+     */
+    public function regex_match(?string $str, string $pattern): bool
+    {
+        if (strpos($pattern, '/') !== 0) {
+            $pattern = "/{$pattern}/";
+        }
+
+        return (bool) preg_match($pattern, $str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates that the string is a valid timezone as per the
+     * timezone_identifiers_list function.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/datetimezone.listidentifiers.php
+     */
+    public function timezone(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($str ?? '', timezone_identifiers_list(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Valid Base64
+     *
+     * Tests a string for characters outside of the Base64 alphabet
+     * as defined by RFC 2045 http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2045
+     */
+    public function valid_base64(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($str === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return base64_encode(base64_decode($str, true)) === $str;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Valid JSON
+     */
+    public function valid_json(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        json_decode($str ?? '');
+
+        return json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for a correctly formatted email address
+     */
+    public function valid_email(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        // @see https://regex101.com/r/wlJG1t/1/
+        if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && defined('INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46') && preg_match('#\A([^@]+)@(.+)\z#', $str ?? '', $matches)) {
+            $str = $matches[1] . '@' . idn_to_ascii($matches[2], 0, INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46);
+        }
+
+        return (bool) filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate a comma-separated list of email addresses.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *     valid_emails[one@example.com,two@example.com]
+     */
+    public function valid_emails(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        foreach (explode(',', $str ?? '') as $email) {
+            $email = trim($email);
+
+            if ($email === '') {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->valid_email($email) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate an IP address (human readable format or binary string - inet_pton)
+     *
+     * @param string|null $which IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+     */
+    public function valid_ip(?string $ip = null, ?string $which = null): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($ip)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (strtolower($which ?? '')) {
+            case 'ipv4':
+                $option = FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
+                break;
+
+            case 'ipv6':
+                $option = FILTER_FLAG_IPV6;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                $option = 0;
+        }
+
+        return filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, $option) !== false
+            || (! ctype_print($ip) && filter_var(inet_ntop($ip), FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, $option) !== false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a string to ensure it is (loosely) a URL.
+     *
+     * Warning: this rule will pass basic strings like
+     * "banana"; use valid_url_strict for a stricter rule.
+     */
+    public function valid_url(?string $str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (preg_match('/\A(?:([^:]*)\:)?\/\/(.+)\z/', $str, $matches)) {
+            if (! in_array($matches[1], ['http', 'https'], true)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $str = $matches[2];
+        }
+
+        $str = 'http://' . $str;
+
+        return filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a URL to ensure it's formed correctly.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $validSchemes comma separated list of allowed schemes
+     */
+    public function valid_url_strict(?string $str = null, ?string $validSchemes = null): bool
+    {
+        if (empty($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // parse_url() may return null and false
+        $scheme       = strtolower((string) parse_url($str, PHP_URL_SCHEME));
+        $validSchemes = explode(
+            ',',
+            strtolower($validSchemes ?? 'http,https')
+        );
+
+        return in_array($scheme, $validSchemes, true)
+            && filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) !== false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for a valid date and matches a given date format
+     */
+    public function valid_date(?string $str = null, ?string $format = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($str === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (empty($format)) {
+            return strtotime($str) !== false;
+        }
+
+        $date   = DateTime::createFromFormat($format, $str);
+        $errors = DateTime::getLastErrors();
+
+        if ($date === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // PHP 8.2 or later.
+        if ($errors === false) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return $errors['warning_count'] === 0 && $errors['error_count'] === 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/Rules.php b/system/Validation/Rules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7c585f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/Rules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+use Config\Database;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\RulesTest
+ */
+class Rules
+{
+    /**
+     * The value does not match another field in $data.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Other field/value pairs
+     */
+    public function differs(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (strpos($field, '.') !== false) {
+            return $str !== dot_array_search($field, $data);
+        }
+
+        return array_key_exists($field, $data) && $str !== $data[$field];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equals the static value provided.
+     */
+    public function equals(?string $str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return $str === $val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is $val characters long.
+     * $val = "5" (one) | "5,8,12" (multiple values)
+     */
+    public function exact_length(?string $str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        $val = explode(',', $val);
+
+        foreach ($val as $tmp) {
+            if (is_numeric($tmp) && (int) $tmp === mb_strlen($str ?? '')) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Greater than
+     */
+    public function greater_than(?string $str, string $min): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($str) && $str > $min;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equal to or Greater than
+     */
+    public function greater_than_equal_to(?string $str, string $min): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($str) && $str >= $min;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the database to see if the given value exist.
+     * Can ignore records by field/value to filter (currently
+     * accept only one filter).
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]
+     *    is_not_unique[menu.id,active,1]
+     */
+    public function is_not_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
+        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        // Break the table and field apart
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($whereField) && ! empty($whereValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() !== null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Value should be within an array of values
+     */
+    public function in_list(?string $value, string $list): bool
+    {
+        $list = array_map('trim', explode(',', $list));
+
+        return in_array($value, $list, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the database to see if the given value is unique. Can
+     * ignore a single record by field/value to make it useful during
+     * record updates.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
+     *    is_unique[users.email,id,5]
+     */
+    public function is_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($ignoreField) && ! empty($ignoreValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() === null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Less than
+     */
+    public function less_than(?string $str, string $max): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($str) && $str < $max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equal to or Less than
+     */
+    public function less_than_equal_to(?string $str, string $max): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($str) && $str <= $max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matches the value of another field in $data.
+     *
+     * @param array $data Other field/value pairs
+     */
+    public function matches(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (strpos($field, '.') !== false) {
+            return $str === dot_array_search($field, $data);
+        }
+
+        return array_key_exists($field, $data) && $str === $data[$field];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is $val or fewer characters in length.
+     */
+    public function max_length(?string $str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($val) && $val >= mb_strlen($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is at least $val length.
+     */
+    public function min_length(?string $str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return is_numeric($val) && $val <= mb_strlen($str ?? '');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does not equal the static value provided.
+     */
+    public function not_equals(?string $str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return $str !== $val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Value should not be within an array of values.
+     */
+    public function not_in_list(?string $value, string $list): bool
+    {
+        return ! $this->in_list($value, $list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function required($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($str === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (is_object($str)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($str)) {
+            return $str !== [];
+        }
+
+        return trim((string) $str) !== '';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The field is required when any of the other required fields are present
+     * in the data.
+     *
+     * Example (field is required when the password field is present):
+     *
+     *     required_with[password]
+     *
+     * @param string|null $str
+     * @param string|null $fields List of fields that we should check if present
+     * @param array       $data   Complete list of fields from the form
+     */
+    public function required_with($str = null, ?string $fields = null, array $data = []): bool
+    {
+        if ($fields === null || empty($data)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: fields, data.');
+        }
+
+        // If the field is present we can safely assume that
+        // the field is here, no matter whether the corresponding
+        // search field is present or not.
+        $present = $this->required($str ?? '');
+
+        if ($present) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Still here? Then we fail this test if
+        // any of the fields are present in $data
+        // as $fields is the list
+        $requiredFields = [];
+
+        foreach (explode(',', $fields) as $field) {
+            if (
+                (array_key_exists($field, $data) && ! empty($data[$field]))
+                || (strpos($field, '.') !== false && ! empty(dot_array_search($field, $data)))
+            ) {
+                $requiredFields[] = $field;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return empty($requiredFields);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The field is required when all the other fields are present
+     * in the data but not required.
+     *
+     * Example (field is required when the id or email field is missing):
+     *
+     *     required_without[id,email]
+     *
+     * @param string|null $str
+     * @param string|null $otherFields The param fields of required_without[].
+     * @param string|null $field       This rule param fields aren't present, this field is required.
+     */
+    public function required_without(
+        $str = null,
+        ?string $otherFields = null,
+        array $data = [],
+        ?string $error = null,
+        ?string $field = null
+    ): bool {
+        if ($otherFields === null || empty($data)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: otherFields, data.');
+        }
+
+        // If the field is present we can safely assume that
+        // the field is here, no matter whether the corresponding
+        // search field is present or not.
+        $present = $this->required($str ?? '');
+
+        if ($present) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Still here? Then we fail this test if
+        // any of the fields are not present in $data
+        foreach (explode(',', $otherFields) as $otherField) {
+            if (
+                (strpos($otherField, '.') === false)
+                && (! array_key_exists($otherField, $data) || empty($data[$otherField]))
+            ) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($otherField, '.') !== false) {
+                if ($field === null) {
+                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameters: field.');
+                }
+
+                $fieldData       = dot_array_search($otherField, $data);
+                $fieldSplitArray = explode('.', $field);
+                $fieldKey        = $fieldSplitArray[1];
+
+                if (is_array($fieldData)) {
+                    return ! empty(dot_array_search($otherField, $data)[$fieldKey]);
+                }
+                $nowField      = str_replace('*', $fieldKey, $otherField);
+                $nowFieldVaule = dot_array_search($nowField, $data);
+
+                return null !== $nowFieldVaule;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ceacdc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\CreditCardRules as NonStrictCreditCardRules;
+
+/**
+ * Class CreditCardRules
+ *
+ * Provides validation methods for common credit-card inputs.
+ *
+ * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_number
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\CreditCardRulesTest
+ */
+class CreditCardRules
+{
+    private NonStrictCreditCardRules $nonStrictCreditCardRules;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->nonStrictCreditCardRules = new NonStrictCreditCardRules();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a credit card number is valid and matches the known
+     * formats for a wide number of credit card types. This does not verify
+     * that the card is a valid card, only that the number is formatted correctly.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *  $rules = [
+     *      'cc_num' => 'valid_cc_number[visa]'
+     *  ];
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $ccNumber
+     */
+    public function valid_cc_number($ccNumber, string $type): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($ccNumber)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictCreditCardRules->valid_cc_number($ccNumber, $type);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e86b84e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRules as NonStrictFileRules;
+
+/**
+ * File validation rules
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRulesTest
+ */
+class FileRules extends NonStrictFileRules
+{
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c186a75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRules as NonStrictFormatRules;
+
+/**
+ * Format validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FormatRulesTest
+ */
+class FormatRules
+{
+    private NonStrictFormatRules $nonStrictFormatRules;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->nonStrictFormatRules = new NonStrictFormatRules();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alpha
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function alpha($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alpha with spaces.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value Value.
+     *
+     * @return bool True if alpha with spaces, else false.
+     */
+    public function alpha_space($value = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($value)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha_space($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric with underscores and dashes
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function alpha_dash($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha_dash($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric, spaces, and a limited set of punctuation characters.
+     * Accepted punctuation characters are: ~ tilde, ! exclamation,
+     * # number, $ dollar, % percent, & ampersand, * asterisk, - dash,
+     * _ underscore, + plus, = equals, | vertical bar, : colon, . period
+     * ~ ! # $ % & * - _ + = | : .
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric_punct($str)
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha_numeric_punct($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha_numeric($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alphanumeric w/ spaces
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function alpha_numeric_space($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->alpha_numeric_space($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Any type of string
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function string($str = null): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->string($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decimal number
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function decimal($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->decimal($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * String of hexidecimal characters
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function hex($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->hex($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Integer
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function integer($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->integer($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is a Natural number  (0,1,2,3, etc.)
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function is_natural($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->is_natural($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is a Natural number, but not a zero  (1,2,3, etc.)
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function is_natural_no_zero($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->is_natural_no_zero($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Numeric
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function numeric($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->numeric($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares value against a regular expression pattern.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function regex_match($str, string $pattern): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->regex_match($str, $pattern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates that the string is a valid timezone as per the
+     * timezone_identifiers_list function.
+     *
+     * @see http://php.net/manual/en/datetimezone.listidentifiers.php
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function timezone($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->timezone($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Valid Base64
+     *
+     * Tests a string for characters outside of the Base64 alphabet
+     * as defined by RFC 2045 http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2045
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_base64($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_base64($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Valid JSON
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_json($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_json($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for a correctly formatted email address
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_email($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_email($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate a comma-separated list of email addresses.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *     valid_emails[one@example.com,two@example.com]
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_emails($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_emails($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate an IP address (human readable format or binary string - inet_pton)
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $ip
+     * @param string|null                             $which IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+     */
+    public function valid_ip($ip = null, ?string $which = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($ip)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_ip($ip, $which);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a string to ensure it is (loosely) a URL.
+     *
+     * Warning: this rule will pass basic strings like
+     * "banana"; use valid_url_strict for a stricter rule.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_url($str = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_url($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a URL to ensure it's formed correctly.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     * @param string|null                             $validSchemes comma separated list of allowed schemes
+     */
+    public function valid_url_strict($str = null, ?string $validSchemes = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_url_strict($str, $validSchemes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for a valid date and matches a given date format
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function valid_date($str = null, ?string $format = null): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictFormatRules->valid_date($str, $format);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0887eff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\Rules as NonStrictRules;
+use Config\Database;
+
+/**
+ * Validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\RulesTest
+ */
+class Rules
+{
+    private NonStrictRules $nonStrictRules;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->nonStrictRules = new NonStrictRules();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value does not match another field in $data.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     * @param array                                   $data Other field/value pairs
+     */
+    public function differs($str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->differs($str, $field, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equals the static value provided.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function equals($str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->equals($str, $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is $val characters long.
+     * $val = "5" (one) | "5,8,12" (multiple values)
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function exact_length($str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->exact_length($str, $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Greater than
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str expects int|string
+     */
+    public function greater_than($str, string $min): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->greater_than($str, $min);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equal to or Greater than
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str expects int|string
+     */
+    public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->greater_than_equal_to($str, $min);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the database to see if the given value exist.
+     * Can ignore records by field/value to filter (currently
+     * accept only one filter).
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    is_not_unique[table.field,where_field,where_value]
+     *    is_not_unique[menu.id,active,1]
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function is_not_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (is_object($str) || is_array($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
+        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        // Break the table and field apart
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($whereField) && ! empty($whereValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() !== null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Value should be within an array of values
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value
+     */
+    public function in_list($value, string $list): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($value) || is_float($value)) {
+            $value = (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($value)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->in_list($value, $list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the database to see if the given value is unique. Can
+     * ignore a single record by field/value to make it useful during
+     * record updates.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *    is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
+     *    is_unique[users.email,id,5]
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function is_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        if (is_object($str) || is_array($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($ignoreField) && ! empty($ignoreValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() === null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Less than
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str expects int|string
+     */
+    public function less_than($str, string $max): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->less_than($str, $max);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equal to or Less than
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str expects int|string
+     */
+    public function less_than_equal_to($str, string $max): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->less_than_equal_to($str, $max);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matches the value of another field in $data.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     * @param array                                   $data Other field/value pairs
+     */
+    public function matches($str, string $field, array $data): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->matches($str, $field, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is $val or fewer characters in length.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function max_length($str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str) || null === $str) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->max_length($str, $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if $str is at least $val length.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function min_length($str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
+            $str = (string) $str;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->min_length($str, $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does not equal the static value provided.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function not_equals($str, string $val): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->not_equals($str, $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Value should not be within an array of values.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value
+     */
+    public function not_in_list($value, string $list): bool
+    {
+        if (null === $value) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (is_int($value) || is_float($value)) {
+            $value = (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        if (! is_string($value)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->not_in_list($value, $list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     */
+    public function required($str = null): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->required($str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The field is required when any of the other required fields are present
+     * in the data.
+     *
+     * Example (field is required when the password field is present):
+     *
+     *     required_with[password]
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     * @param string|null                             $fields List of fields that we should check if present
+     * @param array                                   $data   Complete list of fields from the form
+     */
+    public function required_with($str = null, ?string $fields = null, array $data = []): bool
+    {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->required_with($str, $fields, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The field is required when all the other fields are present
+     * in the data but not required.
+     *
+     * Example (field is required when the id or email field is missing):
+     *
+     *     required_without[id,email]
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $str
+     * @param string|null                             $otherFields The param fields of required_without[].
+     * @param string|null                             $field       This rule param fields aren't present, this field is required.
+     */
+    public function required_without(
+        $str = null,
+        ?string $otherFields = null,
+        array $data = [],
+        ?string $error = null,
+        ?string $field = null
+    ): bool {
+        return $this->nonStrictRules->required_without($str, $otherFields, $data, $error, $field);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/Validation.php b/system/Validation/Validation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad95cde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/Validation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+use Closure;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
+use CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Validation as ValidationConfig;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
+use TypeError;
+
+/**
+ * Validator
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationTest
+ */
+class Validation implements ValidationInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Files to load with validation functions.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $ruleSetFiles;
+
+    /**
+     * The loaded instances of our validation files.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $ruleSetInstances = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the actual rules that should be run against $data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     *
+     * [
+     *     field1 => [
+     *         'label' => label,
+     *         'rules' => [
+     *              rule1, rule2, ...
+     *          ],
+     *     ],
+     * ]
+     */
+    protected $rules = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The data that should be validated,
+     * where 'key' is the alias, with value.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $data = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The data that was actually validated.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $validated = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Any generated errors during validation.
+     * 'key' is the alias, 'value' is the message.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $errors = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores custom error message to use
+     * during validation. Where 'key' is the alias.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $customErrors = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Our configuration.
+     *
+     * @var ValidationConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * The view renderer used to render validation messages.
+     *
+     * @var RendererInterface
+     */
+    protected $view;
+
+    /**
+     * Validation constructor.
+     *
+     * @param ValidationConfig $config
+     */
+    public function __construct($config, RendererInterface $view)
+    {
+        $this->ruleSetFiles = $config->ruleSets;
+
+        $this->config = $config;
+
+        $this->view = $view;
+
+        $this->loadRuleSets();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the validation process, returning true/false determining whether
+     * validation was successful or not.
+     *
+     * @param array|null  $data    The array of data to validate.
+     * @param string|null $group   The predefined group of rules to apply.
+     * @param string|null $dbGroup The database group to use.
+     *
+     * @TODO Type ?string for $dbGroup should be removed.
+     *      See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/6723
+     */
+    public function run(?array $data = null, ?string $group = null, ?string $dbGroup = null): bool
+    {
+        if ($data === null) {
+            $data = $this->data;
+        } else {
+            // Store data to validate.
+            $this->data = $data;
+        }
+
+        // `DBGroup` is a reserved name. For is_unique and is_not_unique
+        $data['DBGroup'] = $dbGroup;
+
+        $this->loadRuleGroup($group);
+
+        // If no rules exist, we return false to ensure
+        // the developer didn't forget to set the rules.
+        if (empty($this->rules)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Replace any placeholders (e.g. {id}) in the rules with
+        // the value found in $data, if any.
+        $this->rules = $this->fillPlaceholders($this->rules, $data);
+
+        // Need this for searching arrays in validation.
+        helper('array');
+
+        // Run through each rule. If we have any field set for
+        // this rule, then we need to run them through!
+        foreach ($this->rules as $field => $setup) {
+            $rules = $setup['rules'];
+
+            if (is_string($rules)) {
+                $rules = $this->splitRules($rules);
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($field, '*') !== false) {
+                $values = array_filter(array_flatten_with_dots($data), static fn ($key) => preg_match(
+                    '/^'
+                    . str_replace(['\.\*', '\*\.'], ['\..+', '.+\.'], preg_quote($field, '/'))
+                    . '$/',
+                    $key
+                ), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+                // if keys not found
+                $values = $values ?: [$field => null];
+            } else {
+                $values = dot_array_search($field, $data);
+            }
+
+            if ($values === []) {
+                // We'll process the values right away if an empty array
+                $this->processRules($field, $setup['label'] ?? $field, $values, $rules, $data);
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (strpos($field, '*') !== false) {
+                // Process multiple fields
+                foreach ($values as $dotField => $value) {
+                    $this->processRules($dotField, $setup['label'] ?? $field, $value, $rules, $data, $field);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Process single field
+                $this->processRules($field, $setup['label'] ?? $field, $values, $rules, $data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->getErrors() === []) {
+            // Store data that was actually validated.
+            $this->validated = DotArrayFilter::run(
+                array_keys($this->rules),
+                $this->data
+            );
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the validation process, returning true or false determining whether
+     * validation was successful or not.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value   The data to validate.
+     * @param array|string                            $rules   The validation rules.
+     * @param string[]                                $errors  The custom error message.
+     * @param string|null                             $dbGroup The database group to use.
+     */
+    public function check($value, $rules, array $errors = [], $dbGroup = null): bool
+    {
+        $this->reset();
+
+        return $this->setRule(
+            'check',
+            null,
+            $rules,
+            $errors
+        )->run(
+            ['check' => $value],
+            null,
+            $dbGroup
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the actual validated data.
+     */
+    public function getValidated(): array
+    {
+        return $this->validated;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs all of $rules against $field, until one fails, or
+     * all of them have been processed. If one fails, it adds
+     * the error to $this->errors and moves on to the next,
+     * so that we can collect all of the first errors.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $value
+     * @param array        $rules
+     * @param array        $data          The array of data to validate, with `DBGroup`.
+     * @param string|null  $originalField The original asterisk field name like "foo.*.bar".
+     */
+    protected function processRules(
+        string $field,
+        ?string $label,
+        $value,
+        $rules = null,       // @TODO remove `= null`
+        ?array $data = null, // @TODO remove `= null`
+        ?string $originalField = null
+    ): bool {
+        if ($data === null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException('You must supply the parameter: data.');
+        }
+
+        $rules = $this->processIfExist($field, $rules, $data);
+        if ($rules === true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $rules = $this->processPermitEmpty($value, $rules, $data);
+        if ($rules === true) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($rules as $i => $rule) {
+            $isCallable = is_callable($rule);
+
+            $passed = false;
+            $param  = false;
+
+            if (! $isCallable && preg_match('/(.*?)\[(.*)\]/', $rule, $match)) {
+                $rule  = $match[1];
+                $param = $match[2];
+            }
+
+            // Placeholder for custom errors from the rules.
+            $error = null;
+
+            // If it's a callable, call and get out of here.
+            if ($this->isClosure($rule)) {
+                $passed = $rule($value, $data, $error, $field);
+            } elseif ($isCallable) {
+                $passed = $param === false ? $rule($value) : $rule($value, $param, $data);
+            } else {
+                $found = false;
+
+                // Check in our rulesets
+                foreach ($this->ruleSetInstances as $set) {
+                    if (! method_exists($set, $rule)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $found  = true;
+                    $passed = $param === false
+                        ? $set->{$rule}($value, $error)
+                        : $set->{$rule}($value, $param, $data, $error, $field);
+
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // If the rule wasn't found anywhere, we
+                // should throw an exception so the developer can find it.
+                if (! $found) {
+                    throw ValidationException::forRuleNotFound($rule);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Set the error message if we didn't survive.
+            if ($passed === false) {
+                // if the $value is an array, convert it to as string representation
+                if (is_array($value)) {
+                    $value = $this->isStringList($value)
+                        ? '[' . implode(', ', $value) . ']'
+                        : json_encode($value);
+                } elseif (is_object($value)) {
+                    $value = json_encode($value);
+                }
+
+                $param = ($param === false) ? '' : $param;
+
+                // @phpstan-ignore-next-line $error may be set by rule methods.
+                $this->errors[$field] = $error ?? $this->getErrorMessage(
+                    $this->isClosure($rule) ? $i : $rule,
+                    $field,
+                    $label,
+                    $param,
+                    (string) $value,
+                    $originalField
+                );
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array $data The array of data to validate, with `DBGroup`.
+     *
+     * @return array|true The modified rules or true if we return early
+     */
+    private function processIfExist(string $field, array $rules, array $data)
+    {
+        if (in_array('if_exist', $rules, true)) {
+            $flattenedData = array_flatten_with_dots($data);
+            $ifExistField  = $field;
+
+            if (strpos($field, '.*') !== false) {
+                // We'll change the dot notation into a PCRE pattern that can be used later
+                $ifExistField   = str_replace('\.\*', '\.(?:[^\.]+)', preg_quote($field, '/'));
+                $dataIsExisting = false;
+                $pattern        = sprintf('/%s/u', $ifExistField);
+
+                foreach (array_keys($flattenedData) as $item) {
+                    if (preg_match($pattern, $item) === 1) {
+                        $dataIsExisting = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                $dataIsExisting = array_key_exists($ifExistField, $flattenedData);
+            }
+
+            if (! $dataIsExisting) {
+                // we return early if `if_exist` is not satisfied. we have nothing to do here.
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise remove the if_exist rule and continue the process
+            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule) => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'if_exist');
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array|string $value
+     * @param array        $data  The array of data to validate, with `DBGroup`.
+     *
+     * @return array|true The modified rules or true if we return early
+     */
+    private function processPermitEmpty($value, array $rules, array $data)
+    {
+        if (in_array('permit_empty', $rules, true)) {
+            if (
+                ! in_array('required', $rules, true)
+                && (is_array($value) ? $value === [] : trim((string) $value) === '')
+            ) {
+                $passed = true;
+
+                foreach ($rules as $rule) {
+                    if (! $this->isClosure($rule) && preg_match('/(.*?)\[(.*)\]/', $rule, $match)) {
+                        $rule  = $match[1];
+                        $param = $match[2];
+
+                        if (! in_array($rule, ['required_with', 'required_without'], true)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        // Check in our rulesets
+                        foreach ($this->ruleSetInstances as $set) {
+                            if (! method_exists($set, $rule)) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            $passed = $passed && $set->{$rule}($value, $param, $data);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ($passed === true) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            $rules = array_filter($rules, static fn ($rule) => $rule instanceof Closure || $rule !== 'permit_empty');
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Closure|string $rule
+     */
+    private function isClosure($rule): bool
+    {
+        return $rule instanceof Closure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is the array a string list `list<string>`?
+     */
+    private function isStringList(array $array): bool
+    {
+        $expectedKey = 0;
+
+        foreach ($array as $key => $val) {
+            // Note: also covers PHP array key conversion, e.g. '5' and 5.1 both become 5
+            if (! is_int($key)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if ($key !== $expectedKey) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            $expectedKey++;
+
+            if (! is_string($val)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a Request object and grabs the input data to use from its
+     * array values.
+     */
+    public function withRequest(RequestInterface $request): ValidationInterface
+    {
+        /** @var IncomingRequest $request */
+        if (strpos($request->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'application/json') !== false) {
+            $this->data = $request->getJSON(true);
+
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        if (in_array(strtolower($request->getMethod()), ['put', 'patch', 'delete'], true)
+            && strpos($request->getHeaderLine('Content-Type'), 'multipart/form-data') === false
+        ) {
+            $this->data = $request->getRawInput();
+        } else {
+            $this->data = $request->getVar() ?? [];
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets (or adds) an individual rule and custom error messages for a single
+     * field.
+     *
+     * The custom error message should be just the messages that apply to
+     * this field, like so:
+     *    [
+     *        'rule1' => 'message1',
+     *        'rule2' => 'message2',
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * @param array|string $rules  The validation rules.
+     * @param array        $errors The custom error message.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     *
+     * @throws TypeError
+     */
+    public function setRule(string $field, ?string $label, $rules, array $errors = [])
+    {
+        if (! is_array($rules) && ! is_string($rules)) {
+            throw new TypeError('$rules must be of type string|array');
+        }
+
+        $ruleSet = [
+            $field => [
+                'label' => $label,
+                'rules' => $rules,
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        if ($errors !== []) {
+            $ruleSet[$field]['errors'] = $errors;
+        }
+
+        $this->setRules(array_merge($this->getRules(), $ruleSet), $this->customErrors);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the rules that should be used to validate the items.
+     *
+     * Rules should be an array formatted like:
+     *    [
+     *        'field' => 'rule1|rule2'
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * The $errors array should be formatted like:
+     *    [
+     *        'field' => [
+     *            'rule1' => 'message1',
+     *            'rule2' => 'message2',
+     *        ],
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * @param array $errors An array of custom error messages
+     */
+    public function setRules(array $rules, array $errors = []): ValidationInterface
+    {
+        $this->customErrors = $errors;
+
+        foreach ($rules as $field => &$rule) {
+            if (is_array($rule)) {
+                if (array_key_exists('errors', $rule)) {
+                    $this->customErrors[$field] = $rule['errors'];
+                    unset($rule['errors']);
+                }
+
+                // if $rule is already a rule collection, just move it to "rules"
+                // transforming [foo => [required, foobar]] to [foo => [rules => [required, foobar]]]
+                if (! array_key_exists('rules', $rule)) {
+                    $rule = ['rules' => $rule];
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isset($rule['rules']) && is_string($rule['rules'])) {
+                $rule['rules'] = $this->splitRules($rule['rules']);
+            }
+
+            if (is_string($rule)) {
+                $rule = ['rules' => $this->splitRules($rule)];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->rules = $rules;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all of the rules currently defined.
+     */
+    public function getRules(): array
+    {
+        return $this->rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the rule for key $field has been set or not.
+     */
+    public function hasRule(string $field): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($field, $this->rules);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get rule group.
+     *
+     * @param string $group Group.
+     *
+     * @return string[] Rule group.
+     *
+     * @throws ValidationException If group not found.
+     */
+    public function getRuleGroup(string $group): array
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->config->{$group})) {
+            throw ValidationException::forGroupNotFound($group);
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->config->{$group})) {
+            throw ValidationException::forGroupNotArray($group);
+        }
+
+        return $this->config->{$group};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set rule group.
+     *
+     * @param string $group Group.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws ValidationException If group not found.
+     */
+    public function setRuleGroup(string $group)
+    {
+        $rules = $this->getRuleGroup($group);
+        $this->setRules($rules);
+
+        $errorName = $group . '_errors';
+        if (isset($this->config->{$errorName})) {
+            $this->customErrors = $this->config->{$errorName};
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the rendered HTML of the errors as defined in $template.
+     *
+     * You can also use validation_list_errors() in Form helper.
+     */
+    public function listErrors(string $template = 'list'): string
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($template, $this->config->templates)) {
+            throw ValidationException::forInvalidTemplate($template);
+        }
+
+        return $this->view
+            ->setVar('errors', $this->getErrors())
+            ->render($this->config->templates[$template]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Displays a single error in formatted HTML as defined in the $template view.
+     *
+     * You can also use validation_show_error() in Form helper.
+     */
+    public function showError(string $field, string $template = 'single'): string
+    {
+        if (! array_key_exists($field, $this->getErrors())) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        if (! array_key_exists($template, $this->config->templates)) {
+            throw ValidationException::forInvalidTemplate($template);
+        }
+
+        return $this->view
+            ->setVar('error', $this->getError($field))
+            ->render($this->config->templates[$template]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads all of the rulesets classes that have been defined in the
+     * Config\Validation and stores them locally so we can use them.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function loadRuleSets()
+    {
+        if (empty($this->ruleSetFiles)) {
+            throw ValidationException::forNoRuleSets();
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->ruleSetFiles as $file) {
+            $this->ruleSetInstances[] = new $file();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads custom rule groups (if set) into the current rules.
+     *
+     * Rules can be pre-defined in Config\Validation and can
+     * be any name, but must all still be an array of the
+     * same format used with setRules(). Additionally, check
+     * for {group}_errors for an array of custom error messages.
+     *
+     * @return array<int, array> [rules, customErrors]
+     *
+     * @throws ValidationException
+     */
+    public function loadRuleGroup(?string $group = null)
+    {
+        if (empty($group)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if (! isset($this->config->{$group})) {
+            throw ValidationException::forGroupNotFound($group);
+        }
+
+        if (! is_array($this->config->{$group})) {
+            throw ValidationException::forGroupNotArray($group);
+        }
+
+        $this->setRules($this->config->{$group});
+
+        // If {group}_errors exists in the config file,
+        // then override our custom errors with them.
+        $errorName = $group . '_errors';
+
+        if (isset($this->config->{$errorName})) {
+            $this->customErrors = $this->config->{$errorName};
+        }
+
+        return [$this->rules, $this->customErrors];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replace any placeholders within the rules with the values that
+     * match the 'key' of any properties being set. For example, if
+     * we had the following $data array:
+     *
+     * [ 'id' => 13 ]
+     *
+     * and the following rule:
+     *
+     *  'is_unique[users,email,id,{id}]'
+     *
+     * The value of {id} would be replaced with the actual id in the form data:
+     *
+     *  'is_unique[users,email,id,13]'
+     */
+    protected function fillPlaceholders(array $rules, array $data): array
+    {
+        foreach ($rules as &$rule) {
+            $ruleSet = $rule['rules'];
+
+            foreach ($ruleSet as &$row) {
+                if (is_string($row)) {
+                    $placeholderFields = $this->retrievePlaceholders($row, $data);
+
+                    foreach ($placeholderFields as $field) {
+                        $validator ??= Services::validation(null, false);
+                        assert($validator instanceof Validation);
+
+                        $placeholderRules = $rules[$field]['rules'] ?? null;
+
+                        // Check if the validation rule for the placeholder exists
+                        if ($placeholderRules === null) {
+                            throw new LogicException(
+                                'No validation rules for the placeholder: ' . $field
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        // Check if the rule does not have placeholders
+                        foreach ($placeholderRules as $placeholderRule) {
+                            if ($this->retrievePlaceholders($placeholderRule, $data) !== []) {
+                                throw new LogicException(
+                                    'The placeholder field cannot use placeholder: ' . $field
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Validate the placeholder field
+                        $dbGroup = $data['DBGroup'] ?? null;
+                        if (! $validator->check($data[$field], $placeholderRules, [], $dbGroup)) {
+                            // if fails, do nothing
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        // Replace the placeholder in the rule
+                        $ruleSet = str_replace('{' . $field . '}', $data[$field], $ruleSet);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            $rule['rules'] = $ruleSet;
+        }
+
+        return $rules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves valid placeholder fields.
+     */
+    private function retrievePlaceholders(string $rule, array $data): array
+    {
+        preg_match_all('/{(.+?)}/', $rule, $matches);
+
+        return array_intersect($matches[1], array_keys($data));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an error exists for the given field.
+     */
+    public function hasError(string $field): bool
+    {
+        $pattern = '/^' . str_replace('\.\*', '\..+', preg_quote($field, '/')) . '$/';
+
+        return (bool) preg_grep($pattern, array_keys($this->getErrors()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error(s) for a specified $field (or empty string if not
+     * set).
+     */
+    public function getError(?string $field = null): string
+    {
+        if ($field === null && count($this->rules) === 1) {
+            $field = array_key_first($this->rules);
+        }
+
+        $errors = array_filter($this->getErrors(), static fn ($key) => preg_match(
+            '/^' . str_replace(['\.\*', '\*\.'], ['\..+', '.+\.'], preg_quote($field, '/')) . '$/',
+            $key
+        ), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+
+        return $errors === [] ? '' : implode("\n", $errors);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the array of errors that were encountered during
+     * a run() call. The array should be in the following format:
+     *
+     *    [
+     *        'field1' => 'error message',
+     *        'field2' => 'error message',
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * @return array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
+     */
+    public function getErrors(): array
+    {
+        return $this->errors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the error for a specific field. Used by custom validation methods.
+     */
+    public function setError(string $field, string $error): ValidationInterface
+    {
+        $this->errors[$field] = $error;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to find the appropriate error message
+     *
+     * @param string|null $value The value that caused the validation to fail.
+     */
+    protected function getErrorMessage(
+        string $rule,
+        string $field,
+        ?string $label = null,
+        ?string $param = null,
+        ?string $value = null,
+        ?string $originalField = null
+    ): string {
+        $param ??= '';
+
+        // Check if custom message has been defined by user
+        if (isset($this->customErrors[$field][$rule])) {
+            $message = lang($this->customErrors[$field][$rule]);
+        } elseif (null !== $originalField && isset($this->customErrors[$originalField][$rule])) {
+            $message = lang($this->customErrors[$originalField][$rule]);
+        } else {
+            // Try to grab a localized version of the message...
+            // lang() will return the rule name back if not found,
+            // so there will always be a string being returned.
+            $message = lang('Validation.' . $rule);
+        }
+
+        $message = str_replace('{field}', empty($label) ? $field : lang($label), $message);
+        $message = str_replace(
+            '{param}',
+            empty($this->rules[$param]['label']) ? $param : lang($this->rules[$param]['label']),
+            $message
+        );
+
+        return str_replace('{value}', $value ?? '', $message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Split rules string by pipe operator.
+     */
+    protected function splitRules(string $rules): array
+    {
+        if (strpos($rules, '|') === false) {
+            return [$rules];
+        }
+
+        $string = $rules;
+        $rules  = [];
+        $length = strlen($string);
+        $cursor = 0;
+
+        while ($cursor < $length) {
+            $pos = strpos($string, '|', $cursor);
+
+            if ($pos === false) {
+                // we're in the last rule
+                $pos = $length;
+            }
+
+            $rule = substr($string, $cursor, $pos - $cursor);
+
+            while (
+                (substr_count($rule, '[') - substr_count($rule, '\['))
+                !== (substr_count($rule, ']') - substr_count($rule, '\]'))
+            ) {
+                // the pipe is inside the brackets causing the closing bracket to
+                // not be included. so, we adjust the rule to include that portion.
+                $pos  = strpos($string, '|', $cursor + strlen($rule) + 1) ?: $length;
+                $rule = substr($string, $cursor, $pos - $cursor);
+            }
+
+            $rules[] = $rule;
+            $cursor += strlen($rule) + 1; // +1 to exclude the pipe
+        }
+
+        return array_unique($rules);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the class to a blank slate. Should be called whenever
+     * you need to process more than one array.
+     */
+    public function reset(): ValidationInterface
+    {
+        $this->data         = [];
+        $this->validated    = [];
+        $this->rules        = [];
+        $this->errors       = [];
+        $this->customErrors = [];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php b/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78c38468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/ValidationInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Expected behavior of a validator
+ */
+interface ValidationInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Runs the validation process, returning true/false determining whether
+     * validation was successful or not.
+     *
+     * @param array|null  $data    The array of data to validate.
+     * @param string|null $group   The predefined group of rules to apply.
+     * @param string|null $dbGroup The database group to use.
+     */
+    public function run(?array $data = null, ?string $group = null, ?string $dbGroup = null): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Check; runs the validation process, returning true or false
+     * determining whether or not validation was successful.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value   Value to validate.
+     * @param array|string                            $rules
+     * @param string[]                                $errors
+     * @param string|null                             $dbGroup The database group to use.
+     *
+     * @return bool True if valid, else false.
+     */
+    public function check($value, $rules, array $errors = [], $dbGroup = null): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a Request object and grabs the input data to use from its
+     * array values.
+     */
+    public function withRequest(RequestInterface $request): ValidationInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets an individual rule and custom error messages for a single field.
+     *
+     * The custom error message should be just the messages that apply to
+     * this field, like so:
+     *
+     *    [
+     *        'rule' => 'message',
+     *        'rule' => 'message',
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * @param array|string $rules
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setRule(string $field, ?string $label, $rules, array $errors = []);
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the rules that should be used to validate the items.
+     */
+    public function setRules(array $rules, array $messages = []): ValidationInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all of the rules currently defined.
+     */
+    public function getRules(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the rule for key $field has been set or not.
+     */
+    public function hasRule(string $field): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Get rule group.
+     *
+     * @param string $group Group.
+     *
+     * @return string[] Rule group.
+     */
+    public function getRuleGroup(string $group): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Set rule group.
+     *
+     * @param string $group Group.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setRuleGroup(string $group);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the error for a specified $field (or empty string if not set).
+     */
+    public function getError(string $field): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the array of errors that were encountered during
+     * a run() call. The array should be in the following format:
+     *
+     *    [
+     *        'field1' => 'error message',
+     *        'field2' => 'error message',
+     *    ]
+     *
+     * @return array<string,string>
+     */
+    public function getErrors(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the error for a specific field. Used by custom validation methods.
+     */
+    public function setError(string $alias, string $error): ValidationInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the class to a blank slate. Should be called whenever
+     * you need to process more than one array.
+     */
+    public function reset(): ValidationInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * Loads custom rule groups (if set) into the current rules.
+     *
+     * Rules can be pre-defined in Config\Validation and can
+     * be any name, but must all still be an array of the
+     * same format used with setRules(). Additionally, check
+     * for {group}_errors for an array of custom error messages.
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function loadRuleGroup(?string $group = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if an error exists for the given field.
+     */
+    public function hasError(string $field): bool;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the rendered HTML of the errors as defined in $template.
+     */
+    public function listErrors(string $template = 'list'): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Displays a single error in formatted HTML as defined in the $template view.
+     */
+    public function showError(string $field, string $template = 'single'): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the actual validated data.
+     */
+    public function getValidated(): array;
+}
diff --git a/system/Validation/Views/list.php b/system/Validation/Views/list.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc95156c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/Views/list.php
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?php if (! empty($errors)) : ?>
+	<div class="errors" role="alert">
+		<ul>
+		<?php foreach ($errors as $error) : ?>
+			<li><?= esc($error) ?></li>
+		<?php endforeach ?>
+		</ul>
+	</div>
+<?php endif ?>
diff --git a/system/Validation/Views/single.php b/system/Validation/Views/single.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3967917d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Validation/Views/single.php
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<span class="help-block"><?= esc($error) ?></span>
diff --git a/system/View/Cell.php b/system/View/Cell.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f654e97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Cell.php
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Cells\Cell as BaseCell;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
+use Config\Services;
+use ReflectionException;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * Class Cell
+ *
+ * A simple class that can call any other class that can be loaded,
+ * and echo out it's result. Intended for displaying small blocks of
+ * content within views that can be managed by other libraries and
+ * not require they are loaded within controller.
+ *
+ * Used with the helper function, it's use will look like:
+ *
+ *         viewCell('\Some\Class::method', 'limit=5 sort=asc', 60, 'cache-name');
+ *
+ * Parameters are matched up with the callback method's arguments of the same name:
+ *
+ *         class Class {
+ *             function method($limit, $sort)
+ *         }
+ *
+ * Alternatively, the params will be passed into the callback method as a simple array
+ * if matching params are not found.
+ *
+ *         class Class {
+ *             function method(array $params=null)
+ *         }
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\CellTest
+ */
+class Cell
+{
+    /**
+     * Instance of the current Cache Instance
+     *
+     * @var CacheInterface
+     */
+    protected $cache;
+
+    /**
+     * Cell constructor.
+     */
+    public function __construct(CacheInterface $cache)
+    {
+        $this->cache = $cache;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Render a cell, returning its body as a string.
+     *
+     * @param string            $library   Cell class and method name.
+     * @param array|string|null $params    Parameters to pass to the method.
+     * @param int               $ttl       Number of seconds to cache the cell.
+     * @param string|null       $cacheName Cache item name.
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function render(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $cacheName = null): string
+    {
+        [$instance, $method] = $this->determineClass($library);
+
+        $class = is_object($instance)
+            ? get_class($instance)
+            : null;
+
+        $params = $this->prepareParams($params);
+
+        // Is the output cached?
+        $cacheName = ! empty($cacheName)
+            ? $cacheName
+            : str_replace(['\\', '/'], '', $class) . $method . md5(serialize($params));
+
+        if (! empty($this->cache) && $output = $this->cache->get($cacheName)) {
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        if (method_exists($instance, 'initController')) {
+            $instance->initController(Services::request(), Services::response(), Services::logger());
+        }
+
+        if (! method_exists($instance, $method)) {
+            throw ViewException::forInvalidCellMethod($class, $method);
+        }
+
+        $output = $instance instanceof BaseCell
+            ? $this->renderCell($instance, $method, $params)
+            : $this->renderSimpleClass($instance, $method, $params, $class);
+
+        // Can we cache it?
+        if (! empty($this->cache) && $ttl !== 0) {
+            $this->cache->save($cacheName, $output, $ttl);
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the params attribute. If an array, returns untouched.
+     * If a string, it should be in the format "key1=value key2=value".
+     * It will be split and returned as an array.
+     *
+     * @param array|string|null $params
+     *
+     * @return array|null
+     */
+    public function prepareParams($params)
+    {
+        if (empty($params) || (! is_string($params) && ! is_array($params))) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($params)) {
+            $newParams = [];
+            $separator = ' ';
+
+            if (strpos($params, ',') !== false) {
+                $separator = ',';
+            }
+
+            $params = explode($separator, $params);
+            unset($separator);
+
+            foreach ($params as $p) {
+                if (! empty($p)) {
+                    [$key, $val] = explode('=', $p);
+
+                    $newParams[trim($key)] = trim($val, ', ');
+                }
+            }
+
+            $params = $newParams;
+            unset($newParams);
+        }
+
+        if ($params === []) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return $params;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given the library string, attempts to determine the class and method
+     * to call.
+     */
+    protected function determineClass(string $library): array
+    {
+        // We don't want to actually call static methods
+        // by default, so convert any double colons.
+        $library = str_replace('::', ':', $library);
+
+        // controlled cells might be called with just
+        // the class name, so add a default method
+        if (strpos($library, ':') === false) {
+            $library .= ':render';
+        }
+
+        [$class, $method] = explode(':', $library);
+
+        if (empty($class)) {
+            throw ViewException::forNoCellClass();
+        }
+
+        // locate and return an instance of the cell
+        // @TODO extend Factories to be able to load classes with the same short name.
+        $object = class_exists($class) ? new $class() : Factories::cells($class);
+
+        if (! is_object($object)) {
+            throw ViewException::forInvalidCellClass($class);
+        }
+
+        if (empty($method)) {
+            $method = 'index';
+        }
+
+        return [
+            $object,
+            $method,
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Renders a cell that extends the BaseCell class.
+     */
+    final protected function renderCell(BaseCell $instance, string $method, array $params): string
+    {
+        // Only allow public properties to be set, or protected/private
+        // properties that have a method to get them (get<Foo>Property())
+        $publicProperties  = $instance->getPublicProperties();
+        $privateProperties = array_column($instance->getNonPublicProperties(), 'name');
+        $publicParams      = array_intersect_key($params, $publicProperties);
+
+        foreach ($params as $key => $value) {
+            $getter = 'get' . ucfirst($key) . 'Property';
+            if (in_array($key, $privateProperties, true) && method_exists($instance, $getter)) {
+                $publicParams[$key] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Fill in any public properties that were passed in
+        // but only ones that are in the $pulibcProperties array.
+        $instance = $instance->fill($publicParams);
+
+        // If there are any protected/private properties, we need to
+        // send them to the mount() method.
+        if (method_exists($instance, 'mount')) {
+            // if any $params have keys that match the name of an argument in the
+            // mount method, pass those variables to the method.
+            $mountParams = $this->getMethodParams($instance, 'mount', $params);
+            $instance->mount(...$mountParams);
+        }
+
+        return $instance->{$method}();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the values from $params that match the parameters
+     * for a method, in the order they are defined. This allows
+     * them to be passed directly into the method.
+     */
+    private function getMethodParams(BaseCell $instance, string $method, array $params): array
+    {
+        $mountParams = [];
+
+        try {
+            $reflectionMethod = new ReflectionMethod($instance, $method);
+            $reflectionParams = $reflectionMethod->getParameters();
+
+            foreach ($reflectionParams as $reflectionParam) {
+                $paramName = $reflectionParam->getName();
+
+                if (array_key_exists($paramName, $params)) {
+                    $mountParams[] = $params[$paramName];
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (ReflectionException $e) {
+            // do nothing
+        }
+
+        return $mountParams;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Renders the non-Cell class, passing in the string/array params.
+     *
+     * @todo Determine if this can be refactored to use $this-getMethodParams().
+     *
+     * @param object $instance
+     */
+    final protected function renderSimpleClass($instance, string $method, array $params, string $class): string
+    {
+        // Try to match up the parameter list we were provided
+        // with the parameter name in the callback method.
+        $refMethod  = new ReflectionMethod($instance, $method);
+        $paramCount = $refMethod->getNumberOfParameters();
+        $refParams  = $refMethod->getParameters();
+
+        if ($paramCount === 0) {
+            if (! empty($params)) {
+                throw ViewException::forMissingCellParameters($class, $method);
+            }
+
+            $output = $instance->{$method}();
+        } elseif (($paramCount === 1)
+            && ((! array_key_exists($refParams[0]->name, $params))
+            || (array_key_exists($refParams[0]->name, $params)
+            && count($params) !== 1))
+        ) {
+            $output = $instance->{$method}($params);
+        } else {
+            $fireArgs     = [];
+            $methodParams = [];
+
+            foreach ($refParams as $arg) {
+                $methodParams[$arg->name] = true;
+                if (array_key_exists($arg->name, $params)) {
+                    $fireArgs[$arg->name] = $params[$arg->name];
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach (array_keys($params) as $key) {
+                if (! isset($methodParams[$key])) {
+                    throw ViewException::forInvalidCellParameter($key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            $output = $instance->{$method}(...array_values($fireArgs));
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Cells/Cell.php b/system/View/Cells/Cell.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc97fd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Cells/Cell.php
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View\Cells;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Traits\PropertiesTrait;
+use LogicException;
+use ReflectionClass;
+
+/**
+ * Class Cell
+ *
+ * The base class that View Cells should extend.
+ * Provides extended features for managing/rendering
+ * a single cell's contents.
+ *
+ * @function mount()
+ */
+class Cell
+{
+    use PropertiesTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the view to render.
+     * If empty, will be determined based
+     * on the cell class' name.
+     */
+    protected string $view = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Responsible for converting the view into HTML.
+     * Expected to be overridden by the child class
+     * in many occasions, but not all.
+     */
+    public function render(): string
+    {
+        if (! function_exists('decamelize')) {
+            helper('inflector');
+        }
+
+        return $this->view($this->view);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the view to use when rendered.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setView(string $view)
+    {
+        $this->view = $view;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Actually renders the view, and returns the HTML.
+     * In order to provide access to public properties and methods
+     * from within the view, this method extracts $data into the
+     * current scope and captures the output buffer instead of
+     * relying on the view service.
+     *
+     * @throws LogicException
+     */
+    final protected function view(?string $view, array $data = []): string
+    {
+        $properties = $this->getPublicProperties();
+        $properties = $this->includeComputedProperties($properties);
+        $properties = array_merge($properties, $data);
+
+        $view = (string) $view;
+
+        if ($view === '') {
+            $viewName  = decamelize(class_basename(static::class));
+            $directory = dirname((new ReflectionClass($this))->getFileName()) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+            $possibleView1 = $directory . substr($viewName, 0, strrpos($viewName, '_cell')) . '.php';
+            $possibleView2 = $directory . $viewName . '.php';
+        }
+
+        if ($view !== '' && ! is_file($view)) {
+            $directory = dirname((new ReflectionClass($this))->getFileName()) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+            $view = $directory . $view . '.php';
+        }
+
+        $candidateViews = array_filter(
+            [$view, $possibleView1 ?? '', $possibleView2 ?? ''],
+            static fn (string $path): bool => $path !== '' && is_file($path)
+        );
+
+        if ($candidateViews === []) {
+            throw new LogicException(sprintf(
+                'Cannot locate the view file for the "%s" cell.',
+                static::class
+            ));
+        }
+
+        $foundView = current($candidateViews);
+
+        return (function () use ($properties, $foundView): string {
+            extract($properties);
+            ob_start();
+            include $foundView;
+
+            return ob_get_clean();
+        })();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides capability to render on string casting.
+     */
+    public function __toString()
+    {
+        return $this->render();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows the developer to define computed properties
+     * as methods with `get` prefixed to the protected/private property name.
+     */
+    private function includeComputedProperties(array $properties): array
+    {
+        $reservedProperties = ['data', 'view'];
+        $privateProperties  = $this->getNonPublicProperties();
+
+        foreach ($privateProperties as $property) {
+            $name = $property->getName();
+
+            // don't include any methods in the base class
+            if (in_array($name, $reservedProperties, true)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $computedMethod = 'get' . ucfirst($name) . 'Property';
+
+            if (method_exists($this, $computedMethod)) {
+                $properties[$name] = $this->{$computedMethod}();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $properties;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Exceptions/ViewException.php b/system/View/Exceptions/ViewException.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84ab72c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Exceptions/ViewException.php
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
+
+class ViewException extends FrameworkException
+{
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidCellMethod(string $class, string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.invalidCellMethod', ['class' => $class, 'method' => $method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forMissingCellParameters(string $class, string $method)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.missingCellParameters', ['class' => $class, 'method' => $method]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidCellParameter(string $key)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.invalidCellParameter', [$key]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forNoCellClass()
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.noCellClass'));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidCellClass(?string $class = null)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.invalidCellClass', [$class]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forTagSyntaxError(string $output)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.tagSyntaxError', [$output]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return static
+     */
+    public static function forInvalidDecorator(string $className)
+    {
+        return new static(lang('View.invalidDecoratorClass', [$className]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Filters.php b/system/View/Filters.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65dfe6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Filters.php
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use Config\Services;
+use NumberFormatter;
+
+/**
+ * View filters
+ */
+class Filters
+{
+    /**
+     * Returns $value as all lowercase with the first letter capitalized.
+     */
+    public static function capitalize(string $value): string
+    {
+        return ucfirst(strtolower($value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Formats a date into the given $format.
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $value
+     */
+    public static function date($value, string $format): string
+    {
+        if (is_string($value) && ! is_numeric($value)) {
+            $value = strtotime($value);
+        }
+
+        return date($format, $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a string or DateTime object, will return the date modified
+     * by the given value. Returns the value as a unix timestamp
+     *
+     * Example:
+     *      my_date|date_modify(+1 day)
+     *
+     * @param int|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return false|int
+     */
+    public static function date_modify($value, string $adjustment)
+    {
+        $value = static::date($value, 'Y-m-d H:i:s');
+
+        return strtotime($adjustment, strtotime($value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given default value if $value is empty or undefined.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|resource|string|null $value
+     */
+    public static function default($value, string $default): string
+    {
+        return empty($value)
+            ? $default
+            : $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes the given value with our `esc()` helper function.
+     *
+     * @param string $value
+     * @phpstan-param 'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     */
+    public static function esc($value, string $context = 'html'): string
+    {
+        return esc($value, $context);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an excerpt of the given string.
+     */
+    public static function excerpt(string $value, string $phrase, int $radius = 100): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return excerpt($value, $phrase, $radius);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Highlights a given phrase within the text using '<mark></mark>' tags.
+     */
+    public static function highlight(string $value, string $phrase): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return highlight_phrase($value, $phrase);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Highlights code samples with HTML/CSS.
+     *
+     * @param string $value
+     */
+    public static function highlight_code($value): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return highlight_code($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the number of characters to $limit, and trails of with an ellipsis.
+     * Will break at word break so may be more or less than $limit.
+     *
+     * @param string $value
+     */
+    public static function limit_chars($value, int $limit = 500): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return character_limiter($value, $limit);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limits the number of words to $limit, and trails of with an ellipsis.
+     *
+     * @param string $value
+     */
+    public static function limit_words($value, int $limit = 100): string
+    {
+        helper('text');
+
+        return word_limiter($value, $limit);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the $value displayed in a localized manner.
+     *
+     * @param float|int $value
+     */
+    public static function local_number($value, string $type = 'decimal', int $precision = 4, ?string $locale = null): string
+    {
+        helper('number');
+
+        $types = [
+            'decimal'    => NumberFormatter::DECIMAL,
+            'currency'   => NumberFormatter::CURRENCY,
+            'percent'    => NumberFormatter::PERCENT,
+            'scientific' => NumberFormatter::SCIENTIFIC,
+            'spellout'   => NumberFormatter::SPELLOUT,
+            'ordinal'    => NumberFormatter::ORDINAL,
+            'duration'   => NumberFormatter::DURATION,
+        ];
+
+        return format_number($value, $precision, $locale, ['type' => $types[$type]]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the $value displayed as a currency string.
+     *
+     * @param float|int $value
+     * @param int       $fraction
+     */
+    public static function local_currency($value, string $currency, ?string $locale = null, $fraction = null): string
+    {
+        helper('number');
+
+        $fraction ??= 0;
+
+        $options = [
+            'type'     => NumberFormatter::CURRENCY,
+            'currency' => $currency,
+            'fraction' => $fraction,
+        ];
+
+        return format_number($value, 2, $locale, $options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string with all instances of newline character (\n)
+     * converted to an HTML <br> tag.
+     */
+    public static function nl2br(string $value): string
+    {
+        $typography = Services::typography();
+
+        return $typography->nl2brExceptPre($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a body of text and uses the auto_typography() method to
+     * turn it into prettier, easier-to-read, prose.
+     */
+    public static function prose(string $value): string
+    {
+        $typography = Services::typography();
+
+        return $typography->autoTypography($value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rounds a given $value in one of 3 ways;
+     *
+     *  - common    Normal rounding
+     *  - ceil      always rounds up
+     *  - floor     always rounds down
+     *
+     * @param int|string $precision precision or type
+     *
+     * @return float|string
+     */
+    public static function round(string $value, $precision = 2, string $type = 'common')
+    {
+        // In case that $precision is a type like `{ value1|round(ceil) }`
+        if (! is_numeric($precision)) {
+            $type      = $precision;
+            $precision = 2;
+        } else {
+            $precision = (int) $precision;
+        }
+
+        switch ($type) {
+            case 'common':
+                return round((float) $value, $precision);
+
+            case 'ceil':
+                return ceil((float) $value);
+
+            case 'floor':
+                return floor((float) $value);
+        }
+
+        // Still here, just return the value.
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a "title case" version of the string.
+     */
+    public static function title(string $value): string
+    {
+        return ucwords(strtolower($value));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Parser.php b/system/View/Parser.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12057007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Parser.php
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
+use Config\View as ViewConfig;
+use ParseError;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Class for parsing pseudo-vars
+ *
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\ParserTest
+ */
+class Parser extends View
+{
+    use ViewDecoratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Left delimiter character for pseudo vars
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $leftDelimiter = '{';
+
+    /**
+     * Right delimiter character for pseudo vars
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $rightDelimiter = '}';
+
+    /**
+     * Left delimiter characters for conditionals
+     */
+    protected string $leftConditionalDelimiter = '{';
+
+    /**
+     * Right delimiter characters for conditionals
+     */
+    protected string $rightConditionalDelimiter = '}';
+
+    /**
+     * Stores extracted noparse blocks.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $noparseBlocks = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores any plugins registered at run-time.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
+     */
+    protected $plugins = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the context for each data element
+     * when set by `setData` so the context is respected.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $dataContexts = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param FileLocator|null $loader
+     */
+    public function __construct(ViewConfig $config, ?string $viewPath = null, $loader = null, ?bool $debug = null, ?LoggerInterface $logger = null)
+    {
+        // Ensure user plugins override core plugins.
+        $this->plugins = $config->plugins;
+
+        parent::__construct($config, $viewPath, $loader, $debug, $logger);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a template
+     *
+     * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template view,
+     * replacing them with any data that has already been set.
+     */
+    public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = null): string
+    {
+        $start = microtime(true);
+        if ($saveData === null) {
+            $saveData = $this->config->saveData;
+        }
+
+        $fileExt = pathinfo($view, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
+        $view    = empty($fileExt) ? $view . '.php' : $view; // allow Views as .html, .tpl, etc (from CI3)
+
+        $cacheName = $options['cache_name'] ?? str_replace('.php', '', $view);
+
+        // Was it cached?
+        if (isset($options['cache']) && ($output = cache($cacheName))) {
+            $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $view);
+
+            return $output;
+        }
+
+        $file = $this->viewPath . $view;
+
+        if (! is_file($file)) {
+            $fileOrig = $file;
+            $file     = $this->loader->locateFile($view, 'Views');
+
+            // locateFile will return an empty string if the file cannot be found.
+            if (empty($file)) {
+                throw ViewException::forInvalidFile($fileOrig);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($this->tempData === null) {
+            $this->tempData = $this->data;
+        }
+
+        $template = file_get_contents($file);
+        $output   = $this->parse($template, $this->tempData, $options);
+        $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $view);
+
+        if ($saveData) {
+            $this->data = $this->tempData;
+        }
+
+        $output = $this->decorateOutput($output);
+
+        // Should we cache?
+        if (isset($options['cache'])) {
+            cache()->save($cacheName, $output, (int) $options['cache']);
+        }
+        $this->tempData = null;
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a String
+     *
+     * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified string,
+     * replacing them with any data that has already been set.
+     */
+    public function renderString(string $template, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = null): string
+    {
+        $start = microtime(true);
+        if ($saveData === null) {
+            $saveData = $this->config->saveData;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->tempData === null) {
+            $this->tempData = $this->data;
+        }
+
+        $output = $this->parse($template, $this->tempData, $options);
+
+        $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $this->excerpt($template));
+
+        if ($saveData) {
+            $this->data = $this->tempData;
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData = null;
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets several pieces of view data at once.
+     * In the Parser, we need to store the context here
+     * so that the variable is correctly handled within the
+     * parsing itself, and contexts (including raw) are respected.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $context The context to escape it for: html, css, js, url, raw
+     *                             If 'raw', no escaping will happen
+     */
+    public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
+    {
+        if (! empty($context)) {
+            foreach ($data as $key => &$value) {
+                if (is_array($value)) {
+                    foreach ($value as &$obj) {
+                        $obj = $this->objectToArray($obj);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    $value = $this->objectToArray($value);
+                }
+
+                $this->dataContexts[$key] = $context;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData ??= $this->data;
+        $this->tempData = array_merge($this->tempData, $data);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a template
+     *
+     * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template,
+     * replacing them with the data in the second param
+     *
+     * @param array $options Future options
+     */
+    protected function parse(string $template, array $data = [], ?array $options = null): string
+    {
+        if ($template === '') {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        // Remove any possible PHP tags since we don't support it
+        // and parseConditionals needs it clean anyway...
+        $template = str_replace(['<?', '?>'], ['&lt;?', '?&gt;'], $template);
+
+        $template = $this->parseComments($template);
+        $template = $this->extractNoparse($template);
+
+        // Replace any conditional code here so we don't have to parse as much
+        $template = $this->parseConditionals($template);
+
+        // Handle any plugins before normal data, so that
+        // it can potentially modify any template between its tags.
+        $template = $this->parsePlugins($template);
+
+        // loop over the data variables, replacing
+        // the content as we go.
+        foreach ($data as $key => $val) {
+            $escape = true;
+
+            if (is_array($val)) {
+                $escape  = false;
+                $replace = $this->parsePair($key, $val, $template);
+            } else {
+                $replace = $this->parseSingle($key, (string) $val);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($replace as $pattern => $content) {
+                $template = $this->replaceSingle($pattern, $content, $template, $escape);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->insertNoparse($template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a single key/value, extracting it
+     */
+    protected function parseSingle(string $key, string $val): array
+    {
+        $pattern = '#' . $this->leftDelimiter . '!?\s*' . preg_quote($key, '#')
+            . '(?(?=\s*\|\s*)(\s*\|*\s*([|\w<>=\(\),:.\-\s\+\\\\/]+)*\s*))(\s*)!?'
+            . $this->rightDelimiter . '#ums';
+
+        return [$pattern => $val];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse a tag pair
+     *
+     * Parses tag pairs: {some_tag} string... {/some_tag}
+     */
+    protected function parsePair(string $variable, array $data, string $template): array
+    {
+        // Holds the replacement patterns and contents
+        // that will be used within a preg_replace in parse()
+        $replace = [];
+
+        // Find all matches of space-flexible versions of {tag}{/tag} so we
+        // have something to loop over.
+        preg_match_all(
+            '#' . $this->leftDelimiter . '\s*' . preg_quote($variable, '#') . '\s*' . $this->rightDelimiter . '(.+?)' .
+            $this->leftDelimiter . '\s*/' . preg_quote($variable, '#') . '\s*' . $this->rightDelimiter . '#us',
+            $template,
+            $matches,
+            PREG_SET_ORDER
+        );
+
+        /*
+         * Each match looks like:
+         *
+         * $match[0] {tag}...{/tag}
+         * $match[1] Contents inside the tag
+         */
+        foreach ($matches as $match) {
+            // Loop over each piece of $data, replacing
+            // its contents so that we know what to replace in parse()
+            $str = '';  // holds the new contents for this tag pair.
+
+            foreach ($data as $row) {
+                // Objects that have a `toArray()` method should be
+                // converted with that method (i.e. Entities)
+                if (is_object($row) && method_exists($row, 'toArray')) {
+                    $row = $row->toArray();
+                }
+                // Otherwise, cast as an array and it will grab public properties.
+                elseif (is_object($row)) {
+                    $row = (array) $row;
+                }
+
+                $temp  = [];
+                $pairs = [];
+                $out   = $match[1];
+
+                foreach ($row as $key => $val) {
+                    // For nested data, send us back through this method...
+                    if (is_array($val)) {
+                        $pair = $this->parsePair($key, $val, $match[1]);
+
+                        if (! empty($pair)) {
+                            $pairs[array_keys($pair)[0]] = true;
+
+                            $temp = array_merge($temp, $pair);
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (is_object($val)) {
+                        $val = 'Class: ' . get_class($val);
+                    } elseif (is_resource($val)) {
+                        $val = 'Resource';
+                    }
+
+                    $temp['#' . $this->leftDelimiter . '!?\s*' . preg_quote($key, '#') . '(?(?=\s*\|\s*)(\s*\|*\s*([|\w<>=\(\),:.\-\s\+\\\\/]+)*\s*))(\s*)!?' . $this->rightDelimiter . '#us'] = $val;
+                }
+
+                // Now replace our placeholders with the new content.
+                foreach ($temp as $pattern => $content) {
+                    $out = $this->replaceSingle($pattern, $content, $out, ! isset($pairs[$pattern]));
+                }
+
+                $str .= $out;
+            }
+
+            $escapedMatch = preg_quote($match[0], '#');
+
+            $replace['#' . $escapedMatch . '#us'] = $str;
+        }
+
+        return $replace;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes any comments from the file. Comments are wrapped in {# #} symbols:
+     *
+     *      {# This is a comment #}
+     */
+    protected function parseComments(string $template): string
+    {
+        return preg_replace('/\{#.*?#\}/us', '', $template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts noparse blocks, inserting a hash in its place so that
+     * those blocks of the page are not touched by parsing.
+     */
+    protected function extractNoparse(string $template): string
+    {
+        $pattern = '/\{\s*noparse\s*\}(.*?)\{\s*\/noparse\s*\}/ums';
+
+        /*
+         * $matches[][0] is the raw match
+         * $matches[][1] is the contents
+         */
+        if (preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER)) {
+            foreach ($matches as $match) {
+                // Create a hash of the contents to insert in its place.
+                $hash                       = md5($match[1]);
+                $this->noparseBlocks[$hash] = $match[1];
+                $template                   = str_replace($match[0], "noparse_{$hash}", $template);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $template;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-inserts the noparsed contents back into the template.
+     */
+    public function insertNoparse(string $template): string
+    {
+        foreach ($this->noparseBlocks as $hash => $replace) {
+            $template = str_replace("noparse_{$hash}", $replace, $template);
+            unset($this->noparseBlocks[$hash]);
+        }
+
+        return $template;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses any conditionals in the code, removing blocks that don't
+     * pass so we don't try to parse it later.
+     *
+     * Valid conditionals:
+     *  - if
+     *  - elseif
+     *  - else
+     */
+    protected function parseConditionals(string $template): string
+    {
+        $leftDelimiter  = preg_quote($this->leftConditionalDelimiter, '/');
+        $rightDelimiter = preg_quote($this->rightConditionalDelimiter, '/');
+
+        $pattern = '/'
+            . $leftDelimiter
+            . '\s*(if|elseif)\s*((?:\()?(.*?)(?:\))?)\s*'
+            . $rightDelimiter
+            . '/ums';
+
+        /*
+         * For each match:
+         * [0] = raw match `{if var}`
+         * [1] = conditional `if`
+         * [2] = condition `do === true`
+         * [3] = same as [2]
+         */
+        preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER);
+
+        foreach ($matches as $match) {
+            // Build the string to replace the `if` statement with.
+            $condition = $match[2];
+
+            $statement = $match[1] === 'elseif' ? '<?php elseif (' . $condition . '): ?>' : '<?php if (' . $condition . '): ?>';
+            $template  = str_replace($match[0], $statement, $template);
+        }
+
+        $template = preg_replace(
+            '/' . $leftDelimiter . '\s*else\s*' . $rightDelimiter . '/ums',
+            '<?php else: ?>',
+            $template
+        );
+        $template = preg_replace(
+            '/' . $leftDelimiter . '\s*endif\s*' . $rightDelimiter . '/ums',
+            '<?php endif; ?>',
+            $template
+        );
+
+        // Parse the PHP itself, or insert an error so they can debug
+        ob_start();
+
+        if ($this->tempData === null) {
+            $this->tempData = $this->data;
+        }
+
+        extract($this->tempData);
+
+        try {
+            eval('?>' . $template . '<?php ');
+        } catch (ParseError $e) {
+            ob_end_clean();
+
+            throw ViewException::forTagSyntaxError(str_replace(['?>', '<?php '], '', $template));
+        }
+
+        return ob_get_clean();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Over-ride the substitution field delimiters.
+     *
+     * @param string $leftDelimiter
+     * @param string $rightDelimiter
+     */
+    public function setDelimiters($leftDelimiter = '{', $rightDelimiter = '}'): RendererInterface
+    {
+        $this->leftDelimiter  = $leftDelimiter;
+        $this->rightDelimiter = $rightDelimiter;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Over-ride the substitution conditional delimiters.
+     *
+     * @param string $leftDelimiter
+     * @param string $rightDelimiter
+     */
+    public function setConditionalDelimiters($leftDelimiter = '{', $rightDelimiter = '}'): RendererInterface
+    {
+        $this->leftConditionalDelimiter  = $leftDelimiter;
+        $this->rightConditionalDelimiter = $rightDelimiter;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles replacing a pseudo-variable with the actual content. Will double-check
+     * for escaping brackets.
+     *
+     * @param array|string $pattern
+     * @param string       $content
+     * @param string       $template
+     */
+    protected function replaceSingle($pattern, $content, $template, bool $escape = false): string
+    {
+        $content = (string) $content;
+
+        // Replace the content in the template
+        return preg_replace_callback($pattern, function ($matches) use ($content, $escape) {
+            // Check for {! !} syntax to not escape this one.
+            if (
+                strpos($matches[0], $this->leftDelimiter . '!') === 0
+                && substr($matches[0], -1 - strlen($this->rightDelimiter)) === '!' . $this->rightDelimiter
+            ) {
+                $escape = false;
+            }
+
+            return $this->prepareReplacement($matches, $content, $escape);
+        }, (string) $template);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback used during parse() to apply any filters to the value.
+     */
+    protected function prepareReplacement(array $matches, string $replace, bool $escape = true): string
+    {
+        $orig = array_shift($matches);
+
+        // Our regex earlier will leave all chained values on a single line
+        // so we need to break them apart so we can apply them all.
+        $filters = ! empty($matches[1]) ? explode('|', $matches[1]) : [];
+
+        if ($escape && empty($filters) && ($context = $this->shouldAddEscaping($orig))) {
+            $filters[] = "esc({$context})";
+        }
+
+        return $this->applyFilters($replace, $filters);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the placeholder the view provided to see if we need to provide any autoescaping.
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    public function shouldAddEscaping(string $key)
+    {
+        $escape = false;
+
+        $key = trim(str_replace(['{', '}'], '', $key));
+
+        // If the key has a context stored (from setData)
+        // we need to respect that.
+        if (array_key_exists($key, $this->dataContexts)) {
+            if ($this->dataContexts[$key] !== 'raw') {
+                return $this->dataContexts[$key];
+            }
+        }
+        // No pipes, then we know we need to escape
+        elseif (strpos($key, '|') === false) {
+            $escape = 'html';
+        }
+        // If there's a `noescape` then we're definitely false.
+        elseif (strpos($key, 'noescape') !== false) {
+            $escape = false;
+        }
+        // If no `esc` filter is found, then we'll need to add one.
+        elseif (! preg_match('/\s+esc/u', $key)) {
+            $escape = 'html';
+        }
+
+        return $escape;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a set of filters, will apply each of the filters in turn
+     * to $replace, and return the modified string.
+     */
+    protected function applyFilters(string $replace, array $filters): string
+    {
+        // Determine the requested filters
+        foreach ($filters as $filter) {
+            // Grab any parameter we might need to send
+            preg_match('/\([\w<>=\/\\\,:.\-\s\+]+\)/u', $filter, $param);
+
+            // Remove the () and spaces to we have just the parameter left
+            $param = ! empty($param) ? trim($param[0], '() ') : null;
+
+            // Params can be separated by commas to allow multiple parameters for the filter
+            if (! empty($param)) {
+                $param = explode(',', $param);
+
+                // Clean it up
+                foreach ($param as &$p) {
+                    $p = trim($p, ' "');
+                }
+            } else {
+                $param = [];
+            }
+
+            // Get our filter name
+            $filter = ! empty($param) ? trim(strtolower(substr($filter, 0, strpos($filter, '(')))) : trim($filter);
+
+            if (! array_key_exists($filter, $this->config->filters)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Filter it....
+            $replace = $this->config->filters[$filter]($replace, ...$param);
+        }
+
+        return $replace;
+    }
+
+    // Plugins
+
+    /**
+     * Scans the template for any parser plugins, and attempts to execute them.
+     * Plugins are delimited by {+ ... +}
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function parsePlugins(string $template)
+    {
+        foreach ($this->plugins as $plugin => $callable) {
+            // Paired tags are enclosed in an array in the config array.
+            $isPair   = is_array($callable);
+            $callable = $isPair ? array_shift($callable) : $callable;
+
+            // See https://regex101.com/r/BCBBKB/1
+            $pattern = $isPair
+                ? '#\{\+\s*' . $plugin . '([\w=\-_:\+\s\(\)/"@.]*)?\s*\+\}(.+?)\{\+\s*/' . $plugin . '\s*\+\}#uims'
+                : '#\{\+\s*' . $plugin . '([\w=\-_:\+\s\(\)/"@.]*)?\s*\+\}#uims';
+
+            /**
+             * Match tag pairs
+             *
+             * Each match is an array:
+             *   $matches[0] = entire matched string
+             *   $matches[1] = all parameters string in opening tag
+             *   $matches[2] = content between the tags to send to the plugin.
+             */
+            if (! preg_match_all($pattern, $template, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($matches as $match) {
+                $params = [];
+
+                preg_match_all('/([\w-]+=\"[^"]+\")|([\w-]+=[^\"\s=]+)|(\"[^"]+\")|(\S+)/u', trim($match[1]), $matchesParams);
+
+                foreach ($matchesParams[0] as $item) {
+                    $keyVal = explode('=', $item);
+
+                    if (count($keyVal) === 2) {
+                        $params[$keyVal[0]] = str_replace('"', '', $keyVal[1]);
+                    } else {
+                        $params[] = str_replace('"', '', $item);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $template = $isPair
+                    ? str_replace($match[0], $callable($match[2], $params), $template)
+                    : str_replace($match[0], $callable($params), $template);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $template;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes a new plugin available during the parsing of the template.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function addPlugin(string $alias, callable $callback, bool $isPair = false)
+    {
+        $this->plugins[$alias] = $isPair ? [$callback] : $callback;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a plugin from the available plugins.
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function removePlugin(string $alias)
+    {
+        unset($this->plugins[$alias]);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an object to an array, respecting any
+     * toArray() methods on an object.
+     *
+     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null $value
+     *
+     * @return array|bool|float|int|string|null
+     */
+    protected function objectToArray($value)
+    {
+        // Objects that have a `toArray()` method should be
+        // converted with that method (i.e. Entities)
+        if (is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toArray')) {
+            $value = $value->toArray();
+        }
+        // Otherwise, cast as an array and it will grab public properties.
+        elseif (is_object($value)) {
+            $value = (array) $value;
+        }
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Plugins.php b/system/View/Plugins.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b74ad96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Plugins.php
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * View plugins
+ */
+class Plugins
+{
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     *
+     * @return string|URI
+     */
+    public static function currentURL()
+    {
+        return current_url();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     *
+     * @return mixed|string|URI
+     */
+    public static function previousURL()
+    {
+        return previous_url();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function mailto(array $params = []): string
+    {
+        $email = $params['email'] ?? '';
+        $title = $params['title'] ?? '';
+        $attrs = $params['attributes'] ?? '';
+
+        return mailto($email, $title, $attrs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function safeMailto(array $params = []): string
+    {
+        $email = $params['email'] ?? '';
+        $title = $params['title'] ?? '';
+        $attrs = $params['attributes'] ?? '';
+
+        return safe_mailto($email, $title, $attrs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function lang(array $params = []): string
+    {
+        $line = array_shift($params);
+
+        return lang($line, $params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function ValidationErrors(array $params = []): string
+    {
+        $validator = Services::validation();
+        if (empty($params)) {
+            return $validator->listErrors();
+        }
+
+        return $validator->showError($params['field']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     *
+     * @return false|string
+     */
+    public static function route(array $params = [])
+    {
+        return route_to(...$params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap helper function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function siteURL(array $params = []): string
+    {
+        return site_url(...$params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap csp_script_nonce() function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function cspScriptNonce(): string
+    {
+        return csp_script_nonce();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap csp_style_nonce() function to use as view plugin.
+     */
+    public static function cspStyleNonce(): string
+    {
+        return csp_style_nonce();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/RendererInterface.php b/system/View/RendererInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..409a5a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/RendererInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+/**
+ * Interface RendererInterface
+ *
+ * The interface used for displaying Views and/or theme files.
+ */
+interface RendererInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Builds the output based upon a file name and any
+     * data that has already been set.
+     *
+     * @param array $options  Reserved for 3rd-party uses since
+     *                        it might be needed to pass additional info
+     *                        to other template engines.
+     * @param bool  $saveData Whether to save data for subsequent calls
+     */
+    public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, bool $saveData = false): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the output based upon a string and any
+     * data that has already been set.
+     *
+     * @param string $view     The view contents
+     * @param array  $options  Reserved for 3rd-party uses since
+     *                         it might be needed to pass additional info
+     *                         to other template engines.
+     * @param bool   $saveData Whether to save data for subsequent calls
+     */
+    public function renderString(string $view, ?array $options = null, bool $saveData = false): string;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets several pieces of view data at once.
+     *
+     * @param string $context The context to escape it for: html, css, js, url
+     *                        If 'raw', no escaping will happen
+     *
+     * @return RendererInterface
+     */
+    public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a single piece of view data.
+     *
+     * @param mixed  $value
+     * @param string $context The context to escape it for: html, css, js, url
+     *                        If 'raw' no escaping will happen
+     *
+     * @return RendererInterface
+     */
+    public function setVar(string $name, $value = null, ?string $context = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the view data from the system.
+     *
+     * @return RendererInterface
+     */
+    public function resetData();
+}
diff --git a/system/View/Table.php b/system/View/Table.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e241f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/Table.php
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseResult;
+
+/**
+ * HTML Table Generating Class
+ *
+ * Lets you create tables manually or from database result objects, or arrays.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\TableTest
+ */
+class Table
+{
+    /**
+     * Data for table rows
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $rows = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Data for table heading
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $heading = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Data for table footing
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $footing = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Whether or not to automatically create the table header
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    public $autoHeading = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Table caption
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    public $caption;
+
+    /**
+     * Table layout template
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    public $template;
+
+    /**
+     * Newline setting
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $newline = "\n";
+
+    /**
+     * Contents of empty cells
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public $emptyCells = '';
+
+    /**
+     * Callback for custom table layout
+     *
+     * @var callable|null
+     */
+    public $function;
+
+    /**
+     * Order each inserted row by heading keys
+     */
+    private bool $syncRowsWithHeading = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Set the template from the table config file if it exists
+     *
+     * @param array $config (default: array())
+     */
+    public function __construct($config = [])
+    {
+        // initialize config
+        foreach ($config as $key => $val) {
+            $this->template[$key] = $val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the template
+     *
+     * @param array $template
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function setTemplate($template)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($template)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $this->template = $template;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the table heading
+     *
+     * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function setHeading()
+    {
+        $this->heading = $this->_prepArgs(func_get_args());
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the table footing
+     *
+     * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function setFooting()
+    {
+        $this->footing = $this->_prepArgs(func_get_args());
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set columns. Takes a one-dimensional array as input and creates
+     * a multi-dimensional array with a depth equal to the number of
+     * columns. This allows a single array with many elements to be
+     * displayed in a table that has a fixed column count.
+     *
+     * @param array $array
+     * @param int   $columnLimit
+     *
+     * @return array|false
+     */
+    public function makeColumns($array = [], $columnLimit = 0)
+    {
+        if (! is_array($array) || $array === [] || ! is_int($columnLimit)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Turn off the auto-heading feature since it's doubtful we
+        // will want headings from a one-dimensional array
+        $this->autoHeading         = false;
+        $this->syncRowsWithHeading = false;
+
+        if ($columnLimit === 0) {
+            return $array;
+        }
+
+        $new = [];
+
+        do {
+            $temp = array_splice($array, 0, $columnLimit);
+
+            if (count($temp) < $columnLimit) {
+                for ($i = count($temp); $i < $columnLimit; $i++) {
+                    $temp[] = '&nbsp;';
+                }
+            }
+
+            $new[] = $temp;
+        } while ($array !== []);
+
+        return $new;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set "empty" cells
+     *
+     * @param string $value
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function setEmpty($value)
+    {
+        $this->emptyCells = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a table row
+     *
+     * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function addRow()
+    {
+        $tmpRow = $this->_prepArgs(func_get_args());
+
+        if ($this->syncRowsWithHeading && ! empty($this->heading)) {
+            // each key has an index
+            $keyIndex = array_flip(array_keys($this->heading));
+
+            // figure out which keys need to be added
+            $missingKeys = array_diff_key($keyIndex, $tmpRow);
+
+            // Remove all keys which don't exist in $keyIndex
+            $tmpRow = array_filter($tmpRow, static fn ($k) => array_key_exists($k, $keyIndex), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY);
+
+            // add missing keys to row, but use $this->emptyCells
+            $tmpRow = array_merge($tmpRow, array_map(fn ($v) => ['data' => $this->emptyCells], $missingKeys));
+
+            // order keys by $keyIndex values
+            uksort($tmpRow, static fn ($k1, $k2) => $keyIndex[$k1] <=> $keyIndex[$k2]);
+        }
+        $this->rows[] = $tmpRow;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to true if each row column should be synced by keys defined in heading.
+     *
+     * If a row has a key which does not exist in heading, it will be filtered out
+     * If a row does not have a key which exists in heading, the field will stay empty
+     *
+     * @return $this
+     */
+    public function setSyncRowsWithHeading(bool $orderByKey)
+    {
+        $this->syncRowsWithHeading = $orderByKey;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prep Args
+     *
+     * Ensures a standard associative array format for all cell data
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function _prepArgs(array $args)
+    {
+        // If there is no $args[0], skip this and treat as an associative array
+        // This can happen if there is only a single key, for example this is passed to table->generate
+        // array(array('foo'=>'bar'))
+        if (isset($args[0]) && count($args) === 1 && is_array($args[0])) {
+            $args = $args[0];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($args as $key => $val) {
+            if (! is_array($val)) {
+                $args[$key] = ['data' => $val];
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a table caption
+     *
+     * @param string $caption
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function setCaption($caption)
+    {
+        $this->caption = $caption;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate the table
+     *
+     * @param array|BaseResult|null $tableData
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function generate($tableData = null)
+    {
+        // The table data can optionally be passed to this function
+        // either as a database result object or an array
+        if (! empty($tableData)) {
+            if ($tableData instanceof BaseResult) {
+                $this->_setFromDBResult($tableData);
+            } elseif (is_array($tableData)) {
+                $this->_setFromArray($tableData);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Is there anything to display? No? Smite them!
+        if (empty($this->heading) && empty($this->rows)) {
+            return 'Undefined table data';
+        }
+
+        // Compile and validate the template date
+        $this->_compileTemplate();
+
+        // Validate a possibly existing custom cell manipulation function
+        if (isset($this->function) && ! is_callable($this->function)) {
+            $this->function = null;
+        }
+
+        // Build the table!
+        $out = $this->template['table_open'] . $this->newline;
+
+        // Add any caption here
+        if ($this->caption) {
+            $out .= '<caption>' . $this->caption . '</caption>' . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        // Is there a table heading to display?
+        if (! empty($this->heading)) {
+            $headerTag = null;
+
+            if (preg_match('/(<)(td|th)(?=\h|>)/i', $this->template['heading_cell_start'], $matches) === 1) {
+                $headerTag = $matches[0];
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->template['thead_open'] . $this->newline . $this->template['heading_row_start'] . $this->newline;
+
+            foreach ($this->heading as $heading) {
+                $temp = $this->template['heading_cell_start'];
+
+                foreach ($heading as $key => $val) {
+                    if ($key !== 'data' && $headerTag !== null) {
+                        $temp = str_replace($headerTag, $headerTag . ' ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"', $temp);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $out .= $temp . ($heading['data'] ?? '') . $this->template['heading_cell_end'];
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->template['heading_row_end'] . $this->newline . $this->template['thead_close'] . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        // Build the table rows
+        if (! empty($this->rows)) {
+            $out .= $this->template['tbody_open'] . $this->newline;
+
+            $i = 1;
+
+            foreach ($this->rows as $row) {
+                // We use modulus to alternate the row colors
+                $name = fmod($i++, 2) ? '' : 'alt_';
+
+                $out .= $this->template['row_' . $name . 'start'] . $this->newline;
+
+                foreach ($row as $cell) {
+                    $temp = $this->template['cell_' . $name . 'start'];
+
+                    foreach ($cell as $key => $val) {
+                        if ($key !== 'data') {
+                            $temp = str_replace('<td', '<td ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"', $temp);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    $cell = $cell['data'] ?? '';
+                    $out .= $temp;
+
+                    if ($cell === '' || $cell === null) {
+                        $out .= $this->emptyCells;
+                    } elseif (isset($this->function)) {
+                        $out .= ($this->function)($cell);
+                    } else {
+                        $out .= $cell;
+                    }
+
+                    $out .= $this->template['cell_' . $name . 'end'];
+                }
+
+                $out .= $this->template['row_' . $name . 'end'] . $this->newline;
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->template['tbody_close'] . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        // Any table footing to display?
+        if (! empty($this->footing)) {
+            $footerTag = null;
+
+            if (preg_match('/(<)(td|th)(?=\h|>)/i', $this->template['footing_cell_start'], $matches)) {
+                $footerTag = $matches[0];
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->template['tfoot_open'] . $this->newline . $this->template['footing_row_start'] . $this->newline;
+
+            foreach ($this->footing as $footing) {
+                $temp = $this->template['footing_cell_start'];
+
+                foreach ($footing as $key => $val) {
+                    if ($key !== 'data' && $footerTag !== null) {
+                        $temp = str_replace($footerTag, $footerTag . ' ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"', $temp);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                $out .= $temp . ($footing['data'] ?? '') . $this->template['footing_cell_end'];
+            }
+
+            $out .= $this->template['footing_row_end'] . $this->newline . $this->template['tfoot_close'] . $this->newline;
+        }
+
+        // And finally, close off the table
+        $out .= $this->template['table_close'];
+
+        // Clear table class properties before generating the table
+        $this->clear();
+
+        return $out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the table arrays.  Useful if multiple tables are being generated
+     *
+     * @return Table
+     */
+    public function clear()
+    {
+        $this->rows        = [];
+        $this->heading     = [];
+        $this->footing     = [];
+        $this->autoHeading = true;
+        $this->caption     = null;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set table data from a database result object
+     *
+     * @param BaseResult $object Database result object
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _setFromDBResult($object)
+    {
+        // First generate the headings from the table column names
+        if ($this->autoHeading && empty($this->heading)) {
+            $this->heading = $this->_prepArgs($object->getFieldNames());
+        }
+
+        foreach ($object->getResultArray() as $row) {
+            $this->rows[] = $this->_prepArgs($row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set table data from an array
+     *
+     * @param array $data
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _setFromArray($data)
+    {
+        if ($this->autoHeading && empty($this->heading)) {
+            $this->heading = $this->_prepArgs(array_shift($data));
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data as &$row) {
+            $this->addRow($row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compile Template
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function _compileTemplate()
+    {
+        if ($this->template === null) {
+            $this->template = $this->_defaultTemplate();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->_defaultTemplate() as $field => $template) {
+            if (! isset($this->template[$field])) {
+                $this->template[$field] = $template;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default Template
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    protected function _defaultTemplate()
+    {
+        return [
+            'table_open'         => '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
+            'thead_open'         => '<thead>',
+            'thead_close'        => '</thead>',
+            'heading_row_start'  => '<tr>',
+            'heading_row_end'    => '</tr>',
+            'heading_cell_start' => '<th>',
+            'heading_cell_end'   => '</th>',
+            'tfoot_open'         => '<tfoot>',
+            'tfoot_close'        => '</tfoot>',
+            'footing_row_start'  => '<tr>',
+            'footing_row_end'    => '</tr>',
+            'footing_cell_start' => '<td>',
+            'footing_cell_end'   => '</td>',
+            'tbody_open'         => '<tbody>',
+            'tbody_close'        => '</tbody>',
+            'row_start'          => '<tr>',
+            'row_end'            => '</tr>',
+            'cell_start'         => '<td>',
+            'cell_end'           => '</td>',
+            'row_alt_start'      => '<tr>',
+            'row_alt_end'        => '</tr>',
+            'cell_alt_start'     => '<td>',
+            'cell_alt_end'       => '</td>',
+            'table_close'        => '</table>',
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/View.php b/system/View/View.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d84e969
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/View.php
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocator;
+use CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\Views;
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbar;
+use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
+use Config\Services;
+use Config\Toolbar;
+use Config\View as ViewConfig;
+use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Class View
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\ViewTest
+ */
+class View implements RendererInterface
+{
+    use ViewDecoratorTrait;
+
+    /**
+     * Saved Data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $data = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Data for the variables that are available in the Views.
+     *
+     * @var array|null
+     */
+    protected $tempData;
+
+    /**
+     * The base directory to look in for our Views.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    protected $viewPath;
+
+    /**
+     * Data for rendering including Caching and Debug Toolbar data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $renderVars = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Instance of FileLocator for when
+     * we need to attempt to find a view
+     * that's not in standard place.
+     *
+     * @var FileLocator
+     */
+    protected $loader;
+
+    /**
+     * Logger instance.
+     *
+     * @var LoggerInterface
+     */
+    protected $logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we store performance info?
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $debug = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Cache stats about our performance here,
+     * when CI_DEBUG = true
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $performanceData = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @var ViewConfig
+     */
+    protected $config;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether data should be saved between renders.
+     *
+     * @var bool
+     */
+    protected $saveData;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of loaded views
+     *
+     * @var int
+     */
+    protected $viewsCount = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the layout being used, if any.
+     * Set by the `extend` method used within views.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     */
+    protected $layout;
+
+    /**
+     * Holds the sections and their data.
+     *
+     * @var array
+     */
+    protected $sections = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the current section being rendered,
+     * if any.
+     *
+     * @var string|null
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    protected $currentSection;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the current section being rendered,
+     * if any.
+     *
+     * @var array<string>
+     */
+    protected $sectionStack = [];
+
+    public function __construct(ViewConfig $config, ?string $viewPath = null, ?FileLocator $loader = null, ?bool $debug = null, ?LoggerInterface $logger = null)
+    {
+        $this->config   = $config;
+        $this->viewPath = rtrim($viewPath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+        $this->loader   = $loader ?? Services::locator();
+        $this->logger   = $logger ?? Services::logger();
+        $this->debug    = $debug ?? CI_DEBUG;
+        $this->saveData = (bool) $config->saveData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the output based upon a file name and any
+     * data that has already been set.
+     *
+     * Valid $options:
+     *  - cache      Number of seconds to cache for
+     *  - cache_name Name to use for cache
+     *
+     * @param string     $view     File name of the view source
+     * @param array|null $options  Reserved for 3rd-party uses since
+     *                             it might be needed to pass additional info
+     *                             to other template engines.
+     * @param bool|null  $saveData If true, saves data for subsequent calls,
+     *                             if false, cleans the data after displaying,
+     *                             if null, uses the config setting.
+     */
+    public function render(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = null): string
+    {
+        $this->renderVars['start'] = microtime(true);
+
+        // Store the results here so even if
+        // multiple views are called in a view, it won't
+        // clean it unless we mean it to.
+        $saveData ??= $this->saveData;
+
+        $fileExt = pathinfo($view, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
+        // allow Views as .html, .tpl, etc (from CI3)
+        $this->renderVars['view'] = empty($fileExt) ? $view . '.php' : $view;
+
+        $this->renderVars['options'] = $options ?? [];
+
+        // Was it cached?
+        if (isset($this->renderVars['options']['cache'])) {
+            $cacheName = $this->renderVars['options']['cache_name']
+                ?? str_replace('.php', '', $this->renderVars['view']);
+            $cacheName = str_replace(['\\', '/'], '', $cacheName);
+
+            $this->renderVars['cacheName'] = $cacheName;
+
+            if ($output = cache($this->renderVars['cacheName'])) {
+                $this->logPerformance(
+                    $this->renderVars['start'],
+                    microtime(true),
+                    $this->renderVars['view']
+                );
+
+                return $output;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->renderVars['file'] = $this->viewPath . $this->renderVars['view'];
+
+        if (! is_file($this->renderVars['file'])) {
+            $this->renderVars['file'] = $this->loader->locateFile(
+                $this->renderVars['view'],
+                'Views',
+                empty($fileExt) ? 'php' : $fileExt
+            );
+        }
+
+        // locateFile will return an empty string if the file cannot be found.
+        if (empty($this->renderVars['file'])) {
+            throw ViewException::forInvalidFile($this->renderVars['view']);
+        }
+
+        // Make our view data available to the view.
+        $this->prepareTemplateData($saveData);
+
+        // Save current vars
+        $renderVars = $this->renderVars;
+
+        $output = (function (): string {
+            extract($this->tempData);
+            ob_start();
+            include $this->renderVars['file'];
+
+            return ob_get_clean() ?: '';
+        })();
+
+        // Get back current vars
+        $this->renderVars = $renderVars;
+
+        // When using layouts, the data has already been stored
+        // in $this->sections, and no other valid output
+        // is allowed in $output so we'll overwrite it.
+        if ($this->layout !== null && $this->sectionStack === []) {
+            $layoutView   = $this->layout;
+            $this->layout = null;
+            // Save current vars
+            $renderVars = $this->renderVars;
+            $output     = $this->render($layoutView, $options, $saveData);
+            // Get back current vars
+            $this->renderVars = $renderVars;
+        }
+
+        $output = $this->decorateOutput($output);
+
+        $this->logPerformance(
+            $this->renderVars['start'],
+            microtime(true),
+            $this->renderVars['view']
+        );
+
+        $afterFilters = service('filters')->getFiltersClass()['after'];
+        if (
+            ($this->debug && (! isset($options['debug']) || $options['debug'] === true))
+            && in_array(DebugToolbar::class, $afterFilters, true)
+        ) {
+            $toolbarCollectors = config(Toolbar::class)->collectors;
+
+            if (in_array(Views::class, $toolbarCollectors, true)) {
+                // Clean up our path names to make them a little cleaner
+                $this->renderVars['file'] = clean_path($this->renderVars['file']);
+                $this->renderVars['file'] = ++$this->viewsCount . ' ' . $this->renderVars['file'];
+
+                $output = '<!-- DEBUG-VIEW START ' . $this->renderVars['file'] . ' -->' . PHP_EOL
+                    . $output . PHP_EOL
+                    . '<!-- DEBUG-VIEW ENDED ' . $this->renderVars['file'] . ' -->' . PHP_EOL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Should we cache?
+        if (isset($this->renderVars['options']['cache'])) {
+            cache()->save(
+                $this->renderVars['cacheName'],
+                $output,
+                (int) $this->renderVars['options']['cache']
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData = null;
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the output based upon a string and any
+     * data that has already been set.
+     * Cache does not apply, because there is no "key".
+     *
+     * @param string     $view     The view contents
+     * @param array|null $options  Reserved for 3rd-party uses since
+     *                             it might be needed to pass additional info
+     *                             to other template engines.
+     * @param bool|null  $saveData If true, saves data for subsequent calls,
+     *                             if false, cleans the data after displaying,
+     *                             if null, uses the config setting.
+     */
+    public function renderString(string $view, ?array $options = null, ?bool $saveData = null): string
+    {
+        $start = microtime(true);
+        $saveData ??= $this->saveData;
+        $this->prepareTemplateData($saveData);
+
+        $output = (function (string $view): string {
+            extract($this->tempData);
+            ob_start();
+            eval('?>' . $view);
+
+            return ob_get_clean() ?: '';
+        })($view);
+
+        $this->logPerformance($start, microtime(true), $this->excerpt($view));
+        $this->tempData = null;
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract first bit of a long string and add ellipsis
+     */
+    public function excerpt(string $string, int $length = 20): string
+    {
+        return (strlen($string) > $length) ? substr($string, 0, $length - 3) . '...' : $string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets several pieces of view data at once.
+     *
+     * @param string|null $context The context to escape it for: html, css, js, url
+     *                             If null, no escaping will happen
+     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     */
+    public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
+    {
+        if ($context !== null) {
+            $data = \esc($data, $context);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData ??= $this->data;
+        $this->tempData = array_merge($this->tempData, $data);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a single piece of view data.
+     *
+     * @param mixed       $value
+     * @param string|null $context The context to escape it for: html, css, js, url
+     *                             If null, no escaping will happen
+     * @phpstan-param null|'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
+     */
+    public function setVar(string $name, $value = null, ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
+    {
+        if ($context !== null) {
+            $value = esc($value, $context);
+        }
+
+        $this->tempData ??= $this->data;
+        $this->tempData[$name] = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes all of the view data from the system.
+     */
+    public function resetData(): RendererInterface
+    {
+        $this->data = [];
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current data that will be displayed in the view.
+     */
+    public function getData(): array
+    {
+        return $this->tempData ?? $this->data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies that the current view should extend an existing layout.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function extend(string $layout)
+    {
+        $this->layout = $layout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts holds content for a section within the layout.
+     *
+     * @param string $name Section name
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function section(string $name)
+    {
+        // Saved to prevent BC.
+        $this->currentSection = $name;
+        $this->sectionStack[] = $name;
+
+        ob_start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Captures the last section
+     *
+     * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    public function endSection()
+    {
+        $contents = ob_get_clean();
+
+        if ($this->sectionStack === []) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('View themes, no current section.');
+        }
+
+        $section = array_pop($this->sectionStack);
+
+        // Ensure an array exists so we can store multiple entries for this.
+        if (! array_key_exists($section, $this->sections)) {
+            $this->sections[$section] = [];
+        }
+
+        $this->sections[$section][] = $contents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Renders a section's contents.
+     *
+     * @param bool $saveData If true, saves data for subsequent calls,
+     *                       if false, cleans the data after displaying.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function renderSection(string $sectionName, bool $saveData = false)
+    {
+        if (! isset($this->sections[$sectionName])) {
+            echo '';
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->sections[$sectionName] as $key => $contents) {
+            echo $contents;
+            if ($saveData === false) {
+                unset($this->sections[$sectionName][$key]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used within layout views to include additional views.
+     *
+     * @param bool $saveData
+     */
+    public function include(string $view, ?array $options = null, $saveData = true): string
+    {
+        return $this->render($view, $options, $saveData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the performance data that might have been collected
+     * during the execution. Used primarily in the Debug Toolbar.
+     */
+    public function getPerformanceData(): array
+    {
+        return $this->performanceData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logs performance data for rendering a view.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    protected function logPerformance(float $start, float $end, string $view)
+    {
+        if ($this->debug) {
+            $this->performanceData[] = [
+                'start' => $start,
+                'end'   => $end,
+                'view'  => $view,
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function prepareTemplateData(bool $saveData): void
+    {
+        $this->tempData ??= $this->data;
+
+        if ($saveData) {
+            $this->data = $this->tempData;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/View/ViewDecoratorInterface.php b/system/View/ViewDecoratorInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a4d9926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/ViewDecoratorInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+/**
+ * View Decorators are simple classes that are given the
+ * chance to modify the output from the view() calls
+ * prior to it being cached.
+ */
+interface ViewDecoratorInterface
+{
+    /**
+     * Takes $html and has a chance to alter it.
+     * MUST return the modified HTML.
+     */
+    public static function decorate(string $html): string;
+}
diff --git a/system/View/ViewDecoratorTrait.php b/system/View/ViewDecoratorTrait.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97cdbe0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/View/ViewDecoratorTrait.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\View;
+
+use CodeIgniter\View\Exceptions\ViewException;
+use Config\View as ViewConfig;
+
+trait ViewDecoratorTrait
+{
+    /**
+     * Runs the generated output through any declared
+     * view decorators.
+     */
+    protected function decorateOutput(string $html): string
+    {
+        $decorators = \config(ViewConfig::class)->decorators;
+
+        foreach ($decorators as $decorator) {
+            if (! is_subclass_of($decorator, ViewDecoratorInterface::class)) {
+                throw ViewException::forInvalidDecorator($decorator);
+            }
+
+            $html = $decorator::decorate($html);
+        }
+
+        return $html;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/system/bootstrap.php b/system/bootstrap.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d2ca0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/bootstrap.php
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+use Config\Autoload;
+use Config\Modules;
+use Config\Paths;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * SETUP OUR PATH CONSTANTS
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * The path constants provide convenient access to the folders
+ * throughout the application. We have to setup them up here
+ * so they are available in the config files that are loaded.
+ */
+
+// The path to the application directory.
+if (! defined('APPPATH')) {
+    /**
+     * @var Paths $paths
+     */
+    define('APPPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->appDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+// The path to the project root directory. Just above APPPATH.
+if (! defined('ROOTPATH')) {
+    define('ROOTPATH', realpath(APPPATH . '../') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+// The path to the system directory.
+if (! defined('SYSTEMPATH')) {
+    /**
+     * @var Paths $paths
+     */
+    define('SYSTEMPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->systemDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+// The path to the writable directory.
+if (! defined('WRITEPATH')) {
+    /**
+     * @var Paths $paths
+     */
+    define('WRITEPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->writableDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+// The path to the tests directory
+if (! defined('TESTPATH')) {
+    /**
+     * @var Paths $paths
+     */
+    define('TESTPATH', realpath(rtrim($paths->testsDirectory, '\\/ ')) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * GRAB OUR CONSTANTS & COMMON
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+if (! defined('APP_NAMESPACE')) {
+    require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Constants.php';
+}
+
+// Require app/Common.php file if exists.
+if (is_file(APPPATH . 'Common.php')) {
+    require_once APPPATH . 'Common.php';
+}
+
+// Require system/Common.php
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Common.php';
+
+/*
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ * LOAD OUR AUTOLOADER
+ * ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * The autoloader allows all of the pieces to work together in the
+ * framework. We have to load it here, though, so that the config
+ * files can use the path constants.
+ */
+
+if (! class_exists(Autoload::class, false)) {
+    require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/AutoloadConfig.php';
+    require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Autoload.php';
+    require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Modules/Modules.php';
+    require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Modules.php';
+}
+
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Autoloader/Autoloader.php';
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/BaseService.php';
+require_once SYSTEMPATH . 'Config/Services.php';
+require_once APPPATH . 'Config/Services.php';
+
+// Initialize and register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack.
+Services::autoloader()->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules())->register();
+Services::autoloader()->loadHelpers();
diff --git a/system/index.html b/system/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b702fbc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tests/README.md b/tests/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..473d0f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# Running Application Tests
+
+This is the quick-start to CodeIgniter testing. Its intent is to describe what
+it takes to set up your application and get it ready to run unit tests.
+It is not intended to be a full description of the test features that you can
+use to test your application. Those details can be found in the documentation.
+
+## Resources
+
+* [CodeIgniter 4 User Guide on Testing](https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/testing/index.html)
+* [PHPUnit docs](https://phpunit.de/documentation.html)
+* [Any tutorials on Unit testing in CI4?](https://forum.codeigniter.com/showthread.php?tid=81830)
+
+## Requirements
+
+It is recommended to use the latest version of PHPUnit. At the time of this
+writing we are running version 9.x. Support for this has been built into the
+**composer.json** file that ships with CodeIgniter and can easily be installed
+via [Composer](https://getcomposer.org/) if you don't already have it installed globally.
+
+```console
+> composer install
+```
+
+If running under macOS or Linux, you can create a symbolic link to make running tests a touch nicer.
+
+```console
+> ln -s ./vendor/bin/phpunit ./phpunit
+```
+
+You also need to install [XDebug](https://xdebug.org/docs/install) in order
+for code coverage to be calculated successfully. After installing `XDebug`, you must add `xdebug.mode=coverage` in the **php.ini** file to enable code coverage.
+
+## Setting Up
+
+A number of the tests use a running database.
+In order to set up the database edit the details for the `tests` group in
+**app/Config/Database.php** or **phpunit.xml**.
+Make sure that you provide a database engine that is currently running on your machine.
+More details on a test database setup are in the
+[Testing Your Database](https://codeigniter4.github.io/userguide/testing/database.html) section of the documentation.
+
+## Running the tests
+
+The entire test suite can be run by simply typing one command-line command from the main directory.
+
+```console
+> ./phpunit
+```
+
+If you are using Windows, use the following command.
+
+```console
+> vendor\bin\phpunit
+```
+
+You can limit tests to those within a single test directory by specifying the
+directory name after phpunit.
+
+```console
+> ./phpunit app/Models
+```
+
+## Generating Code Coverage
+
+To generate coverage information, including HTML reports you can view in your browser,
+you can use the following command:
+
+```console
+> ./phpunit --colors --coverage-text=tests/coverage.txt --coverage-html=tests/coverage/ -d memory_limit=1024m
+```
+
+This runs all of the tests again collecting information about how many lines,
+functions, and files are tested. It also reports the percentage of the code that is covered by tests.
+It is collected in two formats: a simple text file that provides an overview as well
+as a comprehensive collection of HTML files that show the status of every line of code in the project.
+
+The text file can be found at **tests/coverage.txt**.
+The HTML files can be viewed by opening **tests/coverage/index.html** in your favorite browser.
+
+## PHPUnit XML Configuration
+
+The repository has a ``phpunit.xml.dist`` file in the project root that's used for
+PHPUnit configuration. This is used to provide a default configuration if you
+do not have your own configuration file in the project root.
+
+The normal practice would be to copy ``phpunit.xml.dist`` to ``phpunit.xml``
+(which is git ignored), and to tailor it as you see fit.
+For instance, you might wish to exclude database tests, or automatically generate
+HTML code coverage reports.
+
+## Test Cases
+
+Every test needs a *test case*, or class that your tests extend. CodeIgniter 4
+provides a few that you may use directly:
+* `CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase` - for basic tests with no other service needs
+* `CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait` - for tests that need database access
+
+Most of the time you will want to write your own test cases to hold functions and services
+common to your test suites.
+
+## Creating Tests
+
+All tests go in the **tests/** directory. Each test file is a class that extends a
+**Test Case** (see above) and contains methods for the individual tests. These method
+names must start with the word "test" and should have descriptive names for precisely what
+they are testing:
+`testUserCanModifyFile()` `testOutputColorMatchesInput()` `testIsLoggedInFailsWithInvalidUser()`
+
+Writing tests is an art, and there are many resources available to help learn how.
+Review the links above and always pay attention to your code coverage.
+
+### Database Tests
+
+Tests can include migrating, seeding, and testing against a mock or live<sup>1</sup> database.
+Be sure to modify the test case (or create your own) to point to your seed and migrations
+and include any additional steps to be run before tests in the `setUp()` method.
+
+<sup>1</sup> Note: If you are using database tests that require a live database connection
+you will need to rename **phpunit.xml.dist** to **phpunit.xml**, uncomment the database
+configuration lines and add your connection details. Prevent **phpunit.xml** from being
+tracked in your repo by adding it to **.gitignore**.
diff --git a/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/2020-02-22-222222_example_migration.php b/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/2020-02-22-222222_example_migration.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bbdcfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/Database/Migrations/2020-02-22-222222_example_migration.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Support\Database\Migrations;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;
+
+class ExampleMigration extends Migration
+{
+    protected $DBGroup = 'tests';
+
+    public function up()
+    {
+        $this->forge->addField('id');
+        $this->forge->addField([
+            'name'       => ['type' => 'varchar', 'constraint' => 31],
+            'uid'        => ['type' => 'varchar', 'constraint' => 31],
+            'class'      => ['type' => 'varchar', 'constraint' => 63],
+            'icon'       => ['type' => 'varchar', 'constraint' => 31],
+            'summary'    => ['type' => 'varchar', 'constraint' => 255],
+            'created_at' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'null' => true],
+            'updated_at' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'null' => true],
+            'deleted_at' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'null' => true],
+        ]);
+
+        $this->forge->addKey('name');
+        $this->forge->addKey('uid');
+        $this->forge->addKey(['deleted_at', 'id']);
+        $this->forge->addKey('created_at');
+
+        $this->forge->createTable('factories');
+    }
+
+    public function down()
+    {
+        $this->forge->dropTable('factories');
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/ExampleSeeder.php b/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/ExampleSeeder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f67bf8fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/Database/Seeds/ExampleSeeder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Support\Database\Seeds;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Database\Seeder;
+
+class ExampleSeeder extends Seeder
+{
+    public function run()
+    {
+        $factories = [
+            [
+                'name'    => 'Test Factory',
+                'uid'     => 'test001',
+                'class'   => 'Factories\Tests\NewFactory',
+                'icon'    => 'fas fa-puzzle-piece',
+                'summary' => 'Longer sample text for testing',
+            ],
+            [
+                'name'    => 'Widget Factory',
+                'uid'     => 'widget',
+                'class'   => 'Factories\Tests\WidgetPlant',
+                'icon'    => 'fas fa-puzzle-piece',
+                'summary' => 'Create widgets in your factory',
+            ],
+            [
+                'name'    => 'Evil Factory',
+                'uid'     => 'evil-maker',
+                'class'   => 'Factories\Evil\MyFactory',
+                'icon'    => 'fas fa-book-dead',
+                'summary' => 'Abandon all hope, ye who enter here',
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $builder = $this->db->table('factories');
+
+        foreach ($factories as $factory) {
+            $builder->insert($factory);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php b/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40d057ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/Libraries/ConfigReader.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Support\Libraries;
+
+/**
+ * Class ConfigReader
+ *
+ * An extension of BaseConfig that prevents the constructor from
+ * loading external values. Used to read actual local values from
+ * a config file.
+ */
+class ConfigReader extends \Config\App
+{
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/_support/Models/ExampleModel.php b/tests/_support/Models/ExampleModel.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0687e9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/_support/Models/ExampleModel.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Support\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+
+class ExampleModel extends Model
+{
+    protected $table          = 'factories';
+    protected $primaryKey     = 'id';
+    protected $returnType     = 'object';
+    protected $useSoftDeletes = false;
+    protected $allowedFields  = [
+        'name',
+        'uid',
+        'class',
+        'icon',
+        'summary',
+    ];
+    protected $useTimestamps      = true;
+    protected $validationRules    = [];
+    protected $validationMessages = [];
+    protected $skipValidation     = false;
+}
diff --git a/tests/database/ExampleDatabaseTest.php b/tests/database/ExampleDatabaseTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..400fd241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/database/ExampleDatabaseTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
+use Tests\Support\Database\Seeds\ExampleSeeder;
+use Tests\Support\Models\ExampleModel;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class ExampleDatabaseTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
+
+    protected $seed = ExampleSeeder::class;
+
+    public function testModelFindAll()
+    {
+        $model = new ExampleModel();
+
+        // Get every row created by ExampleSeeder
+        $objects = $model->findAll();
+
+        // Make sure the count is as expected
+        $this->assertCount(3, $objects);
+    }
+
+    public function testSoftDeleteLeavesRow()
+    {
+        $model = new ExampleModel();
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($model, 'useSoftDeletes', true);
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($model, 'tempUseSoftDeletes', true);
+
+        /** @var stdClass $object */
+        $object = $model->first();
+        $model->delete($object->id);
+
+        // The model should no longer find it
+        $this->assertNull($model->find($object->id));
+
+        // ... but it should still be in the database
+        $result = $model->builder()->where('id', $object->id)->get()->getResult();
+
+        $this->assertCount(1, $result);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/session/ExampleSessionTest.php b/tests/session/ExampleSessionTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98fe7afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/session/ExampleSessionTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class ExampleSessionTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    public function testSessionSimple()
+    {
+        $session = Services::session();
+
+        $session->set('logged_in', 123);
+        $this->assertSame(123, $session->get('logged_in'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/HealthTest.php b/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab3e2aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/HealthTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\App;
+use Config\Services;
+use Tests\Support\Libraries\ConfigReader;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class HealthTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    public function testIsDefinedAppPath()
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(defined('APPPATH'));
+    }
+
+    public function testBaseUrlHasBeenSet()
+    {
+        $validation = Services::validation();
+
+        $env = false;
+
+        // Check the baseURL in .env
+        if (is_file(HOMEPATH . '.env')) {
+            $env = preg_grep('/^app\.baseURL = ./', file(HOMEPATH . '.env')) !== false;
+        }
+
+        if ($env) {
+            // BaseURL in .env is a valid URL?
+            // phpunit.xml.dist sets app.baseURL in $_SERVER
+            // So if you set app.baseURL in .env, it takes precedence
+            $config = new App();
+            $this->assertTrue(
+                $validation->check($config->baseURL, 'valid_url'),
+                'baseURL "' . $config->baseURL . '" in .env is not valid URL'
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Get the baseURL in app/Config/App.php
+        // You can't use Config\App, because phpunit.xml.dist sets app.baseURL
+        $reader = new ConfigReader();
+
+        // BaseURL in app/Config/App.php is a valid URL?
+        $this->assertTrue(
+            $validation->check($reader->baseURL, 'valid_url'),
+            'baseURL "' . $reader->baseURL . '" in app/Config/App.php is not valid URL'
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/writable/.htaccess b/writable/.htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f24db0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/writable/.htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<IfModule authz_core_module>
+    Require all denied
+</IfModule>
+<IfModule !authz_core_module>
+    Deny from all
+</IfModule>
diff --git a/writable/debugbar/.gitkeep b/writable/debugbar/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b